USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview

November 16, 2023 R47836

USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service: An
November 16, 2023
Overview
Benjamin Tsui
The United States is one of the top exporters of agricultural and food products. In 2022, the
Analyst in Agricultural
United States exported $196 billion in agricultural and food products, which accounted for about
Policy
20% of total U.S. agricultural and food production by value. Exports to foreign markets

contribute to the overall health of the U.S. agricultural and food sectors. However, U.S. exports
face challenges from foreign competition and trade barriers imposed by foreign governments.

The United States is also a top importer of agricultural and food products, with imports reaching
$198 billion in 2022.
Many federal government agencies are involved in matters related to U.S. agricultural trade. Created in 1953, the U.S.
Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) is the lead federal agency tasked with promoting
exports of U.S. agricultural products and carrying out the agricultural trade and international cooperation policies of the
United States. FAS consists of staff in its Washington, DC, headquarters and in nearly 100 field offices covering
approximately 180 countries and territories around the world.
Several statutes direct the U.S. agricultural trade policy that FAS carries out, including supporting free and fair trade and
working to reduce foreign trade barriers. FAS’s trade policy mission is to expand and maintain “access to foreign markets for
U.S. agricultural products by removing trade barriers and enforcing U.S. rights under existing trade agreements” by working
with other U.S. government agencies, industry stakeholders, foreign governments, and international organizations. FAS also
represents U.S. agricultural interests in multilateral and international organizations. The agency coordinates engagement with
U.S. public- and private-sector interests through agricultural trade advisory committees to gather input from stakeholders on
agricultural trade policy. FAS administers programs for imported dairy and sugar products and two trust funds that provide
payments to U.S. manufacturers in certain circumstances.
As part of its duty to acquire and disseminate information about agricultural trade, FAS produces international market
intelligence and analysis that inform U.S. policymakers and stakeholders. The agency publishes and contributes to public-
facing reports and maintains databases related to trade statistics, commodities, and foreign markets.
Additionally, FAS administers several programs that aim to support U.S. agricultural exports. The 2018 farm bill
reauthorized and provided mandatory funding for several agricultural export promotion programs. These programs provide
funds for U.S. organizations to conduct activities that expand, maintain, and develop overseas markets for U.S. agricultural
products. FAS administers export credit guarantee programs that assist in the export of U.S. agricultural products mainly to
developing countries. As part of its market promotion and development activities, the agency is also involved in trade
missions and shows by supporting U.S. companies and organizations.
FAS carries out programs related to food assistance and agricultural technical assistance as part of its mission to support
global food security and trade capacity. Food assistance programs include using proceeds from donated U.S. agricultural
commodities to support overseas agricultural development activities and addressing issues of hunger, literacy, and health for
school-age children. The agency also administers several fellowship and exchange programs that promote international
technical assistance.
Congress has maintained an interest in international agricultural trade and food security. As an agency that carries out the
policies and programs for agricultural trade and international cooperation on behalf of the United States, FAS presents a
number of issues that Congress could consider. Examples for congressional consideration may include priorities for U.S.
agricultural trade policy, reporting requests or requirements on agricultural trade-related issues, and the modification of
existing programs or establishment new ones that may be administered by FAS. With several 2018 farm bill authorized and
mandatorily funded FAS-administered programs expiring, Congress may consider how to address the expiration of these
programs.
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Introduction
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) is a key
federal government agency involved in shaping U.S. agricultural trade policy. Agricultural trade
plays an important role for U.S. agriculture that relies on overseas markets and consumers.
Congress has provided direction for U.S. policies in agricultural trade and international
cooperation. This includes establishing related programs administered by FAS through
legislation, particularly through the farm bill, an omnibus and multiyear law that governs
agricultural and food programs.1
This report provides first an overview of the importance of U.S. agricultural trade. It then
addresses FAS’s creation, structure, and global footprint. It further identifies FAS’s roles in
implementing U.S. agricultural trade policy, international agricultural market intelligence and
analysis, export promotion, and food and technical assistance programs. It then provides potential
considerations for Congress in the context of programs authorized in the farm bill.
Importance of U.S. Agricultural Trade
The United States is one of the top exporters of agricultural and food products, with exports
reaching $196 billion in 2022 (see Figure 1).2 Exports to foreign markets contribute to the overall
health of the U.S. agricultural and food sectors, accounting for approximately 20% of total U.S.
agricultural and food production by value annually since 2001.3 Agricultural and food product
exports represent about 10% of total U.S. merchandise exports by value.4 Although the United
States is a major exporter of agricultural products throughout the world, U.S. exports face
challenges from foreign competition and trade barriers imposed by foreign governments. U.S.
exports of agricultural and food products are varied, as are their destinations. In addition, in 2022,
the United States imported $198 billion in agricultural products, which provided U.S. consumers
more choice, variety, and product availability as well as more competition for certain U.S.
producers.

1 For more information about the farm bill, see CRS In Focus IF12047, Farm Bill Primer: What Is the Farm Bill?.
2 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), “Global Agricultural Trade System
Online: GATS Home,” https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx. USDA’s definition of agricultural products follows
the World Trade Organization (WTO) definition of the term to harmonize U.S. trade reporting practices with the
international community. WTO’s definition includes most food products but excludes products such as seafood and
forestry products. USDA tracks these as agricultural-related products. FAS defines U.S. agricultural commodity for its
export promotion programs as “any agricultural commodity of U.S. origin, including food, feed, fiber, forestry product,
livestock, insects, and fish harvested from a U.S. aquaculture farm or harvested by a vessel in waters that are not waters
(including the territorial sea) of a foreign country, and any product thereof.” See USDA, FAS, “Agricultural Products,”
https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/AgriculturalProducts.aspx. The European Union (EU) is the largest exporter of
agricultural products by value.
3 USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), “Exports expand the market for U.S. agricultural products,” February 22,
2023, https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=58396. ERS estimates total
production as the sum of total farm cash receipts and value added by food manufacturers. For further details, see
USDA, ERS, “U.S. Export Share of Production, Import Share of Consumption (2008-2021),”
https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/ftepuq5i/export_import_value_shares_final.xlsx.
4 U.S. International Trade Commission, U.S. Trade by Industry Sector and Selected Trading Partners, June 2023, p. 2.
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USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview

Figure 1. U.S. Agricultural Exports and Imports, 2013-2022

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Trade Data via U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Foreign Agricultural
Service (FAS), “Global Agricultural Trade System Online: GATS Home,” BICO-10, August 2023,
https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx.
Note: Data are not adjusted for inflation.
USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service: Creation and Background
FAS is the agency within USDA that carries out the agricultural trade policy of the United States,
and it is the lead U.S. agency tasked with promoting exports of U.S agricultural products.5 The
Secretary of Agriculture established FAS on March 10, 1953.6 FAS falls under USDA’s Trade and
Foreign Agricultural Affairs mission area, which has “the primary responsibility of ensuring
USDA speaks with a unified voice on international agricultural issues domestically and abroad.”7
The Agricultural Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-501, §503; 7 U.S.C. §5693), as amended, instructs FAS to
assist the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out the agricultural trade and international cooperation
policies of the United States by
• acquiring information pertaining to agricultural trade;
• carrying out market promotion and development activities;
• providing agricultural technical assistance and training; and

5 USDA, FAS, Foreign Agricultural Service Strategic Plan FY2023-2027, p. 4.
6 USDA, 2023 USDA Explanatory Notes – Foreign Agricultural Service, 2022, p. 36-4. The Secretary of Agriculture’s
Memorandum 1320, supplement 1, established FAS. Prior to Memorandum 1320, predecessor agencies within USDA
carried out functions related to foreign agricultural matters. For further background, see National Archives and Records
Administration, RG 166: Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service Narrative Reports, 1904-1994, July 2020; and
Ryan Swanson, “The History of the Foreign Agricultural Service: Helping U.S. Producers Feed, Clothe and House the
World,” USDA, FAS, AgExporter, vol. XV, no. 3 (March 2003), https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps19216/
www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2003/March/pgs4-11.pdf.
7 In the Agricultural Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-79, §3208), Congress required USDA to create a position focused on
agricultural trade. The Secretary of Agriculture established Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs (TFAA) and the
position of Under Secretary for TFAA in May 2017.
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• carrying out the programs authorized under this act, the Food for Peace Act (7
U.S.C. §§1691 et seq.),8 and other acts.
The current FAS organizational structure has four main units that carry out policies and programs
for agricultural trade and international cooperation:
1. Trade Policy and Geographic Affairs carries out trade policy functions.
2. Global Market Analysis conducts international market, trade, and production
analysis.
3. Global Programs administers market development and export promotion
programs as well as food and technical assistance programs.
4. Foreign Affairs supports FAS policies overseas.9
In September 2022, FAS reported 614 permanent full-time employees, 147 temporary and term
employees, and an additional 360 locally employed staff (foreign nationals).10 Congress funds
FAS and its programs through annual discretionary appropriations and mandatory funding.11
Table 1. Foreign Agricultural Service Funding
$ in millions

FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Discretionary on the Basis of
Appropriations

Salaries and Expenses
213.9
215.5
221.8
228.6
237.3

Commodity Credit Corporation
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
(CCC) Export Credit Guarantee
6.4
Program Transfera

McGovern-Doleb
210.3
220.0
230.0
237.0
248.3c
Discretionary Subtotald
430.5
441.6
457.9
471.7
491.7
Mandatory on the Basis of
Outlayse

Market Access Program
195
158
157
191
225

Foreign Market Development
28
23
35
35
Program
33

Emerging Markets Program
6
3
1
1
8

8 The Food for Peace Act (P.L. 83-480), commonly referred to as “P.L. 480,” provides statutory authority for most
international food assistance programs administered by USDA and the U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID). For more information about P.L. 480 programs, see CRS Report R45422, U.S. International Food
Assistance: An Overview; CRS In Focus IF12067, Farm Bill Primer: U.S. International Food Assistance Overview; and
CRS In Focus IF12081, Farm Bill Primer: International Food Aid Programs, McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional
Procurement.
9 More details on FAS policies can be found at USDA, FAS, “About FAS,” https://fas.usda.gov/about-fas.
10 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes – Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023, p. 36-4.
11 Mandatory funding for FAS programs is from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), a wholly U.S. government-
owned entity that serves as a funding mechanism for agricultural programs. For more information, see CRS Report
R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). Many mandatory programs are authorized by the farm bill. For
more information, see CRS In Focus IF12047, Farm Bill Primer: What Is the Farm Bill? Some FAS mandatory
programs include funding authority that expired at the end of FY2023. For more information, see CRS Report R47659,
Expiration of the Farm Bill.
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FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023

Technical Assistance for Specialty
4
4
5
9
Crops
6

Priority Trade Fund
—
—
—
—
4

Quality Samples Programf
3
1
1
1
3

Agricultural Trade Promotion
67
58
59
100
Programg
17

Food for Progress
165
205
384
127
245

Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust
15
15
15
15
Fund
15

Agriculture Wool Apparel
26
20
20
33
Manufacturers Trust Fund
27

Export Credit Guarantee Program
-4 [2,024]
-5 [2,224]
-4 [2,224]
-9 [3,403]
-4 [5,000]
(GSM-102)h [Loan Commitments]

Facility Guarantee Program [Loan
—[—]
—[—]
—[—]
—[—]
—[500]
Commitments]

Mandatory Subtotali
463
502
659
445
673
Source: CRS from annual appropriations texts and reports, President’s budget appendices, USDA budget
summaries, and FAS and Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) explanatory notes.
Notes: Funds are not adjusted for inflation. The Food for Peace Title II program grants, which are under the
FAS appropriations section but administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development, are not included.
For more information about FAS-administered programs in this table, see “Export Credit Guarantees,” “Food
Assistance,” “Market Development and Trade Promotion Programs,” and “Cotton and Wool Trust Funds.”
a. The CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program funds are transferred to FAS for administrative and overhead
expenses.
b. The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program. For more information
about the program, see “Food Assistance.”
c. P.L. 117-328 appropriated funding for the McGovern-Dole Program under Division A – Agriculture
Appropriations Act and Division M – Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act.
d. Discretionary subtotal calculations are based on original figures from appropriations.
e. FY2023 outlays are estimates. Outlays are rounded to the nearest mil ion dol ar from available data.
f.
The Quality Samples Program was established by USDA using the authorities of the CCC Charter Act (15
U.S.C. §714c(f)).
g. The Agricultural Trade Promotion Program was established by USDA using the authorities of the CCC
Charter Act (15 U.S.C. §714c(f)). The Secretary of Agriculture created this temporary program in 2018 in
response to foreign tariff retaliation and trade disruptions. It is similar to FAS’s Market Access Program and
Foreign Market Development Program. The last notification of funding opportunity closed in June 2019.
h. GSM stands for General Sales Manager, which refers to the FAS official administering the GSM-102
program. Outlays are negative from program fees and interest from rescheduled debts that exceed the cost
of defaults.
i.
Mandatory subtotals based on rounded data.
FAS’s Overseas Footprint
FAS’s overseas presence can be traced to the Agricultural Act of 1954 (P.L. 83-690, Title VI; 7
U.S.C. §§1761 et seq.), which authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to appoint and oversee
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agricultural attachés in cooperation with the Secretary of State.12 The Foreign Service Act of 1980
(P.L. 96-465, 22 U.S.C. §3922) authorized USDA to use the Foreign Service personnel system to
consolidate and simplify the authorities of U.S. foreign affairs agencies.13
Figure 2. FAS Offices and Global Coverage

Source: Figure created by CRS based on USDA, FAS, “International Offices Directory,” October 2023,
https://www.fas.usda.gov/international-offices.
FAS has over 100 U.S. employees and 360 locally employed staff based in approximately 95 field
offices globally that cover more than 170 countries and territories around the world.14 Most of the
overseas FAS offices are designated Offices of Agricultural Affairs (OAAs) within U.S.
embassies or consulates. OAAs carry out the mission of FAS overseas, which could include
advocating U.S. agricultural trade policy interests by engaging with host foreign governments;
reporting on developments in foreign agricultural sectors; supporting FAS export promotion and
capacity-building programs; assisting U.S. exporters in foreign markets or foreign importers
seeking U.S. suppliers; and supporting congressional delegation visits.15

12 The House Committee on Agriculture expressed concerns over communication problems between USDA and
agricultural attachés, who were previously directly controlled by the Department of State. See U.S. Congress, House
Committee on the Whole on the State of the Union and Committee on Agriculture, Agricultural Act of 1954, report to
accompany H.R. 9680, 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 93-1927, June 26, 1954, pp. 3, 28-29. The 1930 Foreign
Agricultural Service Act (P.L. 71-304) established USDA’s first agricultural attachés. In 1939, USDA’s agricultural
attachés were transferred to the Department of State following the President’s Reorganization Plan No. II pursuant to
the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1939 (P.L. 76-19).
13 U.S. Congress, Senate Foreign Relations, Foreign Service Act of 1980, report to accompany S. 3058, 96th Cong., 2nd
sess., August 22, 1980, S.Rept. 96-913, pp. 1-3.
14 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023, p. 36-4; and USDA, FAS, “International
Offices Directory,” https://fas.usda.gov/international-offices.
15 Examples of the role of Offices of Agricultural Affairs can be found on U.S. Embassy and USDA websites. See, for
example, U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Thailand, “Doing Business in Thailand (Agro-Food Products),”
(continued...)
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Title IV of the Agricultural Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-501, 7 U.S.C. §§1765a et seq.) established
overseas Agricultural Trade Offices (ATOs) for the purpose of export promotion and market
development. ATOs aid in connecting U.S. suppliers and foreign buyers, and they organize export
promotion activities, such as trade shows.16 Currently, there are 13 ATOs located in the Americas
and East Asia.17
Role of FAS in U.S. Trade Policy
The executive branch’s overall trade policy is the responsibility of the Office of the United States
Trade Representative (USTR), which works with other executive branch departments and
agencies, including with FAS on agricultural trade matters.18 FAS conducts the functions of
USDA related to laws affecting international agricultural trade, which include programs designed
to reduce foreign tariffs and other trade barriers (7 C.F.R. §2.601(a)(2)).
FAS’s trade policy mission is to expand and maintain “access to foreign markets for U.S.
agricultural products by removing trade barriers and enforcing U.S. rights under existing trade
agreements” by working with other U.S. government agencies, industry stakeholders, foreign
governments, and international organizations.19 Several statutes direct the U.S. agricultural trade
policy that FAS supports in carrying out, including the following examples:
• The Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198, 7 U.S.C. §§1736p et seq.), as
amended, declares the agricultural trade policy of the United States, as follows:
(1) be the premier world supplier of agricultural and food products; (2) support
free and fair trade; (3) negotiate further reductions of foreign tariff and nontariff
barriers (NTBs), including sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures (for more
background on agricultural trade-related terminology, see text box, below); and
(4) aggressively counter unfair foreign trade practices.20 P.L. 99-198, as amended,
also established goals for future agricultural trade negotiations, including
eliminating foreign tariff and NTBs to trade, eliminating foreign trade-distorting
export subsidies, and disciplining state-trading entities from dumping agricultural
products to foreign markets.21 Additionally, the Trade and Development Act of
2000 (P.L. 106-200, 7 U.S.C. §1736r note) sets out agricultural trade negotiating
objectives for the United States with respect to the World Trade Organization
(WTO).
• Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) legislation expedites the congressional
procedures to approve and implement trade agreements negotiated by the

https://th.usembassy.gov/business/getting-started-thailand/business-thailand-agro-food-products/; and USDA, FAS,
“About USDA Brazil,” https://usdabrazil.org.br/en/about-usda-brazil/.
16 Agricultural Trade Office (ATO) activities are described in U.S. Embassy and USDA websites. See, for example,
USDA, FAS, “Agricultural Trade Office - Seoul,” https://www.atoseoul.com/; and USDA, FAS Mexico, “Welcome to
the Foreign Agricultural Service in Mexico,” https://mexico-usda.com.mx/about-en/.
17 USDA, FAS, “International Offices Directory,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/international-offices.
18 For more information about U.S. trade policy, see CRS Report R45148, U.S. Trade Policy Primer: Frequently Asked
Questions; and CRS In Focus IF11016, U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What?.
19 For more information, see USDA, FAS, “About FAS,” https://fas.usda.gov/about-fas; and USDA, 2024 USDA
Explanatory Notes – Foreign Agricultural Service, p. 36-3.
20 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Agriculture, Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996,
conference report to accompany H.R. 2854, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., March 25, 1996, H.Rept. 104-494, pp. 371-372.
21 Ibid., pp. 372-373.
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President and sets negotiating objectives and trade policy.22 For example, the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-418, 19 U.S.C.
§2901(b)(7) and 7 U.S.C. §5202) set specific U.S. agricultural negotiating
objectives and policy during the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations.23
The most recent TPA authorized, the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities
and Accountability Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-26, 19 U.S.C. §4201(b)(3)), set specific
trade negotiating objectives, such as securing market access through robust rules
on SPS measures and addressing foreign countries’ misuse of geographical
indication (GI) protections (for more background on GI protections, see text box,
below).
FAS addresses foreign trade barriers to U.S. agricultural goods in numerous ways. These can
include government-to-government engagements involving staff-level officials discussing issues
at a detailed technical level. Unresolved issues that further escalate may involve more senior
government officials, such as at the cabinet and ambassador levels. Bilateral engagements
addressing trade barriers can be conducted on an ad hoc basis or within established mechanisms
and venues, such as through bilateral trade agreements or multilateral forums.24
FAS may work with other U.S. government agencies to address trade barriers, including USTR,
the Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration, and regulatory agencies (e.g.,
USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and Food Safety Inspection Service or the
Food and Drug Administration). Along with engaging directly with foreign governments on trade
issues, FAS and U.S. organizations with agricultural export interests can use FAS-administered
export promotion and technical assistance programs to assist in addressing trade barriers (see
“Market Development and Trade Promotion Programs” a nd “Food and Technical Assistance”). If
a trade barrier and dispute cannot be resolved with a foreign trading partner by government-to
government engagements and the United States considers the trade barrier to violate trade rules
and obligations under a specific trade agreement, the United States could initiate the dispute
settlement process under the WTO or a free trade agreement.25

22 For more information about the Trade Promotion Authority, see CRS Report R43491, Trade Promotion Authority
(TPA): Frequently Asked Questions; and CRS In Focus IF10038, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA).
23 The Uruguay Round negotiations occurred from 1986 to 1994 and resulted in the establishment of the WTO, an
international organization that administers trade rules and agreements. For more background about the WTO, see CRS
Report R45417, World Trade Organization: Overview and Future Direction. For more background on FAS’s role in
the WTO, see the text box in the “Multilateral Engagements” section of this report.
24 Agricultural trade issues may be raised in a number of venues, including within existing free trade agreements
(FTAs) and trade and investment framework agreements (TIFAs), the WTO, and on the margins of other multilateral
government gatherings. For a list of FTAs and TIFAs the United States is party to, see USTR, “Free Trade
Agreements,” https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements; and USTR, “Trade & Investment Framework
Agreements,” https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/trade-investment-framework-agreements.
25 For more background, see USDA, FAS, “Trade Agreements,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/trade-policy/trade-
agreements; and USDA, FAS, “World Trade Organization,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/world-trade-organization.
For more information about the dispute settlement process, see CRS In Focus IF10645, Dispute Settlement in the WTO
and U.S. Trade Agreements.
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Selected Terminology for Agricultural Trade
Trade Barriers. The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) broadly defines trade barriers as
“government laws and regulations or government-imposed measures, policies, and practices that restrict, prevent,
or impede the international exchange of goods and services; protect domestic goods and services from foreign
competition; artificially stimulate exports of particular domestic goods and services….” (see USTR, 2023 National
Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, March 2023, p. 1). Section 181 of the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-
618, 19 U.S.C. §2241), as amended, directs USTR to annually prepare a report known as the National Trade
Estimate, which lists the trade barriers of foreign countries. Section 203(e)(7) of the Agricultural Trade Act of
1978 (P.L. 95-501, 7 U.S.C. §5623(e)(7)), as amended, directs USDA to annually submit to appropriate committees
of Congress a report that includes significant and emerging sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) issues and trade
barriers affecting U.S. exports of specialty crops (i.e., fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticultural crops,
wine, and nursery crops).
Nontariff Barriers (NTBs). NTBs to trade are government measures with the intent to restrict trade.
Examples may include laws and regulations to protect human, animal, or plant life or health, commonly known as
SPS measures, and measures known as technical barriers to trade (TBT) that are related to mandatory compliance
with regulatory requirements, voluntary standards, and conformity assessment procedures required by regulations
or standards. Although SPS and TBT measures can have legitimate aims, such as ensuring product safety and
informing consumers, these measures may be hidden trade barriers or may go beyond what is necessary to meet a
government’s objective. General examples of SPS and TBT measures that can be construed as NTBs to trade
include imposing SPS measures that ban imported agricultural products with insufficient scientific evidence or
imposing regulatory requirements on imported products while exempting those requirements for similar
domestically produced products.
SPS Measures. “Sanitary” refers to human and animal health, including food safety, and “phytosanitary” refers to
plant health. SPS measures are laws, regulations, standards, and procedures that governments enforce to protect
human, animal or plant life or health. For more information about SPS measures and NTBs to agricultural trade,
see CRS In Focus IF11903, Addressing Nontariff Barriers to Agricultural Trade at the WTO.
Geographical Indication (GI). GIs identify goods that originate from a certain place where a given quality,
reputation, or other characteristic is attributable to that place. The U.S. government and food manufacturers are
particularly concerned about the European Union’s (EU’s) broad protection of GIs that the United States
considers a generic or common name. For more information about GIs, see U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO), “Geographical indications,” https://www.uspto.gov/ip-policy/trademark-policy/geographical-indications.
FAS’s role in U.S. agricultural trade policy also involves working in a number of multilateral
forums, coordinating engagement with U.S. public- and private-sector input on agricultural trade
policy through the agricultural trade advisory committee system, administering dairy and sugar
import programs, and administering trust funds for domestic apparel and textile manufacturers
harmed by import tariffs on cotton and wool fabrics.
Multilateral Engagements
FAS represents U.S. agricultural interests in many multilateral forums. These forums provide
venues for the United States to cooperate with other forum members as well as address disputes
and differences about international agricultural issues (see the following text box for more
information).
FAS Involvement in Multilateral and International Organizations
World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO was established in 1995 as an international organization
dealing with international trade rules with the “objective to help its members use trade as a means to raise living
standards, create jobs and improve people’s lives.” It succeeded the post-World War II General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. Several WTO committees provide forums for members to discuss trade issues that affect
agricultural trade and matters related to WTO agreements. FAS is part of the U.S. Permanent Mission to the
WTO in Geneva, Switzerland, along with USTR and the Department of Commerce.
United Nations (U.N.). FAS supports the U.S. Mission to the U.N. Agencies in Rome along with the
Department of State and USAID. In addition, FAS works to advance U.S. policies and support to the U.N. Food
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and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Food Programme (WFP). The FAO’s goals are to end hunger,
food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty while sustainably managing and using natural resources. WFP is the
leading humanitarian organization that provides emergency food assistance and promotes economic and social
development. WFP is a partner with FAS for food assistance projects under the McGovern-Dole International
Food for Education Program. Additionally, FAS has supported USDA’s engagement with the U.N. Food Systems
Summit addressing issues related to sustainable development as wel as the recent U.N. Climate Change
Conferences. For more information about the U.N. Food Agencies and the McGovern-Dole Program, see CRS In
Focus IF12434, Global Food Security: Selected Multilateral Efforts; and CRS In Focus IF12081, Farm Bill Primer:
International Food Aid Programs, McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional Procurement.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD is an intergovernmental
economic organization with the stated goal of shaping “policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and
well-being for all.” OECD consists of 38 countries with a secretariat based in Paris, France. FAS supports the
United States’ participation in OECD on agricultural and food policy issues, including its role in the OECD
Committee for Agriculture and Global Forum on Agriculture.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC is a regional economic forum consisting of 21 member
economies with the aim to “create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced,
inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration.” FAS is
involved in several APEC working groups related to agricultural and food policy, including the Policy Partnership
on Food Security and the High Level Policy Dialogue on Agricultural Biotechnology. In 2023, the United States was
the host economy and held the APEC Food Security Ministerial meeting.
Inter-American Board on Agriculture/Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
(IABA/IICA). IABA is the governing board of IICA, a 34-member organization recognized under the
Organization of American States’ (OAS’s) Charter. IICA specializes in agriculture with the mission to encourage
and promote the efforts of its members to “achieve agricultural development and rural well-being through
international technical cooperation of excellence.”
International Standard-Setting Bodies. FAS coordinates with other lead USDA and relevant U.S. government
agencies involved in the three international standard-setting organizations recognized by the WTO: the Codex
Alimentarius Commission, which concerns food safety; International Plant Protection Convention; and World
Organization for Animal Health.
Group of Seven (G-7) and Group of Twenty (G-20). FAS supports USDA’s participation in the meetings of
the G-7 and G-20 ministers responsible for agriculture. Both are forums for members of the world’s largest
economies to discuss and address issues related to agriculture, such as food security, sustainability, and rural
development. For more information about the G-7 and G-20, see CRS Report R40977, International Economic Policy
Coordination at the G-7 and the G-20.
Agricultural Trade Advisory Committees
The Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618, §135; 19 U.S.C. §2155) created an advisory committee
system for the public and private sectors to convey its views to the U.S. government and for U.S.
trade negotiators to seek information and advice from the public and private sectors related to
trade agreement negotiation objectives and trade policy matters.26 The Agricultural Policy
Advisory Committee (APAC) for Trade and six commodity-specific Agricultural Technical
Advisory Committees (ATACs, see text box, below) provide advice to the United States Trade
Representative27 and the Secretary of Agriculture concerning U.S. agricultural trade policy. The
APAC and ATAC membership consists of the U.S. agricultural industry, for-profit and nonprofit
organizations, as well as academia.28 Under the current APAC and ATAC charters, the committees

26 For more information about the advisory system’s role in forming overall U.S. trade policy, see CRS Report R45148,
U.S. Trade Policy Primer: Frequently Asked Questions; and CRS In Focus IF11016, U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who
Does What?.
27 The United States Trade Representative refers to the cabinet-level official who heads the USTR agency.
28 List of Agricultural Policy Advisory Committee (APAC) for Trade and Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee
(ATAC) members can be found at USDA, FAS, “Trade Advisory Committees,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/trade-
advisory-committees.
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meet approximately twice per year at the call of the Secretary of Agriculture and the United States
Trade Representative and dependent on other factors, such as level of activity in trade policy and
needs of the agency heads.29 FAS staff serve as designated federal officers that chair or attend,
call, adjourn, and approve agendas for advisory committee meetings.
Agricultural Trade Advisory
Dairy Import Licensing and
Committees (ATACs)
Sugar Import Programs
•
ATAC for Trade in Animals and Animal Products
•
ATAC for Trade in Fruits and Vegetables
FAS administers import programs for certain
•
ATAC for Trade in Grains, Feed, Oilseeds, and
dairy and sugar products. These trade-related
Planting Seeds
programs are parts of broader federal
•
ATAC for Trade in Processed Foods
government dairy and sugar support programs.
•
ATAC for Trade in Sweeteners and Sweetener
For more information about the other support
Products
programs, see CRS Report R45730, Farm
•
ATAC for Trade in Tobacco, Cotton, and Peanuts
Commodity Provisions in the 2018 Farm Bill
(P.L. 115-334), CRS In Focus IF11163, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: The Farm Safety Net, and CRS In
Focus IF12202, Farm Bill Primer: Support for the Dairy Industry.
Dairy Import Licensing
FAS issues one-year licenses to importers of certain foreign dairy products as a means to
administer the U.S. dairy tariff rate quota (TRQ) system.30 Chapter 4 of the U.S. Harmonized
Tariff Schedule (HTS) indicates which dairy imports require an FAS-issued license to be subject
to the low-tier tariff rate, the maximum annual quantity allowed under the low-tier tariff rate, and
any country-specific quantity allocations for the low-tier tariff rate.31 FAS issues three types of
licenses: renewable historical licenses that are carried over annually, nonrenewable nonhistorical
licenses issued annually through a lottery system, and designated licenses for cheese importers
that meet qualification standards and are designated by the government of the exporting country
(7 C.F.R. §§6.23-6.25).32
Sugar Import Programs
FAS administers sugar import TRQs and a sugar reexport program.33 USDA determines the
annual quantity allowed under the in-quota, low-tier tariff rate for sugar imports every fiscal year

29 APAC and ATAC charters are available at https://www.facadatabase.gov and https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/trade-
advisory-committees.
30 Tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) are two-tiered applications of tariffs for an imported product. A specified quantity of
imports (in-quota) enters into the importing country at a reduced tariff rate. Imports that exceed the quantity (out-of-
quota or over-quota) typically face higher tariffs. For background about the WTO and agricultural TRQs, see WTO,
The WTO Agreements Series: Agriculture, 3rd ed. (Geneva: WTO, 2016), pp. 15-16. Dairy Tariff-Rate Quota Import
Licensing (7 C.F.R. Part 6 Subpart B) are the regulations for administering the U.S. dairy TRQ program, and 7 C.F.R.
§2.601(12) notes the delegation of authority to FAS to administer the program. See USDA, FAS, “Dairy Import
Licensing Program,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/dairy-import-licensing-program.
31 The U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) can be accessed at https://hts.usitc.gov/.
32 Additional descriptions of the dairy import licensing system can be found in WTO, “Replies to Questionnaire on
Import Licensing Procedures,” G/LIC/N/3/USA/19, September 28, 2022, pp. 9-12 (hereinafter WTO, “Replies to
Questionnaire”).
33 Allocation of Tariff-rate Quota on Imported Sugars, Syrups and Molasses (15 C.F.R. Part 2011) are the regulations
for the sugar TRQ program. The Refined Sugar Re-export Program, the Sugar Containing Products Re-export Program,
and the Polyhydric Alcohol Program (7 C.F.R. Part 1530) are the regulations for the sugar reexport program. See
USDA, FAS, “Sugar Import Program,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/sugar-import-program.
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while USTR allocates the in-quota quantities to supplying countries based on historical shipments
to the United States.34 FAS issues certificates of quota eligibility (CQE) for the sugar TRQ to
countries allocated to supply the United States. The CQE must be returned with the sugar
shipment for the sugar to be subject to the in-quota tariff rate. Under the commitments of the
Uruguay Round, the United States allows for in-quota access not less than 1,117,195 metric tons
of raw sugar and not less than 22,000 metric tons of refined sugar.35 The Secretary of Agriculture
may modify the TRQs if there is a determination that domestic supplies are inadequate to meet
domestic demand at reasonable prices.36 FAS also issues certificates for in-quota imports of
specialty sugar under the refined sugar TRQ.37 The purpose of the certificate is to allow import of
certain refined sugar not widely available in the United States at the lower in-quota tariff rate.38
CQEs are required for sugar imported under TRQs established by the U.S. free trade agreements
with Colombia, Panama, and Peru if USTR determines the trading partner has a trade surplus in
these goods.39 FAS also issues specialty sugar certificates for Panama and Peru for the TRQs
established under the U.S. free trade agreements with the respective countries.40
FAS administers a sugar reexport program not subject to the sugar TRQ limitations by issuing
import licenses to eligible refiners, manufacturers, or producers importing raw sugar to be further
processed and reexported in refined form; in refined form in sugar-containing products; or used
for the production of certain polyhydric alcohol (7 C.F.R. Part 1530).
Cotton and Wool Trust Funds
The Miscellaneous title of the Agricultural Act of 2014 (2014 farm bill; P.L. 113-79) established
the Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund and the Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust
Fund within USDA.41 The 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, P.L. 115-334, 7
U.S.C. §§2101 note and 7101 note) amended the programs. The purpose of the trust funds is to
allocate payments to reduce injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from domestic tariffs on
imported cotton or wool fabrics that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of

34 Additional U.S. note 5 for the HTS Chapter 17 explains USDA and USTR’s roles in the U.S. sugar import program.
The United States outlines the sugar import program in WTO, “Replies to Questionnaire,” pp. 6-9.
35 Subheading note 1 of Chapter 17 of the HTS defines raw sugar, otherwise it is considered refined sugar. In-quota raw
sugar has a lower duty rate than in-quota refined sugar.
36 See additional U.S. note 5(a)(ii) of the HTS Chapter 17.
37 15 C.F.R. Part 2011 Subpart B. Also see additional U.S. note 5(a)(i) of the HTS Chapter 17.
38 WTO, “Replies to Questionnaire,” p. 6.
39 USDA, FAS, “Notice of a Request for Extension of a Currently Approved Information Collection,” 87 Federal
Register 79274, December 27, 2022; and USTR, “Determination of Trade Surplus in Certain Sugar and Syrup Goods
and Sugar-Containing Products,” 87 Federal Register 78185, December 21, 2022.
40 USTR, “Implementation of United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Tariff-Rate Quota for Imports of
Sugar,” 77 Federal Register 65439-65440, October 26, 2012; and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Fact
Sheet: Sugar Quota Import Program, April 12, 2022, https://www.cbp.gov/document/fact-sheets/sugar-quota-import-
program.
41 Prior to FAS’s administration of the Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund, the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of
2006 (P.L. 109-432, §407) established the Cotton Trust Fund authorizing distribution of funds for FY2007 and FY2008
by CBP to eligible manufacturers and spinners of certain pima cotton and a nationally recognized association for the
promotion of pima cotton grown in the United States for use in textile and apparel goods. Prior to FAS’s administration
of the Agriculture Wool Trust, the Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-429,
§4002(c)(6)), as amended, authorized the Department of Commerce to administer payments to manufacturers for
certain worsted wool fabrics through calendar year 2014. Additionally, Title V of the Trade and Development Act of
2000 (P.L. 106-200), as amended, established temporary TRQs for certain wool fabrics, and CBP administered a duty
refund program for certain wool imported by manufacturers and processors, which is a basis for payments for one of
the programs under the current Agriculture Wool Trust.
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cotton or wool fabrics.42 A prior bill that attempted to establish the trust funds argued that U.S.
apparel and textile manufacturers faced inverted tariffs because tariffs for imported finished
cotton shirts and wool suits are lower than the tariffs for imported fabric inputs, which affects the
competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers that use the inputs.43
The 2018 farm bill allocates Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) mandatory funds of $16
million per year through 2023 to the Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund (7 U.S.C. §2101 note)
and an amount equal to the lesser of either an amount determined by the Secretary of Agriculture
as necessary or $30 million each year to the Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund
(7 U.S.C. §7101 note). FAS is delegated to administer both trust funds in coordination with
USDA’s Farm Service Agency.44 Payments are available to nationally recognized associations that
promote pima cotton for the domestic use in textile and apparel goods, yarn spinners of pima
cotton that produce ring spun cotton yarns, manufacturers of men’s and boys’ cotton shirts that
imported cotton fabric, and manufacturers that produced or imported certain wool fabrics.
Market Intelligence and Analysis
When USDA was established in 1862, its intended purpose was to acquire and disseminate
information about agriculture (12 Stat. 387; 7 U.S.C. §2201).45 Among FAS’s statutory duties is
“acquiring information pertaining to agricultural trade” (7 U.S.C. §5693(1)). FAS produces
international market intelligence and analysis that informs U.S. policymakers and stakeholders
involved in agricultural trade. The agency publishes and contributes to public-facing reports and
maintains databases related to trade statistics, commodities, and foreign markets.46 FAS uses a
variety of resources to develop agricultural market intelligence and analysis, including satellite
imagery, reports from FAS overseas offices, weather data, news reports, and official U.S. and
foreign government data, among other sources.

42 USDA, FAS, “Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/pima-agriculture-cotton-
trust-fund; and USDA, FAS, “Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/wool-
apparel-manufacturers-trust-fund.
43 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, A Bill to Create a Citrus Trust, to Renew and Modify the Cotton Trust
Fund, and to Modify and Extend the Wool Trust Fund, report to accompany S. 3568, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., September
20, 2012, S.Rept. 112-227, p. 4.
44 7 C.F.R. §2.601(a)(50). FSA administers a number of agricultural support programs, including credit and loan,
commodity, ad hoc disaster, and conservation programs. Regulations for the trust funds are located at 7 C.F.R. Part
1471.
45 The Department of Agriculture Organic Act of 1862 established what is now USDA.
46 7 C.F.R. §§2.601(a)(3), 2.601(a)(23), 2.601(a)(38), and 2.601(a)(49). Access to FAS reports and databases are
available at USDA, FAS, “Data and Analysis,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/data.
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FAS Market Intelligence and Analysis Selected Products
World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE): monthly report published by USDA that
includes estimates and forecasts for the U.S. and world supply and use of major agricultural commodities. FAS
contributes information on foreign production and trade to the WASDE. The World Agricultural Outlook Board
within USDA’s Office of the Chief Economist coordinates with key USDA agencies in preparing the WASDE.
Production, Supply, and Distribution Online (PS&D): database of the global supply and use of selected
agricultural commodities. Grains, oilseeds, and cotton are updated simultaneously with the WASDE report, and
other commodities are updated biannually or annually.
World Agricultural Production Report and World Markets and Trade Report: regularly published
reports on major agricultural commodities. The World Agricultural Production reports provide grains, oilseeds,
and cotton crop acreage, as well as yield and production in major countries worldwide. World Markets and Trade
reports provide U.S. and global trade, production, consumption, and stocks for grains, oilseeds, cotton, citrus,
dairy, livestock and poultry, coffee, certain fruits, and tree nuts.
Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN): reports produced by FAS overseas offices that contain
analyses on topics such as foreign market agricultural production and trade developments and forecasts, foreign
market exporting guides, and foreign food and agricultural import requirements.
Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS): database of current and historical trade data organized by
agricultural commodity and agricultural related product groups. Monthly U.S. agricultural trade data are from the
U.S. Census Bureau. GATS also contains trade statistics from the United Nations.
Export Sales Report: daily and weekly U.S. export sales reports for 40 U.S. agricultural commodities. All
exporters of the 40 commodities are required to report to FAS on a weekly basis, or daily basis if a sales activity
reaches a certain quantity. Section 602 of the Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 (7 U.S.C. §5712), as amended,
requires exporters of specified commodities to report export sales to the Secretary of Agriculture.
International Agricultural Trade Report: periodic reports focused on developments or outlook of foreign
markets or specific commodities.
Geospatial Assessment Applications: geospatial applications that provide data such as crop and vegetation
conditions, weather, and water level variations of lakes and reservoirs.
Export Programs
Market Development and Trade Promotion Programs
FAS administers several market development programs that aim to support “U.S. industry efforts
to build, maintain, and expand overseas markets for U.S. food and agricultural products.”47 The
2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334, 7 U.S.C. §5623) reauthorized export promotion programs with
mandatory funding from FY2019 to FY2023 of $255 million annually through USDA’s CCC with
funds remaining available until expended. These programs, consolidated by the 2018 farm bill
and categorized collectively as the Agricultural Trade Promotion and Facilitation Program
(ATPFP), are the following:
• Market Access Program (MAP). MAP provides funds to share the cost of
marketing and promotion activities to “encourage the development, maintenance,
and expansion of commercial export markets” for U.S. agricultural
commodities.48 Eligible participants include nonprofit U.S. agricultural trade
organizations, nonprofit state regional trade groups, U.S. agricultural
cooperatives, and state government agencies. Small-sized private U.S.
commercial entities may participate in a branded program through a MAP

47 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023, p. 36-22.
48 7 U.S.C. §5623(b)(2). Regulations for MAP are covered by 7 C.F.R. Part 1485 Subpart B.
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participant. The 2018 farm bill funded MAP not less than $200 million annually
from FY2019 to FY2023.
• Foreign Market Development (FMD) Program. Similar to MAP, FMD
provides funds to share the cost of overseas marketing and promotion activities.
However, only nonprofit U.S. agricultural trade organizations are eligible to
participate in FMD, and it is focused on the generic promotion of U.S.
commodities rather than branded products.49 The 2018 farm bill funded FMD not
less than $34.5 million annually from FY2019 to FY2023.
• Emerging Markets Program (EMP). EMP provides funds for technical
assistance activities to U.S. private or government entities with a demonstrated
role or interest in U.S. agricultural exports. The program was established “to
develop agricultural markets in emerging markets” and “promote cooperation and
exchange of information between agricultural institutions and agribusinesses in
the United States and emerging markets.”50 The 2018 farm bill funded EMP not
more than $8 million annually from FY2019 to FY2023.
• Technical Assistance for Specialty Crops (TASC). TASC funds U.S.
organizations with a demonstrated role or interest in exporting U.S. agricultural
specialty crops, which include most cultivated plants and the products of
cultivated plants except for wheat, feed grains, oilseeds, cotton, rice, peanuts,
sugar, and tobacco.51 Eligible activities for TASC funding involve addressing
existing or potential SPS or technical barriers that prohibit or threaten the export
of U.S. specialty crops. The 2018 farm bill funded TASC $9 million annually
from FY2019 to FY2023.
An additional Priority Trade Fund supplements the other ATPFP programs “for authorized
activities to access, develop, maintain, and expand markets” for U.S. agricultural products.52 The
2018 farm bill provided $3.5 million annual mandatory funding for the Priority Trade Fund from
FY2019 to FY2023. In general, these programs provide reimbursable matching or cost-share
funds for U.S. organizations to conduct activities that expand and develop foreign markets for
U.S. agricultural products.
The Quality Sample Program (QSP) is another program with the objective to develop and expand
U.S. agricultural exports. Unlike the ATPFP programs, which are authorized and funded by the
farm bill, QSP is authorized under the CCC Charter Act (P.L. 80-806; 62 Stat. 1070; 15 U.S.C.
§714c(f)), as amended, which allows CCC to use its powers to aid in the development of foreign
markets for commodities. QSP is designed to assist U.S. entities in providing commodity samples
to potential foreign importers to help develop a new market for a U.S. product, promote a new
U.S product, or promote a new use for a U.S product rather than promote the substitution of an
established U.S. product.53

49 Regulations for FMD are covered by 7 C.F.R. Part 1484.
50 7 U.S.C. §5623(d)(2). 7 U.S.C. §5623(d)(1) defines emerging market as “any country, foreign territory, customs
union, or other economic market” determined by USDA that “is taking steps toward a market-oriented economy
through the food, agriculture, or rural business sectors of its economy” and “has the potential to provide a viable and
significant market for” U.S. agricultural commodities.
51 Regulations for TASC are covered in 7 C.F.R. Part 1487.
52 7 U.S.C. §5623(f)(3)(A)(v).
53 Grants.gov, USDA-FAS-QSP-2024: Quality Samples Program, March 17, 2023, https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/
view-opportunity.html?oppId=346794. For additional information, see USDA, FAS, “Quality Samples Program
(QSP),” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/quality-samples-program-qsp.
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For more background on these programs, see CRS Report R46760, U.S. Agricultural Export
Programs: Background and Issues, and CRS In Focus IF12155, Farm Bill Primer: Trade and
Export Promotion Programs.
Export Credit Guarantees
The 2018 farm bill reauthorized export credit guarantee programs for exports to emerging
markets through FY2023 with funding from CCC of not less than $1 billion each fiscal year (7
U.S.C. §5622 note ). Additionally, $5.5 billion is available each fiscal year from CCC (7 U.S.C.
§5641(b)) with no funding expiration date. FAS administers two export credit guarantee
programs:54
• Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102). GSM-102 provides payment
guarantees for the commercial export of U.S. agricultural products mainly to
developing countries.55 In FY2022, $3.4 billion in loan commitments were made
under GSM-102.56 CCC does not provide financing but assumes the default risk
in case the foreign financial institution involved fails to make any payment
covered by the guarantee.57 If the foreign financial institution fails to make any
payment as agreed, the participating exporter of U.S. agricultural products or
participating U.S. financial institution that takes assignment of the payment
guarantee may submit a claim to CCC for payment.58
• Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). FGP provides credit guarantees for
financing the establishment or improvement of facilities or provides services or
goods in emerging markets primarily to promote the export of U.S. agricultural
products.59 No loan commitments were made for FGP in FY2022.60
For further background on these programs, see CRS Report R46760, U.S. Agricultural Export
Programs: Background and Issues, and CRS In Focus IF12155, Farm Bill Primer: Trade and
Export Promotion Programs.
Trade Missions and Shows
FAS is involved in international trade missions and trade shows to support U.S. companies and
organizations as part of its duties to carry out market promotion and development activities. U.S.
companies, state departments of agriculture, and other organizations with U.S. agricultural export
interests may participate in FAS-organized overseas trade missions, known as “Agribusiness
Trade Missions” (ATMs). These trade missions, led by senior USDA officials, are meant to
connect U.S. businesses with potential customers and educate participants about the “economic

54 Regulations for the export credit guarantee programs are covered by 7 C.F.R. Part 1493.
55 USDA, FAS, “Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102),” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/export-credit-
guarantee-program-gsm-102.
56 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Commodity Credit Corporation, 2023, p. 30-43.
57 Office of Management and Budget, Appendix, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2024, 2023, p. 105.
58 Ibid.
59 USDA, FAS, “Facility Guarantee Program,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/facility-guarantee-program.
60 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Commodity Credit Corporation, 2023, p. 30-43.
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conditions and regulatory environments in host-country markets.”61 USDA also uses the overseas
visit to engage with the foreign host-government on trade policy and cooperative issues.62
FAS endorses international trade shows and works with trade show organizers and other
organizations to create a “USA Pavilion” to showcase U.S. products. FAS provides additional
services and assistance to participating U.S. companies.63 Cooperators,64 state regional trade
groups, and state departments of agriculture also participate as exhibitors.65
Food and Technical Assistance
The Agricultural Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-501; 7 U.S.C. §5693), as amended, instructs FAS to assist
the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out agricultural trade and international cooperation policy by
providing agricultural technical assistance and training and carrying out programs authorized
under P.L. 95-501, the Food for Peace Act (FFPA; P.L. 83-480, 7 U.S.C. §1691), and other acts.
Food Assistance
Current food assistance programs originated from FFPA, commonly known as “P.L. 480.” Section
2 of FFPA (7 U.S.C. §1691), as amended, identifies five objectives in enhancing food security in
developing countries:
• combat world hunger and malnutrition and their causes;
• promote broad-based, equitable, and sustainable development, including
agricultural development;
• expand international trade;
• foster and encourage the development of private enterprise and democratic
participation in developing countries; and
• prevent conflicts.
USDA and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) are the main agencies that
administer food assistance programs. FAS administers the following nonemergency food
assistance programs that were reauthorized by the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334) through FY2023:
• Food for Progress (7 U.S.C. §1736o). The program’s two principal objectives
are to improve agricultural productivity and expand trade of agricultural products
in developing countries. Donated U.S. agricultural commodities are sold, usually
to the local market of target countries, and the proceeds are used to support
agricultural development activities.
• McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition
Program (7 U.S.C. §1736o-1). The program’s objectives are to “reduce hunger,
increase literacy, and improve the health and dietary practices of school-age
children, with an emphasis on girls” by funding school meals and education and

61 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023, p. 36-22. For more information about
upcoming and past Agribusiness Trade Missions (ATMs), see USDA, FAS, “Trade Missions,”
https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/trade-missions.
62 Ibid.
63 USDA, FAS, “Trade Shows,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/topics/trade-shows.
64 Cooperators are nonprofit commodity or trade associations that represent U.S. agricultural producers and processors.
65 USDA, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes–Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023, p. 36-21.
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nutrition programs implemented by private-voluntary organizations and other
international organizations in countries with high food insecurity.66
• Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement Program (7 U.S.C. §1726c). The
program supplements the McGovern-Dole Program by providing locally and
regionally procured food.
For more information on U.S. international food assistance programs, see CRS Report R45422,
U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview, CRS In Focus IF12067, Farm Bill Primer:
U.S. International Food Assistance Overview, and CRS In Focus IF12081, Farm Bill Primer:
International Food Aid Programs, McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional Procurement.
Technical Assistance
The National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-113, 7
U.S.C. §3291) authorizes USDA to carry out research, extension, and teaching activities with
foreign institutions, departments and ministries of agriculture, and individuals. FAS administers
several fellowship programs related to agricultural technical assistance, including specific
programs authorized by farm bills and funded by appropriation acts:
• Cochran Fellowship Program (7 U.S.C. §3293). The Food, Agriculture,
Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-624) formally authorized and
expanded an existing international agricultural fellowship program.67 The
program trains individuals from middle-income countries, emerging markets, and
emerging democracies for the purposes of developing eligible countries’
agricultural systems and strengthening trade linkages with the United States.68
Congress authorized without fiscal year limitation such sums as may be
necessary to carry out the program except for certain criteria. Funds are not to
exceed in any fiscal year $4 million for eligible middle-income countries that no
longer qualify for U.S. bilateral foreign aid assistance due to per capita income
levels; $3 million for eligible middle-income countries that never qualified for
U.S. bilateral foreign aid assistance but with an ongoing mutually beneficial
relationship with the United States; and $6 million for eligible countries that are
transforming to a more democratic system of government. USDA may also
receive outside sources to fund the program. Authorization for the program is
permanent.
• Borlaug International Agricultural Science and Technology Fellowship
Program (Borlaug Fellowship Program) (7 U.S.C. §3319j). The Food,
Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-234) established a fellowship
program to provide scientific training and study in the United States for
individuals from eligible countries for the purposes of promoting food security
and economic growth and supporting scientific exchanges.69 Congress authorized

66 USDA, Fiscal Year 2021 International Food Assistance Report, p. 1.
67 U.S. Congress, Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990,
report to accompany S. 2830, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., July 6, 1990, S.Rept. 101-357, p. 198.
68 Program web page is located at USDA, FAS, “Cochran Fellowship Program,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/
cochran-fellowship-program. Eligible countries are determined by a gross national income per capita test as determined
by USDA.
69 Program web page is located at USDA, FAS, “Borlaug Fellowship Program,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/
borlaug-fellowship-program. USDA originally established the program in 2004.
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appropriations of such sums as necessary to remain available until expended.
Authorization for the program is permanent.
• International Agricultural Education Fellowship (7 U.S.C. §3295). The 2018
farm bill (P.L. 115-334) established a fellowship program for U.S. citizens to
assist eligible countries for the purposes of developing “globally minded” U.S.
agriculturalists, focusing on meeting the food and fiber needs of the eligible
countries, and strengthening trade linkages between eligible countries and the
U.S. agricultural industry.70 Congress authorized appropriations of $5 million
each fiscal year from 2019 to 2023 for the program.
In addition to the specific fellowship programs codified in statute, FAS administers other
programs providing international fellowships and exchanges as well as projects with other U.S.,
foreign, and international government agencies, research institutions, and agricultural industry
organizations to improve the agricultural systems and trade capacity of developing countries.71
Table 2 lists selected FAS fellowship and exchange programs.
Additionally, FAS carries out technical assistance and other activities overseas through
reimbursable agreements on behalf of USAID, foreign governments, and international
organizations that are funded by other agencies.72
Table 2. Selected FAS Fellowship and Exchange Programs
Year
Program
Description
Established
Scientific Cooperation Exchange
Supports col aborative relationships between scientific
1979
Program (SCEP) with China
and technical exports from the United States and China
Scientific Cooperation Research
Supports joint research, extension, and education
1980
Program (SCRP)
projects between researchers from the United States
and emerging market economies
Faculty Exchange Program (FEP)
Assists participants from developing countries with one-
1995
semester training at a U.S. Land Grant Agricultural
University to improve the institutions of their home
countries
Embassy Science Fellows Program
Places USDA technical exports at overseas U.S.
2002
(ESFP)
embassies to provide technical expertise and advice
Scientific Exchanges Program (SEP)
Supports col aborative programs between agricultural
Pilot program
professionals from the United States and eligible
announced in
countries through education and col aborative research
2019
Source: CRS from FAS, “Programs,” https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs and notification of funding
opportunities shared at https://www.grants.gov/.

70 Program web page is located at USDA, FAS, “International Agricultural Education Fellowship Program,”
https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/international-agricultural-education-fellowship-program. Eligible countries are
determined by a gross national income per capita test as determined by USDA.
71 Further information can be found at USDA, FAS, “Fellowships & Exchanges,” https://fas.usda.gov/topics/
fellowships-and-exchanges; and USDA, FAS, “Capacity Building & Economic Development,” https://fas.usda.gov/
topics/capacity-building-and-economic-development.
72 USDA, FY 2024 Budget Summary, 2023, p. 44.
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Considerations for Congress
Congress has maintained an interest in international agricultural trade and food security. As an
agency that carries out the policies and programs for agricultural trade and international
cooperation on behalf of the United States, FAS presents numerous issues that Congress could
consider. Congress may use a number of tools available, including legislation, appropriations,
report language, oversight, and direct communication, to influence, direct, or evaluate FAS and its
programs.73
Congress established the overall agricultural trade policy of the United States in response to the
international trade environment through various acts, including declarations of agricultural trade
policies and objectives.74 As foreign trade barriers affecting U.S. agricultural exports arise or
require greater attention, Congress may consider directing or influencing USDA and FAS to
address or prioritize such issues.75
FAS publishes and provides a suite of reports and data related to agricultural trade. Congress may
consider if there is specific, additional reporting needed that FAS could produce or discontinue
existing reporting requirements.76
FAS administers several programs related to U.S. agricultural exports and international food and
technical assistance. As Congress considers various issues and its priorities related to foreign
agricultural affairs, such as promoting U.S. export competitiveness and foreign market share,
improving international trade linkages, and ensuring food security, it may evaluate,77 modify,78 or
provide guidance to existing programs as well as establish new programs to be administered by
FAS.79 Congress may also consider requesting USDA to use its broad authorities under the CCC

73 Although Congress directs the President or Secretary of Agriculture to carry out certain authorized trade and
agricultural programs, some programs are delegated to FAS given its roles and responsibilities pertaining to foreign
agricultural affairs.
74 See example legislation on agricultural trade policy in this report’s section “Role of FAS in U.S. Trade Policy.”
75 For example, in S.Rept. 118-44 for the FY2024 agriculture appropriations bill (S. 2131), the Senate Committee on
Appropriations encourages FAS and USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to engage with trading
partners, international organizations, and others in addressing issues related to the trade of forest products. Also, see an
example of congressional and executive agencies coordinating to address a tariff trade barrier in USDA, FAS, India
Reduces Import Duty Tariff Levied on Pecans - Cracking Open the Door for the American Nut, GAIN Report IN2023-
0016, February 22, 2023.
76 For example, FAS publishes weekly summary U.S. export sales for certain agricultural commodities as required by 7
U.S.C. §5712. This was in response to concerns about the lack of information about large exports sales, including a
1972 grain sale to the Soviet Union that greatly affected domestic supplies. For background, see U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Agriculture, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973, report on H.R. 8860, 93rd Cong., 1st
sess., June 27, 1973, H.Rept. 93-337, pp. 35-36.
77 For example, see U.S. Government Accountability Office, International Food Assistance: Agencies Should Ensure
Timely Documentation of Required Market Analyses and Assess Local Markets for Program Effects, GAO-17-640, July
13, 2017, as requested by the Chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture to review FAS and USAID food
assistance programs and their provisions of in-kind food aid.
78 For example, the Fortifying Refrigeration Infrastructure and Developing Global Exports Act of 2023 (FRIDGE Act
of 2023, H.R. 4612) would authorize an additional $1 million for the Foreign Market Development Program to
specifically provide technical assistance related to infrastructure in new and developing foreign markets for U.S.
agricultural commodities.
79 For example, the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334; 7 U.S.C. §3295) established the International Agricultural Education
Fellowship Program for U.S. citizens to assist developing countries in establishing school-based agricultural education
and youth extension programs; in S.Rept. 118-44, the Senate Committee on Appropriations encourages USDA to avoid
limiting eligibility of applicants to specific countries or regions.
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Charter Act to establish programs related to international agricultural trade and assistance
initiatives.80
Farm Bill Considerations
The farm bill traditionally has been the main legislative vehicle to modifying policies and
programs for U.S. agriculture, including programs related to international agricultural trade and
assistance. With the authorization and mandatory funding expirations of a number of 2018 farm
bill programs administered by FAS, Congress may take into consideration how to address this
either through enacting temporary extensions or enacting a new farm bill. FAS programs affected
by the 2018 farm bill expiration include the following:
• Export promotion programs under the ATPFP are unable to fund program
applicants for FY2024.
• The Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund and the Agriculture Wool Apparel
Manufacturers Trust Fund are unable to make payments to applicants after
December 31, 2023. Although the 2018 farm bill provided mandatory funding for
the trust funds, they are programs without a budget baseline after 2023.81
• Food for Progress is set to terminate after December 31, 2023.
• Authorizations of appropriations for the McGovern-Dole International Food for
Education and Child Nutrition Program, Local and Regional Food Aid
Procurement Program, and International Agricultural Education Fellowship
expired at the end of FY2023.

Author Information

Benjamin Tsui

Analyst in Agricultural Policy

80 For example, see United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, “Stabenow, Boozman
Urge Secretary Vilsack to Support American Farmers by Making Investments in Trade Promotion and Food
Assistance,” press release, September 6, 2023; and USDA, “USDA Bolsters Investments in International Trade and
Food Aid,” press release, October 24, 2023.
81 For more information about programs without a budget baseline beyond the 2018 farm bill, see CRS In Focus
IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without Baseline Beyond FY2023.
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