Monuments and Memorials Authorized and Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia

Updated October 2, 2024

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

R43743

Monuments and Memorials Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act

Congressional Research Service

Summary

Since the enactment of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) in 1986, Congress has authorized 48 commemorative works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs. Twenty-four of these works have been completed and dedicated.

This report contains a catalog of the authorized works that have been completed and dedicated since 1986. For each completed memorial, the report provides a brief summary of its authorization and a description of the memorial. A picture of each work is also included. The Appendix includes a map showing each completed memorial’s location.

For more information on the Commemorative Works Act, see CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus; CRS Report R43241, Monuments and Memorials in the District of Columbia: Analysis and Options for Proposed Exemptions to the Commemorative Works Act, by Jacob R. Straus; and CRS Report R43744, Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In Progress and Lapsed Works, by Jacob R. Straus.

Monuments and Memorials Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act

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Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Commemorative Works Areas of the District of Columbia ............................................................. 1

Reserve ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Area I ......................................................................................................................................... 2

Area II ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Authorized Commemorative Works ................................................................................................ 2 Completed Commemorative Works ................................................................................................ 3

Women in Military Service for America ................................................................................... 4 Francis Scott Key ...................................................................................................................... 5 Korean War Veterans ................................................................................................................. 6

American Armored Force .......................................................................................................... 8

Vietnam Women ........................................................................................................................ 9 George Mason ......................................................................................................................... 10 African-American Civil War-Union Soldier/Sailors ................................................................ 11

Japanese American Patriotism in World War II ....................................................................... 12

World War II ............................................................................................................................ 13

Victims of Communism .......................................................................................................... 14 Mahatma Gandhi ..................................................................................................................... 15

Veterans Who Died as a Result of Service in the Vietnam War .............................................. 17 Lincoln Memorial “I Have a Dream” Speech ......................................................................... 17 Tomas G. Masaryk .................................................................................................................. 18 Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ..................................................................................... 19 American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial ..................................................................... 20 Victims of the Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933 ..................................................... 21

Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque ................................................................................................ 22 Dwight D. Eisenhower ............................................................................................................ 23 World War I Memorial ............................................................................................................ 25 Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance ......................................................... 26 World War II D-Day Prayer .................................................................................................... 28 First Division Monument Modifications ................................................................................. 29

Other Completed Memorials ......................................................................................................... 30

United States Air Force ........................................................................................................... 30

Figures

Figure 1. Women in Military Service for America Memorial ......................................................... 5 Figure 2. Francis Scott Key Memorial ............................................................................................ 6 Figure 3. Korean War Veterans Memorial ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. American Armored Force Memorial ................................................................................ 8 Figure 5. Vietnam Women’s Memorial............................................................................................ 9 Figure 6. George Mason Memorial ................................................................................................ 11

Figure 7. African-American Civil War-Union Soldiers/Sailors Memorial .................................... 12

Figure 8. Japanese American Patriotism in World War II Memorial ............................................. 13

Figure 9. World War II Memorial .................................................................................................. 14

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Figure 10. Victims of Communism Memorial ............................................................................... 15

Figure 11. Mahatma Gandhi Memorial ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 12. Veterans Who Died as a Result of Service in the Vietnam War Plaque ....................... 17 Figure 13. Lincoln Memorial “I Have a Dream” Speech Plaque .................................................. 18 Figure 14. Tomas G. Masaryk Memorial....................................................................................... 19 Figure 15. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial ......................................................... 20 Figure 16. American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial .......................................................... 21 Figure 17. Victims of the Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933 Memorial ......................... 22

Figure 18. Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque at the World War II Memorial ..................................... 23 Figure 19. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial ................................................................................ 24 Figure 20. World War I Memorial ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 21. Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance .............................................. 27 Figure 22. World War II D-Day Prayer Plaque Dedication ........................................................... 28 Figure 23. First Division Monument ............................................................................................. 30 Figure 24. Air Force Memorial ...................................................................................................... 31

Figure A-1. Location of Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia and Environs ........ 32

Tables

Table 1. Completed Commemorative Works ................................................................................... 2

Appendixes

Appendix. Location of Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia ................................ 32

Contacts

Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 33

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Introduction

Since 1986, the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) has provided the legal framework for the placement of commemorative works in the District of Columbia. The CWA was enacted to establish a statutory process for ensuring “that future commemorative works in areas administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the General Services Administration (GSA) in the District of Columbia and its environs (1) are appropriately designed, constructed, and located and (2) reflect a consensus of the lasting significance of the subjects involved.”¹ Since the CWA’s enactment, 48 memorials have been authorized for placement in the District of Columbia.

This report provides a catalog of the memorials in the District of Columbia that have been authorized, completed, and dedicated since the passage of the CWA. A summary of the work is provided. The report also provides information—located within text boxes for easy reference—on the statute(s) authorizing the work; the authorized organization; legislative extensions, if any; the memorial’s location; and the dedication date. A picture of each work is also included. The Appendix includes a map showing each memorial’s location.

For a further discussion of the placement of memorials in the District of Columbia see CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus and CRS Report R43744, Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In Progress and Lapsed Works, by Jacob R. Straus.

Commemorative Works Areas of the District of Columbia

The CWA divides land under the jurisdiction of the NPS and GSA in the District of Columbia and its environs into three sections for the placement of memorials: the Reserve, Area I, and Area II. For each area, the standards for memorial placement are specified in law, and congressional approval of monument location is required. Property not under the jurisdiction of the NPS or GSA is not subject to the CWA. See Figure A-1 for a map of the commemorative works areas of the District of Columbia.

Reserve

The Reserve was created in 2003, by P.L. 108-126, to prohibit the addition of future memorials in an area defined as “the great cross-axis of the Mall, which generally extends from the United States Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and from the White House to the Jefferson Memorial.”² This area is legally considered “a substantially completed work of civic art.”³ Within this area, “to preserve the integrity of the Mall … the siting of new commemorative works is prohibited.”⁴

1 40 U.S.C. §8901(4).

2 40 U.S.C. §8902.

3 P.L. 108-126, §202(a), 117 Stat. 1348 (2003).

4 40 U.S.C. §8901 note; and 40 U.S.C. §8908(c). The placement of museums and visitor centers is also prohibited under 40 U.S.C. §8905(b)(5) and 40 U.S.C. §8908(c).

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Area I

Created as part of the original CWA statute in 1986, Area I is reserved for commemorative works of “preeminent historical and lasting significance to the United States.”⁵ Area I is roughly bounded by the West Front of the Capitol; Pennsylvania Avenue NW (between 1^st and 15^th Streets NW); Lafayette Square; 17^th Street NW (between H Street and Constitution Avenue); Constitution Avenue NW (between 17^th and 23^rd Streets); the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts waterfront area; Theodore Roosevelt Island; National Park Service land in Virginia surrounding the George Washington Memorial Parkway; the 14^th Street Bridge area; and Maryland Avenue SW, from Maine Avenue SW, to Independence Avenue SW, at the United States Botanic Garden.

Area II

Also created as part of the original CWA statute, Area II is reserved for “subjects of lasting historical significance to the American people.”⁶ Area II encompasses all sections of the District of Columbia and its environs not part of the Reserve or Area I.

Authorized Commemorative Works

Since the passage of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) in 1986, Congress has authorized 48 commemorative works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs, 24 of which have been completed and dedicated. The other 24 authorized commemorative works either are in progress, have a lapsed authorization, or have had their authorization repealed. Table 1 lists the commemorative works authorized and dedicated since 1986.

Table 1. Completed Commemorative Works

Congress Memorial Authorizing Legislation

Located on Property Under CWA Jurisdiction

99 Women in Military Service for America P.L. 99-610, 100 Stat. 3477 (1986)

99 Francis Scott Key P.L. 99-531, 100 Stat. 3022 (1986)

99 Korean War Veterans P.L. 99-572, 100 Stat. 3226 (1986)

99 American Armored Force P.L. 99-620, 100 Stat. 3493 (1986)

100 Vietnam Women’s Memorial P.L. 100-660, 102 Stat. 3922 (1988)

101 George Mason P.L. 101-358, 104 Stat. 419 (1990)

102 African-American Civil War-Union Soldiers/Sailors

P.L. 102-412, 106 Stat. 2104 (1992)

102 Japanese American Patriotism in World War II

P.L. 102-502, 106 Stat. 3273 (1992)

5 40 U.S.C. §8908(b)(1). The Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of General Services, after seeking the advice of the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, can recommend that a memorial be placed in Area I. If either the Secretary or the Administrator recommends placement in Area I, he or she must notify the House Committee on Natural Resources and the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The Secretary or the Administrator notifies Congress by sending a letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate. If the recommendation is not enacted into law within 150 calendar days, the recommendation is not adopted and the memorial sponsor must consider sites in Area II.

6 40 U.S.C. §8908(b)(2).

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Congress Memorial Authorizing Legislation

103 World War II P.L. 103-32, 107 Stat. 90 (1993)

103 Victims of Communism P.L. 103-199, Title IX, §905, 107 Stat. 2331, December 17, 1993

104 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. P.L. 104-333, Div. I, Title V, §508, 110 Stat. 4157 (1996)

105 Mahatma Gandhi P.L. 105-284, 112 Stat. 2701 (1998)

106 Veterans Who Died as a Result of Service in the Vietnam War^b

P.L. 106-214, 114 Stat. 335 (2000)

106 American Veterans Disabled for Life P.L. 106-348, 114 Stat. 1358 (2000)

106 Lincoln Memorial “I Have a Dream” Speech P.L. 106-365, 114 Stat. 1409 (2000)

107 Tomas G. Masaryk P.L. 107-61, 115 Stat. 410 (2001)

107 Dwight D. Eisenhower P.L. 107-117, §8120, 115 Stat. 2273 (2002)

109 Victims of Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933

P.L. 109-340, 120 Stat. 1864 (2006)

111 Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque P.L. 111-88, §128, 123 Stat. 2933 (2009)

113 World War II D-Day Prayer Plaque P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014)

113 World War I P.L. 113-291, §3091(b), 128 Stat. 3858 (2014)

114 Korean War Memorial Wall of Remembrance P.L. 114-230, 130 Stat. 947 (2016)

116 First Division Monument Modifications P.L. 116-283, Title X, §1083, 134 Stat. 3875 (2021)

Located on Property Not Subject to the CWA

103 United States Air Force^a P.L. 103-163, 107 Stat. 1973 (1993)

Source: 40 U.S.C. §8903 note and CRS analysis of memorial legislation. Notes: a. The United States Air Force Memorial was constructed on land not governed by the Commemorative Works Act. For more information, see the section below on the “United States Air Force” Memorial and the Air Force Memorial Foundation, http://www.airforcememorial.org.

b. In authorizing the plaque to honor other Vietnam veterans who died as a result of service in the Vietnam War, Congress specifically exempted the American Battle Monuments Commission from 40 U.S.C. §8903(c), which prohibits the creation of a commemorative work to an event, individuals, or groups “until the 25^th anniversary of the event, death of the individual, or death of the last surviving member of the group.”

Completed Commemorative Works

Since 1986, 24 commemorative works have been completed within the District of Columbia and its environs. These memorials honored groups of individuals, such as women who have served in the U.S. military; veterans from World War II as well as the Korean War; and individuals including George Mason, Francis Scott Key, and Mahatma Gandhi. For each memorial, a short background and a picture is included. Additionally, a text box is provided that includes information on the authorizing statute; the sponsor organization; statutory extensions of the sponsor’s authorization, if necessary;⁷ the memorial’s location; and the date of dedication.

7 Pursuant to the Commemorative Works Act (40 U.S.C. §8903(e)(1)), all sponsor groups are provided with a seven- (continued...)

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Women in Military Service for America

In 1986, Congress authorized the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation to construct a commemorative work, on federal land, to honor women who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces.⁸ Located at the ceremonial entrance to Arlington National Cemetery, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial is a “30-foot high curved neoclassical retaining wall”⁹ and a fountain. While the foundation raised nonfederal funds to construct the memorial, because the memorial was built to complement the existing main gate and plaza of Arlington National Cemetery, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Army to provide “engineering, design, construction management, and related services on a reimbursable basis.”¹⁰

In 2019, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 transferred jurisdiction over the Women in Military Service for America Memorial from the National Park Service to the Department of the Army,¹¹ which manages Arlington National Cemetery.¹² Figure 1 shows the Women in Military Service for America Memorial.

year period to complete (i.e., dedicate) the memorial. This time period can be extended administratively if the Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of General Services issues a construction permit, or if Congress amends the initial statute to provide for additional time to complete the memorial’s design and construction. For more information, see CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus.

8 P.L. 99-590, 100 Stat. 3330 (1986); and P.L. 99-610, 100 Stat. 3477 (1986). For more information on the authorization of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial, see U.S. Congress, House Committee on House Administration, Memorial to Honor Women Who Have Served in or with the Armed Forces, report to accompany H.J.Res. 36, 99^th Cong., 1^st sess., October 29, 1985, H.Rept. 99-342 (Washington: GPO, 1985); and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Authorizing a Memorial to Women Who Have Served in the Armed Forces of the United States, report to accompany H.J.Res. 36, 99^th Cong., 2^nd sess., September 19, 1986, S.Rept. 99-461 (Washington: GPO, 1986).

9 Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, “History,” About, http://www.womensmemorial.org/ About/history.html.

10 P.L. 103-337, §2855, 108 Stat. 2663 (1994). The Women in Military Service for American Memorial was originally located in Area II.

11 P.L. 116-92, §2834, 133 Stat. 1893 (2019). The NDAA also directed the Secretary of the Army “to enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, Inc., to define roles and responsibilities for the shared responsibility and resources for operation and maintenance of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial and the surrounding grounds [§2834(e)(3)(B)(i)]” and “may, pursuant to the memorandum of understanding described in clause (i), allocate amounts to the foundation described in that clause to support operation and maintenance of the memorial described in that clause” [§2834(e)(3)(B)(i)].

12 For more information on Arlington National Cemetery, see CRS In Focus IF11362, Defense Primer: Arlington National Cemetery, by Barbara Salazar Torreon.

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Figure 1. Women in Military Service for America Memorial

Source: Women in Military Service for America Foundation.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 99-610, 100 Stat. 3477 (1986)

Sponsor Organization: Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation

(http://www.womensmemorial.org)

Statutory Extension: Extended to 10 years from date of enactment

(P.L. 103-321, 108 Stat. 1793 [1994])

Location: Outside Commemorative Works Area

(Authorized by P.L. 116-92, §2834, 133 Stat. 1893 [2019])

Dedication: October 18, 1997

Francis Scott Key

In 1986, the Francis Scott Key Park Foundation was authorized by Congress to construct a commemorative work on public grounds in the District of Columbia to “honor and in commemoration of Francis Scott Key, the author of the words to ‘The Star Spangled Banner,’ our National Anthem, who lived and practiced law in Washington, District of Columbia at the time he penned those immortal words.”¹³ The memorial is located in a park close to the site of Francis Scott Key’s home, which was demolished in 1947,¹⁴ and is adjacent to the Georgetown entrance to Key Bridge, which is also named for Francis Scott Key. The memorial consists of a round stone base and a bust of Francis Scott Key and is shown in Figure 2.

13 P.L. 99-531, §1, 100 Stat. 3022 (1986). For more information on the authorization of the Francis Scott Key Memorial, see “Francis Scott Key Memorial,” Senate debate, Congressional Record, vol. 132, part 21 (October 9, 1986), pp. 29898-29899; and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Authorizing a Memorial to Francis Scott Key, report to accompany S. 2370, 99^th Cong., 2^nd sess., September 19, 1986, S.Rept. 99-457 (Washington: GPO, 1986).

14 James M. Goode, Washington Sculpture: A Cultural History of Outdoor Sculpture in the Nation’s Capital (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), p. 584.

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Figure 2. Francis Scott Key Memorial

Source: Author’s photo of the Francis Scott Key Memorial. Taken July 12, 2011.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 99-531, 100 Stat. 3022 (1986)

Sponsor Organization: Francis Scott Key Park Foundation, Inc.

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area II

Dedication: September 14, 1993

Korean War Veterans

In 1986, the American Battle Monuments Commission¹⁵ was authorized by Congress to construct a memorial on federal land in Washington, DC, “to honor members of the Armed Forces of the United States who served in the Korean War, particularly those who were killed in action, are still listed as missing in action, or were held as prisoners of war.”¹⁶ Located to the southeast of the Lincoln Memorial, the Korean War Veterans Memorial contains 19 stainless steel statues, a mural wall etched with bas-relief images of photographs of Korean War scenes from the National Archives, a pool of remembrance, an honor roll, a low stone wall listing the 22 nations that

15 For more information on the American Battle Monuments Commission, see http://www.abmc.gov, or CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus.

16 P.L. 99-572, §1, 100 Stat. 3326, October 28, 1986.

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participated in the war, and a dedication stone.¹⁷ “The memorial commemorates the sacrifices of the 5.8 million Americans who served in the U.S. armed services during the three-year period of the Korean War.... During its relatively short duration from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, 54,246 Americans died in support of their country. Of these, 8,200 are listed as missing in action or lost or buried at sea. In addition, 103,284 were wounded during the conflict.”¹⁸ Figure 3 shows the Korean War Veterans Memorial.

Figure 3. Korean War Veterans Memorial

Source: American Battle Monuments Commission “Korean War Veterans Memorial,” http://www.abmc.gov/ images/kr6w.jpg.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 99-572, 100 Stat. 3326 (1986)¹⁹

Sponsor Organization: American Battle Monuments Commission

(http://www.abmc.gov)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve²⁰

Dedication: July 27, 1995

17 American Battle Monuments Commission, “Korean War Veterans Memorial,” https://www.abmc.gov/about-us/ history/korean-war-memorial.

18 American Battle Monuments Commission, “Korean War Veterans Memorial,”

19 The Korean War Veterans Memorial authorization was amended by P.L. 100-202 (101 Stat. 1329 [1987]) to establish a Treasury Fund for memorial expenses and for the deposit of private contributions to the memorial.

20 Because the Korean War Veterans Memorial was initially authorized in 1986, prior to the creation of the Reserve, Congress authorized the memorial’s placement in Area I pursuant to P.L. 100-267, 102 Stat. 41 (1988).

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American Armored Force

In 1986, Congress authorized 25 private armored force committees and associations to create a memorial on federal land to “honor members of the American Armored Force who have served in armored units.”²¹ The memorial was authorized to “commemorate the exceptional professionalism of the members of the American Armored Force and their efforts to maintain peace worldwide.”²² Located on Memorial Drive at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery,²³ the American Armored Force Memorial (Figure 4) depicts armored forces engaged in battle surrounded by the logos of the various armored divisions.

Figure 4. American Armored Force Memorial

Source: Author’s photograph of the American Armored Force Memorial. Taken September 23, 2011. Note: The text under the memorial relief reads: “A balanced team of combat arms and services of equal importance and equal prestige.”—Maj. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, Father of the American Armored Force.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 99-620, 100 Stat. 3493 (1986)

Sponsor Organization: The Armored Force Monument Committee; the United States Armor Association; the United States Field Artillery Association; the World Wars Tank Corps Association; the Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge; the 11^thArmored Calvary Regiment Association; the Tank Destroyer Association; the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, 8^th, 9^th, 10^th, 11^th, 12^th, 13^th, 14^th, and 16^th Armed Division Associations; the Council of Armored Division Associations; and the National Association of Uniformed Services

Statutory Extension: N/A

21 P.L. 99-620, 100 Stat. 3493 (1986).

22 P.L. 99-620.

23 This section of Memorial Drive has long been designated for “unit” and “branch” Armed Forces Memorials. Other memorials, all authorized prior to the Commemorative Works Act, on this section of Memorial Drive include the 101^st Army Airborne Division Monument, the Fourth Infantry Division Memorial, the Seabees Monument, and the Spanish War Veterans Memorial (known as “The Hiker”). The American Armored Forces Memorial was originally located in Area II. In 2019, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, transferred jurisdiction over the American Armored Forces Memorial from the National Park Service to the Department of the Army, which manages Arlington National Cemetery. P.L. 116-92, §2834, 133 Stat. 1893 (2019).

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Location: Outside Commemorative Works Area

(Authorized by P.L. 116-92, §2834, 133 Stat. 1893 [2019]) Dedication: November 11, 1991

Vietnam Women

In 1988, Congress authorized the Vietnam Women’s Memorial Project to establish a memorial on federal land in the District of Columbia to “honor women who served in the Armed Forces of the United States in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era.”²⁴ Located next to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the Vietnam Women’s Memorial is designed to honor all women who served during the Vietnam War. The bronze statue of the Vietnam Women’s Memorial statue (Figure 5) depicts “a nurse—in a moment of crisis—… supported by sandbags as she serves as the life support for a wounded soldier lying across her lap. The standing woman looks up, in search of a med-i-vac helicopter or, perhaps, in search of help from God.”²⁵

Figure 5. Vietnam Women’s Memorial

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, “Memorials Honoring Women Scattered Across Nation,” American Forces Press Service, http://archive.defense.gov/DODCMSShare/NewsStoryPhoto/2000-04/scr_20004073b_300.jpg.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 100-660, 102 Stat. 3922 (1988)

P.L. 101-187, 103 Stat. 1350 (1989)

Sponsor Organization: Vietnam Women’s Memorial Project, Inc.

(http://www.vietnamwomensmemorial.org)

Statutory Extension: N/A

24 P.L. 100-660, 102 Stat. 3922 (1988).

25 Vietnam Women’s Memorial Foundation, “Vietnam Women’s Memorial: Sculptor’s Notes,” http://www.vietnamwomensmemorial.org/memorial.php.

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Location: Area I²⁶

Dedication: November 11, 1993

George Mason

In 1990, the Board of Regents of Gunston Hall²⁷ was authorized to build a memorial to George Mason on federal land in the District of Columbia.²⁸ Located in West Potomac Park, near the Tidal Basin, Jefferson Memorial, and George Mason Memorial Bridge,²⁹ the George Mason Memorial (Figure 6) was designed in the style of Mason’s Gunston Hall plantation and features a statue of the American patriot and statesmen seated on a bench.³⁰ Following congressional authorization of the site location,³¹ the memorial was placed as an addition to an existing commemorative work to George Mason—the south-bound span of the 14^th Street Bridge—that had been authorized in 1959.³²

26 The Vietnam Women’s Memorial was originally authorized for placement in Area I. Pursuant to 40 U.S.C. §8908(c), the memorial is now located in the Reserve.

27 Gunston Hall was the home of George Mason and is a National Historic Landmark now owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia. For more information on George Mason and Gunston Hall, see “Gunston Hall: Home of George Mason,” http://www.gunstonhall.org.

28 P.L. 101-358, 104 Stat. 419 (1990).

29 James M. Goode, Washington Sculpture: A Cultural History of Outdoor Sculpture in the Nation’s Capital (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), p. 491.

30 National Park Service, “George Mason Memorial,” http://www.nps.gov/gemm/planyourvisit/upload/ Mason%20web.pdf.

31 P.L. 102-277, 106 Stat. 127 (1992). See also, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Approval of Location of Memorial to Honor George Mason, report to accompany H.J.Res. 402, 102^nd Cong., 2^nd sess., March 30, 1992, H.Rept. 102-472 (Washington: GPO, 1992).

32 P.L. 86-86, 73 Stat. 196, July 13, 1959. See also, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Authorizing the Colonial Dames at Gunston Hall to Establish a Memorial to George Mason in the District of Columbia, report to accompany S. 1543, 101^st Cong., 2^nd sess., February 28, 1990, S.Rept. 101-245 (Washington: GPO, 1990), p. 1.

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Figure 6. George Mason Memorial

Source: American Society of Landscape Architects. “George Mason Memorial,” http://www.asla.org/guide/ site.aspx?id=35787.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 101-358, 104 Stat. 419 (1990)

Sponsor Organization: Board of Regents of Gunston Hall

Statutory Extension: Authorization extended to August 10, 2000 (P.L. 105-182, 112 Stat. 516 [1998])

Location: Area I³³

Dedication: April 9, 2000

African-American Civil War-Union Soldier/Sailors

In 1992, Congress authorized the government of the District of Columbia to establish a memorial on federal land “to honor African-Americans who served with Union forces during the Civil War.”³⁴ Located at 12^th and U Streets NW the African-American Civil War-Union Soldiers/Sailors Memorial (Figure 7) features a granite plaza surrounded by a wall of honor on three sides. In the center is a statue featuring “uniformed black soldiers and a sailor poised to leave home. Women, children, and elders on the cusp of the concave inner surface seek strength together.”³⁵

33 The George Mason Memorial was originally authorized for placement in Area I. Pursuant to 40 U.S.C. §8908(c), the memorial is now located in the Reserve.

34 P.L. 102-412, 106 Stat. 2104 (1992).

35 P.L. 102-412.

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Figure 7. African-American Civil War-Union Soldiers/Sailors Memorial

Source: Author’s photograph of the African-American Civil War-Union Soldiers/Sailors Memorial. Taken August 4, 2011.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 102-412, 106 Stat. 2104 (1992)

Sponsor Organization: Government of the District of Columbia

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area II

Dedication: July 18, 1998

Japanese American Patriotism in World War II

In 1992, Congress authorized the Go for Broke National Veterans Association Foundation to create a memorial on federal land in the District of Columbia “to honor Japanese American patriotism in World War II.”³⁶ Located at the intersection of New Jersey Avenue NW, Louisiana Avenue NW, and D Street NW, the memorial contains a statue of a crane surrounded by the names of the 10 relocation camps used to house Japanese Americans during World War II.³⁷ The Japanese American Patriotism in World War II Memorial (Figure 8) also contains the names of Japanese Americans killed in uniform during World War II, a bell, a reflecting pond with five granite boulders, and a quotation by Senator Daniel Inouye.³⁸

36 P.L. 102-502, 106 Stat. 3273 (1992).

37 National Japanese American Memorial Foundation.

38 National Japanese American Memorial Foundation.

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Figure 8. Japanese American Patriotism in World War II Memorial

Source: National Japanese American Memorial Foundation, “Electronic Press Kit,” p. 6, http://www.njamf.com/ FileRoom/njamf_epk_2012.pdf#page=6.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 102-502, 106 Stat. 3273 (1992)

Sponsor Organization: Go for Broke National Veterans Association Foundation

(http://www.njamf.com)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area I

Dedication: November 9, 2000

World War II

In 1993, Congress authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a memorial “to honor members of the Armed Forces who served in World War II and to commemorate the participation of the United States in that war.”³⁹ Located on the National Mall between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial between the eastern edge of the Reflecting Pool and 17^th Street NW,⁴⁰ the World War II Memorial (Figure 9) consists of 24 bronze bas-relief panels flanking the ceremonial entrance, 56 granite columns around the Rainbow Pool⁴¹ to “symbolize the unprecedented wartime unity among the forty-eight states, several federal territories, and the District of Columbia.” Two 43-foot-tall pavilions proclaiming “American victory on the Atlantic and Pacific fronts” are located to the North and South of the pool.⁴²

39 P.L. 103-32, 107 Stat. 90 (1993).

40 P.L. 107-11, 115 Stat. 19 (2001).

41 The Rainbow Pool is an historic reflecting pool that was located at the east end of the main reflecting pool between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. Upon construction of the World War II Memorial, the Rainbow Pool was restored and made part of the memorial. For more information, see National World War II Memorial, “Memorial Design,” http://www.wwiimemorial.com/archives/factsheets/memorialdesign.htm.

42 National Park Service, “History and Culture,” World War II Memorial, http://www.nps.gov/nwwm/historyculture/ index.htm.

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Figure 9. World War II Memorial

Source: WWII Memorial, Washington, DC “The Memorial Plaza,” http://www.wwiimemorial.com.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 103-32, 107 Stat. 90, May 25, 1993

Sponsor Organization: American Battle Monuments Commission

(http://www.abmc.gov)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area I⁴³

Dedication: May 29, 2004

Victims of Communism

In 1993, Congress authorized the National Captive Nations Committee to “construct, maintain, and operate in the District of Columbia an appropriate international memorial to honor victims of communism.”⁴⁴ Located on Massachusetts Avenue NW between New Jersey Avenue NW and G Street NW, the Victims of Communism Memorial (Figure 10) features the statue “Goddess of Democracy,” a “bronze replica of a statue erected by Chinese students in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China in the spring of 1989.”⁴⁵

43 The World War II Memorial was originally authorized for placement in Area I. Pursuant to 40 U.S.C. §8908(c), the memorial is now located in the Reserve.

44 P.L. 103-199, §905, 107 Stat. 2331 (1993).

45 Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, “The Memorial,” http://victimsofcommunism.org/initiative/the- memorial.

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Figure 10. Victims of Communism Memorial

Source: Author’s photograph of Victims of Communism Memorial. Taken March 16, 2011.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 103-199, §905, 107 Stat. 2331 (1993)

Sponsor Organization: National Captive Nations Committee, Inc.

(http://www.victimsofcommunism.org)

Statutory Extension: P.L. 105-277, §326, 112 Stat. 2681-291 (1998)

Location: Area II

Dedication: June 12, 2007

Mahatma Gandhi

In 1998, Congress authorized the government of India to establish and maintain a memorial “to honor Mahatma Gandhi on Federal land in the District of Columbia.”⁴⁶ Located outside the

46 P.L. 105-284, 112 Stat. 2701, October 26, 1998.

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Embassy of India in a park surrounded by Q Street NW, Massachusetts Avenue NW and 21^st Street NW, “[t]he sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi is cast in bronze as a statue to a height of 8 feet 8 inches. It shows Gandhi in stride, as a leader and man of action evoking memories of his 1930 protest march against salt-tax, and the many padyatras (long marches) he undertook throughout the length and breadth of the Indian sub-continent.”⁴⁷ The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Figure 11) is located in a memorial plaza, which includes “[t]hree inscription panels in ruby red granite, mounted on gray granite bases, [and] are located on the eastern side of the plaza facing the park.”⁴⁸

Figure 11. Mahatma Gandhi Memorial

Source: Embassy of India, “About the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial – Detail,” https://www.indianembassy.org/ memorial.php?id=17.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 105-284, 112 Stat. 2701 (1998)

Sponsor Organization: Government of India

(https://www.indianembassy.org/memorial.php?id=14)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area II

Dedication: September 16, 2000

47 Embassy of India, “The Statue and Pedestal,” https://www.indianembassy.org/memorial.php?id=21.

48 Embassy of India, “Site of the Memorial & the Memorial Plaza,” https://www.indianembassy.org/memorial.php?id= 20.

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Veterans Who Died as a Result of Service in the Vietnam War

In 2000, Congress authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to place a plaque at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial “to honor those Vietnam veterans who died after their service in the Vietnam War, but as a direct result of that service, and whose names are not otherwise eligible for placement on the memorial wall.”⁴⁹ Located at the northeast corner of the plaza surrounding the Three Serviceman statue at the Vietnam War Memorial, the plaque (Figure 12) is in memory of the soldiers who died as a result of their service in the Vietnam War, after the war’s conclusion.

Figure 12. Veterans Who Died as a Result of Service in the Vietnam War Plaque

Source: Texas Tech University, The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project, http://www.vietnamproject.ttu.edu/inmemory/vietwarmem/plaque2.htm.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 106-214, 114 Stat. 335 (2000)

Sponsor Organization: American Battle Monuments Commission

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve

Dedication: November 10, 2004

Lincoln Memorial “I Have a Dream” Speech

In 2000, Congress authorized the placement at the Lincoln Memorial of a plaque commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s August 28, 1963, “I Have a Dream” speech.⁵⁰ Located on the Lincoln Memorial steps at the spot where Dr. King spoke, the plaque (Figure 13) commemorates the speech and the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

49 P.L. 106-214, 114 Stat. 335 (2000).

50 P.L. 106-365, 114 Stat. 1409 (2000). For more information on the authorizing legislation, see U.S. Congress, House Committee on Resources, Commemorating the “I Have a Dream” Speech at the Lincoln Memorial, report to accompany H.R. 2879, 106^th Cong., 1^st sess., November 4, 1999, H.Rept. 106-448 (Washington: GPO, 1999); and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorative Plaque, report to accompany H.R. 2879, 106^th Cong., 2^nd sess., July 10, 2000, S.Rept. 106-334 (Washington: GPO, 2000).

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Figure 13. Lincoln Memorial “I Have a Dream” Speech Plaque

Source: Rhonda Sheehan, “Fifty Years Ago: ‘I Have a Dream,’” ProQuest Blog, August 27, 2013, http://blogs.proquest.com/elibrary/fifty-years-ago-i-have-a-dream/.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 106-365, 114 Stat. 1409 (2000)

Sponsor Organization: Secretary of the Interior

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve

Dedication: August 22, 2003⁵¹

Tomas G. Masaryk

In 2001, Congress authorized the government of the Czech Republic to maintain and “establish a memorial to honor Tomas G. Masaryk [Czechoslovakia’s first president] on Federal land in the District of Columbia.”⁵² Located on Massachusetts Avenue NW, Florida Avenue NW, and Q Street NW, the memorial (Figure 14) “honors Tomas Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937), the founder and first president of Czechoslovakia.… [and] was modeled from life in 1937 shortly before Masaryk died.”⁵³

51 U.S. Department of the Interior, “MLK ‘I Have a Dream’ Commemorative Inscription Unveiling Ceremony Scheduled for Aug. 22,” press release, August 20, 2003, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/archive/news/archive/ 03_News_Releases/030820a.htm.

52 P.L. 107-61, 115 Stat. 410 (2001).

53 James M. Goode, Washington Sculpture: A Cultural History of Outdoor Sculpture in the Nation’s Capital (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), p. 367.

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Figure 14. T omas G. Masaryk Memorial

Source: National Park Service, “Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue – Statue – Res. 57,” http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/ insidenps/report.asp?STATE=DC&PARK=NAMA&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=177.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 107-61, 115 Stat. 410 (2001)

Sponsor Organization: Government of the Czech Republic

(http://www.mzv.cz/washington/en/index.html)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area II

Dedication: September 19, 2002

Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

In 1996, Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity to establish a memorial “to honor Martin Luther King, Jr.”⁵⁴ Located on the National Mall in the northeast corner of the Tidal Basin, the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Figure 15) features a statue of Dr. King “emerging from a mountain ... ” referencing “a line from King’s 1963 ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. ‘With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.’”⁵⁵

54 P.L. 104-333, §508, 110 Stat. 4157 (1986).

55 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “Building the Memorial,” Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, https://www.nps.gov/mlkm/learn/building-the-memorial.htm.

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Figure 15. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial

Source: National Memorial Project Foundation, “MLK Construction Cam, August 29, 2011,” http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.6053219/k.C7C4/EarthCam.htm.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 104-333, §508, 110 Stat. 4157 (1996)

P.L. 106-176, §108, 114 Stat. 26 (2000)

Sponsor Organization: The Memorial Foundation

(http://thememorialfoundation.org)

Statutory Extensions: Until November 12, 2006

(P.L. 108-125, 117 Stat. 1347 [2003])

Until November 12, 2008 (P.L. 109-54, §134, 119 Stat. 527 [2005])

Until November 30, 2010 (P.L. 111-88, §129, 123 Stat. 2933 [2009])

Location: Area I⁵⁶

Dedication: October 16, 2011⁵⁷

American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial

In 2000, Congress authorized the Disabled Veterans’ LIFE Memorial Foundation, Inc., to establish a commemorative work, on federal land, in the District of Columbia “to honor veterans

56 The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial was originally authorized for placement in Area I. Pursuant to 40 U.S.C. §8908(c), the memorial is now located in the Reserve.

57 The White House, “Remarks by the President at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Dedication,” press release, October 16, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/16/remarks-president-martin-luther-king-jr- memorial-dedication.

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who became disabled while serving in the Armed Forces of the United States.”⁵⁸ The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial is located near the Rayburn House Office Building between Washington Avenue SW and 2^nd Street SW across from the United States Botanic Garden’s Bartholdi Park. The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial features an eternal flame (Figure 16) and images of, and quotations about, disabled veterans.

Figure 16. American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial

Source: Author’s photograph of American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial. Taken October 6, 2014.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 106-348, 114 Stat. 1358 (2000)

Sponsor Organization: Disabled Veterans’ LIFE Memorial Foundation

(http://www.avdlm.org)

Statutory Extension: Authorization extended through October 24, 2015

P.L. 110-106, 121 Stat. 1022 (2007)

Location: Area II

Dedication: October 5, 2014⁵⁹

Victims of the Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933

In 2006, Congress authorized the government of Ukraine “to establish a memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia to honor the victims of the Ukrainian famine-genocide of 1932- 1933.”⁶⁰ The memorial is located at a site bordered by Massachusetts Avenue, North Capitol Street, and F Street NW. The memorial is termed “Field of Wheat,” and “contains a six foot tall

58 P.L. 106-348, 114 Stat. 1358 (2000).

59 The White House, “President Obama Speaks at the American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial Dedication,” press release, October 5, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/10/05/president-obama-speaks-american- veterans-disabled-life-memorial-dedication.

60 P.L. 109-340, 120 Stat. 1864 (2006).

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bronze wall that transitions from a high bas relief of wheat on the east end to a deep negative relief on the west, symbolizing the loss of wheat and food.” (Figure 17)⁶¹

Figure 17. Victims of the Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933 Memorial

Source: Embassy of the Ukraine in the United States of America, “The Sculpture of the Holodomor Memorial Was Installed in Washington, DC,” August 5, 2015, http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/photos/1563-u- vashingtoni-bula-vstanovlena-skulyptura-pamjatnika-zhertvam-golodomoru-1932-1933-rokiv-v-ukrajini.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 109-340, 120 Stat. 1864 (2006)

Sponsor Organization: Government of Ukraine

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Area II

Dedication: November 8, 2015

Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque

In 2009, in the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010, Congress authorized the placement of a plaque to honor Senator Robert J. Dole at the World War II Memorial. The plaque was to “commemorate the extraordinary leadership of Senator Robert J. Dole in making the Memorial a reality on the National Mall.”⁶² Located on the

61 National Capital Planning Commission, “The Memorial to Victims of Ukrainian Manmade Famine of 1932-1933,” Executive Director’s Recommendations, File No. 6863, http://www.ncpc.gov/DocumentDepot/ Actions_Recommendations/2012September/ Ukrainian_Mandmade_Famine_1932_1933_Memorial_Recommendation_6863_Sept2012_.pdf.

62 P.L. 111-88, §128, 123 Stat. 2933 (2009).

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south side of the World War II Memorial, the Dole Plaque (Figure 18) honors the Senator for his contributions to the World War II Memorial on the National Mall.

Figure 18. Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque at the World War II Memorial

Source: Author’s photo of Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque. Taken November 14, 2011.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 111-88, §128, 123 Stat. 2933 (2009).

Sponsor Organization: Secretary of the Interior

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve (at World War II Memorial)

Dedication: April 12, 2011

The Senator Robert J. Dole Plaque was an addition to the World War II Memorial. For more information, see “World War II Memorial” above.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

In October 1999, Congress created a federal commission to “consider and formulate plans for ... a permanent memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower, including its nature, design, construction, and location.”⁶³ In January 2002, Congress amended the initial statute to formally authorize the commission to create a memorial.⁶⁴ The memorial is located at Maryland Avenue and Independence Avenue, SW, between the National Air and Space Museum and the Lyndon B.

63 P.L. 106-79, §8162, 113 Stat. 1274 (1999).

64 P.L. 107-117, §8120, 115 Stat. 2273 (2002).

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Johnson Department of Education building,⁶⁵ and was designed by architect Frank Gehry.⁶⁶ The Eisenhower Memorial “features three bronze sculptures of Eisenhower … [and] stone bas relief images and inscription panels with words from notable Eisenhower addresses. Framing the entire park and Memorial is a … stainless steel woven tapestry …, which depicts the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on the Normandy coastline in peacetime” (Figure 19).⁶⁷

Figure 19. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial

Source: Eisenhower Memorial Commission, “Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial,” August 28, 2020, https://eisenhowermemorial.gov/sites/all/themes/emc/img/memorial/banner_photo.jpg.

Authorization Statutes: P.L. 106-79, §8162, 113 Stat. 1274 (1999)

P.L. 107-117, §8120, 115 Stat. 2273 (2002)

P.L. 110-229, §332, 122 Stat. 782 (2008)

Sponsor Organization: Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission

(http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org)

Statutory Extensions: Authorization extended through September 30, 2013 P.L. 113-6, §1413, 127 Stat. 421 (2013)

65 P.L. 109-220, 120 Stat. 335 (2006).

66 Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, “Frank Gehry,” http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#memorial/ gehry?p=0.

67 Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, “Dedication of Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Set for September 17,” press release, August 20, 2020, https://eisenhowermemorial.gov/news/dedication-dwight-d-eisenhower-memorial- set-september-17 and https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dedication-of-dwight-d-eisenhower-memorial-set- for-september-17-301115316.html?tc=eml_cleartime.

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Authorization extended through January 15, 2014 P.L. 113-46, §138(a), 127 Stat. 564 (2013)

Authorization extended through September 30, 2014 P.L. 113-76, §437(a), 128 Stat. 347 (2014)

Authorization extended through December 11, 2014 P.L. 113-164, §131(a), 128 Stat. 1872 (2014)

Authorization extended through September 30, 2016 P.L. 114-113, §419, 129 Stat. 2579 (2015)

Authorization extended through December 9, 2016 P.L. 114-223, §134, 130 Stat. 914 (2016)

Authorization extended through April 28, 2017 P.L. 114-254, §101, 130 Stat. 1005 (2016)

Authorization extended through September 30, 2017 P.L. 115-31, Div. G, title IV, §419, 131 Stat. 498 (2017)

Authorization extended through December 8, 2017 P.L. 115-56, §132, 131 Stat. 1145 (2017)

Location: Area I

Dedication: September 18, 2020

World War I Memorial

In 2014, Congress redesignated Pershing Park in the District of Columbia as “a World War I Memorial,”⁶⁸ and authorized the World War I Centennial Commission to “enhance the General Pershing Commemorative Work by constructing ... appropriate sculptural and other commemorative elements, including landscaping, to further honor the service of members of the United States Armed Forces in World War I.”⁶⁹ Pershing Park is located between E Street and Pennsylvania Avenue and 14^th and 15^th Streets, NW. The World War I Memorial “features a statue of General John J. Pershing … the Peace Fountain, … [and other] engraved quotes and references to theaters, campaigns and battles in which American forces participated” (Figure 20).⁷⁰ In 2024, “the memorial’s central feature, a [58-foot-long bas-relief] sculpture titled ‘A Soldier’s Journey,’”⁷¹ was installed to complete the memorial.⁷²

68 P.L. 113-291, §3091(b)(1), 128 Stat. 3858 (2014).

69 P.L. 113-291, §3091(b)(3).

70 National Park Service, “World War I Memorial Opens in Washington,” press release, April 16, 2021, https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/world-war-i-memorial-opens-in-washington.htm.

71 National Park Service, “World War I Memorial Opens in Washington.”

72 United States World War One Centennial Commission, “The U.S. World War One Centennial Commission and Doughboy Foundation Proudly Announce the completion of the National WWI Memorial in Washington, D.C.,” https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php.

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Figure 20. World War I Memorial

Source: National Park Service, “Soldiers Journey 3,” https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery-item.htm?pg= 6694142&id=a667ed8d-2684-492c-aa16-ffc72ae06990&gid=409008E1-B11A-4EB5-8E19-A7FEFE3E6533.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 113-291, §3091, 128 Stat. 3858 (2014) Sponsor Organization: World War I Centennial Commission (http://worldwar1centennial.org) Statutory Extension: N/A Location: Area I (Pershing Park) Dedication: April 16, 2021

Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance

In 2016, Congress authorized the addition of a wall of remembrance to “the site of the Korean War Veterans Memorial,” in the District of Columbia.⁷³ The Wall of Remembrance includes “a list of names of members of the Armed Forces of the United States who died in the Korean War.”⁷⁴ The Wall of Remembrance features “the names of more than 36,000 Americans who died supporting the War and over 7,100 Koreans who died while augmenting the Army.”⁷⁵ The Wall of

73 P.L. 114-230, §2(a)(1).

74 P.L. 114-230, 130 Stat. 947 (2016).

75 Korean War Veterans Memorial Foundation, “Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance Dedication Ceremony,” https://koreanwarvetsmemorial.org/event/wall-of-remembrance-dedication.

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Remembrance was dedicated on July 27, 2022.⁷⁶ Figure 21 shows the final design for the Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance.

Figure 21. Korean War Veterans Memorial Wall of Remembrance

Source: National Park Service, “Wall of Remembrance with Servicemen Statues,” https://www.nps.gov/media/ photo/gallery-item.htm?pg=2810924&id=2110e0e9-95ee-4c5d-8da6-d4e342d577cf&gid=D03AC4E0-B549-42BF- 8BCC-CEE8301EF732.

76 Ibid.

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Authorization Statute: P.L. 114-230, 130 Stat. 947 (2016) Sponsor Organization: Korean War Veterans Memorial Foundation, Inc. (http://www.koreanwarvetsmemorial.org) Statutory Extension: N/A Location: Reserve Dedication: July 22, 2022

World War II D-Day Prayer

In 2014, Congress authorized the placement of a plaque containing President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s D-Day prayer at the “area of the World War II Memorial in the District of Columbia.”⁷⁷ The prayer plaque is located at the “Circle of Remembrance” on the northwest side of the World War II Memorial.⁷⁸ The plaque was dedicated on the anniversary of D-Day, June 6, 2023.⁷⁹ Figure 22 shows the dedication of the plaque at the Circle of Remembrance.

Figure 22. World War II D-Day Prayer Plaque Dedication

Source: Friends of the National World War II Memorial, Inc, “FDR D-Day Prayer Addition,” June 6, 2023, https://www.wwiimemorialfriends.org/fdr-d-day-prayer-addition.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014)

77 P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014).

78 National Capital Planning Commission, “President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prayer Plaque,” Commission Action, File No. 7727, July 13, 2017, https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2017July/ 7727_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Prayer_Plaque_Commission_Action_Jul2017.pdf.

79 Friends of the National World War II Memorial, “D-Day Observance & Dedication of FDR’s D-Day Prayer at the World War II Memorial 2023,” June 6, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLjSB5OKsPI. See also, Friends of the National World War II Memorials, “FDR D-Day Prayer Addition,” https://www.wwiimemorialfriends.org/fdr-d- day-prayer-addition.

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Sponsor Organization: Secretary of the Interior

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve (Area of the World War II Memorial)

Dedication: June 6, 2023

The World War II D-Day Prayer plaque was an addition to the World War II Memorial. For more information, see “World War II Memorial” above.

First Division Monument Modifications

On January 1, 2021, as part of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L. 116-283, §1083), modifications to the First Division Monument were authorized. The First Division Monument was initially dedicated on October 4, 1924, to “honor the 5,516 soldiers of the First Division who lost their lives during World War I.”⁸⁰ The latest expansion was to install plaques to “to honor the dead of the First Infantry Division, United States Forces, in (1) Operation Desert Storm; (2) Operation Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn; and (3) Operation Enduring Freedom.”⁸¹ These plaques were dedicated on May 26, 2024.⁸²

The newest plaques mark the fourth time the monument was modified to honor First Division soldiers. The monument was also modified in 1957, to honor the 4,325 soldiers who died in World War II, in 1977 to honor soldiers from the Vietnam War, and in 1995 to include a plaque to honor soldiers from Desert Storm.⁸³ Figure 23 shows the current design of the First Division Monument.

80 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources, First Infantry Recognition of Sacrifice in Theater Act, report to accompany H.R. 1088, 116^th Cong., 1^st sess., November 8, 2019, H.Rept. 116-275, p. 2.

81 P.L. 116-283, §1083(a), 134 Stat. 3875 (2021).

82 Sen. Roger Marshall, “Senator Marshall Hosts Fort Riley Kansas Gold Star Families in Washington, D.C. for Memorial Day,” May 21, 2024, https://www.marshall.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/senator-marshall-hosts-fort- riley-kansas-gold-star-families-in-washington-d-c-for-memorial-day.

83 National Park Service, “First Division Monument History,” https://www.nps.gov/whho/learn/historyculture/first- division-monument.htm.

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Figure 23. First Division Monument

Source: National Park Service, “First Division Monument,” White House and President’s Park, https://www.nps.gov/places/first-division-monument.htm.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 116-283, §1083, 134 Stat. 3875 (2021)

Sponsor Organization: Society of the First Infantry Division

(https://www.1stid.org)

Statutory Extension: N/A

Location: Reserve

Dedication: May 26, 2024

Other Completed Memorials

Since 1986, one commemorative work has been authorized by Congress for placement within the District of Columbia, but was ultimately placed outside of the area defined by the act. The Air Force Memorial was located near the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.

United States Air Force

In 1993, Congress authorized the Air Force Memorial Foundation to establish a memorial to “honor the men and women who have served in the United States Air Force and its predecessors.”⁸⁴ Pursuant to P.L. 107-107, the Air Force Memorial is located at the Arlington Naval Annex near the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.⁸⁵ The United States Air Force Memorial (Figure 24) was constructed on land not covered by the Commemorative Works Act and is not managed by the National Park Service or the General Services Administration.

84 P.L. 103-163, 107 Stat. 1973 (1993).

85 P.L. 107-107, §2863, 115 Stat. 1330 (2001).

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Figure 24. Air Force Memorial

Source: U.S. Air Force, “Veterans Day 2013,” http://www.af.mil/mobile/Photos.aspx?igphoto=2000719317.

Authorization Statute: P.L. 103-163, 107 Stat. 1973 (1993)

Sponsor Organization: Air Force Memorial Foundation

(http://www.airforcememorial.org)

Statutory Extension: Extended to December 2, 2005

(P.L. 106-302, 114 Stat. 1062 [2000])

Location: Outside Commemorative Works Act Area

(Authorized by P.L. 107-107, §2863, 115 Stat. 1330 [2001])

Dedication: October 14, 2006⁸⁶

86 U.S. President (George W. Bush), “Remarks at the United States Air Force Memorial Dedication in Arlington, Virginia, October 14, 2006,” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 42 (October 23, 2006), pp. 1828- 1830. Also see Air Force Memorial Foundation, “Chronology,” http://www.afa.org/airforcememorial/about/ chronology.

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Appendix. Location of Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia

Figure A-1 shows a map with the location of commemorative works authorized and dedicated since 1986.

Figure A-1. Location of Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia and

Environs

Source: Congressional Research Service, Calvin C. DeSouza, Geospatial Information Systems Analyst, September 12, 2024. Notes: Memorials marked in blue (and with an * after the name) indicate that the memorial is currently located on property that is not under the jurisdiction of the Commemorative Works Act. The Women in Military Service for America Memorial (#1) and the American Armored Forces Memorial (#4) were authorized and completed under the CWA but subsequently transferred administratively to a non-NPS, non-GSA, federal entity. For more information, see “Women in Military Service for America” and “American Armored Forces Memorial” sections above.

Monuments and Memorials Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act

Congressional Research Service R43743 · VERSION 28 · UPDATED 33

Author Information

Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress

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