Offshore Drilling Safety: A Status Report
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Offshore Drilling Safety: A Status Report
Curry L. Hagerty
Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy
August 14, 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R43687
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Offshore Drilling Safety: A Status Report
Summary
More than four years after the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig in the
Gulf of Mexico (April 20, 2010), the federal government, state governments, and responsible
parties continue to face drilling safety challenges in federal waters. Recently, Chairwoman
Landrieu focused on challenges arising in the federal context at a Senate Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources hearing (July 22, 2014). This hearing was one of several addressing
management of energy resources on federal lands and particularly touching on drilling safety
issues that might accompany expanding America’s energy production.
Safety experts have contributed to legislative dialogue about offshore drilling safety by studying
government safety performance following the 2010 oil spill, the largest in U.S. waters. Of these
experts, many conclude that lessons stemming from the Macondo well blowout are relevant to
ensuring greater levels of safety in the future. As a result, among other federal responses to the
2010 discharge, regulators are implementing of a host of structural and operational reforms to
prevent deepwater blowouts in the future.
As part of an overarching set of department-wide reforms within the Department of the Interior
(DOI), a new DOI agency was created specifically to address safety missions—the Bureau of
Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). Starting in 2010, many but not all safety experts
agreed on the need for BSEE to promulgate and implement a host of related safety reforms. Thus
began a regulatory process stemming from technical and policy changes to enhance the safety of
offshore drilling activities. In general, these BSEE initiatives were intended to reduce accidents,
injuries, and spills accompanying offshore drilling activities. Once implemented, the initiatives
are anticipated to enhance performance of operators’ Safety and Environmental Management
Systems (SEMS). Specific requirements stemming from BSEE reforms pertain to developing and
implementing stop work authority (SWA) and establishing guidelines for reporting unsafe
working conditions. Other requirements include conducting job safety analyses (JSA) for
activities identified in an operator’s SEMS program. In addition, there are requirements that
SEMS programs be audited by an accredited audit service provider (ASP).
This report describes selected BSEE safety reforms, provides a concise summary of relevant
offshore safety milestones, and offers insights about policy discussions related to safety. As part
of overseeing DOI safety reforms initiated in 2010, the 113th Congress is placing an emphasis on
agency performance. In particular, some Members are focusing oversight efforts on agency
performance associated with implementing reforms to improve safety initiated in 2010. One
mechanism for legislative oversight of DOI performance is the Government Accountability
Office (GAO) High Risk Report. The scope of this GAO report expanded after 2012 to include
analyzing the performance of DOI agencies responsible for domestic energy production on
federal lands. GAO is developing the next High Risk Report for publication at the start of the
114th Congress. GAO is expected to provide a status report to Congress on DOI agency
implementation of selected missions, including offshore drilling safety.
This CRS report will be updated upon DOI completing implementation of safety reforms,
anticipated in 2015. Updates will include relevant GAO findings and reflect emerging legislative
issues, if any, related to offshore drilling safety.
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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
2010 Safety Reforms ....................................................................................................................... 2
Related Structural Reforms .............................................................................................................. 3
Congressional Interests .................................................................................................................... 6
Looking Ahead ................................................................................................................................. 9
Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 9
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Introduction
In the aftermath of the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig on April 20,
2010, the federal government, state governments, and responsible parties faced unprecedented
challenges (safety, natural resource monitoring and restoration) in the Gulf of Mexico. A subsea
drilling system discharge causing the largest oil spill in U.S. waters—estimated at approximately
206 million gallons (4.9 million barrels)1––tested U.S. offshore drilling safety standards. It also
prompted reforms in the safety requirements called for by federal and state governments and
private industry.2
While the uncontrolled discharge from the Deepwater Horizon continued for approximately 84
days (responders gained control of the release on July 15, 2010), safety concerns involved
multiple agencies for years following the spill. As this spill occurred in the coastal zone, the U.S.
Coast Guard directed and coordinated the initial on-site safety activities of federal, state, local,
and private entities (e.g., BP Exploration and Production Inc. and its contractors).3
Safety reforms commonly take several years to implement. At the start of the implementation
period some activities may have diminished substantially compared to the height of concurrent oil
spill response operations. This can be due to government suspensions in the aftermath of the spill
or to operators’ decisions based on a variety of factors.
To offer a status report on safety measures to date, it is important to examine the context in the
Gulf of Mexico when the reforms were initiated. To provide readers with a brief view of the
setting in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010-2012, selected highlights other than those directly related to
safety are listed below:
• Federal government response costs approached $850 million as of October 3,
2012, most of which has been reimbursed by responsible parties.4
• In December 2012, the Coast Guard investigated recurring surface oil sheens
near the site of the Deepwater Horizon incident that “correlated” to oil from the
2010 spill. After conducting a subsurface investigation, safety considerations,
including the source of the sheen, remain unresolved.5
1 An estimated 17% of this oil did not enter the Gulf environment, but was directly recovered from the wellhead. See
the Federal Interagency Solutions Group, Oil Budget Calculator Science and Engineering Team, Oil Budget
Calculator: Deepwater Horizon-Technical Documentation, November 2010. See also CRS Report R41531, Deepwater
Horizon Oil Spill: The Fate of the Oil, by Jonathan L. Ramseur.
2 More detailed analysis of these and other issues is addressed in other CRS products, including CRS Report R42942,
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing Developments, by Jonathan L. Ramseur and Curry L.
Hagerty.
3 This framework of multiple parties working together under the leadership of the federal government is referred to as
the Unified Command.
4 Captain Duke Walker, U.S. Coast Guard Federal On-Scene Coordinator, Deepwater Horizon Status Brief before the
Florida Oil Spill Commission, October 3, 2012, at http://www.dep.state.fl.us/deepwaterhorizon/files2/corc/
100312_uscg_district8.pdf.
5 See Unified Command Press Release, “ROV wraps up investigation,” December 18, 2012, at
http://www.restorethegulf.gov.
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• The total payments associated with the 2010 Gulf spill have already surpassed
those of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.6
• The Department of Justice (DOJ) completed criminal and civil settlements with
several parties involved in the 2010 oil spill.7 Although some still await court
approval, settlements from various parties, to date, total almost $6 billion.
• On April 21, 2011, the trustees for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill announced
that BP Exploration and Production Inc. (BP) has agreed to provide $1 billion
toward restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. These projects are expected to
address injuries to natural resources caused by the spill.8
The remainder of this report provides a summary of relevant developments and selected policy
discussions arising during the ongoing implementation of DOI safety reforms.
2010 Safety Reforms
Federally regulated commercial energy and energy-related activities in the Gulf of Mexico region
have, for the most part, returned to normalcy without a reported safety incident of a serious
magnitude since the 2010 spill. Achieving cooperation with adjacent nations and other interested
parties on the existence of offshore safety standards is perceived as a necessary step toward
identifying safety priorities for U.S. leasing and drilling programs.
More than four years after the 2010 structural reforms (discussed below) were proposed, federal
strategies for prioritizing safety as a top objective are starting to become apparent. Observers can
examine instances of inter-departmental coordination––mainly among DOI, the Department of
Transportation (DOT), and the Department of Energy (DOE). This degree of emphasis on
departmental coordination was not apparent prior to 2010. Furthermore, the 113th Congress has
considered legislative and diplomatic measures relevant to safety in international waters beyond
the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Examples of these developments are discussed in the
next section, “Related Structural Reforms.”
These regulatory and policy changes are intended to reduce accidents, injuries, and spills during
offshore drilling activities. Once implemented, reforms are anticipated to add several new
requirements to regulations for Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS). Some
requirements pertain to developing and implementing stop work authority (SWA) and
establishing guidelines for reporting unsafe working conditions. Additional requirements include
conducting job safety analyses (JSA) for activities identified in an operator’s SEMS program. In
addition, there are requirements that SEMS programs be audited by an accredited audit service
provider (ASP).
6 The Exxon Valdez was a U.S.-flagged tanker that grounded in Prince William Sound, AK, in March 1989 spilling
approximately 11 million gallons of oil. The oil spill sparked regional and nationwide interest in oil spill prevention,
response, clean-up, and liability. In association with the 1989 oil spill, Exxon paid approximately $4.9 billion.
Payments were made voluntarily and pursuant to several different legal proceedings at different times over
approximately 20 years.
7 DOJ also filed charges against individuals for various actions.
8 See CRS Report R41640, The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Gulf of Mexico Fishing Industry, by Harold F.
Upton.
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Following is a time line of regulatory actions relevant to offshore drilling safety:
• October 14, 2010: interim final rule9 that implements certain safety measures that
were identified in a June 2010 report from the Secretary of the Interior.10
• October 15, 2010: final rule requiring operators to implement a Safety and
Environmental Management System (SEMS) program.11
• September 14, 2011: proposed rule revising requirements associated with the
SEMS proposed rule that would “expand, revise, and add several new
requirements necessary for more thorough SEMS programs.”12
• August 22, 2012: final rule amending and clarifying several provisions in the
October 14, 2010, interim final rule.13
• April 5, 2013: final rule adding new requirements to the existing SEMS
regulations.14
In addition to these hundreds of Federal Register pages demonstrating rulemaking and
implementation activity, agencies have issued a series of notices to lessees (NTLs) offering
guidance on specific safety priorities not always found in national rulemaking publications.15 Not
all the examples of DOI regulatory and policy guidance listed above offer explicit directives on
oil and gas operations outside of the Gulf of Mexico region. Given the high degree of national
attention, however, operators engaged in oil and gas exploration activity in the Arctic and
California regions express considerable interest in BSEE notices stemming from the safety
concerns prompted by the 2010 Gulf spill.16
Related Structural Reforms
DOI structural reforms proposed to achieve federal strategies for safety include the creation of a
new agency and greater inter-departmental coordination (mainly among DOI, DOT, and DOE).
Examples of developments in domestic and international spheres are discussed below.
9 75 Federal Register 63345 (October 14, 2010).
10 On June 8, 2010, BOEMRE issued a Notice to Lessees (NTL) addressing those recommendations identified in the
Safety Measures Report as warranting immediate implementation (NTL No. 2010–N05—Increased Safety Measures
for Energy Development).
11 This rule (75 Federal Register 63609) was first considered in an advance notice of proposed rulemaking in 2006.
12 76 Federal Register 56683 (September 14, 2011).
13 77 Federal Register 50856 (August 22, 2012).
14 78 Federal Register 20423 (April 5, 2013). The SEMS implementation period continues without further regulatory
notices.
15 The chief source of NTL safety information is the one available at http://www.bsee.gov/uploadedfiles/11-n09.pdf.
15 For a more comprehensive discussion of how BSEE notices stemming from the safety concerns in the Gulf of
Mexico are of interest to those engaged in drilling policy discussion in the Arctic, see relevant sections of CRS Report
R41153, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, coordinated by Ronald O'Rourke.
For a more comprehensive discussion of how BSEE notices stemming from the safety concerns in the Gulf of Mexico
are of interest to those engaged in drilling policy discussion in the Arctic, see relevant sections of CRS Report R41153,
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, coordinated by Ronald O'Rourke.
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Creating the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE)
Prior to the oil spill, DOI and congressional investigations had identified a number of
management shortcomings, ethical lapses among personnel, and conflicts of interest in the former
lead DOI agency responsible for offshore safety––the Minerals Management Service (MMS).
Specific concerns involving safety were addressed in proposals for agency reorganization. Many
safety experts testified supporting these structural reforms (particularly in combination with
reforming policies toward safety inspections, safety training, and the safety of drilling equipment)
as a way to achieve overall improvements in offshore drilling operations.17
The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) is one of three separate entities
responsible for ocean energy resources.18 Selected examples of reforms accompanying the
creation of BSEE include the following:
• Establishing a National Training Center designed to keep federal inspectors
current on new technologies and processes.
• Implementing new safety standards for offshore oil and gas facilities, particularly
focusing on ascendant technologies and deepwater operations.19
• Enhanced oversight of worker safety to address risks associated with human
exposure to ocean conditions such as high winds, ice, fog, and extreme
temperatures.
• Maintaining the Technical Information Management System (TIMS) to provide
data for making regulatory decisions based on required reports and maps. TIMS
is a database offering Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and BSEE
officials the data necessary to carry out respective agency missions.20
For the most part, these reforms, after being implemented over the next several years, are
expected to add several new requirements related to the regulations for Safety and Environmental
Management Systems (SEMS).
17 After April 20, 2010, full texts of this testimony can be found in hearing records starting with oversight hearings in
both chambers during the 111th Congress. Prior to 2010, examples of testimony of this nature can be found summarized
in executive branch reports, including reports by the DOI inspector general: DOI, Office of Inspector General,
Evaluation Report: Minerals Management Service Royalty-In-Kind Oil Sales Process, 2008; DOI, Office of Inspector
General, Investigative Report: Island Operating Company et al, 2010; DOI, Office of Inspector General, Investigative
Report: MMS Oil Marketing Group - Lakewood, 2008.
18 The other two agencies are the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and the Office of Natural Resources
Revenue (ONRR). For more information see CRS Report R42599, Department of the Interior (DOI) Reorganization of
Ocean Energy Programs, by Curry L. Hagerty.
19 CRS Report R42123, Controlling Air Emissions from Outer Continental Shelf Sources: A Comparison of Two
Programs—EPA and DOI, by Jonathan L. Ramseur.
20 Programs supported by TIMS include lease sales and adjudications, environmental reviews related to plans and
permits for wells, platforms, and pipelines. In May 2012, TIMS was upgraded to support interdependencies and
business needs of the new bureaus. See the TIMS Memorandum of Agreement (October 3, 2011) available at
http://www.boem.gov/Environmental ... /Plans_Permits_MOA_signed.aspx.
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Inter-departmental Coordination
A significant feature of DOI reforms has been the ongoing nature of examining offshore drilling
safety challenges from perspectives beyond DOI. Focusing on these challenges has resulted in
greater inter-departmental coordination on offshore safety issues. On August 16, 2013, BSEE and
the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, within DOT) signed an interagency agreement to
develop a confidential near-miss reporting system. This system would expand the ability of BSEE
and industry to collect specific information about accident precursors and potential hazards
associated with offshore operations in particular locations. A distinguishing characteristic of this
system is the voluntary reporting involving both industry and federal personnel. One feature of
this reporting is an attempt to ensure confidentiality for those who report near misses. The BTS is
responsible for developing and managing the reporting system, which is expected to be
operational in late 2014.
Another example of inter-departmental coordination on safety began on August 22, 2013, when
BSEE and the Department of Energy (DOE) signed a Memorandum of Collaboration to
coordinate the ongoing efforts on offshore research and technological improvement projects.
BSEE and DOE reportedly plan to continue to collaborate in support of three primary objectives:
building safety through technological improvements, supporting research and development for
offshore operations, and working together to support the implementation of recommendations
arising from various investigations and studies related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.21
In July 2014, as part of soliciting bids for a lease sale expected to occur on August 20, 2014,
BOEM published stipulations clarifying the coordination between the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and DOI related to suspension of certain firms from new contracts with the federal
government. This action helped clarify EPA-DOI coordination on the ability of bidders to
participate in offshore lease sales for oil and gas production. To implement EPA policies, DOI
announced that for the August 20, 2014, sale, bids from suspended parties are possible; however,
any bids from suspended parties would be administered following an internal DOI procedure for
acceptance or rejection.22 As background, in 2012 EPA had suspended BP Exploration and
Production Inc. (and a number of affiliated companies) from certain future government
contracting activities, including government procurement contracts. 23 This was perceived partly
as a government response to claims of safety lapses.24
21 More information is available at http://www.bsee.gov/BSEE-Newsroom/Press-Releases/2013/Press08232013z.aspx.
22 For more information on this topic contact the author or see the BOEM Notice of Sale Package at
http://www.boem.gov/Final-Notice-of-Sale-Package-Sale-238/.
23 The full announcement of this suspension can be found at http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/
d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/2aaf1c1dc80c969885257abf006dafb0!opendocument. EPA’s suspension ended
March 19, 2014. Press coverage surrounding BP government contracting started on November 27, 2012, when the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced suspending BP from certain future government contracting
activities, including government procurement contracts. After the suspension was announced, BP did not participate in
U.S. lease sales administered by DOI until EPA lifted the ban in March 2014. During the suspension nothing indicated
BP was prevented from participation in transferring and assigning U.S. leases unrelated to the Macondo accident.
According to BOEM, BP has engaged in many transfers and assignments while suspended, specifically by submitting
more than 75 requests related to transferable or assignable development rights during the EPA suspension from
government contracting. (Communications to CRS from BOEM Congressional Affairs Office on March 25, 2014.)
While there remains some judicial action surrounding the suspension, BP appears free to engage in a normal range of
U.S. leasing and contracting options.
24 EPA cited BP’s lack of business integrity, particularly information that reportedly came to light during judicial
settlement discussions, as grounds for this suspension. BP did not participate in a November 28, 2012, lease sale
(continued...)
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Safety Considerations on an International Scale
In addition to ongoing dialogue about safety issues in domestic waters, the 113th Congress is
considering offshore drilling safety defined more broadly in the international context. One
example of lawmakers addressing safety issues in connection with international ocean energy
activities is enactment of provisions related to the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons
Agreement (the Agreement) as part of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-67). This act
contains provisions approving a diplomatic agreement between the United States and Mexico.
The Agreement addresses jointly developing hydrocarbon resources beyond the U.S. EEZ in the
Gulf of Mexico.25 Some in Congress have expressed an interest in possible safety implications of
this Agreement, if any, in particular as part of possibly determining missions to promote
environmental protection if drilling takes place beyond the U.S. EEZ. 26
It remains to be seen if diplomatic efforts following passage of P.L. 113-67 might demonstrate
interests of both countries in adopting a commitment to an explicit set of safety standards. To date
there has been little or no indication of explicit safety standards, terms, dates, or conditions
reported as part of these diplomatic discussions.
Congressional Interests
How best to avoid risks of catastrophic oil spills in U.S. waters remains a matter of policy debate
and a challenging legislative and regulatory objective. While many conclude that another large-
scale oil spill in U.S. waters might be a “low-probability, high-risk” event, there is general
agreement that a future event could stem from a confluence of factors associated with legal,
prudent drilling operations. Some experts conclude spills of a magnitude that might attract
national attention are so rare that it is impractical to erect a new regulatory framework including
explicit safety measures. Others claim regulatory measures might be considered as a way to
prevent a large spill resulting from a number of different kinds of risks.27
(...continued)
administered by DOI, leaving some to question whether EPA and/or DOI may have barred BP from bidding until
greater confidence was achieved in the company’s capacity to safely and responsibly operate in U.S. waters, or whether
BP decided to sit it out for any number of business reasons. For more information on this issue, see CRS Report
RL34753, Debarment and Suspension of Government Contractors: A Legal Overview, by Kate M. Manuel.
25For more information on the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement (the Agreement) and related
legislative action, see CRS Report R43204, Legislation Proposed to Implement the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary
Hydrocarbons Agreement, by Curry L. Hagerty and James C. Uzel.
26 The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is the lead regulatory authority for government interactions
related to the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement. BSEE has a significant role in implementing the
U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement. BOEM and BSEE regulations governing OCS activities
generally require that a company with leasing obligations demonstrate that proposed oil and gas activity conforms to
federal requirements, is safe, prevents waste, does not unreasonably interfere with other uses of the outer continental
shelf, and does not cause impermissible harm or damage to marine environments. Further information on BOEM
initiatives related to this agreement can be found in CRS Report IN10113, DOI Announces Next Gulf of Mexico
Offshore Energy Lease Sale, by Curry L. Hagerty.
27 BSEE identifies different kinds of risks. “When we are discussing safety, operational risk typically comes to mind.
But there are financial risks, technical risks, geologic risks, and risks related to human factors. Failure to address any of
these appropriately can have catastrophic consequences.” See full statement, BSEE Director Delivers Keynote Speech
at the 2014 Offshore Technology Conference, May 8, 2014.
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Although legislative dialogue about safety-related policy alternatives arguably diminished in the
112th 28 and 113th Congresses (relative to interest in the 111th Congress), some Members continue
to express concern about various oil spill-related safety matters. Congressional attention to energy
development in federal lands and seas has included ongoing oversight of government measures to
ensure safety in deepwater drilling operations. Furthermore, as Chairwoman Landrieu noted at a
Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources hearing to address management of federal
lands (July 22, 2014), some in the 113th Congress are intensifying legislative attention on these
topics by examining proposals for “leveraging America’s natural resources as a revenue generator
and job creator.”29
Explicit Safety Standards
Observers expressing concern about future safety challenges sometimes claim there is a need to
promulgate explicit safety standards to ensure safety. Other than advocating for explicit safety
standards, multiple positions have surfaced involving promoting overall safety interventions in
addition to voluntary safety standards (involving management more directly, creating financing
incentives and protocols, and utilizing insurance strategies). And, still others have advocated a
shift away from explicit safety standards in favor of promoting a generalized culture of safety.
The mechanisms for this approach to permeate operations might include public disclosures about
financing and broader themes running throughout the permitting process (timetables,
consultations, and workforce training options).
In the past it has been common for safety advocates to recommend safety policies interwoven
with other relevant policy objectives: public health programs and oil spill preparedness for coastal
communities (specifically to address oil spill risks) and enhancing offshore workforce
communication and training. These measures can constitute implicit (rather than explicit) safety
directives. Perennial policy divides can arise when safety issues are discussed in the context of
enforcing various implicit safety-related policies: funding and training for U.S. inspection
programs, bolstering credentials of managers responsible for safety, and making existing
enforcement and monitoring standards tougher.
Managing Future Risks
Managing future risks is part of the current focus on expanding the U.S. ocean energy portfolio.
Is it better for the United States to expand ocean drilling under the current safeguards, or to defer
drilling due to safety concerns? The various factors related to an expansion of the U.S. ocean
energy portfolio go beyond expanding drilling operations and can include an array of marine,
coastal, and onshore industrial activities. Eliminating weaknesses in government’s overall
capacity to adequately safeguard the public would require time and attention to the overall policy
context for the nation’s energy and environmental goals.
Public information has played a key role in the ongoing dialogue about managing future public
safety risks related to offshore energy development. Under current law do operators provide
28 See CRS Report R41684, Enacted and Proposed Oil Spill Legislation in the 112th Congress, by Jonathan L.
Ramseur.
29 Opening statement, Chairwoman Landrieu, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources hearing to address
management of federal lands (July 22, 2014).
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adequate information about the safety of drilling locations? If so, does the responsible agency
have the capacity to use this information to manage possible risks such as risks of blowouts?
After the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill, some DOI information requirements relevant to safety compliance
were found to be rather limited and some information accompanying safety plans submitted to
DOI with regard to a blowout scenario and worst case discharge scenario was found to be
inadequate. Safety experts supporting reforms related to information disclosures anticipate when
the reforms are fully implemented, higher levels of public confidence might prevail than were
apparent in the four-year period examined in this report.
Studying a Range of OCS Risks
Several studies were initiated to examine numerous types of OCS risks following the Deepwater
Horizon incident. A prominent example is the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)
study of DOI safety performance in the aftermath of the spill.30 Starting in 2011, GAO listed DOI
offshore energy programs as part of the “High Risk” series. Including safety programs in this
series of studies is based on the rationale that the combination of regulatory changes in the
aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon events warranted a close look at DOI agency performance in
five areas: (1) reorganization, (2) balancing responsibilities, (3) human capital, (4) revenue
collection, and (5) development of existing leases.31
GAO updated reporting on this series in 2013.32 The 2013 report announced GAO plans to
continue studying all three DOI agencies (Office of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR), BOEM,
and BSEE) to, among other objectives, “focus on the causes of human capital challenges, actions
taken, and how DOI plans to measure the effectiveness of corrective actions.”33 GAO is expected
to update this report in 2015, at the start of the 114th Congress.34
The following list includes other selected studies examining offshore drilling safety published to
date:
• U.S. Coast Guard: National Incident Commander’s Report: MC252 Deepwater
Horizon, October 2010 and related Incident Specific Preparedness Review,
January 2011;35 U.S. Coast Guard, On Scene Coordinator Report: Deepwater
30 This information comes from GAO’s 2013 High Risk Report. This report is typically updated every two years, at the
start of each new Congress. GAO offers information on the High Risk Series at http://www.gao.gov/highrisk/. See also
2013 Update to GAO’s High Risk List at http://www.gao.gov/multimedia/podcasts/652144.
31 See Gene L. Dodaro, U.S. Comptroller General, testimony before the House Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform, February 17, 2011; Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Interior, Hearing March 17,
2011. According to Comptroller General Gene L. Dodaro’s testimony, GAO is analyzing the strengths and weaknesses
of DOI offshore oil and gas programs to understand the implications, if any, of the reorganization on cross-cutting
missions within DOI.
32 GAO-13-283 High-Risk Series. GAO reports that because of the progress that has been made, the scope has been
narrowed for certain areas on the 2013 High Risk List (GAO-13-283).
33 For information on specific corrective actions related to managing federal oil and gas resources, see the following
GAO reports: Oil and Gas Management: Interior’s Reorganization Complete, but Challenges Remain in Implementing
New Requirements, GAO-12-423 (July 30, 2012); Interior Has Strengthened Its Oversight of Subsea Well
Containment, but Should Improve Its Documentation, GAO-12-244 (February 29, 2012).
34 GAO-13-283 High-Risk Series (February 14, 2013) at p. 29.
35 See http://www.nrt.org. See also http://www.uscg.mil/foia/docs/DWH/BPDWH.pdf.
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Horizon Oil Spill, September 2011;36 Joint Investigation of Bureau of Ocean
Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement and U.S. Coast Guard
(Volume I and II), April 2011.37
• National Oil Spill Commission: National Commission on the BP Deepwater
Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Deep Water: The Gulf Disaster and the
Future of Offshore Drilling, Report to the President, January 2011;38 Oil Spill
Commission Action, Assessing Progress: Implementing the Recommendations of
the National Oil Spill Commission, April 2012.39
• National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council: Macondo
Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling
Safety, December 2011.40
Looking Ahead
While implementation of the 2010 reforms is underway, it remains too early to know the
significance, if any, and the potential effects the reforms might have. Lawmakers are examining
executive branch claims that offshore drilling operations can be conducted in a safe and
responsible fashion.
Author Contact Information
Curry L. Hagerty
Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy
chagerty@crs.loc.gov, 7-7738
36 See https://homeport.uscg.mil.
37 For cover letter, see http://www.boemre.gov/pdfs/maps/JointMemo092011.pdf; Volume I available at
https://homeport.uscg.mil; Volume II available at http://www.boemre.gov/pdfs/maps/DWHFINAL.pdf.
38 See http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/.
39 See http://oscaction.org.
40 See http://www.nae.edu/default.aspx?id=19649.
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