Contents

• Introduction
• Background
• Questions and Answers
• What is a cancellation? Is it the same as a rescission? Is it the same as not renewing a policy?
• Are issuers cancelling policies or not renewing policies? Is there a difference?
• Why are issuers cancelling policies? Which ACA requirements may be influencing this decision?
• Is it possible for an individual to have coverage in 2014 that is not in compliance with ACA requirements that go into effect in 2014?
• How many policies have been cancelled? How many individuals are in policies that have been cancelled?
• If a person's nongroup policy is cancelled, what options does the person have for obtaining a new policy in the nongroup market in 2014?

Introduction

Congress has expressed interest in health insurance cancellations, in light of media reports stating that individuals have received cancellation letters. While cancellations are not a new industry practice, additional attention has focused on the more recent cancellations given that many of the insurance market reforms included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148, as amended) will become effective beginning in 2014.¹ These cancellations and proposals to address them, including the Administration's recently announced transitional policy,² have been discussed in recent hearings and are the subject of legislative proposals.

This report provides background information about health insurance cancellations, non-renewals, and rescissions, including applicable federal rules under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and ACA. Given that the concern about insurance cancellations has largely focused on the nongroup market, this report discusses federal requirements and implementation issues that apply to nongroup coverage.³ One issue that is not addressed in this report is the Administration's authority to implement its transitional policy (described below); the authority issue is addressed in the CRS Legal Sidebar, Obama Administration's "Fix" for Insurance Cancellations: A Legal Overview.⁴

Background

The nongroup market is often referred to as a "residual" market, because the primary function of this market is to make insurance available to persons who cannot obtain employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) and do not qualify for publicly subsidized programs. Consequently, the covered population for this market is relatively small. In 2012, approximately 10.8 million individuals had coverage through the nongroup market (3.4% of the total U.S. population).⁵

While individuals who have nongroup coverage generally do not have access to ESI, many of them are, in fact, employed. A 2010 survey of non-elderly adults with nongroup coverage found that 70% worked, but for a variety of reasons did not have access to an employer plan, or could not afford the plan.⁶ In addition, some people use the nongroup market as a temporary source of coverage, such as those between jobs or early retirees who are not yet eligible for Medicare.

Most individuals who have nongroup coverage stay in the market for a relatively short time. A study of nongroup coverage found that, between 1996 and 2000, almost half of covered individuals were in the market for less than 6 months, and about two-thirds were in the market for 12 months or less.⁷

Questions and Answers

What is a cancellation? Is it the same as a rescission? Is it the same as not renewing a policy?

A cancellation refers to termination of an existing insurance policy, whereby future medical services obtained by the former policyholder will not be covered under the cancelled policy. A rescission refers to retroactive cancellation, whereby both prior and future medical claims would not be paid by the insurance company that rescinded the policy. Pursuant to federal (and state) law, an issuer can cancel or rescind a policy at any point during the time period for which the policy was issued. A non-renewal refers to the situation when an insurance policy has reached the end of the time period for which the policy was issued, and the issuer decides not to allow that person to renew their policy.

For each of these scenarios, there are federal requirements with which issuers are required to comply.⁸ In other words, while insurance companies are allowed to cancel, rescind, or not renew a policy, they may only do so under certain circumstances (see Table 1). As displayed in the table, most of the federal rules regulating insurance cancellations, rescissions, and non-renewals became effective prior to ACA enactment.

Are issuers cancelling policies or not renewing policies? Is there a difference?

It is unclear from media reports whether the letters that policyholders are receiving are cancellations or non-renewals. However, based on the HIPAA rules outlined in Table 1, termination of policies for groups of individuals (as opposed to termination of a specific person's policy) may only occur if the entire policy is being discontinued. Given the information provided in a cursory review of recent media reports, it appears typical that the policy is being discontinued, in which case the affected individuals must be given adequate prior notice and offered alternative insurance options (see Table 1).

Why are issuers cancelling policies? Which ACA requirements may be influencing this decision?

An issuer may cancel policies for a variety of reasons (e.g., changing priorities of the organization) or in response to a variety of conditions (e.g., changing regulatory environment). Given that ACA generally allows issuers to enter, expand, contract, or exit the private health insurance market, cancellations have been and may continue to be one strategy that issuers employ to achieve specific or broad business objectives.

While ACA does not require issuers to cancel existing insurance policies, ACA contains multiple provisions that directly affect what policies may be offered in the nongroup market. An issuer may consider such provisions as it decides whether to continue to offer or cancel policies, and under which conditions. The following briefly describes selected ACA provisions and implementation issues that may directly affect an issuer's decision to continue or cancel nongroup coverage.

• Grandfathered Policies⁹—ACA establishes grandfathering standards which allow nongroup policies—that were in force on the date of ACA enactment (March 23, 2010) and continue to be in force—to be exempt from all but a handful of ACA's market reforms (see Table 2).
• While there is no sunset date for the grandfathering provision, moderate changes to a policy may cause it to lose grandfathered status. Compared to grandfathered policies, non-grandfathered policies are required to comply with more ACA market reforms (see Table 2). Each issuer makes the determination about whether a policy is grandfathered or not. Such determinations are not required to be reported; therefore, there is no comprehensive source of data on grandfathered coverage.
• Market Reforms¹⁰—ACA establishes market reforms that impose requirements on insurance companies relating to the offer, issuance, generosity, and pricing of health policies, among other requirements.
• The impact of these reforms on issuers and the policies they offer will vary by state, depending on state market reforms that are already effective.¹¹
• Effective Dates—ACA's market reforms become effective either prior to 2014 or in 2014 (see Table 2). All prior-2014 reforms are currently in effect. The actual date when the 2014 reforms become effective will vary by policy. ACA's market reforms are generally effective for policy years beginning on or after January 1, 2014.¹²
• Given that the effective date of the 2014 market reforms will vary from policy to policy, some current policies are allowed to continue intact into 2014. For example, consider a hypothetical scenario in which a person obtains a nongroup policy with coverage beginning on September 1, 2013, with a duration of six months. Such a policy would be allowed to be in force through the end of the term, which would be February 2014.
• On November 14, 2013, President Obama announced a transitional policy that allows health insurance issuers to choose to continue coverage that would otherwise be cancelled.¹³ Pursuant to the policy, state insurance commissioners may choose whether to enforce compliance with specified ACA market reforms. Presumably, if state insurance commissioners choose not to enforce compliance, then issuers of nongroup policies may renew coverage for individuals who would otherwise receive cancellation notices.¹⁴ Pursuant to this transitional policy, coverage that is renewed for a policy year between January 1, 2014, and October 1, 2014, will not have to comply with specified ACA market reforms, provided the coverage meets certain conditions.

Is it possible for an individual to have coverage in 2014 that is not in compliance with ACA requirements that go into effect in 2014?

Yes. There are a few different ways an individual could have a nongroup policy in 2014 that is not in compliance with ACA requirements. First, an individual could continue to have coverage in a grandfathered policy; grandfathered policies do not have to comply with all of the ACA requirements that go into effect in 2014 (see Table 2).

Second, as noted, the ACA market reforms that are not already in effect go into effect for policy years that begin on or after January 1, 2014. If an individual is covered under a policy that has a renewal date in July 2014 (for example), then the individual's policy does not necessarily have to comply with the ACA market reforms until it is renewed in July 2014.

Third, media reports indicate that some issuers offered policyholders the option to early-renew their nongroup coverage in 2013. Provided it is allowed under state law,¹⁵ an issuer may allow policyholders who would typically renew their policies in 2014 (per the terms of the contract) to renew their policies prior to 2014. For example, instead of renewing a policy in January 2014, an individual could be given the opportunity to renew the contract in November 2013. Going forward, the individual's contract year would be November–October. If an existing policy was renewed in October 2013 with a 12-month contract, the policy will not have to comply with 2014 ACA market reforms until it renews in October 2014.

Finally, on November 14, 2013, President Obama announced a transitional policy that allows health insurance issuers to choose to continue coverage that would otherwise be cancelled.¹⁶ Pursuant to this transitional policy, coverage that is renewed for a policy year between January 1, 2014, and October 1, 2014, will not have to comply with specified ACA market reforms, provided the coverage meets certain conditions:

• the coverage was in effect October 1, 2013; and
• the issuer provides notice to all individuals that did or would have received a cancellation notice that explains which ACA market reforms will not be reflected in their coverage under the policy, their options for obtaining a policy that reflects all ACA market reforms, and the potential for receiving financial assistance if they obtain coverage through an exchange.

It should be noted that these avenues do not guarantee that an individual will be able to have a nongroup policy in 2014 (and beyond) that does not comply with ACA requirements. The options available to individuals will vary from state to state and possibly person to person. For example, in a state that allows issuers to renew coverage (either through early renewal or under the transitional policy) and currently allows issuers to set rates based on an individual's characteristics (such as health status), an issuer may continue to price policies on those characteristics.

How many policies have been cancelled? How many individuals are in policies that have been cancelled?

There is no comprehensive source of data related to insurance cancellations. Given that insurance regulation is and continues to be the primary responsibility of the states, state departments of insurance are in the best position to regulate cancellations. However, unless a state has the resources and intent to monitor cancellations and require issuers to report relevant data, such information will be available in a patchwork fashion, at best.¹⁷ Given the lack of a comprehensive reporting mechanism regarding cancellations and offers of renewal, it is also not possible to develop reliable estimates on the number of individuals who renewed policies through "early renewal" or who will be offered transitional policies.

In addition, each issuer makes the determination about whether a policy is grandfathered or not. Such determinations are not required to be reported; therefore, there is no comprehensive source of data on grandfathered coverage.

If a person's nongroup policy is cancelled, what options does the person have for obtaining a new policy in the nongroup market in 2014?

A person may obtain nongroup coverage through an exchange or in the insurance market outside of an exchange.¹⁸ For policy years beginning on or after January 1, 2014, issuers offering coverage inside or outside exchanges do not have to offer coverage to individuals outside of the specified open enrollment period unless an individual qualifies for a special enrollment period. The events that qualify a person for a special enrollment period are outlined in regulations;¹⁹ they include the loss of "minimum essential coverage." In other words, if a person receives a cancellation notice from his/her issuer in June 2014, the person would likely qualify for a special enrollment period and would be able to enroll in a policy offered inside or outside the exchange.

Issuers do not have to effectuate coverage earlier than specified effective dates, but they may agree to do so.²⁰ The open enrollment periods and effective dates of coverage for policy years beginning on or after January 1, 2014, are the same for policies offered inside and outside exchanges (Table 3).

Footnotes