Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

January 9, 2013 – September 8, 2023 R42505

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
September 8, 2023
(SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits
Randy Alison Aussenberg
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food
Specialist in Nutrition
Stamp Program, is designed primarily to increase the food purchasing power of eligible
Assistance Policy
low-income households to help them buy a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet. This

report describes the rules related to eligibility for SNAP benefits as well as the rules for
Gene Falk
benefits and their redemption. SNAP is administered by the U.S. Department of
Specialist in Social Policy
Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition Service (USDA-FNS). SNAP is authorized by the

Food and Nutrition Act of 2008. This law, formerly the Food Stamp Act of 1977, has
since 1973 been reauthorized by the farm bill—omnibus legislation that also typically

includes the authorization of other federal agricultural policies and programs. The program was most recently
reauthorized by the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334), enacted December 20, 2018. Many farm bill provisions expire
in 2023, and the 118th Congress may undertake the next reauthorization of SNAP.
SNAP eligibility and benefits are calculated on a household basis. Financial eligibility is determined through a
traditional or a categorical eligibility path. Under traditional eligibility, applicant households must meet gross
income, net income, and asset tests. Specifically, household gross monthly income (all income as defined by
SNAP law) must be at or below 130% of the federal poverty level, and household net (SNAP-specified deductions
are subtracted) monthly income must be at 100% of the federal poverty level. The traditional asset limit is set for
FY2024 at $2,750 per household (it is inflation-adjusted). Households that contain an elderly or disabled member
have a higher asset limit and do not have to meet the gross income test. Under categorical eligibility, SNAP
eligibility is automatically conveyed based upon the applicant’s participation in other means-tested programs,
namely Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), or General
Assistance (GA). Because TANF is a broad-purpose block grant, the state option to extend SNAP eligibility to
applicants that receive a TANF-funded benefit allows states to offer program eligibility under rules that vary from
those discussed in this paragraph, including an elimination of the asset test and with a state-set gross income limit
of up to 200% of the federal poverty level. Applicants and beneficiaries are also subject to nonfinancial rules,
which include work-related requirements such as a time limit for Able-bodied Adults without Dependents
(ABAWDs).
If eligible for SNAP, an applicant household also undergoes a calculation of its monthly benefit amount (or
allotment). This calculation utilizes the household’s net income as well as the maximum allotment, a figure that
equals the current value of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP).
Benefits are issued on an electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card, which operates with a declining balance like a
debit card. Benefits are not cash, may not be accessed at an automatic teller machine, and are redeemable only for
foods. Benefits may be redeemed for foods at licensed retailers, which may include a wide variety of retailers so
long as retailers meet licensing requirements.
This report focuses on SNAP eligibility and the form and function of benefits. For an overview of SNAP along
with the other USDA-FNS programs, such as the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), Commodity
Supplemental Food Program (CSFP), and National School Lunch Program (NSLP), see CRS Report R42353,
Domestic Food Assistance: Summary of Programs. For issues related to SNAP and other nutrition programs in the
2018 farm bill, see CRS In Focus IF11087, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title Programs
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Appendixes
Appendix. Historical SNAP Data .................................................................................................. 24

Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 25

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Introduction
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food Stamp
Program, is designed primarily to increase the food purchasing power of eligible low-income
households to a point where they can buy a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet. This report
describes the rules related to eligibility for SNAP benefits and the rules related to the issuance
and use of benefits.
SNAP is authorized by the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008. This law, formerly the Food Stamp
Act of 1977, has since 1973 been reauthorized by the farm bill—omnibus legislation that also
typically includes the reauthorization of other federal agricultural policies and programs. SNAP
was most recently authorized by the 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018; P.L.
115-334 ). See CRS In Focus IF11087, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title
Programs for further discussion of the nutrition program policy changes.
The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 farm bill; P.L. 110-246) changed the
name of the program from the Food Stamp Program to SNAP and revised the name of the
governing law from the Food Stamp Act to the Food and Nutrition Act. State names for the
program may vary; some states continue to name their
programs “food stamps,” while others have switched to
SNAP in FY2022
SNAP or maintain another name.2
In FY2022, an average of 41.2 mil ion
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition
individuals in 21.6 mil ion households
Service (USDA-FNS) administers SNAP, and benefits
participated in SNAP each month.1 The
number of participating individuals in
are 100% federally funded. States are responsible for
FY2022 was a decrease of 1% from the
certifying household eligibility and issuing benefits.
previous year and an increase of 15% from
SNAP operates in the 50 states, the District of Columbia,
FY2019 (the year before the COVID-19
Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In lieu of SNAP,
pandemic).
Nutrition Assistance Program (NAP) block grant funding
Historical USDA-FNS SNAP participation
is provided to Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the
and cost data are displayed in the
Appendix.
Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa.3
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture-
Additionally, the Food Distribution Program on Indian
Food and Nutrition Assistance data as of
Reservations provides, in lieu of SNAP benefits, food
July 14, 2023.
commodities to low-income households on Indian
reservations and to Native American families residing in Oklahoma or in designated areas near
Oklahoma.
Although a detailed framework of federal law and regulation exists, a robust framework of state
options and waivers exists as well. In this way, while universal concepts of benefit eligibility and
administration exist among the states, there also are many policies that vary among the states.4
This report will focus on the federal framework but will at times discuss state options that may
cause state and local programs to vary.

1 Unless otherwise noted, administrative data in this report are from USDA-FNS, available at
https://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap.
2 References to states in this report include all entities that operate SNAP (i.e., 50 states, the District of Columbia, the
U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam).
3 See USDA-FNS, https://www.fns.usda.gov/nap/nutrition-assistance-program-block-grants.
4 See, for example, USDA-FNS, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: State Options Report 14th Edition,
Options as of October 1, 2017, May 31, 2018, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/snap/14-State-
Options.pdf.
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SNAP benefits are available for households that meet financial eligibility tests for limited
monthly income and (in some states) liquid assets. To be eligible for SNAP, a household must
fulfill requirements related to work effort and must meet citizenship and legal permanent
residence tests.
In general, the maximum SNAP benefit is based upon the level of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s lowest cost food plan (the Thrifty Food Plan or TFP) and varies by household size.
In 2021, USDA revised the TFP, which resulted in an increase in the maximum SNAP allotment
of 21% for FY2022.5 The revised TFP for Alaska and Hawaii was released in 2023, and this
revision is reflected in FY2024 maximum SNAP benefits for those states.6
Monthly SNAP benefit amounts are calculated as the difference between the household’s
expected contribution to its food costs and the maximum benefit. (Participating households are
expected to devote 30% of their net monthly cash income to food purchases.) Thus, a recipient
household with no net cash income receives the maximum monthly SNAP allotment for its size
while a household with some counted income receives a lesser allotment, the maximum benefit
minus 30% of the net income. Net income is the gross income with certain specified deductions
subtracted.
Throughout the body of this report, current participation, benefit amount, and spending figures
are provided. For a historical table of such information (dating back to 1989), see Table A-1.
SNAP, the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Some of the Data in this Report
SNAP operated under revised rules during the COVID-19 pandemic (see CRS Report R46681, USDA Nutrition
Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic). These rules have since expired. However, the temporary
revised rules also affected some of the FY2020-FY2022 data on SNAP participation and likely the characteristics of
participants. Therefore, for such information, this report uses data from the pre-pandemic period (FY2019) that
likely better typify SNAP as it operates under the regular rules of the program.
Eligibility
SNAP has financial, work-related, and categorical tests for eligibility. Its financial tests require
that those eligible have monthly income and, in some states, liquid assets, below limits set by law
and adjusted for inflation. Under the work-related tests, certain household members must register
for work, accept suitable job offers, and fulfill work or training requirements (such as looking or
training for a job) established by their state public assistance agency. SNAP’s authorizing law has
long included work-related eligibility requirements, the strictest being a time limit for able-bodied
(individual without disabilities) adults (ages 18 to 49) without dependents (ABAWDs) who work
less than 80 hours per month. Categorical eligibility rules make some automatically eligible for
SNAP assistance (most who receive public assistance benefits from the Temporary Assistance for
Needy Families [TANF] block grant or receive Supplemental Security Income [SSI] or state [GA]
cash benefits). States may also make eligible for SNAP households with a member who receives
or is authorized to receive any benefit from TANF (in addition to public assistance), an option
called broad-based categorical eligibility.
In addition to eligibility rules, there are also disqualifications of eligibility to specific groups (e.g.,
strikers, many noncitizens and postsecondary students, people living in institutional settings,
many drug felons). However, applications cannot be denied because of the length of a

5 USDA, Thrifty Food Plan 2021, FNS-916, August 2021.
6 USDA, Thrifty Food Plan Cost Estimates for Alaska and Hawaii, FNS-989, July 2023.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

household’s residence in a SNAP agency’s jurisdiction, because the household has no fixed
mailing address or does not reside in a permanent dwelling, or because the applicant does not
provide a driver’s license or photograph identification.
The SNAP Household
The basic SNAP beneficiary unit is the household. A household can be either a person living
alone or a group of individuals living together; there is no requirement for cooking facilities.
Generally speaking, individuals living together constitute a single household if they customarily
purchase food and prepare meals together. Members of the same household must apply together,
and their income, expenses, and assets normally are aggregated in determining SNAP eligibility
and benefits. However, persons who live together can sometimes be considered separate
households for program purposes.
Persons who live together, but purchase food and prepare meals separately, may apply for SNAP
benefits separately, except for (1) spouses; (2) parents and their children (21 years or younger);
and (3) minors 18 years or younger who live under the parental control of a caretaker (excluding
foster children and, in some cases, certain citizen children, who may be treated separately). In
addition, persons 60 years or older who live with others and cannot purchase food and prepare
meals separately because of a substantial disability may apply separately from their co-residents
as long as their co-residents’ income is below prescribed limits (165% of the federal poverty
guidelines).7
Although those living in institutional settings generally are barred from SNAP, individuals in
certain types of group living arrangements may be eligible and are automatically treated as
separate households, regardless of how food is purchased and meals are prepared. These
arrangements must be approved by state or local agencies and include residential drug addiction
or alcoholic treatment programs, small group homes for the disabled, shelters for battered women
and children, and shelters for the homeless.
If a household includes an elderly or disabled member, the household is entitled to different
SNAP deduction rules as well as some different financial eligibility rules (discussed in the next
section). Financially eligible one- and two-person households (in the 48 contiguous states and the
District of Columbia) are also ensured (for FY2024) a minimum monthly benefit of $23.8 Without
the minimum benefit it may be possible that these smaller households would be eligible for
SNAP, but for an arguably negligible amount. It is possible that different SNAP households can
live together, and recipients can reside with nonrecipients. In the case of recipients residing with
nonrecipients, the eligibility and benefit level of the household is based on a household size that
excludes the nonrecipient. Whether the nonrecipient’s income or assets are included depends
upon the specific circumstances.
The SNAP household definition is different than that used in other means-tested programs (e.g.,
TANF families with dependent children, elderly [65 years or older] or disabled individuals or
couples in the SSI Program). However, it is close to those used by some other programs such as
the National School Lunch Program (NSLP); the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
(LIHEAP).

7 Monthly income limits at 165% of poverty are not listed in this report but are available on the USDA-FNS website
athttps://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-Memo.pdf .
8 The minimum benefit is greater in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. See USDA-FNS website at
https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-Memo.pdf.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Financial Eligibility
There are two pathways to eligibility for SNAP. The first is the traditional pathway to eligibility
with financial eligibility thresholds stated in the Food and Nutrition Act (7 U.S.C. §2011 et seq.).
Federal law sets income and asset eligibility thresholds as well as the rules for what types of
income and assets are counted or disregarded. Also, the act lists what types of expenses can be
deducted in determining income eligibility and, if eligible, determining the benefit amount.
The second pathway is known as categorical eligibility. The basis of categorical eligibility is a
rule that makes households composed entirely of recipients of benefits funded from the
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant, Supplemental Security Income
cash assistance, or state General Assistance (GA) automatically eligible for SNAP. Recipients of
benefits from these programs bypass financial eligibility rules and automatically go to the next
step, determining SNAP benefits. However, states have the option of interpreting categorical
eligibility broadly. Below is a discussion of the traditional pathway to SNAP eligibility, followed
by a discussion of categorical eligibility.
The Traditional Path to Eligibility
For households without an elderly or disabled member, SNAP uses both the household’s basic (or
gross) monthly income and its counted (or net) monthly income. Eligible households’ gross
income must be at or below gross income standards and their counted income must meet net
income eligibility thresholds. When judging eligibility for households with elderly or disabled
members, only the household’s counted net monthly income is considered; in effect, this
procedure applies a somewhat more liberal income test to the elderly and disabled.
Income and SNAP Deductions
In general, gross monthly income includes all of a household’s cash income. When a type of
income is not explicitly excluded by law, it is counted or included; this is the case with, for
example, the military basic allowance for housing, which is counted because it is not excluded in
current law. The Food and Nutrition Act and regulation specifically excludes (disregards) from
gross income9 (1) most payments made to third parties (rather than directly to the household); (2)
unanticipated, irregular, or infrequent income, up to $30 a quarter; (3) loans (student loans are
treated as student aid, see (10)); (4) income received for the care of someone outside the
household; (5) nonrecurring lump sum payments such as income tax refunds, retroactive lump
sum Social Security payments, and certain charitable donations (in many cases, these may instead
be counted as liquid assets); (6) federal energy assistance (e.g., LIHEAP); (7) reimbursement for
expenses;10 (8) income earned by schoolchildren 17 or younger; (9) the cost of producing self-
employment income; (10) federal postsecondary student aid (e.g., Pell grants, student loans); (11)
“on the job” training earnings of dependent children under 19 in the Workforce Investment and
Opportunity Act (WIOA) programs; (12) income set aside by disabled SSI recipients under an
approved “plan for achieving self-support”; and (13) combat-related military pay. Gross income
also excludes types of income disregarded by other federal laws. For example, the federal income
tax code bars income tax refunded, including those resulting from refundable tax credits such as
the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Child Tax Credit (CTC), from being counted in

9 These income exclusions are found in Section 5(d) of the Food and Nutrition Act, codified at 7 U.S.C. §2014(d). See
regulation at 7 C.F.R. §283.9(b).
10 So long as those reimbursements do not constitute a “gain or benefit” to the household.
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need-tested programs, including SNAP. 11 The federal income tax code also bars counting
advance payments of refundable tax credits. These refunds are also excluded from being counted
as a liquid asset for a period of 12 months. Other examples of payments disregarded by federal
law other than the Food and Nutrition Act include training allowances under the Workforce
Innovation and Opportunity Act, various payments under laws relating to Indians, payments
under Older Americans Act employment programs for the elderly, and federal financial aid
assistance such as Pell Grants and work-study employment.
States have the option to exclude from gross income child support payments made by a
nonresident parent for a child living outside the household. In addition, states may, within certain
limits, choose to exclude other types of income that they disregard in their TANF or Medicaid
programs.
Net monthly income is computed by subtracting certain deductions from a household’s basic (or
gross) monthly income. This calculation is based on the recognition that not all of a household’s
income is available for food purchases. Thus, a standard portion of income, plus amounts
representing costs such as work expenses or high nonfood living expenses, is deducted from the
gross income.
For households without an elderly or disabled member, net monthly income equals gross monthly
income minus the following deductions, if applicable:
• Standard deduction: A monthly deduction that varies by household size and is
indexed for inflation (see below for details). Every applicant household gets this
deduction.
• Earned income deduction: 20% of any earned income, in recognition of taxes
and work expenses.
• Child support deduction: Any amounts paid out as legally obligated child
support, unless already excluded (at the option of the state) from gross income.
• Dependent care deduction: Out-of-pocket dependent care expenses, when
related to work or training.12
• Excess shelter deduction: Shelter expenses that exceed 50% of net income after
all other deductions, typically expenses that exceed about one-third of gross
monthly income (see below for limits). Shelter expenses include utility costs,
which states may standardize with a standard utility allowance calculation.
The amount of the standard deduction depends upon household size and statutorily set parameters
(amounts shown in Table 1 for FY2024). Per statute, the standard deduction is either 8.31% of
the annually indexed federal poverty income guidelines for each household size (these are based
on the poverty guidelines which are indexed for inflation) or specific minimum numbers in statute
that are also indexed for inflation.13 In the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, the
FY2024 minimum standard deduction is $198 a month. Recognizing different living costs,
different standard deductions apply in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

11 This is found in Section 6409 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
12 Limits on SNAP deductions for dependent care were lifted under the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246).
13 Inflation adjustment of the minimum was added by the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246).
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Table 1. SNAP Standard Deductions for FY2024 (per month)

Household Size
Geographic Area
1-2
3
4
5
6+
48 states and
District of Columbia
$198
$198
$208
$244
$279
Alaska
338
338
338
338
349
Hawaii
279
279
279
280
321
Guam
397
397
416
487
558
U.S. Virgin Islands
174
174
208
244
279
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/
files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-Memo.pdf#page=4
The excess shelter deduction is restricted to annually indexed monthly limits. For FY2024, these
are $672 for the 48 states and the District of Columbia, $1,073 for Alaska, $905 for Hawaii, $789
for Guam, and $529 for the U.S. Virgin Islands. (This deduction is a way to further account for
the variability of shelter costs across the country.)
For households with an elderly or disabled member, net monthly income equals gross monthly
income minus
• the same standard, child support, earned income, and dependent care deductions
noted above;
• an uncapped excess shelter deduction, to the extent such expenses exceed 50% of
counted income after all other deductions, with no limit; and
• any out-of-pocket medical expenses (other than those for special diets) that are
incurred by an elderly or disabled household member, to the extent they exceed a
threshold of $35 a month.
Under the traditional path to SNAP eligibility, households must have net monthly income that
does not exceed the inflation-adjusted federal poverty guidelines (100% FPL). Households
without an elderly or disabled member also must have gross monthly income that does not exceed
130% of the inflation-adjusted federal poverty guidelines (130% FPL). Both these income
eligibility limits are uniform for the 48 contiguous states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the
U.S. Virgin Islands; somewhat higher income eligibility limits (because of higher poverty
guidelines) are applied in Alaska and Hawaii. Net and gross income eligibility limits (which are
adjusted for inflation each October) are summarized in Table 2.
The calculation of net income discussed in this section is pertinent not just for determining
eligibility but also for calculating the SNAP benefit amount to which the household is entitled
(discussed below in the “Benefit Amounts (Allotments)” section).
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Table 2. Counted (Net) and Basic (Gross) Monthly Income Eligibility Limits
for SNAP, FY2024
Eligibility Limits in Effect October 1, 2023, to September 30, 2024
48 States, DC,
Household size
and the Territories
Alaska
Hawaii
Counted (net) monthly income eligibility limits (100% of poverty):
1 person
$1,215
$1,518
$1,398
2 persons
1,644
2,054
1,890
3 persons
2,072
2,590
2,383
4 persons
2,500
3,125
2,875
5 persons
2,929
3,661
3,368
6 persons
3,357
4,197
3,860
7 persons
3,785
4,733
4,353
8 persons
4,214
5,269
4,845
Each additional person
429
536
493
Basic (gross) monthly income eligibility limits (130% of poverty):
1 person
$1,580
$1,973
$1,817
2 persons
2,137
2,670
2,457
3 persons
2,694
3,366
3,098
4 persons
3,250
4,063
3,738
5 persons
3,807
4,760
4,378
6 persons
4,364
5,456
5,018
7 persons
4,921
6,153
5,659
8 persons
5,478
6,849
6,299
Each additional person
557
697
641
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/
files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-Memo.pdf#page=2
Under the traditional pathway to eligibility, households cannot have counted liquid assets that
exceed federally prescribed limits. In FY2024, households without an elderly or disabled member
cannot have counted liquid assets above $2,750. In that year, households with an elderly or
disabled member cannot have counted liquid assets above $4,250. These dollar limits are to be
annually indexed for overall inflation (and rounded down to the nearest $250).14
Counted liquid assets include cash on hand, checking and savings accounts, savings certificates,
stocks and bonds, and nonrecurring lump sum payments such as insurance settlements and lump-
sum payments that have been disregarded as income (e.g., some tax refunds) but have not been
spent. Certain assets also are counted: a portion of the value of vehicles (in some cases) and the
equity value of property not producing income consistent with its value (e.g., recreational
property).

14 This indexing was added by the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 farm bill; P.L. 110-246).
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Counted assets do not include the value of the household’s primary residence (home and
surrounding property); business assets; personal property (household goods and personal effects);
lump sum earned income tax credit and other nonrecurring payments; burial plots; the cash value
of life insurance policies; the value of all tax-recognized pension savings/plans and education
savings; and certain other resources whose value is not accessible to the household, would not
yield more than $1,000 if sold (e.g., a car with a small equity value), or are required to be
disregarded by other federal laws.
Some special rules apply when counting allowable assets. Although the general rule is that the
fair market value of a vehicle in excess of $4,650 is to be counted as an asset, states may (and
most often do) count vehicles as assets only to the extent they do under their TANF programs or
disregard them entirely. Moreover, states generally may exclude additional assets to the extent
they do so under their TANF or Medicaid programs.
Categorical Eligibility
SNAP also conveys eligibility to households that already participate in specific means-tested
programs. Households composed entirely of recipients of public assistance funded from the
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant, Supplemental Security Income, or
state General Assistance (GA) programs are automatically, or categorically, eligible for SNAP.
These applicants bypass the income eligibility and the asset eligibility rules of the traditional
pathway to SNAP eligibility discussed above.
In addition, states have the option to grant SNAP eligibility to those who receive, or are
authorized to receive, any TANF-funded benefit. TANF is a broad-purpose block grant that funds
a wide range of allowable expenditures in addition to traditional public assistance for families
with children. Some such TANF-funded benefits are not restricted to families with children and
may serve any individual. States may extend this broad-based categorical eligibility to any type of
household (with or without children) in the state and may determine the gross income limit for
SNAP that applies in the state, though they cannot set a gross income limit above 200% of the
federal poverty guidelines. Broad-based categorical eligibility also permits states to opt not to use
an asset test for SNAP in the state.15
Categorical eligibility does not automatically mean that a household is entitled to a SNAP benefit.
Households must still have net income below a level that results in a nonzero SNAP benefit.

15 For more detail on the history of categorical eligibility and broad-based categorical eligibility, see CRS Report
R42054, The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Categorical Eligibility.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Broad-Based Categorical Eligibility
and Gross Income Limits by State, as of July 2023
The figure below shows states by whether they adopted broad-based categorical eligibility and by their chosen
gross income limit.
As of July 2023, 41 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands opted to use broad-based
categorical eligibility. Of these jurisdictions, 24 set their gross income limits at the maximum 200% of the federal
poverty level and 8 chose to remain at 130% of the federal poverty level as a gross income limit. All but four
states adopting broad-based categorical eligibility eliminated their asset test.

Source: Figure created by CRS based on data from USDA-FNS as of July 2023, https://www.fns.usda.gov/
snap/broad-based-categorical-eligibility.
Work-Related Eligibility Requirements
Current SNAP law has rules on employment or work-related activities for able-bodied, nonelderly
adult participants. Some rules apply in all states that operate SNAP. However, because each state
designs its own SNAP Employment and Training Program (E&T), certain requirements can vary
by state.
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In All States: Overview of Work-Related Requirements in SNAP
To gain or retain eligibility, most adults who are not elderly or disabled must
• register for work (typically with the SNAP state agency or a state employment
service office);
• accept a suitable job if offered one;
• fulfill any work, job search, or training requirements established by administering
state SNAP agencies;
• provide the administering public assistance agency with sufficient information to
allow a determination with respect to their job availability; and
• not voluntarily quit a job without good cause or reduce work effort below 30
hours a week.
Individuals are disqualified from SNAP for failure to comply with work requirements for periods
of time that differ based upon whether the violation is the first, second, or third. Minimum
periods of disqualification, which may be increased by the state SNAP agency, range from one to
six months. In addition, states have the option to disqualify the entire household for up to 180
days, if the household head fails to comply with work requirements.
The law exempts certain individuals from the above requirements.16
Characteristics of SNAP Households in FY2019 and Work Requirements
Exempt from work requirements are most children (individuals under the age of 18), individuals with disabilities,
and the elderly (age 60 and older). In FY2019, these groups accounted for two-thirds (25.3 mil ion out of 37.2
mil ion) of all FY2019 SNAP participants. Of the participants aged 18 to 59 without disabilities, an estimated 7.7
mil ion were in households with children and 4.2 mil ion were in households without children.
FY2019 Average
Percentage
Monthly Number of
of All
Participants
Participants

Children (under 18)
15.871 mil ion
42.7%
Elderly (60 and older)
5.800 mil ion
15.6%
Disabled
3.619 mil ion
9.7%

Age 18 to 59 without disabilities
In household with children
7.750 million
20.8%
In household without children
4.162 million
11.2%
Total Number of Participants
37.202 million
100%
Additionally, among those age 18 to 59 without disabilities, participants in households with children were likely to
be either working themselves or in a household with earnings (i.e., someone in the household working if not
themselves). Work and earnings were less prevalent among those in households without children. These
households tended to be smaller. The gross income limits are lower for smaller households, as are maximum

16 Exempt from the all-states work requirements are: SNAP participants who are physically or mentally unfit for work;
under age 16 or over age 59; between ages 16 and 18 if they are not a head of household or are attending school or a
training program; persons working at least 30 hours a week or earning the minimum wage equivalent; persons caring
for dependents who are disabled or under age 6; individuals already subject to and complying with another assistance
program’s work, training, or job search requirements (for example, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
or unemployment compensation); eligible postsecondary students; and residents of substance abuse treatment
programs.
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allotments, making it less likely that they would be eligible for benefits.17 Note that many participants aged 18 to
59 without disabilities and in households without children—those aged 18 to 49, an estimated 2.6 mil ion
participants per month in FY2019—were potentially subject to the ABAWD rules (discussed in the “ABAWD
Time Limit” section).
Percentage in
Percentage
Households
Employed
with Earnings

Age 18 to 59 without disabilities, in households
46.0%
59.9%
with children
Age 18 to 59 without disabilities, in households
26.4%
29.1%
without children
Source: CRS tabulation of USDA FY2019 SNAP Quality Control Data. For access to these data, see https://snapqcdata.net/.
Variations by State: SNAP Employment and Training (E&T) Required
Participation, Services Available
As noted above, those not exempted must register for work and accept suitable job offers; in
addition, state SNAP agencies may require work registrants to fulfill some type of work, job
search, or training obligation.
SNAP agencies must operate an Employment and Training (E&T) program of their own design
for work registrants. SNAP agencies may require all work registrants to participate in one or more
components of their program, or limit participation by further exempting additional categories
and individuals for whom participation is judged impracticable or not cost effective.18 States may
also make E&T activities open only to those who volunteer to participate.
Program components can include any or all of the following: supervised job search or training for
job search; workfare (work-for-benefits); work experience or training programs; education
programs to improve basic skills; or any other employment or training activity approved by
USDA-FNS.19

17 For example, a worker earning $9.50 per hour, working 40 hours per week, has a monthly income of $1,645 per
month. That worker, if living alone (one-person household), would be ineligible for SNAP in a state with a 130% of the
FPL gross income limit. However, if that worker lived with a child (two-person household), monthly earnings would
be below 130% of the FPL and pass the gross income test.
18 Recipients who participate in an E&T activity beyond work registration cannot be required to work more than the
minimum wage equivalent of their household’s benefit. Total hours of required participation (including both work and
any other required activity) cannot exceed 120 hours a month. SNAP agencies also must reimburse participants’ costs
directly related to participation (e.g., transportation and child care). The federal government shares in half the cost of
this support, and state agencies may limit support to local market rates for necessary dependent care.
19 Further resources on the SNAP Employment and Training program: USDA-FNS, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap-et.
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SNAP Employment and Training Funding and Participation
In FY2022, total federal funding for SNAP E&T programs was $639 mil ion. In FY2021, an estimated 214,000
persons were served in E&T programs. This was lower than in FY2019, when an estimated 406,000 individuals
were served in these programs. 20
ABAWD Time Limit
In addition to SNAP’s work registration and E&T program requirements, there is a special time
limit for able-bodied adults, who are without dependents (ABAWDs). This requirement—often
referred to as the ABAWD rule—was added by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). Through FY2022, this rule applied to
ABAWDs ages 18 through 49. The Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (P.L. 118-5) gradually
increased the upper age limit for which the rule applies to age 50 in FY2023, age 52 in FY2024,
and age 54 beginning in FY2025. The Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 also exempted veterans,
homeless individuals, and former foster children age 24 or younger from the ABAWD rule. The
Fiscal Responsibility Act modifications to the ABAWD rule sunset at the end of FY2030.
SNAP law limits benefits to ABAWDs to 3 months out of a 36-month period, unless the
participant
• works at least 20 hours per week;
• participates in an employment and training program for at least 20 hours per
week; or
• participates in a state’s workfare program.21
States have the option, but are not required, to offer ABAWDs a slot in an employment and
training program or a workfare program. Some states pledge to serve all ABAWDs in such
programs; others do not. States that pledge to serve all ABAWDs in these programs receive extra
federal funding for that purpose. If a state does not offer an ABAWD a slot in an employment and
training or workfare program, benefits can be terminated for those without at least a half-time job
once the three-month limit is reached, unless the individual is covered by an exemption or a
waiver of the ABAWD requirement.
Those who lose benefits under this rule are able to reenter the program if, during a 30-day period,
they work or participate in a work/training activity for at least 20 hours per week.22
The Food and Nutrition Act has the availability of waivers and exemptions from the ABAWD
rule. States may exempt a specified number of individuals from the rule based on a formula set in
the law. Additionally, a state may request a waiver for a group of individuals in the state (1) for
areas with an unemployment rate of over 10% or (2) if an area “does not have a sufficient number

20 USDA-FNS, 2024 USDA Explanatory Notes – Food and Nutrition Services, https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/
documents/35-2024-FNS.pdf. See also 2022 USDA Explanatory Notes – Food and Nutrition Service,
https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/34FNS2022Notes.pdf.
21 Hours of workfare required will vary by state, but participant’s monthly allotment divided by hours worked must be
greater than or equal to minimum wage. 7 U.S.C. §2029(a)(1).
22 ABAWDs who become employed but then lose their jobs again can, under some circumstances, earn an additional
three months of eligibility, bringing their maximum months of SNAP receipt without working to at least 20 hours per
week or being in an approved work or training program to 6 months in a 36-month period. USDA-FNS provides
guidance on this and other aspects of the time limit in its 2015 “Guide to Serving ABAWDs Subject to Time-limited
Participation,” https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Guide_to_Serving_ABAWDs_Subject_to_Time_Limit.pdf.
See also USDA-FNS, Clarification on Work Requirements, ABAWDS, and E&T, May 25, 2018,
https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/clarifications-work-requirements-abawds-and-et.
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of jobs to provide employment for the individuals.”23 The USDA-FNS regulation (7 C.F.R.
§273.24(f)) specifies the criteria that can qualify a state or portion of a state for a waiver of the
ABAWD rule.24
In addition to exemptions and waivers, legislation twice suspended the ABAWD rule nationwide.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) suspended the ABAWD rule from April
2009 through September 2010. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (P.L. 116-127)
generally suspended the rule from April 1, 2020 through the end of June 2023. Under the later
suspension, states could still disqualify an individual under the rule if he or she were offered a
slot in a work or workfare program but refuses to participate in that activity.25
Individuals Ineligible for SNAP
Eligibility is sometimes denied for reasons other than financial need or compliance with work-
related requirements.
Many noncitizens are barred—eligibility is extended only to permanent residents legally present
in the United States for at least five years, legal immigrant children (under 18), the elderly and
disabled who were legally resident before August 1996, refugees and asylees, veterans and others
with a military connection, those with a substantial history of work covered under the Social
Security system, and certain other limited groups of aliens.26
SNAP benefits are denied to those who intentionally violate program rules, for specific time
periods ranging from one year (on a first violation) to permanently (on a third violation or other
serious infraction); and states may impose SNAP disqualification when an individual is
disqualified from another public assistance program. Those who transfer assets for the purpose of
qualifying for benefits are also barred.
For the most part, college students (attending higher education courses half-time or more)
between ages 18 and 50 are ineligible for SNAP. A student enrolled in an institution of higher
education more than half-time is only eligible for SNAP benefits if the individual is (1) under age
18, or age 50 or older; (2) disabled; (3) enrolled in school because of participation in certain
programs;27 (4) employed at least 20 hours per week or participating in a work-study program

23 Authority for these waivers is located in Section 6(o)(4) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, codified at 7 U.S.C.
§2015(o)(4).
24 For a waiver based on 10% unemployment, states may request a waiver with evidence that an area has “a recent 12
month average unemployment rate over 10 percent; recent three month average unemployment rate over 10 percent; or
an historical seasonal unemployment rate over 10 percent.” (7 C.F.R. §273.24(f)(2)(i)) For a waiver based on a “lack of
sufficient jobs,” 7 C.F.R. §273.24(f)(2)(ii) permits a state to submit any of the following as evidence: (1) if an area “is
designated as a Labor Surplus Area (LSA) by the Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration
(ETA),” (2) “is determined by the Department of Labor’s Unemployment Insurance Services as qualifying for extended
unemployment benefits,” (3) “has a low and declining employment-to-population ratio,” (4) “has a lack of jobs in
declining occupations or industries,” (4) “is described in an academic study or other publications as an area where there
are lack of jobs,” or (5) “has a 24-month average unemployment rate 20 percent above the national average for the
same 24-month period.”
25 See USDA-FNS, SNAP—Preparing for the Reinstatement of Time Limit for ABAWDS, September 20, 2021,
https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/snap-preparing-reinstatement-time-limit-abawds.
26 Noncitizen rules are many, intersecting, and tied to a number of state options. USDA-FNS has published a
comprehensive guide to noncitizen rules in SNAP: USDA-FNS, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program:
Guidance on Non-citizen Eligibility, April 2011, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/Non-
Citizen%20Guidance_6-30-2011.pdf. See also CRS Report RL33809, Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public
Assistance: Policy Overview.
27 A program under Title I of the Workforce Investment and Opportunity Act, a SNAP Employment and Training
(continued...)
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during the school year; (5) a parent (in some circumstances);28 or (6) receiving TANF cash
assistance benefits. For a discussion of SNAP and college students, see CRS Report R46817,
Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options.
Other ineligibility rules include the following:
• Households with members on strike are denied benefits unless eligible prior to
the strike.
• Individuals living in institutional settings are denied eligibility, except those in
special SSI-approved small group homes for the disabled, persons living in drug
addiction or alcohol treatment programs, and persons in shelters for battered
women and children or shelters for the homeless.
• Boarders cannot receive SNAP benefits unless they apply together with the
household in which they are boarding.
• Persons who fail to provide Social Security numbers or cooperate in providing
information needed to verify eligibility or benefit determinations are ineligible.
• Automatic disqualification is required for those applying in multiple
jurisdictions, fleeing arrest, or convicted of a drug-related felony.29 The 2014
farm bill requires additional felons to comply with the terms of their sentence in
order to receive SNAP benefits—the implementation of this policy will depend
on federal rulemaking.30
• States may disqualify individuals not cooperating with child support enforcement
authorities or in arrears on their child support obligations.
SNAP Benefits under Special Eligibility Rules
There are circumstances where SNAP benefits are offered separately and distinctly from the
standard SNAP application and eligibility process. These situations include the issuance of
transitional and disaster benefits.
Transitional Benefits
States are allowed to provide transitional benefits. States have the option to offer up to five
months’ transitional SNAP benefits to those leaving TANF or a similar state-financed program
(for reasons other than a sanction)—without requiring that the household apply for SNAP. The
transitional benefit is the amount received prior to leaving TANF (or a similar state program),
adjusted to account for the loss of TANF/state cash income. Transitional benefit households may

program, a program under Section 236 of the Trade Act of 1974, a work incentive program under title IV of the Social
Security Act, or “another program for the purpose of employment and training operated by a state or local government,
as determined to be appropriate by the Secretary.” The 2014 farm bill added an additional specification for college
students engaged in SNAP E&T.
28 An otherwise ineligible student is eligible for SNAP if the student is (1) a single parent enrolled in school full-time
caring for a dependent under the age of 12 years old, (2) a parent caring for a dependent under age 6, or (3) a parent
caring for a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old for whom child care is not available to enable the parent to
both attend class and work 20 or more hours per week.
29 This is discussed further, along with other programs’ related rules, in CRS Report R42394, Drug Testing and Crime-
Related Restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance.
30 See Jessica Shahin, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Provisions of the Agricultural Act of 2014 -
Implementing Memorandum, USDA-FNS, March 21, 2014, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/snap/
Farm%20Bill%20Implementation%20Memo.pdf#page=2.
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reapply during the five-month period to have their benefits adjusted based on changed
circumstances, and states may opt to adjust benefits based on information received from another
program (like Medicaid) in which the household participates. At the end of the transitional period,
households may reapply for continued benefits under regular SNAP rules. According to the most
recent SNAP State Options Report, as of October 1, 2017, 22 states and the District of Columbia
provide transitional benefits.31
Disaster Benefits (D-SNAP)
For areas affected by a natural or other disaster, states may request that USDA operate the
Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (D-SNAP).32 SNAP benefits are provided to
already participating SNAP households who qualify for replacement or additional benefits as well
as to non-SNAP households who become temporarily eligible under D-SNAP rules. If the disaster
results in households’ ongoing loss of income, households may be eligible to apply for SNAP
under regular program rules after the D-SNAP benefit period has ended.
Benefits
SNAP benefits are 100% federally financed and constitute the
vast majority of federal spending for the SNAP program. This
SNAP Federal Spending
section discusses how SNAP benefit amounts are determined,
on Benefits33
how the benefits are issued, what benefits may and may not be
In FY2022, of the $120 bil ion in
used for, and the redemption of benefits.
federal spending for the SNAP
program, about 95% ($114 bil ion)
was spent on benefits themselves.
Benefit Amounts (Allotments)
The eligibility rules of SNAP, discussed above, create a framework by which individuals
(constituting a household) are eligible or ineligible for benefits, but once eligible, the household is
also subject to a benefit calculation process, which determines the household’s monthly benefit
amount or allotment. The calculation of SNAP benefits takes into account the size of the
household, the maximum benefit for the fiscal year, and the household’s net income. For one- and
two-person households, the minimum benefit may also play a role.
Maximum Monthly Allotments
Maximum monthly benefit allotments are tied to the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate
low-cost diet, as measured by the USDA-created and -calculated Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). The
TFP is the cheapest of four diet plans meeting minimal nutrition requirements devised by USDA,
specifically USDA’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP). Maximum allotments
are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family consisting of a couple between
ages 20 and 50 and two school-age children, adjusted for family size (using a formula reflecting
economies of scale developed by the Human Nutrition Information Service), and rounded down
to the nearest whole dollar.

31 USDA-FNS, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: State Options Report, Fourteenth Edition, May 31, 2018,
https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/snap/14-State-Options.pdf
32 See the USDA-FNS website for further details on D-SNAP and the provision of other food assistance during
emergencies in recent years at http://www.fns.usda.gov/disasters/disaster.htm.
33 Historical spending and participation data displayed in Table A-1. Additional data, including state-level, on USDA-
FNS website.
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Allotments are adjusted for food price inflation annually, each October, to reflect the cost of the
TFP in the immediately previous June. Although USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year
to account for food price inflation, the contents of the TFP—often thought of as its own market
basket of goods—was revised in 2021, as discussed above. Under a provision of the 2018 farm
bill, the TFP is scheduled to be revised every five years. Maximum allotments are standard across
the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, but they are higher, reflecting substantially
different food costs, in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Table 3. Maximum Possible Monthly SNAP Allotments, FY2024
Effective October 1, 2023, through September 30, 2024
Household
48 States and
U.S. Virgin
size
DC
Alaskaa
Hawaii
Guam
Islands
1 person
$291
$374
$527
$430
$375
2 people
535
686
967
788
688
3 people
766
983
1,385
1,129
985
4 people
973
1,248
1,759
1,434
1,251
5 people
1,155
1,482
2,088
1,703
1,485
6 people
1,386
1,778
2,506
2,044
1,782
7 people
1,532
1,966
2,770
2,259
1,970
8 people
1,751
2,246
3,166
2,581
2,252
Each additional
person
219
281
396
323
282
Source: USDA-FNS. https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-Memo.pdf
a. Maximum allotment levels in rural Alaska are 27% to 55% higher than the urban Alaska allotments noted in
this table. See https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY24-SNAP-COLA-
Memo.pdf#page=4
What share of SNAP households received the maximum allotment?
In FY2019, 36.4% of SNAP households received the maximum possible benefit.34
Calculation of a Household’s Monthly Benefit
SNAP benefits are a function of a household’s size, its net (counted) monthly income, and
inflation-indexed maximum monthly benefit levels (in some cases, adjusted for geographic
location). An eligible household’s net income is determined (i.e., the deductions noted earlier for
judging eligibility are subtracted from gross income), its maximum benefit level is established,
and a benefit is calculated by subtracting its expected contribution (by law, 30% of its net
income) from its maximum allotment. This equation is illustrated in the first row of Figure 1.
Thus, as shown in the figure, a three-person household in one of the 48 states with $400 in

34 USDA-FNS, SNAP household characteristics report, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/
Characteristics2019.pdf.
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counted net income (after deductions) would receive a monthly allotment of $646 in FY2024.35 A
three-person household with no counted income would receive the maximum monthly benefit.
Figure 1. Calculating the Monthly Benefit for a Hypothetical Household in FY2023

Source: Figure created by CRS, based on benefit calculation rules.
Benefits are not taxable and purchases made with SNAP
benefits may not be charged sales taxes. Receipt of
Average Allotments36
SNAP benefits does not affect eligibility for, or benefits
In FY2022, monthly benefits averaged
provided by, other public assistance programs, although
approximately $230.47 per person,
some programs use SNAP participation as a trigger for
$439.43 per household.37
eligibility, and others take into account the general
availability of SNAP benefits in deciding what level of benefits to provide.
Minimum Benefit
Eligible one- or two-person households are guaranteed a minimum monthly benefit allotment
equal to 8% of the maximum benefit for a one-person household. This 2008 change replaced an
older rule stipulating a minimum benefit of $10 a month only for one- and two-person
households.38 For FY2024, the minimum benefit is $23 a month for a household in the 48 states
and the District of Columbia. This means that if the benefit calculation for a one- or two-person
household yields a result of less than $23, that household is guaranteed to receive $23 a month. In
FY2019, 10% of SNAP households received the minimum benefit.39
Issuance of Benefits
Benefit issuance is a state agency responsibility, and states contract with private vendors to carry
out most of their issuance activities. Benefits are provided through electronic benefits transfer
(EBT) systems under which recipients are issued a debit card that they use to make food
purchases. At the point of sale, retailers automatically debit the recipient’s SNAP account and
credit their own account. EBT cards can include both SNAP benefits (usable only to buy food

35 The FY2024 maximum three-person benefit in the 48 states (plus the District of Columbia) is $766; then subtract
30% of the household’s net income, which equals $120.
36 Historical spending and participation data displayed in Table A-1. Additional data, including state-level data, are
available on the USDA-FNS website.
37 See https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-4fymonthly-8.pdf.
38 Calculating the minimum benefit based on a percentage of the maximum was added by the Food, Conservation, and
Energy Act of 2008 (2008 farm bill; P.L. 110-246).
39 See USDA-FNS SNAP household characteristics report, https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-
files/Characteristics2019.pdf.
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items) and cash benefits (e.g., TANF payments, unemployment payments, child support
payments); only cash benefits can be accessed using the card at ATMs.40
SNAP benefits normally are issued monthly. The state SNAP agency must either deny eligibility
or make benefits available within 30 days of initial application and must provide allotments
without interruption if an eligible household reapplies and fulfills recertification requirements in a
timely manner. Households in immediate need because of little or no income and very limited
cash assets, as well as the homeless and those with extraordinarily high shelter expenses, must be
given expedited service (provision of benefits within seven days of initial application). A
household’s calculated monthly allotment can be prorated (reduced) for one month. On
application, a household’s first month’s benefit is reduced to reflect the date of application. If a
previously participating household does not meet eligibility recertification requirements in a
timely fashion, but does become certified for eligibility subsequently, benefits for the first month
of its new certification period normally are prorated to reflect the date when recertification
requirements were met.
Redemption of Benefits
SNAP benefits are not the same as cash. Although SNAP benefits have a dollar value, they may
only be spent on eligible food at authorized stores equipped with EBT point-of-sale systems.41
Items That May Be Purchased With SNAP Benefits
Typically, participating households use their benefits in approved stores to buy food items for
home preparation and consumption. In general, SNAP benefits may be redeemed for any foods
for home preparation and consumption.42 SNAP benefits may not be redeemed for alcohol,
tobacco, or hot foods intended for immediate consumption.
According to the Food and Nutrition Act, SNAP may also be redeemed for seeds and plants to
produce food for personal consumption. Elderly and disabled recipients and their spouses may
redeem SNAP benefits for meals prepared and served through approved communal dining
programs or home-delivered meal providers. SNAP may also be redeemed for meals prepared and
served to residents of drug addiction and alcoholic treatment programs, small group homes for the
disabled, shelters for battered women and children, and shelters or other establishments serving
the homeless. In the case of certain remote areas of Alaska, benefits may be redeemed for
procuring food by hunting and fishing (e.g., nets, hooks, fishing rods, and knives).
According to annual benefit redemption data collected by USDA-FNS, in FY2022 nearly 100%
of SNAP benefits were redeemed in markets and stores, and the remaining share, approximately
0.4%, were redeemed at meal services and delivery routes.43 Superstores and supermarkets made
up 15% of stores authorized, but 78% of SNAP benefits were redeemed at these stores.

40 For a state-by-state EBT status report, see the USDA-FNS website, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/state-status-
report.
41 Stores authorized to participate in SNAP are required to ensure that SNAP benefits are accepted as payment only for
eligible food. Many, but not all, stores ensure compliance by programming their point-of-sale systems to recognize the
SNAP eligibility of products at the checkout counter, thereby preventing the use of SNAP benefits to pay for ineligible
products.
42 Section 3(k) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. §2012(k)).
43 USDA-FNS, SNAP Retailer Data, 2022 Year End Summary, available at https://www.fns.usda.gov/data/snap-
retailer-management-dashboard.
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Convenience stores made up 44% of stores authorized, but 5% of benefits were redeemed at them
(see Table 4 for this FY2021 redemption data by retailer type).44
SNAP-Authorized Retailers
SNAP benefits may be redeemed only at authorized retailers. The list of retailers that are
authorized is varied—from supermarkets, to farmers markets, to convenience stores. Table 4
displays the prevalence of each retailer type and the share of benefits redeemed at each type.
In addition to business integrity requirements, authorization is based on the retailers’ meeting
inventory requirements in SNAP law and regulation. Whether a retailer is authorized requires two
general steps: (1) an application for authorization45 and (2) passing a USDA-FNS administered
inspection.
The inventory requirements are based on the Food and Nutrition Act’s definition of staple foods
and related inventory or sales requirements.46 The four categories of staple foods are meat,
poultry, or fish; bread or cereal; vegetables or fruits; and dairy products. Regarding inventory and
sales requirements, an eligible retailer must either
• offer (1) three varieties of qualifying foods in each of the four staple food
categories, and (2) one perishable variety in at least two of the staple food
categories; or
• have more than 50% of total sales from the sale of eligible staple foods (this
option is often used for specialty stores that may specialize in certain of the staple
food categories, e.g., a bakery, produce store, or butcher).47
USDA also takes other factors into account; for example, if store does not meet the criteria listed
above, USDA may approve the store in an area where SNAP participants have significantly
limited access to food.
Restaurants
For the most part, SNAP benefits are not redeemable at restaurants, recalling that the benefits are
not redeemable for hot, prepared foods. However, there does exist a state restaurant option. Under
this option, states can choose to authorize restaurants to accept SNAP benefits for homeless,
elderly, and disabled individuals—populations that may have difficulty preparing food, in
addition to purchasing food. As of July 3, 2023, Arizona, California, Illinois (Cook and Franklin
Counties only), Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Rhode Island (Providence and Washington
Counties only), and Virginia currently operate state-administered restaurant programs serving
their elderly, homeless, and disabled populations.48 FY2022 redemption data indicate that
approximately $282 million (or 0.2% of SNAP benefits) were redeemed at “Private
Restaurant/Meal Delivery.”49

44 Ibid.; and P.L. 113-79
45 USDA-FNS website, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/retailer-apply.
46 See 7 U.S.C. §2012(o), (q).
47 See USDA-FNS, “Is My Store Eligible?” https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/my-store-eligible for further detail.
48 See USDA-FNS, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/retailer/restaurant-meals-program.
49 USDA-FNS, SNAP Retailer Data, 2021 Year End Summary, available at https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/
files/resource-files/2021-snap-retailer-management-year-end-summary.pdf.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Farmers’ Markets
Farmers’ markets may become SNAP-licensed retailers.50 USDA reported that 3,211 farmers’
markets or individual farmers were authorized to accept SNAP benefits in FY2021, and they
redeemed a total of over $43 million in SNAP benefits (significantly less than 0.1% of SNAP
benefits).51
Bonus Incentive Projects
States, localities, and farmers’ market networks have created SNAP bonus incentive programs to
encourage fruit and vegetable purchases at farmers’ markets as well as grocery stores. These
allow SNAP participants to redeem their benefits for more than money on the dollar. For
example, a participant might exchange $3 of benefits for a $6 voucher to redeem at the market;
some projects use an electronic currency for the incentives. Prior to the enactment of federal
funding for these bonuses, USDA required that the bonus funds be nonfederal dollars.
The Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive Program (GusNIP) was enacted in the 2018 farm bill as
a renaming and expansion the Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentive (FINI) grant program enacted
in the 2014 farm bill. GusNIP awards competitive grants for projects focused on incentives for
SNAP participants to purchase fruits and vegetables. It includes dedicated funding for produce
prescription projects, which provide a fruit and vegetable benefit for participants with health
needs. All grants except those for produce prescription projects require grantees to match federal
funds.52
Trafficking
Trafficking usually refers to the direct exchange of SNAP benefits (formerly known as food
stamps) for cash, which is illegal, and both retailers and recipients might engage in this form of
fraud.53 Retailer trafficking of SNAP benefits usually occurs when a SNAP recipient sells their
benefits for cash, often at a loss, to an owner or employee of a store participating in SNAP.54 The
Food and Nutrition Act mandates penalties for retailers and participants engaged in trafficking,
including fines and imprisonment.
USDA-FNS detects stores suspected of trafficking SNAP benefits through data analysis and
undercover investigations and penalizes stores found to be engaged in retailer trafficking. An FNS
analysis of retailer trafficking during 2015-2017 estimated that the retailer trafficking rate was

50 See USDA-FNS, “Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Farmer Producer”
https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/farmer-producer.
51 USDA-FNS, SNAP Retailer Data, 2021 Year End Summary, available at https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/
files/resource-files/2021-snap-retailer-management-year-end-summary.pdf.
52 For more information, see CRS Report R46538, Local and Urban Food Systems: Selected Farm Bill and Other
Federal Programs.
53 For the full definition of trafficking, see 7 C.F.R. §271.2. Trafficking can also include the exchange of SNAP
benefits for controlled substances, firearms, ammunition, or explosives. Additionally, trafficking includes indirect
exchanges, such as obtaining cash refunds for products purchased with SNAP benefits or reselling products purchased
with SNAP benefits.
54 For example, a recipient swipes their SNAP EBT card for a $20 purchase transaction, but rather than receiving $20
of eligible food, the recipient obtains $10 in cash from the store owner. The total amount of the transaction ($20) is
deposited into the store owner’s bank account. In this example, both the recipient and retailer are engaged in trafficking
SNAP benefits.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

2.0%, up from 1.5% in a 2012-2014 study.55 States are responsible for detecting and penalizing
recipients who engage in trafficking,56 though FNS provides states with grants and technical
assistance in this effort.57 For more information, see CRS Report R45147, Errors and Fraud in
the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).

55 USDA-FNS, The Extent of Trafficking in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs: 2015-2017 (Report
Summary), September 2021, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/extent-trafficking-2015-2017.
56 Section 11(e)(20) of the Food and Nutrition Act (7 U.S.C. §2020(e)(20)).
57 See examples of recent FNS grants for state initiatives at https://www.fns.usda.gov/news-item/maro-dc-081122.
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Table 4. Firms Authorized and Benefits Redeemed, by Retailer Type, FY2022
(retailer type displayed in the order of each type’s share)
Percentage
Dollars
of All
Redeemed
Percentage
Number
Retailer
(in
of All SNAP
Type of Retailer
Authorized Authorized
Type of Retailer
billions)
Redemptions
Convenience Store
114,823
44.4% Super Store
$71.143
51.5%
Combination Grocery/Other
63,388
24.5 Supermarket
36.347
26.3
Super Store
19,611
7.6 Internet Retailer
8.123
5.9
Supermarket
19,044
7.4 Convenience Store
7.377
5.3
Medium Grocery Store
11,182
4.3 Combination Grocery/Other
7.293
5.3
Small Grocery Store
7,956
3.1 Medium Grocery Store
2.908
2.1
Large Grocery Store
3,833
1.5 Large Grocery Store
2.097
1.5
Private Restaurant/Meal Delivery
3,489
1.3 Small Grocery Store
0.876
0.6
Farmer Market
3,211
1.2 Meat/Poultry Specialty
0.542
0.4
Direct Marketing Farmer
2,827
1.1 Seafood Specialty
0.372
0.3
Meat/Poultry Specialty
2,486
1.0 Private Restaurant/Meal Delivery
0.282
0.2
Bakery Specialty
1,934
0.7 Bakery Specialty
0.169
0.1
Seafood Specialty
1,178
0.5 Group Living Arrangement
0.151
0.1
Fruits/Veg Specialty
753
0.3 Delivery Route
0.097
0.1
Drug and/or Alcohol Treatment Program
693
0.3 Military Commissary
0.072
0.1
Delivery Route
571
0.2 Fruits/Vegetable Specialty
0.071
0.1
Group Living Arrangement
494
0.2 Drug and/or Alcohol Treatment Program
0.044
*
Internet Retailer
211
0.1 Farmer Market
0.043
*
Nonprofit Food Buying Cooperative
185
0.1 Direct Marketing Farmer
0.029
*
Military Commissary
185
0.1 Senior Citizens’ Center/Residential Building
0.020
*
CRS-22

Percentage
Dollars
of All
Redeemed
Percentage
Number
Retailer
(in
of All SNAP
Type of Retailer
Authorized Authorized
Type of Retailer
billions)
Redemptions
Senior Citizens’ Center/Residential Building
162
0.1 Nonprofit Food Buying Cooperative
0.011
*
Communal Dining Facility
144
0.1 Communal Dining Facility
0.003
*
Meal Delivery Service
127
* Homeless Meal Provider
0.003
*
Homeless Meal Provider
96
* Shelter for Battered Women and Children
0.002
*
Shelter for Battered Women and Children
7
* Meal Delivery Service
0.001
*

Total Retailers
258,590
Total Benefits
138.075
Source: Data from USDA-FNS, SNAP Retailer Data, 2022 Year End Summary, https://www.fns.usda.gov/data/snap-retailer-management-dashboard.
Notes: * Less than 0.05%. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

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Appendix. Historical SNAP Data
Table A-1. SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp Program) Participation and Spending,
FY1989-FY2023
Average
Average Monthly
Monthly
Participation
Benefit
Federal Spending

(in thousands)
(in dollars)

(in millions of dollars)
Fiscal
All Other
Year
Individuals Households
Per Persona

Benefits
Costsb
Total
1989
18,806
7,231
$51.71

$11,670
$1,232
$12,902
1990
20,049
7,796
$58.78

$14,143
$1,304
$15,447
1991
22,625
8,877
$63.78

$17,316
$1,432
$18,747
1992
25,407
10,060
$68.57

$20,906
$1,557
$22,462
1993
26,987
10,790
$67.95

$22,006
$1,647
$23,653
1994
27,474
11,091
$69.00

$22,749
$1,745
$24,493
1995
26,619
10,879
$71.27

$22,764
$1,856
$24,620
1996
25,543
10,549
$73.21

$22,440
$1,891
$24,331
1997
22,858
9,455
$71.27

$19,549
$1,959
$21,508
1998
19,791
8,250
$71.12

$16,890
$2,098
$18,988
1999
18,183
7,668
$72.27

$15,769
$2,052
$17,821
2000
17,194
7,351
$72.62

$14,983
$2,071
$17,054
2001
17,318
7,449
$74.81

$15,547
$2,242
$17,789
2002
19,096
8,195
$79.67

$18,256
$2,381
$20,637
2003
21,250
9,153
$83.94

$21,404
$2,412
$23,816
2004
23,811
10,277
$86.16

$24,619
$2,480
$27,099
2005
25,628
11,196
$92.89

$28,568
$2,504
$31,072
2006
26,549
11,733
$94.75

$30,187
$2,716
$32,903
2007
26,316
11,788
$96.18

$30,373
$2,800
$33,174
2008
28,223
12,727
$102.19

$34,608
$3,031
$37,640
2009
33,490
15,232
$125.31

$50,360
$3,260
$53,620
2010
40,302
18,618
$133.79

$64,702
$3,581
$68,283
2011
44,709
21,072
$133.85

$71,811
$3,876
$75,686
2012
46,609
22,330
$133.41

$74,619
$3,790
$78,409
2013
47,636
23,052
$133.07

$76,066
$3,870
$79,936
2014
46,536
22,700
$125.37

$69,999
$4,163
$74,162
2015
45,767
22,522
$126.81

$69,645
$4,302
$73,947
2016
44,220
21,778
$125.40

$66,539
$4,373
$70,912
2017
42,317
20,898
$125.47

$63,711
$4,464
$68,175
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link to page 29 link to page 29 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Average
Average Monthly
Monthly
Participation
Benefit
Federal Spending

(in thousands)
(in dollars)

(in millions of dollars)
Fiscal
All Other
Year
Individuals Households
Per Persona

Benefits
Costsb
Total
2018
40,776
20,209
$124.50

$60,917
$4,532
$65,449
2019
35,702
17,964
$129.83

$55,622
$4,763
$60,385
2020
39,853
20,487
$155.10

$74,175
$5,006
$79,181
2021
41,617
21,715
$217.43

$108,586
$5,241
$113,826
2022
41,209
21,612
$230.47

$113,968
$5,541
$119,509
Source: USDA-FNS data, as of August 11, 2023.
Notes: Dol ar amounts displayed are provided in nominal terms. That is, the amounts displayed here have not
been adjusted to reflect 2021 dol ars.
a. Based on monthly average data.
b. Includes the federal share of state administrative expenses, Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention
Grant Program (SNAP-Ed), SNAP Employment & Training, and other federal costs.

Author Information

Randy Alison Aussenberg
Gene Falk
Specialist in Nutrition Assistance Policy
Specialist in Social Policy

Acknowledgments
Amber Wilhelm, CRS Visual Information Specialist, created the data visualizations in this report. The
report has been adapted from the work of Joe Richardson, former CRS Specialist in Social Policy.
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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

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