Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act, or ACA) is having a significant impact on federal mandatory—also known as direct—spending. Most of the projected spending under the law is for expanding health insurance coverage. This spending includes premium tax credits and other subsidies for individuals and families that purchase private insurance coverage through the health insurance exchanges established under the ACA, as well as federal matching funds for states that have expanded their Medicaid programs.
In addition, the ACA included numerous appropriations that have provided billions of dollars in mandatory funds to support new and existing grant programs and other activities. Other ACA provisions require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds for specified purposes. The law appropriated significant amounts to support short-term health care programs for targeted groups prior to the health insurance exchanges becoming operational in 2014. It also created a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) within the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and appropriated $10 billion for the FY2011-FY2019 period—and $10 billion for each subsequent 10-year period—for CMMI to test and implement innovative payment and service delivery models.
The ACA established four special funds and appropriated substantial amounts to each one. First, the Community Health Center Fund, to which the ACA appropriated a total of $11 billion over the five-year period FY2011-FY2015, has helped support the federal health centers program and the National Health Service Corps. Second, the Prevention and Public Health Fund, for which the ACA provided a permanent annual appropriation, is supporting prevention, wellness, and other programs authorized under the Public Health Service Act. Third, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund is supporting comparative effectiveness research through FY2019 with a mix of annual appropriations, fees assessed on private health insurance, and Medicare trust fund transfers. Finally, the Health Insurance Reform Implementation Fund, to which the ACA appropriated $1 billion, helped pay for implementing the law. Overall, the ACA included more than $100 billion in appropriations over the 10-year period FY2010-FY2019, including $40 billion to fund the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) for FY2014 and FY2015.
In subsequent legislative actions, Congress has extended funding through FY2017 for several programs whose ACA appropriations were about to expire, and reduced or rescinded ACA funding other some other activities.
Federal outlays on insurance expansion coverage under the ACA, which constitutes most of the law’s mandatory spending, are almost entirely exempt from sequestration. However, the mandatory appropriations in the ACA are, in general, fully sequestrable at the percentage rate applicable to nonexempt nondefense mandatory spending.
Besides the mandatory appropriations discussed in this report, the ACA also is having an effect on federal discretionary spending, which is controlled by the annual appropriations acts. A companion report, CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), discusses the law’s impact on discretionary spending.
Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act, or ACA) is having a significant impact on federal mandatory—also known as direct—spending. Most of the projected spending under the law is for expanding health insurance coverage. This spending includes premium tax credits and other subsidies for individuals and families that purchase private insurance coverage through the health insurance exchanges established under the ACA, as well as federal matching funds for states that have expanded their Medicaid programs.
In addition, the ACA included numerous appropriations that have provided billions of dollars in mandatory funds to support new and existing grant programs and other activities. Other ACA provisions require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds for specified purposes. The law appropriated significant amounts to support short-term health care programs for targeted groups prior to the health insurance exchanges becoming operational in 2014. It also created a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) within the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and appropriated $10 billion for the FY2011-FY2019 period—and $10 billion for each subsequent 10-year period—for CMMI to test and implement innovative payment and service delivery models.
The ACA established four special funds and appropriated substantial amounts to each one. First, the Community Health Center Fund, to which the ACA appropriated a total of $11 billion over the five-year period FY2011-FY2015, has helped support the federal health centers program and the National Health Service Corps. Second, the Prevention and Public Health Fund, for which the ACA provided a permanent annual appropriation, is supporting prevention, wellness, and other programs authorized under the Public Health Service Act. Third, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund is supporting comparative effectiveness research through FY2019 with a mix of annual appropriations, fees assessed on private health insurance, and Medicare trust fund transfers. Finally, the Health Insurance Reform Implementation Fund, to which the ACA appropriated $1 billion, helped pay for implementing the law. Overall, the ACA included more than $100 billion in appropriations over the 10-year period FY2010-FY2019, including $40 billion to fund the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) for FY2014 and FY2015.
In subsequent legislative actions, Congress has extended funding through FY2017 for several programs whose ACA appropriations were about to expire, and reduced or rescinded ACA funding other some other activities.
Federal outlays on insurance expansion coverage under the ACA, which constitutes most of the law's mandatory spending, are almost entirely exempt from sequestration. However, the mandatory appropriations in the ACA are, in general, fully sequestrable at the percentage rate applicable to nonexempt nondefense mandatory spending.
Besides the mandatory appropriations discussed in this report, the ACA also is having an effect on federal discretionary spending, which is controlled by the annual appropriations acts. A companion report, CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), discusses the law's impact on discretionary spending.
Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act, or ACA)1 is having a significant impact on federal mandatory—also known as direct—spending.2 Most of the projected spending under the law is for expanding health insurance coverage. This includes premium tax credits and cost-sharing reduction payments for individuals and families who purchase private insurance coverage through the health insurance exchanges established under the ACA, as well as federal matching funds for states that choose to expand their Medicaid programs.3
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) reports that spending on the premium tax credits and cost-sharing reductions totaled $79.2 billion for first three fiscal years (i.e., FY2014-FY2016) in which the ACA exchanges were operational.4
An analysis of preliminary data from the Medicaid Budget and Expenditure System (MBES) released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) provides some insight into the initial impact of the Medicaid expansion on spending.5 For calendar year 2014, the 27 states that implemented the expansion reported spending a total of $36.7 billion on newly eligible adults, which under the ACA was paid for entirely with federal funds (i.e., 100% federal match). The same states spent an additional $10.5 billion on adults that were previously eligible at traditional federal match rates or subject to technical adjustments. Expenditures for these individuals were subject to a higher rate than the traditional match rate, but not 100%.
In its March 2016 baseline budget projections, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that gross spending on insurance coverage expansion under the ACA will total $1.938 trillion over the 10-year period FY2017 through FY2026.6 That total includes $866 billion on exchanges subsidies—premium tax credits and cost-sharing reductions—and related spending, and $1.063 trillion on Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). CBO projects that these costs will be offset by revenues from the ACA's taxes and fees, and by savings from the law's changes to the Medicare program that are designed to slow the rate of growth of Medicare payments to certain health care providers.
The ACA also included numerous appropriations that are providing billions of dollars in mandatory funds to support new and existing grant programs and other activities. Several other provisions in the law require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds for specified purposes.
This report summarizes all the mandatory appropriations and Medicare trust fund transfers in the ACA and provides details, where publicly available, on the status of obligation of these funds. The information is presented in two tables. The report also includes a brief discussion of the impact that sequestration is having on ACA mandatory spending. This report is periodically revised and updated to reflect important legislative and other developments.
A companion CRS report discusses the ACA's impact on discretionary spending, which is controlled by the annual appropriations process.7 Discretionary spending under the ACA falls into two broad categories. First, there are the amounts provided in appropriations acts for specific grant and other programs pursuant to explicit authorizations of appropriations in the ACA. Second, there are the costs incurred by the federal agencies that are responsible for administering and enforcing the ACA's core provisions to expand insurance coverage.
Table 2 summarizes all the ACA provisions that include an appropriation of funds or a transfer of amounts from the Medicare trust funds. The provisions are grouped under the following headings: (1) Private Health Insurance; (2) Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP); (3) Medicare; (4) Fraud and Abuse; (5) Health Centers; (6) Health Workforce and the National Health Service Corps; (7) Community-Based Prevention and Wellness; (8) Maternal and Child Health; (9) Long-Term Care; (10) Comparative Effectiveness Research; (11) Biomedical Research; and (12) ACA Implementation: Administrative Expenses.
Each table row provides information on a specific ACA provision, organized across four columns. The first column shows the ACA section or subsection number. The second column indicates whether the provision is freestanding (i.e., statutory authority that is not amending an existing statute) or amendatory (i.e., amends an existing statute, typically the Social Security Act). Amendatory provisions either add a new program to the statute or modify an existing one. The third column gives a brief description of the program or activity, including details of the appropriation or fund transfer. The entry also includes the name of the administering agency within HHS and, if applicable, the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) number for the grant program.8 The fourth column shows how much funding has been obligated to date. An agency incurs an obligation, for example, by placing an order, signing a contract, awarding a grant, purchasing a service, or taking other actions that require the government to make payments.
The obligation amounts are based on information in the HHS Tracking Accountability in Government Grants System (TAGGS) unless specified otherwise. The TAGGS database is a central repository for grants awarded by all the HHS operating divisions (agencies) and several offices within the Office of the Secretary. It is updated daily with new data provided by these entities.9
In many instances the ACA provided annual appropriations of specified amounts for one or more fiscal years. Generally, these funds must be obligated during the fiscal year in which the funds become available for obligation. A few provisions are multiple-year appropriations, in which the amount appropriated is available for obligation for a period of time in excess of one fiscal year (e.g., for the period FY2011 through FY2014). Often the provision includes additional language stating that the funds are to remain available "until expended" or "without fiscal year limitation."
Most ACA appropriations and fund transfers are temporary (i.e., time-limited). Often they end in FY2014 or FY2015, though in a handful of instances they extend until FY2019. The law included four provisions (i.e., Sections 3021(a), 3403, 10323(b), and 4002) that continue to provide annual or multiple-year appropriations in perpetuity.
The ACA also included three indefinite appropriations that provide an unspecified amount of funding as indicated by the phrase "such sums as may be necessary," or SSAN. One such provision (i.e., Section 1311) appropriated SSAN and authorized the HHS Secretary to determine the specific amount necessary for the grant program.10
Table 3 provides additional details on each of the appropriations (and fund transfers) summarized in Table 2. It shows the amount available for obligation in each fiscal year (or multi-year period) over the 10-year period FY2010 through FY2019. Note that the provisions are organized and grouped under the same headings used in Table 2. The final column in Table 3 ("Total") shows for each provision the total amount of appropriations or fund transfers. Note that in several cases the total amount has yet to be determined (see table entries for Sections 1311, 3403, 6301(d) & (e), 9023(e), and 10323(a)). For three of the provisions that continue to provide funding beyond FY2019, the amount in the total column represents the cumulative amount appropriated through FY2019 (see table entries for Sections 3021(a), 4002, and 10323(b)). Unless otherwise stated, references to the Secretary in both tables refer to the HHS Secretary. A list of the federal laws, agencies, programs, and funds referred to in this report by their acronym is provided in
Appendix A.
As summarized in the tables, the ACA funded a broad range of new and existing programs. The law appropriated significant amounts to support the following short-term health care programs for targeted groups prior to the health insurance exchanges becoming operational in 2014: (1) $5 billion for the Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP), a temporary insurance program that provided health insurance coverage for uninsured individuals with a pre-existing condition; (2) $5 billion for a temporary reinsurance program to reimburse employers for a portion of the costs of providing health benefits to early retirees aged 55-64; and (3) $6 billion for the Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP) program, to support temporary health insurance cooperatives. The ACA appropriated $2.4 billion for maternal and child health programs and provided an unspecified amount of funding for state grants to plan and establish health insurance exchanges.11
The law established the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) within CMS and appropriated $10 billion for the FY2011-FY2019 period—and $10 billion for each subsequent 10-year period—for CMMI to test and implement innovative payment and service delivery models. It also established and funded an Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB) to make recommendations to Congress for achieving specific Medicare spending reductions if costs exceed a target growth rate. IPAB's recommendations are to take effect unless Congress overrides them, in which case Congress would be responsible for achieving the same level of savings.
The ACA created four special funds and appropriated substantial amounts to each one:
As already noted, most of the ACA appropriations are temporary. The following laws enacted since 2012 have extended funding for several programs funded by the ACA:
Lawmakers opposed to specific ACA provisions also have succeeded in getting some ACA funding reduced or rescinded. ATRA, the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, the 21st Century Cures Act, and enacted appropriations acts for each of the past six fiscal years (i.e., FY2011-FY2016) all included ACA funding reductions or rescissions.19
The ACA funding extensions, reductions, and rescissions are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3.
While the federal spending on insurance expansion coverage under the ACA is almost entirely exempt from annual sequestration, the ACA appropriations discussed in this report are, in general, fully sequestrable at the percentage rate applicable to nonexempt nondefense mandatory spending (see Table 1). Under the sequestration general rules, cuts in CHCF funding for community health centers and migrant health centers are capped at 2%. See Appendix B for more background on the annual spending reductions triggered by the Budget Control Act of 2011.20
Importantly, only new budget authority for nondefense programs is sequestrable in any given fiscal year. That includes advance appropriations that first become available for obligation in that year. Unobligated balances carried over from previous fiscal years are exempt from sequestration.
Fiscal Year |
Percent Reduction |
2013 |
5.1%a |
2014 |
7.2% |
2015 |
7.3% |
2016 |
6.8% |
2017 |
6.9% |
Source: Office of Management and Budget annual reports to Congress on the Joint Committee reductions (FY2013-FY2017).
a. This percentage reflects adjustments made by ATRA; see Appendix B.
Overall, the ACA provided more than $100 billion in mandatory appropriations and Medicare fund transfers over the 10-year period FY2010-FY2019. As enacted, the law included the following amounts:
Only four of the ACA appropriations are permanent (i.e., CMMI, IPAB, PPHF, and environmental health screening). All the other appropriations were temporary.
In a series of legislative actions (described in more detail in Table 2 and Table 3), Congress extended funding for several programs whose ACA appropriations were about to expire. The following programs are now funded through FY2017:
Congress has also provided two more years of funding (FY2016-FY2017) for CHIP.
Finally, Congress has partially reduced or rescinded ACA funding for IPAB, PPHF, and the CO-OP program.
ACA Section |
Statutory Authority |
Summary of Provision |
Obligations as of Nov. 15, 2016, Based on TAGGS Unless Specified Otherwise |
Private Health Insurance |
|||
1002 |
New PHSA Sec. 2793 |
Consumer Assistance Program (CAP). Appropriated $30 million, to remain available without fiscal year limitation, for CAP grants to states to enable them (or the exchanges operating in such states) to establish, expand, or provide support for offices of health insurance consumer assistance, and health insurance ombudsman programs. [CMS/CCIIO; CFDA 93.519] |
$44 million Total includes original funding plus awards made using additional funds. See http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Consumer-Support-and-Information/Consumer-Assistance-Program-Grants.html. |
1003 |
New PHSA Sec. 2794 |
Review of health insurance premium rates. Appropriated $250 million for grants to states over the five-year period FY2010-FY2014 to support programs that review annual increases in health insurance premiums. No state may receive less than $1 million or more than $5 million in a grant year. Unobligated funds the end of FY2014 are to remain available for grants to states for planning and implementing ACA's individual and group market reforms. [CMS/CCIIO; CFDA 93.511] |
$220 million Four rounds of rate review grants have been awarded. See http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Health-Insurance-Market-Reforms/Review-of-Insurance-Rates.html. |
1101 |
New freestanding authority |
Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP). Required the Secretary to administer a temporary program—PCIP—prior to the establishment of the exchanges to provide health insurance coverage for eligible individuals who have been uninsured for six months and have a pre-existing condition. Appropriated $5 billion, to remain available without fiscal year limitation, to pay claims against (and administrative costs of) the PCIP program that are in excess of premiums collected from enrollees. Note: Until June 2013, 27 states administered their own PCIP programs; the remaining 23 states and DC elected to have their PCIP program federally administered. Seventeen state-run PCIP programs then transferred administration to the federal program. [CMS/CCIIO; CFDA 93.529] |
According to the Budget Appendixes for FY2011-FY2017, net PCIP outlays through FY2015 = $4.592 billion; estimated net outlays in FY2016 = $6 million. More than 134,000 individuals received coverage under PCIP. Originally scheduled to end on January 1, 2014, the program was extended through April 30, 2014. However, the federally-run PCIP and the state-based PCIPs stopped accepting new enrollees on February 16, 2013, and March 2, 2013, respectively, because of the limited amount of funding. See http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Insurance-Programs/Pre-Existing-Condition-Insurance-Plan.html. |
1102 |
New freestanding authority |
Early Retiree Reinsurance Program (ERRP). Required the Secretary to establish a temporary ERRP to provide reimbursement to participating employer-based plans for a portion of the cost of providing health benefits to early retirees age 55-64 and their families. Appropriated $5 billion, to remain available without fiscal year limitation, to carry out the ERRP. [CMS/CCIIO] |
According to the Budget Appendixes for FY2011-FY2017, net ERRP outlays through FY2015 = $4.962 billion. ERRP provided payments to almost 2,900 employers and other sponsors of retiree plans. The program ended on January 1, 2014; however, HHS stopped accepting new ERRP applications on May 5, 2011, because of limited funding. See http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Insurance-Programs/Early-Retiree-Reinsurance-Program.html. |
1311 |
New freestanding authority |
Health insurance exchange grants. Appropriated to the Secretary an amount necessary to award exchange planning and establishment grants to states. Instructs the Secretary each fiscal year to determine the total amount to be made available. No grants may be awarded after January 1, 2015, by which time exchanges must be self-sustaining. [CMS/CCIIO; CFDA 93.525] |
$4.932 billion For more information on federal funding for health insurance exchanges, see CRS Report R43066, Federal Funding for Health Insurance Exchanges. |
1322 |
New freestanding authority |
Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP). Required the Secretary to establish the CO-OP program to provide low-interest loans until July 1, 2013, for the creation of nonprofit member-run health insurance issuers that offer qualified health plans in the individual and small group markets. Appropriated $6 billion to carry out the CO-OP program. [CMS/CCIIO] The FY2011 and FY2012 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations acts (P.L. 112-10 and P.L. 112-74, respectively) rescinded a total of $2.6 billion of the original CO-OP appropriation. ATRA (P.L. 112-240) then rescinded 90% ($2.279 billion) of the program's unobligated balance of $2.532 billion as of January 2, 2013, transferred the remaining unobligated funds ($253 million) to a new CO-OP contingency fund to provide assistance and oversight to existing CO-OP loan recipients, and ended CMS's authority to make new loans. Overall, Congress rescinded a total of $4.879 billion, leaving $1.121 billion of the original $6 billion CO-OP program appropriation. |
Loan awards were complete as of December 31, 2014. A total of $2.5 billion in loans was awarded to 23 nonprofits offering coverage in 25 states. Of that total, approximately $1.09 billion was from the ACA appropriation and the remaining $1.4 billion was from Treasury borrowing. See http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Insurance-Programs/Consumer-Operated-and-Oriented-Plan-Program.html. |
1323 |
New freestanding authority |
Funding for territories. Appropriated $1 billion, available for the period FY2014-FY2019, for U.S. territories that elected to establish health insurance exchanges. Of that total, $925 million was allocated to Puerto Rico and the remaining $75 million was divided among the other territories. Funds were to be used to provide premium and cost-sharing assistance to territory residents who obtain health insurance coverage through the exchanges. However, neither Puerto Rico nor any of the other territories decided to establish exchanges, in which case ACA Sec. 1323 provided for the funds to be used to increase Medicaid funding. The Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act (P.L. 114-223) rescinded $168.1 million of the unobligated funds. |
No public information located on funding obligations. |
Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) |
|||
2701 |
New SSA Sec. 1139B |
Medicaid adult health quality measures. Required the Secretary to develop and, not later than January 1, 2012, publish an initial core set of quality measures for Medicaid-eligible adults. Appropriated $60 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014, to remain available until expended. Total amount = $300 million. [CMS; CFDA 93.609] PAMA (P.L. 113-93) required $15 million of the ACA funds to be used for advancing and improving Medicaid/CHIP pediatric quality measures, pursuant to SSA Sec. 1139A(b). |
$48 million |
2707 |
New freestanding authority |
Medicaid Emergency Psychiatric Demonstration (MEPD) program. Appropriated $75 million for FY2011, to remain available for obligation through December 2015, for a three-year demonstration in which eligible states are required to reimburse certain institutions for mental disease (IMDs) for services provided to Medicaid beneficiaries aged 21 through 64 who are in need of medical assistance to stabilize an emergency psychiatric condition. [CMS/CMMI; CFDA 93.537] The Improving Access to Emergency Psychiatric Care Act (P.L. 114-97) provides for the expansion of MEPD if HHS determines and CMS certifies that a state's participation in MEPD will not increase net Medicaid spending. |
Eleven states plus DC participated in the MEPD, which began on July 1, 2012, and ended on June 30, 2015. Total federal and state expenditures on claims were approximately $113 million. See http://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/Medicaid-Emergency-Psychiatric-Demo/. |
2801 |
Amends SSA Sec. 1900 |
Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission (MACPAC). Clarified and expanded MACPAC's duties; for example, to include a review and assessment of payment policies under Medicaid and CHIP and how factors affecting expenditures and payment methodologies enable beneficiaries to obtain services, affect provider supply, and affect providers that serve a disproportionate share of low-income and other vulnerable populations. Appropriated $9 million and transferred from CHIP funding an additional $2 million for FY2010. Total amount = $11 million, to remain available until expended. |
ACA funding was obligated in FY2011 and FY2012. |
4108 |
New freestanding authority |
Medicaid Incentives for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (MIPCD). Required the Secretary to award five-year grants to states, subject to annual renewal of funding, to provide incentives for Medicaid beneficiaries to participate in evidence-based healthy lifestyle programs to prevent or help manage chronic disease. Appropriated $100 million for the five-year period beginning January 1, 2011, to remain available until expended. [CMS/CMMI; CFDA 93.536] |
$78 million MIPCD grants, administered by CMMI, have been awarded to 10 states. See http://www.innovations.cms.gov/initiatives/MIPCD/index.html. |
4306 |
Amends SSA Sec. 1139A(e) |
CHIP childhood obesity demonstration program. Appropriated $25 million for the period FY2010 through FY2014 for a program authorized by the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA; P.L. 111-3), which requires the Secretary to conduct a demonstration project to develop a model for reducing childhood obesity. [CDC; CFDA 93.535] MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated additional funding for the childhood obesity demonstration program; $10 million for the two-year period FY2016 through FY2017. |
$27 million Funding has been awarded to three research facilities to identify effective childhood obesity prevention strategies, and to a fourth facility to evaluate the strategies and share successes. See http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/researchproject.html. |
10203(d) |
Amends SSA Secs. 2104 & 2113 |
CHIP annual appropriations; outreach and enrollment grants. Appropriated funding for the CHIP program for FY2014 ($19.147 billion) and FY2015 ($21.061 billion); the program previously had been funded through FY2013. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two more years of funding for the CHIP program; $19.3 billion for FY2016 and $20.4 billion for FY2017. Extended the time period for the Connecting Kids to Coverage Outreach and Enrollment grants through FY2015 and increased the existing appropriation for such grants from $100 million to $140 million. [CMS; CFDA 93.767] MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated $40 million for the two-year period FY2016 through FY2017 for outreach and enrollment grants. |
Since 2009, CMS has awarded four cycles of outreach and enrollment grants totaling $158 million to states, local governments, community organizations, and tribal organizations. See http://www.insurekidsnow.gov/professionals/outreach/grantees/index.html. |
Medicare |
|||
3014 |
Amends SSA Sec. 1890(b). New SSA Sec. 1890A |
Medicare quality and efficiency measures. Expanded the duties of the consensus-based entity under contract with CMS pursuant to SSA Sec. 1890 (currently the National Quality Forum). Required the entity to convene multi-stakeholder groups to provide input on the national priorities for health care quality improvement (developed under the ACA). In addition, the multi-stakeholder groups are required to provide input on the selection of quality measures for use in various specified Medicare payment systems for hospitals and other providers, as well as in other health care programs, and for use in reporting performance information to the public. Established a multi-step pre-rulemaking process and timeline for the adoption, dissemination, and review of measures by the Secretary. Required the Secretary to transfer from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds $20 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014, to remain available until expended.a Total amount = $100 million. [CMS] |
No public information located on funding obligations. |
3021(a) |
New SSA Sec. 1115A |
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI). Required the Secretary, no later than January 1, 2011, to establish the CMMI within CMS. The purpose of CMMI is to test and evaluate innovative payment and service delivery models to reduce program expenditures under Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP while preserving or enhancing the quality of care furnished under these programs. In selecting the models, the Secretary is also required to give preference to those that improve the coordination, quality, and efficiency of health care services. Appropriated (1) $5 million for FY2010 for the selection, testing, and evaluation of new payment and service delivery models; and (2) $10 billion for the period FY2011 through FY2019, plus $10 billion for each subsequent 10-year period, to continue such activities and for the expansion and nationwide implementation of successful models. Amounts are to remain available until expended.b [CMS] |
According to CMS's budget documents (FY2013-FY2017), CMMI's obligations are as follows: FY2011 (actual) = $95 million; FY2012 (actual) = $781 million; FY2013 (actual) = $953 million; FY2014 (actual) = $1.181 billion; FY2015 (actual) = $1.352 billion; FY2016 (estimate) = $1.829 billion; FY2017 (estimate) = $1.483 billion. For information on CMMI's programs, which include several of the initiatives summarized in this table, see http://www.innovations.cms.gov/. |
3024 |
New SSA Sec. 1866E |
Medicare independence at home demonstration program. Required the Secretary to conduct a three-year Medicare demonstration program, beginning no later than January 1, 2012, to test a payment incentive and service delivery model that uses physician- and nurse practitioner-directed primary care teams to provide home-based services to chronically ill patients. The Secretary must submit a plan, no later than January 1, 2016, for expanding the program if it is determined that such expansion would improve the quality of care and reduce spending. Required the Secretary to transfer from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds $5 million for each of FY2010 through FY2015 for administering and carrying out the demonstration, to remain available until expended.a Total amount = $30 million. [CMS] |
Fourteen independent practices and one consortium are participating in the independence at home demonstration, administered by CMMI. The demonstration began on June 1, 2012, and will end on September 30, 2017. No public information located on funding obligations. See http://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/Independence-at-Home/index.html. |
3026 |
New freestanding authority |
Community-based Care Transitions Program (CCTP). Required the Secretary to establish a five-year program, beginning January 1, 2011, to provide funding to eligible hospitals and community-based organizations to test models for improving care transitions from the hospital to other settings for high-risk Medicare beneficiaries. Required the Secretary to transfer from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds $500 million for the period FY2011 through FY2015, to remain available until expended.a [CMS] The FY2013 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations act (P.L. 113-6) rescinded $200 million of CCTP's transfer. |
There are 27 organizations participating in the CCTP, which was launched in February 2012. The CCTP is administered by CMMI as part of the Partnership for Patients, a nationwide initiative to reduce hospital readmissions and preventable errors. No public information located on funding obligations. |
3027(b) |
Amends DRA Sec. 5007 |
Medicare hospital gainsharing demonstration program. Prior to the ACA, CMS implemented a demonstration program in which hospitals provide gainsharing payments to physicians representing a share of the savings incurred as a result of collaborative efforts to improve overall quality and efficiency. The ACA appropriated $1.6 million for FY2010 to extend the demonstration. The funds were to remain available through FY2014 or until expended. [CMS] |
Two hospitals participated in the gainsharing demonstration, which was administered by CMMI. The demonstration ended on September 30, 2011. No public information located on funding obligations. See http://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/Medicare-Hospital-Gainsharing/. |
3113 |
New freestanding authority |
Diagnostic laboratory test demonstration program. Required the Secretary to conduct a two-year demonstration program beginning July 1, 2011, with a subsequent report to Congress, to test the impact of direct payments for certain complex laboratory tests on Medicare costs and quality of care. Payments are to be made from the Part B trust fund and may not exceed $100 million. Transferred $5 million from the Medicare Part B trust fund, to remain available until expended, for carrying out the demonstration program and preparing the subsequent report. [CMS] |
Demonstration completed and evaluated, according to CMS. No public information located on funding obligations. |
3306 |
Amends MIPPA Sec. 119 |
Outreach and assistance for low-income programs. Transferred a total of $45 million from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds for the period FY2010 through FY2012 to extend funding for the following outreach and education programs for low-income beneficiaries that were funded by the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA; P.L. 110-275): (1) State Health Insurance Counseling and Assistance Programs (SHIPs), $15 million; (2) Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs), $15 million; (3) Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs), $10 million; and (4) the National Center for Benefits Outreach and Enrollment (NCBOE), $5 million. Funds are to remain available until expended.c [ACL, CMS; CFDA 93.071] ATRA (P.L. 112-240) transferred $25 million for FY2013 for the programs: (1) SHIPs, $7.5 million; (2) AAAs, $7.5 million; (3) ADRCs, $5 million; and (4) NCBOE, $5 million. PSGRRA (P.L. 113-67, Division B) transferred $12.5 million to provide prorated funding for the first half of FY2014. PAMA (P.L. 113-93) amended PSGRRA by transferring $25 million for FY2014 (same as FY2013) and by transferring $12.5 million for the first half of FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) amended PAMA by transferring the following amounts for FY2015 through FY2017: (1) SHIPs, $7.5 million for FY2015 and $13 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017; (2) AAAs, $7.5 million for each of FY2015 through FY2017; (3) ADRCs, $5 million for each of FY2015 through FY2017; and (4) NCBOE, $5 million for FY2015 and $12 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
$109 million (FY2010-FY2016) |
3403 |
New SSA Sec. 1899A |
Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB). Established an independent, 15-member advisory board tasked with presenting Congress with comprehensive proposals to reduce excess cost growth and improve quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries. Appropriated $15 million for FY2012 to support the board's activities. For each subsequent fiscal year, appropriates the amount from the previous fiscal year adjusted for inflation. Sixty percent of the appropriation is to be derived by transfer from the Medicare Part A trust fund, and 40% is to be derived by transfer from the Medicare Part B trust fund. The Labor-HHS-Education appropriations acts for FY2012, FY2013, FY2014, and FY2015 (P.L. 112-74, P.L. 113-6, P.L. 113-76, and P.L. 113-235, respectively) each rescinded $10 million of IPAB's appropriation for that fiscal year. The Labor-HHS-Education appropriations act for FY2016 (P.L. 114-113) rescinded $15 million of IPAB's appropriation for that year. |
The President has not appointed, nor has the Senate approved, any IPAB members. |
4202(b) |
New freestanding authority |
Medicare prevention and wellness evaluation. Transferred $50 million from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds, to remain available until expended, to fund an evaluation of community-based prevention and wellness programs and, based on the findings, develop a plan to promote healthy lifestyles and chronic disease self-management among Medicare beneficiaries.a [CMS] |
No public information located on funding obligations. |
4204(e) |
New freestanding authority |
Medicare vaccine coverage. Appropriated $1 million for FY2010 for a GAO report on the impact of Medicare Part D vaccine coverage on access to those vaccines among beneficiaries. |
Report released in December 2011 (GAO-12-61; http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587009.pdf). |
10323(a) |
New SSA Sec. 1881A |
Environmental health hazards. Extended Medicare eligibility to individuals with specified health conditions linked to environmental exposures, who have resided for specified times in an area subject to a Superfund public health emergency declaration. Required the Secretary to establish a pilot program, with appropriate reimbursement methodologies, to provide comprehensive, coordinated, and cost-effective care to such individuals. Transferred such sums as may be necessary from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds to carry out the pilot program.a [CMS] |
No public information located on funding obligations. |
10323(b) |
New SSA Sec. 2009 |
Environmental health hazards. Appropriated $23 million for the period FY2010 through FY2014, and $20 million for each five-year period thereafter, for grants to state and local government agencies, health care facilities, and other entities to (1) provide screening for specified lung diseases and other environmental health conditions to individuals who have resided for specified times in an area subject to a Superfund public health emergency declaration; and (2) disseminate public information about the availability of screening, the detection and treatment of environmental health conditions, and the availability of Medicare benefits to certain individuals diagnosed with such conditions, pursuant to new SSA Sec. 1881A (as added by ACA Sec. 10323(a)). [CMS; CFDA 93.534] |
$15 million Funding provided for an asbestos health screening program in Libby, Montana. |
Fraud and Abuse |
|||
6402(i) & HCERA Sec. 1303(a) |
Amends SSA Sec. 1817(k) |
Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC) Account. Applied a permanent inflation adjustment to the annual appropriation (provided under SSA Sec. 1817(k)) for the HCFAC account. Appropriated from the Medicare Part A trust fund the following additional amounts for the HCFAC account: $10 million for each of FY2011 through FY2020; plus an additional $95 million for FY2011, $55 million for FY2012, $30 million for each of FY2013 and FY2014, and $20 million for each of FY2015 and FY2016. Total amount = $350 million. Funds are to remain available until expended. [CMS] |
No public information located on ACA funding obligations. |
Health Centers |
|||
4101(a) |
New freestanding authority |
School-based health centers (SBHCs). Appropriated $50 million for each of FY2010 through FY2013, to remain available until expended, for a grant program to fund the construction and renovation of school-based health centers. Total amount = $200 million. [HRSA; CFDA 93.501] |
According to the Budget Appendices for FY2013-FY2017, a total of $201 million has been obligated for school-based health center construction and renovation. See http://web.archive.org/web/20140722201606/http://www.hrsa.gov/grants/apply/assistance/sbhcc/. |
10503(b)(1) |
New freestanding authority |
Community-based health centers. Appropriated to the CHCF the following amounts for health center operations, to remain available until expended: FY2011 = $1 billion; FY2012 = $1.2 billion; FY2013 = $1.5 billion; FY2014 = $2.2 billion; and FY2015 = $3.6 billion. Total amount = $9.5 billion. [HRSA; CFDA 93.527] MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated to the CHCF two years of additional funding for health center operations; $3.6 billion for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
According to the Budget Appendixes for FY2013-FY2017, the obligations of ACA funds for health centers are as follows: FY2011 (actual) = $998 million; FY2012 (actual) = $1.171 billion; FY2013 (actual) = $1.491 billion; FY2014 (actual) = $2.152 billion; FY2015 (actual) = $3.309 billion; FY2016 (estimate) = $3.695 billion; FY2017 (estimate) = $3.695 billion. |
10503(c) |
New freestanding authority |
Health center construction and renovation. Appropriated $1.5 billion, to be available for the period FY2011 through FY2015, and to remain available until expended, for health center construction and renovation. [HRSA; CFDA 93.526] |
According to the Budget Appendices for FY2013-FY2017, a total of $1.522 billion has been obligated for health center construction and renovation. |
Health Workforce and the National Health Service Corps |
|||
10503(b)(2) |
New freestanding authority |
National Health Service Corps (NHSC). Transfers from the CHCF the following amounts for NHSC operations, scholarships, and loan repayments, to remain available until expended: FY2011 = $290 million; FY2012 = $295 million; FY2013 = $300 million; FY2014 = $305 million; and FY2015 = $310 million. Total amount = $1.5 billion. [HRSA; CFDA 93.547] MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated to the CHCF two years of additional funding for NHSC operations, scholarships, and loan repayments; $310 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
According to the Budget Appendixes for FY2013-FY2017, the obligations of ACA funds for the NHSC are as follows: FY2011 (actual) = $289 million; FY2012 (actual) = $297 million; FY2013 (actual) = $286 million; FY2014 (actual) = $281 million; FY2015 (actual) = $290 million; FY2016 (estimate) = $324 million; FY2017 (estimate) = $310 million. |
5507(a) |
New SSA Sec. 2008 |
Health workforce demonstration programs. Required the Secretary to establish two demonstration projects. The first is to award health profession opportunity grants to states, Indian tribes, institutions of higher education, and local workforce investment boards to help low-income individuals obtain education and training in health care jobs that pay well and are in high demand. Funds may be used to provide financial aid and other supportive services. The second project is to provide states with grants to develop core training competencies and certification programs for personal and home care aides. Appropriated $85 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014, of which $5 million in each of FY2010 through FY2012 is to be used for the second project. Total amount = $425 million. [ACF, HRSA; CFDA 93.093, 93.512] PAMA (P.L. 113-93) appropriated $85 million for FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated $85 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
$475 million: Health Profession Opportunity Grant (HPOG) $13 million: Personal and Home Care Aide State Training (PHCAST) program See http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/programs/hpog; and http://www.hrsa.gov/about/organization/bureaus/bhw/reportstocongress/phcastreport.pdf. |
5507(b) |
Amends SSA Sec. 501(c) |
Family-to-family health information centers. Renewed funding for the family-to-family information centers, which assist families of children with disabilities or special health care needs and the professionals who serve them, by appropriating $5 million for each of FY2010 through FY2012, to remain available until expended. Total amount = $15 million. [HRSA; CFDA 93.504] ATRA (P.L. 112-240) appropriated $5 million for FY2013. PSGRRA (P.L. 113-67, Division B) appropriated $2.5 million for the first half of FY2014. PAMA (P.L. 113-93) appropriated $2.5 million for the second half of FY2014 and $2.5 million for the first half of FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) amended PAMA by appropriating $5 million for each of FY2015 through FY2017. |
$13 million (FY2011-FY2016) |
5508(c) |
New PHSA Sec. 340H |
Teaching health centers. Appropriated such sums as may be necessary, not to exceed $230 million, for the period FY2011 through FY2015 to make payments for direct and indirect graduate medical education (GME) costs to qualified teaching health centers (THCs). [HRSA; CFDA 93.530] MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two years of additional funding for GME payments to THCs; $60 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
$274 million |
5509 |
New freestanding authority |
Medicare graduate nurse education demonstration program. Appropriated $50 million for each of FY2012 through FY2015, to remain available until expended, for a Medicare demonstration program under which up to five eligible hospitals will receive reimbursement for providing advanced practice nurses with clinical training in primary care, preventive care, transitional care, and chronic care management. Total amount = $200 million. [CMS/CMMI] |
CMMI, which is administering this program, selected five participating hospitals and has begun making reimbursement payments. No public information located on funding obligations. |
10502 |
New freestanding authority |
Health care facility construction. Appropriated $100 million for FY2010, to remain available for obligation until Sept. 30, 2011, for debt service on, or construction or renovation of, a hospital affiliated with a state's sole public medical and dental school. [HRSA; CFDA 93.502] |
$100 million Funding awarded to Ohio State University. |
Community-Based Prevention and Wellness |
|||
4002 |
New freestanding authority |
Prevention and Public Health Fund (PPHF). Established a PPHF and provided a permanent annual appropriation to the fund, as follows: FY2010 = $500 million; FY2011 = $750 million; FY2012 = $1 billion; FY2013 = $1.25 billion; FY2014 = $1.5 billion; FY2015 and each year thereafter = $2 billion. Required the Secretary to transfer amounts from the fund to HHS accounts to increase funding, over the FY2008 level, for PHSA-authorized prevention, wellness, and public health activities, including prevention research and health screenings. Provided House and Senate appropriators with the authority to transfer monies from the PPHF to eligible activities. The Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-96) reduced the annual appropriations to the PPHF over the period FY2013-FY2021 as follows: FY2013 through FY2017 = $1 billion; FY2018 and FY2019 = $1.25 billion; FY2020 and FY2021 = $1.5 billion; FY2022 and each year thereafter = $2 billion. The 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255) further reduced the annual appropriations to the PPHF over the period FY2018-FY2024, as follows: FY2018 and FY2019 = $900 million; FY2020 and FY2021 = $1 billion; FY2022 = $1.5 billion; FY2023 = $1 billion; FY2024 = $1.7 billion. [OS, CDC, HRSA, SAMHSA, ACL; CFDA 93.507, 93.521, 93.522, 93.523, 93.524, 93.531, 93.533, 93.538, 93.539, 93.540, 93.542.] |
PPHF funds are annual appropriations that must be obligated during the fiscal year in which they are made available. For an analysis and complete list of all PPHF awards for FY2010 and FY2011, see the GAO report, Prevention and Public Health Fund: Activities Funded in Fiscal Years 2010 and 2011 (GAO-12-788), at http://www.gao.gov/assets/650/648310.pdf. For a summary of the allocation of PPHF funds for FY2012-FY2017, by agency and program, see http://www.hhs.gov/open/recordsandreports/prevention/index.html. The listed CFDA programs do not capture all the uses of PPHF funding. PPHF funds have also been integrated into existing programs that do not mention PPHF. |
Maternal and Child Health |
|||
2951 |
New SSA Sec. 511 |
Maternal, infant, and early childhood home visiting program. Appropriated the following amounts for grants to states, U.S. territories, and Indian tribes to develop and implement early childhood home visiting programs that adhere to evidence-based models of service delivery: FY2010 = $100 million; FY2011 = $250 million, FY2012 = $350 million; FY2013 = $400 million; FY2014 = $400 million. Total amount = $1.5 billion. Programs must establish benchmarks to measure improvements for the participating families in maternal and newborn health; prevention of child abuse or neglect or child injuries; school readiness and achievement; reductions in crime or domestic violence; family economic self-sufficiency; and coordination and referrals for other community resources and supports. [HRSA, ACF; CFDA 93.505, 93.508] PAMA (P.L. 113-93) appropriated $400 million for the first half of FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) amended PAMA by appropriating $400 million for each of FY2015 through FY2017. |
$1.718 billion |
2953 |
New SSA Sec. 513 |
Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP). Established a state formula grant program to support evidence-based PREPs designed to educate adolescents about abstinence, contraception, and adulthood. Also, required the Secretary to award grants to implement innovative youth pregnancy prevention strategies and to target services at high-risk populations. Appropriated $75 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014, of which $10 million each year is to be reserved for the youth pregnancy prevention grants. Total amount = $375 million. Funds are to remain available until expended. [ACF; CFDA 93.092] PAMA (P.L. 113-93) appropriated $75 million for FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two more years of funding; $75 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
$446 million |
2954 |
Amends SSA Sec. 510 |
Abstinence education grants. Renewed funding for the state formula grant program to support abstinence education programs by appropriating $50 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014. Total amount = $250 million. Funds are awarded to states based on the proportion of low-income children in each state compared to the national total, and may only be used for teaching abstinence. [ACF, CDC; CFDA 93.235] PAMA (P.L. 113-93) appropriated $50 million for FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two more years of funding; $75 million for each of FY2016 and FY2017. |
$265 million (FY2010-FY2016) See http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/resource/aegp-fact-sheet. |
10211-10214 |
New freestanding authority |
Pregnancy assistance grants. Appropriated $25 million for each of FY2010 through FY2019 (total amount = $250 million) to establish a Pregnancy Assistance Fund for the purpose of awarding grants to states to assist pregnant and parenting teens and women. State grantees have the flexibility to make funds available to institutions of higher education, high schools and community service centers, and to the state attorneys general to improve services for pregnant women who are victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking. [OS; CFDA 93.500] |
$152 million See http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/oah-initiatives/paf_program/. |
Long-Term Care |
|||
2403 |
Amends DRA Sec. 6071(h) |
Medicaid Money Follows the Person (MFP) demonstration program. Extended funding for the MFP demonstration through FY2016. The program authorizes the Secretary to award competitive grants to states to reduce their reliance on institutional care for people needing long-term care, and expand options for elderly people and individuals with disabilities to receive home and community-based long-term care services. Appropriated $450 million for each of FY2012 through FY2016, to remain available through FY2016. Total amount = $2.25 billion. [CMS; CFDA 93.791] |
$2.879 billion (FY2012-FY2016) |
2405 |
New freestanding authority |
State Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs). Appropriated $10 million for each of FY2010 through FY2014 (total amount = $50 million) for ADRCs, authorized under OAA Sec. 202. ADRCs serve as a single, coordinated resource for consumer information on the range of long-term care options in community and institutional settings. Some ADRCs also serve as the entry point to publicly administered long-term care programs (e.g., Medicaid, OAA services, state assistance programs). Over 500 ADRC sites have been established across 50 states, DC, and two territories. See also the entry for ACA Sec. 3306, above. [ACL; CFDA 93.517] |
$29 million (FY2010-FY2016; includes ACA mandatory + discretionary funds) See https://www.adrc-tae.acl.gov/tiki-index.php?page=ADRCHomeTest. |
6201 |
New freestanding authority |
Background checks of long-term care providers. Required the Secretary to establish a nationwide program for background checks on direct patient access employees of long-term care facilities or providers, and to provide federal matching funds to states to conduct these activities. Required the Treasury Secretary to transfer to HHS an amount, not to exceed $160 million, specified by the HHS Secretary as necessary to carry out the program for the period FY2010 through FY2012. Funds are to remain available until expended. [CMS; CFDA 93.506] |
$64 million |
8002(d) |
Amends DRA Sec. 6021(d) |
National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information. Appropriated $3 million for each of FY2011 through FY2015 for the National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information, and required the Clearinghouse to include information on the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) program, established under ACA Sec. 8002(a). Total amount = $15 million. [ACL] ATRA (P.L. 112-240) repealed the appropriations for the National Clearinghouse and rescinded all unobligated FY2013 funds (as of January 3, 2013). It also repealed the CLASS program. |
$6 million (FY2011-FY2013) |
Comparative Effectiveness Research |
|||
6301(d)-(e) |
New IRC Secs. 9511, 4375, & 4376. New SSA Sec. 1183 |
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF). Established the PCORTF to fund the new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) and its comparative effectiveness research activities. Appropriated to the PCORTF $10 million for FY2010, $50 million for FY2011, and $150 million for each of FY2012 through FY2019, for a total of $1.26 billion over that 10-year period. For each of FY2013 through FY2019, the PCORTF is to receive additional appropriations equal to the net revenues from a new fee on health insurance policies and self-insured plans,d as well as Medicare trust fund transfers.e Each fiscal year, 20% of the funds in the PCORTF are to be transferred to the Secretary, to remain available until expended. Of those transferred funds, 80% are to be provided to AHRQ. [OS, AHRQ] |
As of September 2016, PCORI has awarded a total of $1.57 billion for research and other initiatives. For complete details on all the research awards, see http://www.pcori.org/. Based on the actual (FY2010-FY2015) and estimated (FY2016-FY2019) PCORTF receipts, the PCORTF will receive a total of about $4 billion over the 10-year period FY2010 through FY2019. |
Biomedical Research |
|||
9023 |
New IRC Sec. 48D |
Therapeutic research and development tax credits and grants. Created a two-year tax credit program, subject to an overall cap of $1 billion, for small companies (250 or fewer employees) that invest in new therapies to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer and other diseases. Companies could apply for one or more tax credits, each covering up to 50% of the cost of qualifying research investments made in 2009 and 2010. However, the total amount of tax credits any one company receives for the two years could not exceed $5 million. Companies could elect to receive one or more grants in lieu of tax credits, subject to the same restrictions (i.e., grants could cover up to 50% of the cost of qualifying investments made in 2009 and 2010; the total amount of grants any one company receives for the two years could not exceed $5 million). Appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the grant program. [IRS] |
According to the IRS, total grant awards = $970 million; total tax credits = $17 million. |
ACA Implementation: Administrative Expenses |
|||
HCERA Sec. 1005 |
New freestanding authority |
Health Insurance Reform Implementation Fund (HIRIF). Appropriated $1 billion to the HIRIF for federal administrative expenses to carry out the ACA. [OS] |
According to the FY2017 Budget, there was an estimated unobligated balance of $5 million at the beginning of FY2016. |
Sources: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on the text of the ACA (P.L. 111-148), HCERA (P.L. 111-152), ATRA (P.L. 112-240), PSGRRA (P.L. 113-67, Division B), PAMA (P.L. 113-93), and MACRA (P.L. 114-10).
a. Transfers from the two trust funds are in such proportion as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
b. Of the amounts appropriated for the period FY2011-FY2019, and for each subsequent 10-year period, at least $25 million must be made available each fiscal year for the selection, testing, and evaluation of new payment and service delivery models.
c. Transfers from the two trust funds are in the same proportion as the Secretary determines under SSA Sec. 1853(f).
d. The health insurance fee is to equal $2 multiplied by the average number of covered lives in a policy/plan year ($1 in the case of a policy/plan year ending during FY2013), updated annually by the rate of medical inflation beginning in FY2015.
e. The trust fund transfers are to equal $2 ($1 in FY2013) multiplied by the average number of individuals entitled to benefits under Part A or enrolled under Part B in a given fiscal year, updated annually by the rate of medical inflation beginning in FY2015.
Table 3. ACA Appropriations and Fund Transfers by Fiscal Year in Which Funds Become Available for Obligation
Dollars in Millions (Funding Extensions Shown in Italics)
ACA Section |
Program |
Fiscal Year |
Totala |
||||||||||||
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
||||||
Private Health Insurance |
|||||||||||||||
1002 |
Health insurance consumer information |
30b |
(Note: This section also authorized to be appropriated SSAN for FY2011 and each fiscal year thereafter.) |
30 |
|||||||||||
1003 |
Review of health insurance premium rates |
250 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
250 |
|||
1101 |
Temporary high-risk health insurance pools |
5,000b |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
5,000 |
|||
1102 |
Early retiree reinsurance program |
5,000b |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
5,000 |
|||
1311 |
Health insurance exchange planning and establishment |
Indefinite appropriation; annual amounts determined by the Secretary. No grant awards after Jan. 1, 2015. |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4,932c |
||||||||
1322 |
Consumer operated and oriented plans (CO-OPs) |
1,121d |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1,121d |
|||
1323 |
Health insurance exchange subsides (U.S. territories) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
$1 billion total for CY2014 through CY2109e |
832e |
||||||||
Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) |
|||||||||||||||
2701 |
Medicaid adult health quality measures |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
300f |
|||
2707 |
Medicaid emergency psychiatric demonstration |
— |
75g |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
75 |
|||
2801 |
Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission |
11h |
(Note: This section also authorized to be appropriated SSAN for FY2011 and each fiscal year thereafter.) |
11 |
|||||||||||
4108 |
Medicaid prevention and wellness incentives |
— |
$100 million total for CY2011 through CY2015f |
— |
— |
— |
— |
100 |
|||||||
4306 |
CHIP childhood obesity demonstration |
$25 million total for FY2010 through FY2014 |
— |
$10 million total for FY2016-FY2017i |
— |
— |
35 |
||||||||
10203(d) |
CHIP annual appropriationj |
— |
— |
— |
— |
19,147 |
21,061 |
19,300 |
20,400 |
— |
— |
79,908 |
|||
10203(d) |
CHIP outreach and enrollment grants |
Increased total funding from $100 million to $140 million and extended the funding period through FY2015. |
$40 million total for FY2016-FY2017k |
— |
— |
80 |
|||||||||
Medicare |
|||||||||||||||
3014 |
Medicare quality and efficiency measures |
20l |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
100 |
|||
3021(a) |
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation |
5 |
$10 billion total for FY2011 through FY2019, and $10 billion for each subsequent 10-year period. |
10,005f |
|||||||||||
3024 |
Medicare independence at home demonstration |
5l |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
30 |
|||
3026 |
Community-based care transition services |
— |
$300 million total for FY2011 through FY2015m |
— |
— |
— |
— |
300m |
|||||||
3027(b) |
Medicare gainsharing demonstration |
2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2f |
|||
3113 |
Diagnostic laboratory test demonstration |
5n |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
5 |
|||
3306 |
Outreach and assistance for low-income programso |
$45 million total for FY2010 through FY2012 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
37.5 |
37.5 |
— |
— |
195 |
|||||
3403 |
Independent Payment Advisory Boardp |
— |
— |
5 |
For FY2013 and each subsequent fiscal year, appropriates previous year's amount adjusted for inflation; funds derived from the Medicare trust funds. |
TBDq |
|||||||||
4202(b) |
Prevention and wellness evaluation |
50l |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
50 |
|||
4204(e) |
GAO study of Medicare vaccine coverage |
1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1 |
|||
10323(a) |
Environmental health pilot program |
SSANl |
TBDq |
||||||||||||
10323(b) |
Environmental health screening and education |
$23 million total for FY2010 through FY2014 |
$20 million total for FY2015 though FY2019, and for each 5-year period thereafter |
43f |
|||||||||||
Fraud and Abuse |
|||||||||||||||
6402(i) & HCERA 1303(a) |
Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC) Account |
— |
105 |
65 |
40 |
40 |
30 |
30 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
350r |
|||
Health Centers |
|||||||||||||||
4101(a) |
School-based health center establishment grants |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
200f |
|||
10503(b)(1) |
Community-based health center operations (CHCF) |
— |
1,000 |
1,200 |
1,500 |
2,200 |
3,600 |
3,600s |
3,600s |
— |
— |
16,700f |
|||
10503(c) |
Health center construction and renovation |
— |
$1.5 billion total for FY2011 through FY2015 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1,500f |
|||||||
Health Workforce and the National Health Service Corps |
|||||||||||||||
10503(b)(2) |
National Health Service Corps (CHCF) |
— |
290 |
295 |
300 |
305 |
310 |
310t |
310t |
— |
— |
2,120f |
|||
5507(a) |
Health workforce demonstration grants |
85 |
85 |
85 |
85 |
85 |
85u |
85u |
85u |
— |
— |
680 |
|||
5507(b) |
Family-to-family health information centers |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5v |
5v |
5v |
5v |
5v |
— |
— |
40f |
|||
5508(c) |
Teaching health centers, GME payments |
— |
SSAN for FY2011 through FY2015, not to exceed $230 million |
60w |
60w |
— |
— |
≤350 |
|||||||
5509 |
Medicare graduate nurse education demonstration |
— |
— |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
200f |
|||
10502 |
Health care facility construction |
100 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
100x |
|||
Community-Based Prevention and Wellness |
|||||||||||||||
4002 |
Prevention and Public Health Fund |
500 |
750 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
900 |
900 |
9,050y |
|||
Maternal and Child Health |
|||||||||||||||
2951 |
Maternal, infant, and early childhood home visitation |
100 |
250 |
350 |
400 |
400 |
400z |
400z |
400z |
— |
— |
2,700 |
|||
2953 |
Personal responsibility education program grants |
75 |
75 |
75 |
75 |
75 |
75aa |
75aa |
75aa |
— |
— |
600f |
|||
2954 |
Abstinence education state grants |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
50bb |
75bb |
75bb |
— |
— |
450 |
|||
10214 |
Pregnancy assistance grants |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
250 |
|||
Long-Term Care |
|||||||||||||||
2403 |
Medicaid money follows the person demonstration |
— |
— |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
— |
— |
— |
2,250 |
|||
2405 |
State Aging and Disability Resource Centers |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
50 |
|||
6201 |
Background checks of long-term care providers |
Up to $160 million total for |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
≤160cc |
|||||
8002(d) |
National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information |
— |
3 |
3 |
0dd |
0dd |
0dd |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6 |
|||
Comparative Effectiveness Research |
|||||||||||||||
6301(d) |
Medicare trust fund transfers (PCORTF) |
— |
— |
— |
For each of FY2013-FY2019, transfers amounts from the Medicare trust funds as determined by a formula.ee |
TBDq |
|||||||||
6301(e) |
Appropriations and fees (PCORTF) |
10 |
50 |
150 |
For each of FY2013-FY2019, appropriates $150 million plus an amount equal to the net revenue from a fee levied on health insurance and self-insured plans.ff |
TBDq |
|||||||||
Biomedical Research |
|||||||||||||||
9023(e) |
Grants for investment in new therapeutics |
SSAN |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1gg |
|||
ACA Implementation: Administrative Expenses |
|||||||||||||||
HCERA 1005 |
Health Insurance Reform Implementation Fund |
1,000 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1,000 |
Sources: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on the text of the ACA (P.L. 111-148), HCERA (P.L. 111-152), ATRA (P.L. 112-240), PSGRRA (P.L. 113-67, Division B), PAMA (P.L. 113-93), and MACRA (P.L. 114-10).
Notes: Funds are provided from the Treasury unless otherwise noted. A dash means that ACA did not appropriate or transfer funds for that fiscal year.
a. Total represents the cumulative amount of ACA appropriations or fund transfers over the 10-year period FY2010-FY2019, including any subsequent funding extensions (as summarized in Table 2 and highlighted in the table notes below). Note that in several instances the 10-year total is yet to be determined (TBD); see table entries for ACA Secs. 1311, 3403, 6301(d) & (e), 9023(e), and 10323(a). In addition, four provisions provide annual or multiple-year appropriations beyond FY2019. The total shown in the table for three of these provisions represents the cumulative amount appropriated through FY2019; see table entries for ACA Secs. 3021(a), 4002 (discussed in table note "y" below), and 10323(b). Finally, the total for ACA Sec. 6402(i) includes an amount appropriated in FY2020 (see table note "r" below).
b. Funds are to remain available without fiscal year limitation.
c. Total obligated funding as of November 15, 2016.
d. The ACA appropriated $6 billion for the CO-OP program. The FY2011 and FY2012 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations acts (P.L. 112-10 and P.L. 112-74, respectively) rescinded a total of $2.6 billion of that amount. ATRA (P.L. 112-240) then rescinded 90% of the program's unobligated balance as of January 2, 2013, and transferred the remaining unobligated funds to a new CO-OP contingency fund to provide assistance and oversight to existing CO-OP loan recipients. This terminated CMS's authority to make new loan awards. Overall, Congress rescinded a total of $4.879 billion, leaving $1.121 billion of the original $6 billion CO-OP program appropriation.
e. Of this total amount, $925 million is for Puerto Rico, and the remaining $75 million is for the other U.S. territories in amounts as specified by the Secretary. The Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act (P.L. 114-223) rescinded $168.1 million of the unobligated funds.
f. Funds are to remain available until expended.
g. Funds are to remain available for obligation through December 31, 2015.
h. Of this total amount, $9 million was appropriated, and the remaining $2 million was a transfer from CHIP funding for FY2010.
i. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated additional funding—$10 million for the two-year period FY2016 through FY2017—for the childhood obesity demonstration.
j. The ACA funded the CHIP program for FY2014 and FY2015. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) provided two extra years of funding (i.e., FY2016 and FY2017).
k. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated additional funding—$40 million for the two-year period FY2016 through FY2017—for CHIP outreach and enrollment grants.
l. The Secretary is required to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds each fiscal year in such proportion as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. Funds are to remain available until expended.
m. The Secretary is required to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds each fiscal year in such proportion as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. Funds are to remain available until expended. The FY2013 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations act (P.L. 113-6) rescinded $200 million of the ACA's original transfer of $500 million for CCTP.
n. The Secretary is required to transfer the $5 million from the Medicare Part B trust fund, to remain available until expended.
o. The ACA funded these programs through FY2012. In subsequent legislative actions, Congress extended funding through FY2017; see Table 2. The Secretary is required to transfer amounts from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds in the same proportion as the Secretary determines under SSA Sec. 1853(f). Funds are to remain available until expended.
p. The following Labor-HHS-Education appropriations acts rescinded IPAB funding: P.L. 112-74 rescinded $10 million of IPAB's $15 million appropriation for FY2012; P.L. 113-6 rescinded $10 million of IPAB's appropriation for FY2013; P.L. 113-76 rescinded $10 million of IPAB's appropriation for FY2014; and P.L. 113-235 rescinded $10 million of IPAB's appropriation for FY2015.
r. Funds are to be appropriated from the Medicare Part A trust fund. The total amount appropriated (i.e., $350 million) includes a final appropriation of $10 million for FY2020.
s. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two years of additional funding (i.e., FY2016 and FY2017) for health center operations.
t. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two years of additional funding (i.e., FY2016 and FY2017) for the NHSC.
u. In two separate legislative actions, Congress has extended funding for health workforce demonstration grants through FY2017; see Table 2.
v. The ACA funded family-to-family health information centers through FY2012. In several subsequent legislative actions, Congress has extended funding through FY2017; see Table 2.
w. MACRA (P.L. 114-10) appropriated two years of additional funding (i.e., FY2016 and FY2017) for GME payments to teaching health centers.
x. Funds were to remain available for obligation until September 30, 2011.
y. ACA Sec. 4002 originally provided a permanent annual appropriation to the Prevention and Public Health Fund, as follows: FY2010 = $500 million; FY2011 = $750 million; FY2012 = $1 billion; FY2013 = $1.25 billion; FY2014 = $1.5 billion; FY2015 and each year thereafter = $2 billion. The Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act (P.L. 112-96) reduced the annual appropriations to the PPHF over the period FY2013-FY2021, as follows: FY2013 through FY2017 = $1 billion; FY2018 and FY2019 = $1.25 billion; FY2020 and FY2021 = $1.5 billion; FY2022 and each year thereafter = $2 billion. The 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255) further reduced the annual appropriations to the PPHF over the period FY2018-FY2024, as follows: FY2018 and FY2019 = $900 million; FY2020 and FY2021 = $1 billion; FY2022 = $1.5 billion; FY2023 = $1 billion; FY2024 = $1.7 billion. Thus, appropriations to the fund now total $9.050 billion over the period FY2010-FY2019.
z. In two separate legislative actions, Congress has extended funding for the maternal, infant, and early childhood home visiting program through FY2017; see Table 2.
. In two separate legislative actions, Congress has extended funding for PREP grants through FY2017; see Table 2.
. In two separate legislative actions, Congress has extended funding for abstinence education grants through FY2017; see Table 2.
. The HHS Secretary is required to notify the Treasury Secretary of the amount necessary to carry out activities under this section for the period of FY2010 through FY2012, but not to exceed $160 million. The Treasury Secretary must then transfer the amount specified from the Treasury to the HHS Secretary. Funds are to remain available until expended.
. ATRA (P.L. 112-240) repealed the appropriations for the National Clearinghouse and rescinded all unobligated FY2013 funds (as of January 3, 2013).
. ACA Sec. 6301(d) provided the following formula for the transfer of funds from the Medicare Part A and Part B trust funds to the PCORTF: (1) for FY2013, an amount from each respective Medicare trust fund equal to $1 multiplied by the average number of individuals entitled to Part A benefits, or enrolled in Part B during that period; and (2) for each of FY2014-FY2019, an amount from each respective Medicare trust fund equal to $2 multiplied by the average number of individuals entitled to Part A benefits, or enrolled in Part B during that fiscal year. Beginning in FY2015, amounts are subject to adjustment for increases in health care spending.
. The fee is equal to $2 multiplied by the average number of covered lives in a policy/plan year ($1 in the case of policy/plan years ending during FY2013). Beginning in FY2015, amounts are subject to adjustment for increases in health care spending.
. To be determined. ACA Sec. 9023(e) created a two-year tax credit program, subject to an overall cap of $1 billion, for small companies that invest in new therapies to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer and other diseases. The total amount of tax credits any one company can receive for the two years may not exceed $5 million. Companies may elect to receive one or more grants—for which SSAN are appropriated—in lieu of tax credits. Grant applications had to be received before January 1, 2013.
Appendix A. Acronyms Used in the Report
The following laws, agencies, programs, and funds are referred to in this report by their acronym.
ACA |
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) |
ACF |
Administration for Children and Families |
ACL |
Administration for Community Living |
ADRC |
Aging and Disability Resource Center |
AHRQ |
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |
ATRA |
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) |
BBA |
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-67, Division A) |
BBEDCA |
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-177) |
BCA |
Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) |
CBO |
Congressional Budget Office |
CCIIO |
Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight |
CCTP |
Community-Based Care Transition Program |
CDC |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CFDA |
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance |
CHCF |
Community Health Center Fund |
CHIP |
State Children's Health Insurance Program |
CMMI |
Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation |
CMS |
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |
CO-OP |
Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan |
DRA |
Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171) |
ERRP |
Early Retiree Reinsurance Program |
HCERA |
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-152) |
HCFAC |
Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control |
HHS |
Department of Health and Human Services |
HIRIF |
Health Insurance Reform Implementation Fund |
HRSA |
Health Resources and Services Administration |
OS |
Office of the Secretary (HHS) |
IPAB |
Independent Payment Advisory Board |
IRC |
Internal Revenue Code |
IRS |
Internal Revenue Service |
MACPAC |
Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission |
MIPCD |
Medicaid Incentives for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases |
MIPPA |
Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-275) |
MFP |
Medicaid Money Follows the Person Demonstration |
NHSC |
National Health Service Corps |
OAA |
Older Americans Act |
OMB |
Office of Management and Budget |
PAMA |
Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-93) |
PCIP |
Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan |
PCORTF |
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund |
PHSA |
Public Health Service Act |
PPHF |
Prevention and Public Health Fund |
PREP |
Personal Responsibility Education Program |
PSGRRA |
Pathway for SGR Reform Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-67, Division B) |
SBHC |
School-Based Health Center |
SSA |
Social Security Act |
TAGGS |
Tracking Accountability in Government Grants System |
Appendix B. Annual Spending Reductions Under the Budget Control Act
The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA)21 amended the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA) by establishing two budget enforcement mechanisms to reduce federal spending by at least $2.1 trillion over the 10-year period FY2012 through FY2021. First, the BCA established enforceable discretionary spending limits, or caps, for defense and nondefense spending for each of those years. Second, the BCA created a Joint Committee on Deficit Reduction to develop legislation to further limit federal spending. The failure of the Joint Committee to agree on deficit-reduction legislation triggered automatic annual spending reductions for each of FY2013 through FY2021.
The BCA specified that a total of $109 billion must be cut each year from nonexempt budget accounts. That amount is equally divided between the categories of defense and nondefense spending. Within each category, the spending cuts are allocated proportionately to discretionary spending and nonexempt mandatory (i.e., direct) spending. Under the BCA, the spending reductions are achieved through two methods: (1) sequestration (i.e., an across-the-board cancellation of budgetary resources); and (2) lowering the BCA-imposed discretionary spending caps.
The BCA requires that the mandatory spending reductions in each category—defense and nondefense—must be executed in each of FY2013 through FY2021 by a sequestration of all nonexempt accounts, subject to the BBEDCA sequestration rules. Discretionary spending in each category is also subject to sequestration, but only in FY2013. For each of the remaining fiscal years (i.e., FY2014 through FY2021), discretionary spending reductions are to be achieved by lowering the discretionary spending caps for defense and nondefense spending by the total dollar amount of the required reduction. Thus, congressional appropriators get to decide how to apportion the cuts within the lowered spending caps rather than having the cuts applied across-the-board to all nonexempt discretionary spending accounts through sequestration.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is responsible for calculating the percentages and amounts by which mandatory and discretionary spending are required to be reduced each year, and for applying the BBEDCA's sequestration exemptions and rules.
Congress has amended the BCA several times since its enactment in 2011. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA)22 revised the discretionary spending caps for FY2013 and FY2014 and reduced the overall dollar amount that needed to be sequestered from FY2013 mandatory defense and nondefense spending.23
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 201324 established new discretionary spending caps for FY2014 and FY2015 and eliminated the requirement for these caps to be lowered. It also extended the sequestration of mandatory spending in the defense and nondefense categories for two additional years—FY2022 and FY2023—and specified that the percentage reduction calculated for FY2021 be applied to both those years.
A provision in a 2014 law on military retirement pay extended the sequestration of mandatory spending to include FY2024 and, again, specified that the percentage reduction calculated for FY2021 be applied to that additional year.25
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 established new discretionary spending caps for FY2016 and FY2017 and eliminated the requirement for these caps to be lowered.26 It further extended the sequestration of mandatory spending to include FY2025, once again using the percentage reduction calculated for FY2021.
Author Contact Information
Acknowledgments
The following CRS analysts contributed to earlier versions of this report: Kirsten Colello, Patricia Davis, [author name scrubbed], Elayne Heisler, [author name scrubbed], Sarah Lister, [author name scrubbed], Bernice Reyes, Amanda Sarata, [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed].
1. |
The ACA was signed into law on March 23, 2010 (P.L. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119). A week later, on March 30, 2010, the President signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA; P.L. 111-152, 124 Stat. 1029), which amended numerous health care and revenue provisions in the ACA and added multiple new stand-alone provisions. Congress and the President have since enacted several other bills that have made targeted changes to specific ACA provisions. All references to the ACA in this report refer, collectively, to the law as amended and to the related HCERA provisions. |
2. |
Mandatory, or direct, spending generally refers to outlays from budget authority (i.e., the authority to incur financial obligations that result in government expenditures such as paying salaries, purchasing services, or awarding grants) that is provided in authorizing laws, as opposed to annual appropriations acts. It includes spending on entitlement programs (e.g., Medicare, Social Security). |
3. |
While a detailed examination of the ACA is beyond the scope of this report, numerous CRS products that provide more in-depth information on the many new programs and activities authorized and funded by the law are available at http://www.crs.loc.gov (see under "Issue Areas: Health Care"). |
4. |
Email from Patrick Kenney, Office of Financial Reports, IRS, November 10, 2016. The premium tax credit covers a portion of health insurance premiums. Individuals can choose to receive the subsidy immediately to reduce their monthly premium payments or wait until they file taxes the following year to claim the subsidy as a refundable tax credit. The cost-sharing subsidy reduces out-of-pocket costs (e.g., deductibles, copays) when receiving health care. |
5. |
Laura Snyder, Katherine Young, and Robin Rudowitz et al., Medicaid Expansion Spending and Enrollment in Context: An Early Look at CMS Claims Data for 2014, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Issue Brief, January 2016, http://files.kff.org/attachment/issue-brief-medicaid-expansion-spending-and-enrollment-in-context-an-early-look-at-cms-claims-data-for-2014. |
6. |
CBO, Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2016 to 2026, March 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/reports/51385-HealthInsuranceBaseline.pdf. |
7. |
CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), coordinated by [author name scrubbed]. |
8. |
CFDA is a government-wide compendium of federal grant and other assistance programs. Each program is assigned a unique five-digit number, XX.XXX, where the first two digits represent the funding agency and the second three digits represent the program. Programs funded by the Department of Health and Human Services begin with the number 93. For more information, see https://www.cfda.gov. |
9. |
To access and search the TAGGS database, go to http://www.taggs.hhs.gov/. |
10. |
The two other indefinite appropriations (i.e., Sections 5508(c), and 9023(e)) provide SSAN to carry out a program, but in each case there is an upper limit on the amount that may be appropriated. Note that a fourth provision (i.e., Section 10323(a)) requires the HHS Secretary to transfer SSAN from the Medicare trust funds to carry out a pilot program. |
11. |
For a state-by-state breakdown of ACA exchange planning and establishment grants, see CRS Report R43066, Federal Funding for Health Insurance Exchanges, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
12. |
For more information, see CRS Report R42433, Federal Health Centers, by [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), coordinated by [author name scrubbed]. |
13. |
Section 3205 of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-96, 126 Stat. 156) reduced the ACA's annual appropriations to the PPHF for each of FY2013 through FY2021 by a total of $6.25 billion. Section 5009 of the 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255, 130 Stat. 1033) further reduced the annual appropriations to the PPHF for each of FY2018 through FY2024 by a total of $3.5 billion. See Table 2. |
14. |
For more information, see CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), coordinated by [author name scrubbed]. |
15. |
P.L. 112-240, 126 Stat. 2313. |
16. |
P.L. 113-67, Division B, 127 Stat. 1195. |
17. |
P.L. 113-93, 128 Stat. 1040. |
18. |
P.L. 114-10, 129 Stat. 87. |
19. |
See CRS Report R43289, Legislative Actions in the 112th, 113th, and 114th Congresses to Repeal, Defund, or Delay the Affordable Care Act, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed], and a companion product, CRS Report R44100, Use of the Annual Appropriations Process to Block Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (FY2011-FY2017), by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
20. |
P.L. 112-25, 125 Stat. 240. |
21. |
P.L. 112-25, 125 Stat. 240. |
22. |
P.L. 112-240, 126 Stat. 2313. |
23. |
For a more complete analysis of the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the amendments that were made to it by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, see CRS Report R41965, The Budget Control Act of 2011, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report R42949, The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012: Modifications to the Budget Enforcement Procedures in the Budget Control Act, by [author name scrubbed] |
24. |
P.L. 113-67, Division A, 127 Stat. 1165. |
25. |
P.L. 113-82, 128 Stat. 1009. |
26. |
P.L. 114-74, 129 Stat. 584. |