Presidential Authority to Suspend Entry of Aliens Under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f)
Legal Sidebari
Presidential Authority to Suspend Entry of
Aliens Under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f)
Updated February 21, 2024
The President has the authority “to suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens” whenever the
President “finds that the entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens into the United States would be
detrimental to the interests of the United States.” Presidential Administrations have invoked this authority,
found in 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f), in diverse contexts, including to suspend the entry of some individuals
connected with “Russian efforts to undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine,” certain
students and researchers arriving from China, and some foreign nationals arriving to the United States by
air from specific countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. This statutory authority to restrict the entry of
certain aliens has garnered recent attention by lawmakers. This Legal Sidebar discusses the presidential
authority found in Section 1182(f) and provides a table documenting entry restrictions expressly invoking
this authority that have been issued from December 31, 1980, through February 15, 2024.
Background
Prior to the enactment of Section 1182(f), predecessor statutes passed in response to World War I and
World War II authorized the President to restrict the entry and departure of persons. In 1918, Congress
passed the Act of May 22, 1918, which authorized the President, “when the United States is at war,” to
place restrictions and prohibitions on “the departure of persons from and their entry into the United States
… if the President shall find that the public safety requires” these restrictions. Invoking this authority,
President Woodrow Wilson then issued Presidential Proclamation No. 1,473, providing that “[n]o alien
shall receive permission to depart from or enter the United States unless it shall affirmatively appear that
there is reasonable necessity for such departure or entry and that such departure or entry is not prejudicial
to the interests of the United States.”
The 1918 Act was effective only during wartime, but it was amended just before the United States entered
World War II to apply to the national emergency declared in response to the widening conflict. The Alien
Visa Act of 1941 amended the 1918 Act to authorize the President, “[w]hen the United States is at war or
during the existence of the national emergency proclaimed by the President on May 27, 1941,” to limit
the departure of persons from and their entry into the United States when “the President shall find that the
interests of the United States require.” During consideration of the Alien Visa Act of 1941 and proposed
amendments, legislators debated the appropriate scope of the presidential authority, including whether to
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restrict the authority to wartime and whether to ground such authority in the protection of “public safety”
or the “public interest.” One Senator argued that “we are constantly drifting away from constitutional
methods of procedure in government and proceeding to government by Executive decree.” In response,
another Senator explained that, according to the Department of State, the authority permitting the
President to place limitations in support of the “interests of the United States” would be used only to
“suppress subversive activities.” President Franklin Roosevelt invoked this authority through Presidential
Proclamation 2,523, which provided that, among other restrictions on travel, “[n]o alien shall be permitted
to enter the United States if it appears to the satisfaction of the Secretary of State that such entry would be
prejudicial to the interests of the United States.... ”
The current version of Section 1182(f) authorizing the President to suspend the entry of aliens or classes
of aliens if such entry would be detrimental to the interests of the United States derives from the initial
passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) in 1952. An amendment that would have limited
the provision to a national emergency or state of war was debated during this time, with some arguing that
the broad language with no limitations was “absolutely essential.” For instance, one Representative
pointed to a potential “outbreak of an epidemic in some country,” claiming it would be “impossible” for
Congress “to act.” Others expressed concern in giving the President such broad authority independent of a
requirement of war or national emergency, asserting that it would give the President “the right to say that
hereafter there shall be no more immigration into the United States.”
The Supreme Court has understood Section 1182(f) to convey broad authority to the President to limit the
entry of aliens into the United States. In the 1993 decision Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., the Court
upheld the validity of an interdiction program established by President George H. W. Bush through
Executive Order No. 12,807, which was based on the authority under Section 1182(f). According to the
Sale Court, “[i]t is perfectly clear that 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f) grants the President ample power to establish a
naval blockade that would simply deny illegal Haitian migrants the ability to disembark on our shores.”
In the 2018 decision Trump v. Hawaii, the Supreme Court interpreted Section 1182(f) as granting broad
presidential authority to suspend the entry of aliens. In this case, the Court considered whether President
Donald Trump had authority under Section 1182(f) to issue Proclamation No. 9,645, which “place[d]
entry restrictions on the nationals of eight foreign states whose systems for managing and sharing
information about their nationals the President deemed inadequate,” and whether it violated the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Court rejected the legal challenges by a 5-4 vote,
holding that the breadth of the restrictions on nationals of the countries identified by the proclamation did
not exceed the President’s authority under Section 1182(f). The majority stated that, “[b]y its terms,”
Section 1182(f) “exudes deference to the President” and grants the President broad authority to impose
entry restrictions. The Court reasoned that Section 1182(f) is a “comprehensive delegation” that gives the
President discretion over every detail of the entry restrictions he sets under it, including “when to suspend
entry,” “whose entry to suspend,” “for how long,” and “on what conditions.”
Following Trump v. Hawaii, lowers courts have continued to address the scope of the President’s
authority to exclude aliens under Section 1182(f). In particular, courts have considered whether the level
of deference owed to the President’s exercise of that authority should depend on whether the proclamation
is premised on national security interests or purely domestic affairs. Some courts have held that the
President is entitled to less deference when a proclamation is based on domestic interests. For example, in
one case, a federal district court held that a 2020 proclamation issued by President Trump suspending
entry of certain nonimmigrant workers based on economic concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic
exceeded the President’s authority under Section 1182(f) because the statute “does not afford the
President unbridled authority to set domestic policy regarding employment of nonimmigrant foreigners.”
(President Joe Biden revoked the challenged proclamation during the pendency of the government’s
appeal, and the U.S. Court of Appeals decided this action rendered the case moot without reaching the
merits of the lower court decision.) In a separate case concerning the legality of that proclamation,
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another district court, citing Supreme Court precedent, rejected the distinction between domestic and
foreign affairs for purposes of determining the appropriate level of deference.
Lower courts have also explained that, while Section 1182(f) gives the President authority to suspend the
entry of certain aliens, immigration officials may not rely upon that authority to suspend visa
adjudications. More generally, courts have explained that the President’s authority under Section 1182(f)
is not unbounded and may not be used to supersede or conflict with other provisions of the INA. In one
recent case, however, a federal district court suggested in a footnote that, at least in some circumstances,
Section 1182(f) “would certainly seem to authorize the President to close the border to arriving aliens
once it became apparent that … [immigration detention] facilities were not going to be able to handle the
‘surge’ of aliens coming to the border.”
In sum, while courts uniformly recognize that Section 1182(f) conveys broad authority to the President to
restrict the entry of aliens into the United States, the judicial branch continues to grapple with questions
over Section 1182(f)’s application and the degree that domestic interests may inform the President’s
decision to invoke that authority.
Presidential Actions Suspending Entry of Aliens
As shown in Table 1, various presidential Administrations have relied on Section 1182(f) in many
contexts. It appears that Presidents did not employ Section 1182(f) to impose entry restrictions until the
Reagan Administration. On at least two earlier occasions—1953 and 1979—Presidents invoked a separate
INA provision, 8 U.S.C. § 1185, to authorize Department of State regulations restricting alien entry. Since
1981, every President has invoked Section 1182(f) at least once, as shown in Table 1 below. Invocations
have become more frequent in recent presidential Administrations, as shown below.
Table 1 below lists information regarding presidential proclamations and executive orders (hereinafter
“presidential documents”) issued after December 31, 1980, through February 15, 2024, that have
expressly invoked 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f) to impose entry restrictions.
• Column 1—Date of Invocation lists the date an entry restriction was issued. The entry
restrictions are arranged in reverse-chronological order.
• Column 2—Title of Order or Proclamation lists the title of the presidential document
published in the Federal Register.
• Column 3—Citation includes an executive order or proclamation number as well as
Federal Register citation. Any identified amendments or partial revocations to the entry
restrictions are noted in parentheticals.
• Column 4—Nature of Exclusion briefly summarizes the nature of the listed entry
exclusion but does not identify waivers, exemptions, or limitations.
• Column 5—Status includes information about the status of the entry restrictions listed in
Columns 1-3, including any presidential document that entirely revoked or superseded a
listed entry restriction. “No presidential revocation identified” indicates that no rescission
by way of presidential document was found. When a complete revocation was not
identified for a listed restriction, Column 5 includes the most recent reference to the
listed restriction in a presidential document if such a reference exists.
CRS compiled Table 1 using the parameters and limitations outlined in the “Table Methodology” section
below. Different research methodologies may yield different results.
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Table 1. Entry Restrictions Expressly Invoking 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f) Issued After December 31,
1980, and Through February 15, 2024
Date of
Title of Order or
Citation
Invocation
Proclamation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Invocations by President Joe Biden
Feb. 1, 2024
Imposing Certain
Exec. Order No. 14,115,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Sanctions on Persons
89 Fed. Reg. 7,605 (Feb.
immigrants or
revocation
Undermining Peace,
5, 2024).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Security, and Stability
persons subject to sanctions
in the West Bank
related to the West Bank
(e.g., persons involved with
“actions ... that threaten the
peace, security, or stability
of the West Bank”).
Dec. 11, 2023
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,685,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
88 Fed. Reg. 86,541
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
(Dec. 14, 2023).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Persons Enabling
persons connected with
Corruption
“significant corruption” (e.g.,
“laundering of its proceeds
or obstruction of judicial or
investigative processes”).
May 4, 2023
Imposing Sanctions on
Exec. Order No. 14,098,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons
88 Fed. Reg. 29,529 (May immigrants or
revocation
Destabilizing Sudan
5, 2023).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
and Undermining the
persons subject to sanctions
Goal of a Democratic
related to Sudan (e.g.,
Referenced in
Transition
persons involved with
Notice of Oct. 31,
“actions or policies that
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
threaten the peace, security,
75,227 (Oct. 31,
or stability of Sudan”).
2023).
July 19, 2022
Bolstering Efforts to
Exec. Order No. 14,078,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Bring Hostages and
87 Fed. Reg. 43,389 (July
immigrants or
revocation
Wrongful y Detained
21, 2022).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
United States
persons connected with
Nationals Home
“the hostage-taking of a
Referenced in
United States national or
Notice of July 12,
the wrongful detention of a
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
U.S. national abroad.”
45,327 (July 15,
2023).
Feb. 21, 2022
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 14,065,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons and
87 Fed. Reg. 10,293
immigrants or
revocation
Prohibiting Certain
(Feb. 23, 2022).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Transactions with
persons subject to sanctions
Respect to Continued
related to Russia’s
Russian Efforts to
“purported recognition of
Undermine the
the so-called Donetsk
Sovereignty and
People’s Republic (DNR) or
Territorial Integrity of
Luhansk People’s Republic
Ukraine
(LNR) regions of Ukraine.”
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Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Dec. 15, 2021
Imposing Sanctions on
Exec. Order No. 14,059,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Foreign Persons
86 Fed. Reg. 71,549
immigrants or
revocation
Involved in the Global
(Dec. 17, 2021).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Il icit Drug Trade
persons subject to sanctions
related to “global il icit drug
Referenced in
trade” (e.g., persons
Notice of Dec. 13,
involved with “activities or
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
transactions that have
86,809 (Dec. 13,
materially contributed to ...
2023).
the international
proliferation of il icit drugs
or their means of
production”).
Nov. 26, 2021
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,315,
In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 68,385
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,329,
Nonimmigrants of
(Dec. 1, 2021).
immigrants and
87 Fed. Reg. 149
Certain Additional
nonimmigrants of certain
(Jan. 3, 2022).
Persons Who Pose a
persons who were physically
Risk of Transmitting
present within Botswana,
Coronavirus Disease
Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi,
2019
Mozambique, Namibia,
South Africa, and Zimbabwe
during the 14-day period
before their entry or
attempted entry.
Nov. 16, 2021
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,309,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 64,797
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
(Nov. 19, 2021).
nonimmigrants of specified
identified.
Persons Responsible
categories of persons
for Policies or Actions
responsible for policies or
That Threaten
actions that threaten
Democracy in
Nicaragua's democratic
Nicaragua
institutions (e.g.,
government officials with
the rank of vice minister or
above; military officers).
Oct. 25, 2021
Advancing the Safe
Pres. Proc. No. 10,294,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked in part by
Resumption of Global
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
nonimmigrants of persons
Pres. Proc.
Travel During the
(Oct. 25, 2021).
not ful y vaccinated against
No. 10,575, 88 Fed.
COVID-19 Pandemic
COVID-19, with exceptions. Reg. 30,889 (May 9,
2023).
Sept. 17, 2021
Imposing Sanctions on
Exec. Order No. 14,046,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons with
86 Fed. Reg. 52,389
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to the
(Sept. 21, 2021).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Humanitarian and
persons subject to sanctions
Human Rights Crisis
related to Ethiopia (e.g.,
Referenced in
in Ethiopia
persons involved with
Notice of Sept. 7,
“corruption or serious
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
human rights abuse in or
62,435 (Sept. 11,
with respect to northern
2023).
Ethiopia”).
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Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Aug. 9, 2021
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 14,038,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Additional Persons
86 Fed. Reg. 43,905
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Aug. 11, 2021).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Situation in Belarus
persons subject to sanctions
related to Belarus (e.g.,
Referenced in
persons found “to operate
Notice of June 12,
... in the defense and related
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
materiel sector”).
39,109 (June 14,
2023).
June 8, 2021
Blocking Property and
Exec. Order No. 14,033,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Suspending Entry into
86 Fed. Reg. 31,079
immigrants or
revocation
the United States of
(June 10, 2021).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Certain Persons
persons subject to sanctions
Contributing to the
related to the Western
Referenced in
Destabilizing Situation
Balkans (e.g., persons found
Notice of June 20,
in the Western
to be involved with serious
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
Balkans
human rights abuses and
40,683 (June 22,
corruption in the Western
2023).
Balkans).
Apr. 30, 2021
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,199,
In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Nonimmigrants of
86 Fed. Reg. 10,199 (May suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,294,
Certain Additional
6, 2021).
nonimmigrants of persons
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
Persons Who Pose a
who were physically present
(Oct. 25, 2021).
Risk of Transmitting
in India during the 14-day
Coronavirus Disease
period before their entry or
2019
attempted entry.
Apr. 15, 2021
Blocking Property
Exec. Order No. 14,024,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
with Respect to
86 Fed. Reg. 20,249
immigrants or
revocation
Specified Harmful
(Apr. 19, 2021)
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Foreign Activities of
(amended by Exec.
persons subject to sanctions
the Government of
Order No. 14,066, 87
related to Russia (e.g.,
Referenced in
the Russian
Fed. Reg. 13,625 (Mar.
persons found to operate in
Notice of Apr. 7,
Federation
10, 2022), and Exec.
the technology or the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
Order No. 14,114, 88
defense and related materiel
21,457 (Apr. 10,
Fed. Reg. 246 (Dec. 26,
sector of the Russian
2023).
2023)).
economy and those who
have engaged in malicious
cyber-enabled activities).
Feb. 10, 2021
Blocking Property
Exec. Order No. 14,014,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
with Respect to the
86 Fed. Reg. 9,429 (Feb.
immigrants or
revocation
Situation in Burma
12, 2021).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
persons subject to sanctions
related to Burma (e.g.,
Referenced in
persons found “to operate
Notice of Feb. 7,
in the defense sector” of the 2024, 89 Fed. Reg.
Burmese economy and
8,989 (Feb. 9,
those who engage in actions
2024).
that “undermine the
democratic processes or
institutions in Burma”).
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Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Jan. 25, 2021
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,143,
In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 7,467 (Jan.
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,294,
Nonimmigrants of
28, 2021).
immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
Certain Additional
nonimmigrants of certain
(Oct. 25, 2021).
Persons Who Pose a
persons who were physically
Risk of Transmitting
present within the Schengen
Coronavirus Disease
Area, the United Kingdom,
2019
Ireland, Brazil, and South
Africa during the 14-day
period before their entry or
attempted entry.
Invocations by President Donald Trump
Sept. 21, 2020
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,949,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons with
85 Fed. Reg. 60,043
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to the
(Sept. 23, 2020).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Conventional Arms
persons subject to sanctions
Activities of Iran
related to Iran (e.g., persons
Referenced in
who engage in “any activity
Notice of Mar. 10,
that materially contributes
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
to the supply, sale, or
15,595 (Mar. 13,
transfer ... to or from Iran,
2023).
or for the use in or benefit
of Iran, of arms and related
materiel, including spare
parts”).
July 14, 2020
The President’s
Exec. Order No. 13,936,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Executive Order on
85 Fed. Reg. 43,413 (July
immigrants or
revocation
Hong Kong
14, 2020).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Normalization
related to certain activities
in Hong Kong (e.g., persons
Referenced in
found to have been involved
Notice of July 11,
“in the coercing, arresting,
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
detaining, or imprisoning of
44,669 (July 12,
individuals under the
2023).
authority of ... the Law of
the People’s Republic of
China”).
June 11, 2020
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,928,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Exec.
Certain Persons
85 Fed. Reg. 36,139
immigrants or
Order No. 14,022,
Associated with the
(June 15, 2020).
nonimmigrants of certain
86 Fed. Reg. 17,895
International Criminal
persons subject to sanctions
(Apr. 7, 2021).
Court
related to the International
Criminal Court.
May 29, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,043,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Pres.
Nonimmigrants of
85 Fed. Reg. 34,353
nonimmigrants of any
Proc. No. 10,294,
Certain Students and
(June 4, 2020).
national of China seeking to
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
Researchers from the
enter the United States
(Oct. 25, 2021).
People’s Republic of
pursuant to an F or J visa to
China
study or conduct research
in the United States, with
exceptions.
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Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
May 24, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 10,041,
In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
85 Fed. Reg. 31933 (May
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,138,
Nonimmigrants of
28, 2020) (amended by
immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 6,799
Certain Additional
Pres. Proc. No. 10,042,
nonimmigrants of persons
(Jan. 22, 2021).
Persons Who Pose a
85 Fed. Reg. 32,291 (May who were physically present
Risk of Transmitting
28, 2020)).
in Brazil during the 14-day
2019 Novel
period before their entry or
Coronavirus
attempted entry.
Apr. 22, 2020
Suspension of Entry of Pres. Proc. No. 10,014,
In response to COVID-19,
Restrictions
Immigrants Who
85 Fed. Reg. 23,441
suspending the entry as
revoked in part by
Present a Risk to the
(Apr. 27, 2020)
immigrants and
Pres. Proc.
United States Labor
(amended by Pres. Proc.
nonimmigrants of persons.
No. 10,014, 85 Fed.
Market During the
No. 10,052, 85 Fed. Reg.
Reg. 23,441 (Feb.
Economic Recovery
38,263 (June 25, 2020),
24, 2021), and in
Fol owing the 2019
Pres. Proc. June 29,
part expired on
Novel Coronavirus
2020, Pres. Proc. Dec.
Mar. 31, 2021. Pres.
Outbreak
31, 2020, and Pres. Proc.
Proc. No. 10,131,
No. 10,131, 86 Fed. Reg.
86 Fed. Reg. 417
417 (Jan. 6, 2021).
(Jan. 6, 2021).
Mar. 14, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,996, 85 In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 15,341 (Mar.
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,138,
Nonimmigrants of
18, 2020).
immigrants and
86 Fed. Reg. 6,799
Certain Additional
nonimmigrants of persons
(Jan. 22, 2021).
Persons Who Pose a
who were physically present
Risk of Transmitting
in the United Kingdom or
2019 Novel
Ireland during the 14-day
Coronavirus
period before their entry or
attempted entry.
Mar. 11, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,993, 85 In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 15,045 (Mar.
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,138,
Nonimmigrants of
16, 2020).
immigrants or
86 Fed. Reg. 6,799
Certain Additional
nonimmigrants of persons
(Jan. 22, 2021).
Persons Who Pose a
who were physically present
Risk of Transmitting
in the Schengen Area during
2019 Novel
the 14-day period before
Coronavirus
their entry or attempted
entry.
Feb. 29, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,992, 85 In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 12,855 (Mar. 4, suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,294,
Nonimmigrants of
2020).
immigrants or
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
Certain Additional
nonimmigrants of persons
(Oct. 25, 2021).
Persons Who Pose a
who were physically present
Risk of Transmitting
in Iran during the 14-day
2019 Novel
period before their entry or
Coronavirus
attempted entry.
Jan. 31, 2020
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,984, 85 In response to COVID-19,
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 6,709 (Feb. 5,
suspending the entry as
Proc. No. 10,294,
Nonimmigrants of
2020).
immigrants or
86 Fed. Reg. 59,603
Persons Who Pose a
nonimmigrants of persons
(Oct. 25, 2021).
Risk of Transmitting
who were physically present
2019 Novel
in mainland China during the
Coronavirus and
14-day period before their
Other Appropriate
entry or attempted entry.
Measures to Address
This Risk
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Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Jan. 31, 2020
Improving Enhanced
Pres. Proc. No. 9,983, 85 Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Pres.
Vetting Capabilities
Fed. Reg. 6,699 (Feb. 5,
immigrants of nationals of
Proc. No. 10, 141,
and Processes for
2020).
Myanmar, Eritrea,
87 Fed. Reg. 7,005
Detecting Attempted
Kyrgyzstan, and Nigeria and
(Jan. 25, 2021).
Entry into the United
suspending the issuance of
States by Terrorists
diversity visas to nationals of
or Other Public-Safety
Sudan and Tanzania.
Threats
Jan. 10, 2020
Imposing Sanctions
Exec. Order No. 13,902,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
with Respect to
85 Fed. Reg. 2,003 (Jan.
immigrants or
revocation
Additional Sectors of
14, 2020).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Iran
operating or conducting
significant transactions
within certain sectors of the
economy of Iran.
Oct. 14, 2019
Blocking Property and
Exec. Order No. 13,894,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Suspending Entry of
84 Fed. Reg. 55,851
immigrants or
revocation
Certain Persons
(Oct. 17, 2019).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Contributing to the
persons contributing to the
Situation in Syria
situation in Syria.
Referenced in
Notice of Oct. 12,
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
71,271 (Oct. 12,
2023).
Oct. 4, 2019
Suspension of Entry of Pres. Proc. No. 9,945, 84 Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants Who Wil
Fed. Reg. 53,991 (Oct. 9, immigrants of persons who
Proc. No. 10,209,
Financially Burden the
2019).
do not have approved health 86 Fed. Reg. 27,015
United States
insurance and do not have
(May 19, 2021).
Healthcare System, in
the financial resources to
Order to Protect the
pay foreseeable medical
Availability of
costs.
Healthcare Benefits
for Americans
Sept. 25, 2019
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,932, 84 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 51,935 (Sept.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
30, 2019).
nonimmigrants of senior
identified.
Senior Officials of the
officials of the government
Government of Iran
of Iran and their immediate
family members.
Sept. 25, 2019
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 9,931, 84 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 51,931 (Sept.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
30, 2019).
nonimmigrants of specified
identified.
Persons Responsible
categories of persons
for Policies or Actions
“responsible for policies or
That Threaten
actions that threaten
Venezuela’s
Venezuela’s democratic
Democratic
institutions” (e.g.,
Institutions
government officials with
the rank of vice minister or
above; military officers).
Congressional Research Service
10
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Aug. 5, 2019
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,884,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
the Government of
84 Fed. Reg. 38,843
immigrants or
revocation
Venezuela
(Aug. 7, 2019).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
persons who have provided
material assistance or
Referenced in
support to persons subject
Notice of Mar. 1,
to property restrictions due
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
to their links to the
13,287 (Mar. 2,
government of Venezuela.
2023).
July 26, 2019
Blocking Property and
Exec. Order No. 13,882,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Suspending Entry of
84 Fed. Reg. 37,055 (July
immigrants or
revocation
Certain Persons
30, 2019).
nonimmigrants of specified
identified.
Contributing to the
categories of persons who
Situation in Mali
have contributed to the
Referenced in
situation in Mali in specified
Notice of July 21,
ways (e.g., by engaging in
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
“actions or policies that
48,027 (July 25,
threaten the peace, security,
2023).
or stability of Mali”).
June 24, 2019
Imposing Sanctions
Exec. Order No. 13,876,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
with Respect to Iran
84 Fed. Reg. 30,573
immigrants or
revocation
(June 26, 2019).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
government officials and
corporate executives in Iran
Referenced in
(e.g., any person “appointed
Notice of Mar. 10,
by the Supreme Leader of
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
Iran or the [Supreme
15,595 (Mar. 13,
Leader’s Office] to a
2023).
position as a state official of
Iran”) and others who
materially assist or support
them.
May 8, 2019
Imposing Sanctions
Exec. Order No. 13,871,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
with Respect to the
84 Fed. Reg. 20,761 (May immigrants or
revocation
Iron, Steel, Aluminum,
10, 2019).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
and Copper Sectors
persons operating or
of Iran
conducting business in the
Referenced in
iron, steel, aluminum, or
Notice of Mar. 10,
copper sectors of Iran.
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
15,595 (Mar. 13,
2023).
Nov. 27, 2018
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,851,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons
83 Fed. Reg. 61,505
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Nov. 29, 2018).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Situation in Nicaragua
who have contributed to the
situation in Nicaragua in
Referenced in
specified ways (e.g., by
Notice of Nov. 16,
engaging in “serious human
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
rights abuse in Nicaragua”).
80,549 (Nov. 17,
2023).
Nov. 9, 2018
Addressing Mass
Pres. Proc. No. 9,822, 83 Suspending the entry of
Revoked by Exec.
Migration Through the Fed. Reg. 57,661 (Nov.
aliens between ports of
Order No. 14,010,
Southern Border of
15, 2018) (amended by
entry across the southern
86 Fed. Reg. 8,267
the United States
Pres. Proc. No. 9,842, 84 border, in conjunction with
(Feb. 5, 2021).
Fed. Reg. 3,665 (Feb. 12,
an interim final rule
2019) and Pres. Proc.
rendering aliens ineligible for
No. 9,880, 84 Fed. Reg.
asylum if they violate the
21,229 (May 13, 2019)).
suspension on entry.
Congressional Research Service
11
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Sept. 20, 2018
Authorizing the
Exec. Order No. 13,849,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Implementation of
83 Fed. Reg. 48,195
immigrants or
revocation
Certain Sanctions Set
(Sept. 21, 2018).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Forth in the
persons subject to property
Countering America’s
sanctions related to the
Adversaries Through
Countering America’s
Sanctions Act
Adversaries Through
Sanctions Act.
Sept. 12, 2018
Imposing Certain
Exec. Order No. 13,848,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Sanctions in the Event
83 Fed. Reg. 46,843
immigrants or
revocation
of Foreign
(Sept. 14, 2018).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Interference in a
persons determined to have
United States Election
been complicit in foreign
Referenced in
interference in a United
Notice of Sept. 7,
States election.
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
62,437 (Sept. 11,
2023).
Aug. 6, 2018
Reimposing Certain
Exec. Order No. 13,846,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Sanctions with
83 Fed. Reg. 38,939
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to Iran
(Aug. 7, 2018).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
persons subject to sanctions
related to Iran (e.g., persons
Referenced in
who have materially assisted
Notice of Mar. 10,
“the purchase or acquisition
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
of U.S. bank notes or
15,595 (Mar. 13,
precious metals by the
2023).
Government of Iran”).
Dec. 20, 2017
Blocking the Property
Exec. Order No. 13,818,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
of Persons Involved in
82 Fed. Reg. 60,839
immigrants or
revocation
Serious Human Rights
(Dec. 26, 2017).
nonimmigrants of 13 named
identified.
Abuse or Corruption
persons and other persons
determined to be complicit
Referenced in
in serious human rights
Notice of Dec. 18,
abuses or corruption.
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
87,891 (Dec. 19,
2023).
Oct. 24, 2017
Resuming the United
Pres. Proc. No. 13,815,
Providing for the
Revoked by Exec.
States Refugee
82 Fed. Reg. 50,055
resumption of the United
Order No. 14013,
Admissions Program
(Oct. 27, 2017).
States Refugee Admissions
86 Fed. Reg. 8,839
with Enhanced Vetting
Program upon the
(Feb. 9, 2021).
Capabilities
expiration of Executive
Order 13,780, subject to
limitations established by the
Secretaries of State and
Homeland Security.
Sept. 24, 2017
Enhancing Vetting
Pres. Proc. No. 9,645, 82 Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Pres.
Capabilities and
Fed. Reg. 45,161 (Sept.
immigrants, nonimmigrants,
Proc. No. 10,141,
Processes for
27, 2017) (amended by
or both of specified
86 Fed. Reg. 7,005
Detecting Attempted
Pres. Proc. No. 9,723, 83 categories of nationals of
(Jan. 25, 2021).
Entry into the United
Fed. Reg. 15,937 (Apr.
Chad, Iran, Libya, North
States by Terrorists
13, 2018)).
Korea, Syria, Venezuela,
or Other Public-Safety
Yemen, and Somalia.
Threats
Congressional Research Service
12
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Sept. 20, 2017
Imposing Additional
Exec. Order No. 13,810,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Sanctions with
82 Fed. Reg. 44,705
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to North
(Sept. 25, 2017).
nonimmigrants of specified
identified.
Korea
categories of persons
subject to property
Referenced in
sanctions for operating in
Notice of June 20,
certain sectors of the North 2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
Korean economy or
40,681 (June 22,
engaging in commercial
2023).
activity in North Korea.
Mar. 6, 2017
Protecting the Nation
Exec. Order No. 13,780,
Suspending for 90 days the
Revoked by Pres.
from Foreign
82 Fed. Reg. 13,209
entry of aliens from Iran,
Proc. No. 10,141,
Terrorist Entry into
(Mar. 9, 2017).
Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,
87 Fed. Reg. 7,005
the United States
and Yemen and suspending
(Jan. 25, 2021).
the entry of all refugees for
120 days.
Jan. 27, 2017
Protecting the Nation
Exec. Order No. 13,769,
Suspending for 90 days the
Revoked by Pres.
from Foreign
82 Fed. Reg. 8,977 (Feb.
entry as immigrants or
Proc. No. 10,141,
Terrorist Entry into
1, 2017).
nonimmigrants of persons
87 Fed. Reg. 7,005
the United States
from Iran, Iraq, Libya,
(Jan. 25, 2021).
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and
Yemen; suspending the
entry of all refugees for 120
days; and suspending the
entry of refugees from Syria
indefinitely.
Invocations by President Barack Obama
Apr. 19, 2016
Blocking Property and
Exec. Order No. 13,726,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Suspending Entry into
81 Fed. Reg. 23,559
immigrants or
revocation
the United States of
(Apr. 21, 2016).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Contributing
determined to have
to the Situation in
“contributed to the situation Referenced in
Libya
in Libya” in specified ways
Notice of Feb. 7,
(e.g., engaging in “actions or
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
policies that threaten the
10,823 (Feb. 21,
peace, security, or stability”
2023).
of that country or may lead
to or result in the
misappropriation of Libyan
state assets).
Mar. 15, 2016
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,722,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
the Government of
81 Fed. Reg. 14,943
immigrants or
revocation
North Korea and the
(Mar. 18, 2016).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Workers’ Party of
determined to have engaged
Korea, and Prohibiting
in certain transactions
Referenced in
Certain Transactions
involving North Korea (e.g.,
Notice of June 20,
with Respect to
selling or purchasing metal,
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
North Korea
graphite, coal, or software
40,681 (June 22,
directly or indirectly to or
2023).
from North Korea or to
persons acting for or on
behalf of the North Korean
government or the
Workers’ Party of Korea).
Congressional Research Service
13
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Nov. 22, 2015
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,712,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons
80 Fed. Reg. 73,633
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Nov. 25, 2015).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Situation in Burundi
determined to have
“contributed to the situation Revoked by Exec.
in Burundi” in specified ways Order 14,054, 86
(e.g., engaging in “actions or
Fed. Reg. 66,149
policies that threaten the
(Nov. 19, 2021).
peace, security, or stability
of Burundi” or “undermine
democratic processes or
institutions” in that
country).
Apr. 1, 2015
Blocking the Property
Exec. Order No. 13,694,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
of Certain Persons
80 Fed. Reg. 18,077
immigrants or
revocation
Engaging in Significant
(Apr. 2, 2015) (expanded nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Malicious Cyber-
by Exec. Order
determined to have engaged
Enabled Activities
No. 13,757, 82 Fed. Reg.
in “significant malicious
Referenced in
1 (Jan. 3, 2017)).
cyber-enabled activities”
Notice of Mar. 29
(e.g., harming or significantly
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
compromising the provision
19,209 (Mar. 30,
of services by a computer or 2023).
computer network that
supports an entity in a
critical infrastructure
sector).
Mar. 8, 2015
Blocking Property and
Exec. Order No. 13,692,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Suspending Entry of
80 Fed. Reg. 12,747
immigrants or
revocation
Certain Persons
(Mar. 11, 2015)
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Contributing to the
(expanded by Exec.
determined to have
Situation in Venezuela
Order No. 13,850, 83
“contributed to the situation Referenced in
Fed. Reg. 55,243 (Nov.
in Venezuela” in specified
Notice of Mar. 1,
2, 2018)).
ways (e.g., engaging in
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
actions or policies that
13,287 (Mar. 2,
undermine democratic
2023).
processes or institutions,
significant acts of violence,
or conduct that constitutes
a serious abuse or violation
of human rights).
Jan. 2, 2015
Imposing Additional
Exec. Order No. 13,687,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Sanctions with
80 Fed. Reg. 819 (Jan. 6,
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to North
2015).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Korea
with specified connections
to North Korea (e.g.,
Referenced in
officials of the North
Notice of June 20,
Korean government or the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
Workers’ Party of Korea).
40,681 (June 22,
2023).
Congressional Research Service
14
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Dec. 19, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,685,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons and
79 Fed. Reg. 77,357
immigrants or
revocation
Prohibiting Certain
(Dec. 24, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Transactions with
determined to have engaged
Respect to the
in certain transactions
Referenced in
Crimea Region of
involving the Crimea region
Notice of Mar. 1,
Ukraine
of Ukraine (e.g., materially
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
assisting, sponsoring, or
13,285 (Mar. 2,
providing financial, material,
2023.
or technological support for,
or goods or services to or
in support of, persons
whose property or interests
are blocked under the
order).
May 12, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,667,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons
79 Fed. Reg. 28,387 (May immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
15, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Conflict in the Central
determined to have
African Republic
contributed to the conflict
Referenced in
in the Central African
Notice of May 10,
Republic in specified ways
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
(e.g., engaging in actions or
30,637 (May 11,
policies that threaten the
2023).
peace, security, or stability
of that country or that
threaten transitional
agreements or the political
transition process).
Apr. 3, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,664,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons with
79 Fed. Reg. 19,283
immigrants or
revocation
Respect to South
(Apr. 7, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Sudan
determined to have engaged
in certain conduct as to
Referenced in
South Sudan (e.g., actions or
Notice of Mar. 29,
policies that “have the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
purpose or effect of
19,211 (Mar. 30,
expanding or extending the
2023).
conflict” in that country or
obstructing reconciliation or
peace talks or processes).
Mar. 20, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. No. Order 13,662,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Additional Persons
79 Fed. Reg. 16,169
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Mar. 24, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Situation in Ukraine
determined to have
contributed to the situation
Referenced in
in Ukraine in specified ways
Notice of Mar. 1
(e.g., operating in the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
financial services, energy,
13,285 (Mar. 2,
metals and mining,
2023).
engineering, or defense and
related materiel sectors of
the Russian Federation
economy).
Congressional Research Service
15
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Mar. 16, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. No. Order 13,661,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Additional Persons
79 Fed. Reg. 15,535
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Mar. 19, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Situation in Ukraine
determined to have
contributed to the situation
Referenced in
in Ukraine in specified ways
Notice of Mar. 1
(e.g., officials of the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
government of the Russian
13,285 (Mar. 2,
Federation or persons who
2023).
operate in the arms or
related materiel sector).
Mar. 6, 2014
Blocking Property of
Exec. No. Order 13,660,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Certain Persons
79 Fed. Reg. 13,493
immigrants or
revocation
Contributing to the
(Mar. 10, 2014).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Situation in Ukraine
determined to have
contributed to the situation
Referenced in
in Ukraine in specified ways
Notice of Mar. 1
(e.g., engagement in or
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
responsibility for
13,285 (Mar. 2,
misappropriation of state
2023).
assets of Ukraine or of
economically significant
entities in that country).
June 3, 2013
Authorizing the
Exec. Order No. 13,645,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Exec.
Implementation of
78 Fed. Reg. 33,945
immigrants or
Order No. 13,716,
Certain Sanctions Set
(June 5, 2013).
nonimmigrants of persons
81 Fed. Reg. 3,693
Forth in the Iran
who have engaged in certain
(Jan. 21, 2016) and
Freedom and
conduct related to Iran (e.g., superseded by
Counter-Proliferation
materially assisting,
Exec. Order
Act of 2012 and
sponsoring, or providing
No. 13,846, 83 Fed.
Additional Sanctions
support for, or goods or
Reg. 38,939 (Aug. 7,
with Respect to Iran
services to or in support of,
2018).
any Iranian person included
on the list of Special y
Designated Nationals and
Blocked Persons).
Oct. 9, 2012
Authorizing the
Exec. Order No. 13,628,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked and
Implementation of
77 Fed. Reg. 62,139
immigrants or
superseded by
Certain Sanctions Set
(Oct. 12, 2012)
nonimmigrants of persons
Exec. Order
Forth in the Iran
(amended by Exec.
determined to have engaged
No. 13,846, 83 Fed.
Threat Reduction and
Order No. 13,716, 81
in certain actions involving
Reg. 38,939 (Aug. 7,
Syria Human Rights
Fed. Reg. 3,693 (Jan. 21,
Iran (e.g., knowingly
2018).
Act of 2012 and
2018)).
transferring or facilitating
Additional Sanctions
the transfer of goods or
with Respect to Iran
technologies to Iran, to
entities organized under
Iranian law or subject to
Iranian jurisdiction, or to
Iranian nationals that are
likely to be used by the
Iranian government to
commit serious human
rights abuses against the
Iranian people).
Congressional Research Service
16
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
July 11, 2012
Blocking Property of
Exec. Order No. 13,619,
Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Exec.
Persons Threatening
77 Fed. Reg. 41,243 (July
immigrants or
Order 13,742, 81
the Peace, Security, or 13, 2012).
nonimmigrants of persons
Fed. Reg. 70,593
Stability of Burma
determined to threaten the
(Oct. 12, 2016).
peace, security, or stability
of Burma in specified ways
(e.g., participation in the
commission of human rights
abuses or importing or
exporting arms or related
materiel to or from North
Korea).
May 1, 2012
Prohibiting Certain
Exec. Order No. 13,608,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Transactions with and
77 Fed. Reg. 26,409 (May immigrants or
revocation
Suspending Entry into
3, 2012).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
the United States of
determined to have engaged
Foreign Sanctions
in certain conduct as to Iran
Referenced in
Evaders with Respect
and Syria (e.g., facilitating
Notice of Mar. 10,
to Iran and Syria
deceptive transactions for
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
or on behalf of any person
15,595 (Mar. 13,
subject to U.S. sanctions
2023).
concerning Iran and Syria).
Apr. 22, 2012
Blocking the Property
Exec. Order No. 13,606,
Suspending the entry as
No presidential
and Suspending Entry
77 Fed. Reg. 24,571
immigrants or
revocation
into the United States
(Apr. 24, 2012).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
of Certain Persons
determined to have engaged
with Respect to Grave
in specified conduct
Referenced in
Human Rights Abuses
involving “grave human
Notice of Mar. 10,
by the Governments
rights abuses by the
2023, 88 Fed. Reg.
of Iran and Syria via
governments of Iran and
15,595 (Mar. 13,
Information
Syria via information
2023).
Technology
technology” (e.g., operating
or directing the operation of
communications technology
that facilitates computer or
network disruption,
monitoring, or tracking that
could assist or enable
serious human rights abuses
by or on behalf of these
governments).
Congressional Research Service
17
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Aug. 4, 2011
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 8,697, 76 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 49,277 (Aug. 9, immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
2011).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Who
who participate in serious
Participate in Serious
human rights and
Human Rights and
humanitarian law violations
Humanitarian Law
and other abuses (e.g.,
Violations and Other
planning, ordering, assisting,
Abuses
aiding and abetting,
committing, or otherwise
participating in “widespread
or systemic violence against
any civilian population”
based, in whole or in part,
on race, color, descent, sex,
disability, language, religion,
ethnicity, birth, political
opinion, national origin,
membership in a particular
social group, membership in
an indigenous group, or
sexual orientation or gender
identity).
July 24, 2011
Suspension of Entry of Pres. Proc. No. 8,693, 76 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Aliens Subject to
Fed. Reg. 44,751 (July 27, immigrants or
revocation
United Nations
2011).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Security Council
subject to U.N. Security
Travel Bans and
Council travel bans and
Referenced in Exec.
International
International Emergency
Order No. 14,115,
Emergency Economic
Economic Powers Act
89 Fed. Reg. 7,605
Powers Act Sanctions
sanctions.
(Feb. 5, 2024).
Invocations by President George W. Bush
Jan. 16, 2009
To Suspend Entry as
Pres. Proc. No. 8,342, 74 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 4,093 (Jan. 22,
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
2009).
nonimmigrants of foreign
identified.
Foreign Government
government officials
Officials Responsible
responsible for failing to
for Failing to Combat
combat trafficking in
Trafficking In Persons
persons.
June 28, 2007
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 8,158, 72 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 36,587 (July 3,
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
2007).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Responsible
responsible for policies or
for Policies and
actions that threaten
Actions That
Lebanon’s sovereignty and
Threaten Lebanon’s
democracy (e.g., current or
Sovereignty and
former Lebanese
Democracy
government officials and
private persons who
“deliberately undermine or
harm Lebanon’s
sovereignty”).
Congressional Research Service
18
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
May 12, 2006
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 8,015, 71 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 28,541 (May
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
16, 2006).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Responsible
responsible for policies or
for Policies or Actions
actions that threaten the
That Threaten the
transition to democracy in
Transition to
Belarus (e.g., Members of
Democracy in Belarus
the government of
Alyaksandr Lukashenka and
other persons involved in
policies or actions that
“undermine or injure
democratic institutions or
impede the transition to
democracy in Belarus”).
Jan. 12, 2004
To Suspend Entry as
Pres. Proc. No. 7,750, 69 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants or
Fed. Reg. 2,287 (Jan. 14,
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
2004).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Engaged in or
who have engaged in or
Benefiting from
benefited from corruption in
Corruption
specified ways (e.g., current
or former public officials
whose solicitation or
acceptance of articles of
monetary value or other
benefits has or had “serious
adverse effects on the
national interests of the
United States”).
Feb. 22, 2002
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,524, 67 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 8,857 (Feb. 26,
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
2002).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Responsible
responsible for actions that
for Actions That
threaten Zimbabwe’s
Threaten Zimbabwe’s
democratic institutions and
Democratic
transition to a multiparty
Institutions and
democracy (e.g., Senior
Transition to a Multi-
members of the government
Party Democracy
of Robert Mugabe, persons
who through their business
dealings with Zimbabwean
government officials derive
significant financial benefit
from policies that
undermine or injure
Zimbabwe’s democratic
institutions).
Congressional Research Service
19
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
June 26, 2001
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,452, 66 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 34,775 (June
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
29, 2001).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Responsible
responsible for actions that
for Actions That
threaten international
Threaten International
stabilization efforts in the
Stabilization Efforts in
Western Balkans or are
the Western Balkans,
responsible for wartime
and Persons
atrocities in that region.
Responsible for
Wartime Atrocities in
That Region
Invocations by President William Clinton
Oct. 10, 2000
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,359, 65 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 60,831 (Oct.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
13, 2000).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Impeding the
who plan, engage in, or
Peace Process in
benefit from activities that
Sierra Leone
support the Revolutionary
United Front or otherwise
impede the peace process in
Sierra Leone.
Nov. 12, 1999
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,249, 64 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 62,561 (Nov.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
17, 1999).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Responsible
responsible for repression
for Repression of the
of the civilian population in
Civilian Population in
Kosovo or policies that
Kosovo or for Policies
obstruct democracy in the
That Obstruct
FRY or otherwise lend
Democracy in the
support to the government
Federal Republic of
of the FRY and the Republic
Yugoslavia (Serbia and
of Serbia.
Montenegro) (‘‘FRY’ )
or Otherwise Lend
Support to the
Current Governments
of the FRY and of the
Republic of Serbia
Jan. 14, 1998
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,062, 63 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 2,871 (Jan. 16,
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
1998).
nonimmigrants of members
identified.
Persons Who Are
of the military junta in Sierra
Members of the
Leone and their families.
Military Junta in Sierra
Leone and Members
of Their Families
Congressional Research Service
20
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Dec. 12, 1997
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 7,060, 62 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 65,987 (Dec.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
16, 1997).
nonimmigrants of senior
identified.
Persons Who Are
officials of UNITA and adult
Senior Officials of the
members of their immediate
National Union for
families.
the Total
Independence of
Angola (‘‘UNITA’ )
and Adult Members of
Their Immediate
Families
Nov. 22, 1996
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,958, 61 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 60,007 (Nov.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
26, 1996).
nonimmigrants of members
identified.
Persons Who Are
of the government of Sudan,
Members or Officials
officials of that country, and
of the Sudanese
members of the Sudanese
Government or
armed forces.
Armed Forces
Oct. 3, 1996
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,925, 61 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 52,233 (Oct. 7, immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
1996).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Who
who “formulate, implement,
Formulate or
or benefit from policies that
Implement Policies
impede Burma’s transition
That Are Impeding the
to democracy” and their
Transition to
immediate family members.
Democracy in Burma
or Who Benefit from
Such Policies
Oct. 25, 1994
Blocking Property and
Pres. Proc. No. 6,749, 59 Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Exec.
Additional Measures
Fed. Reg. 54,117 (Oct.
immigrants or
Order No. 13,304,
with Respect to the
27, 1994).
nonimmigrants of certain
68 Fed. Reg. 32,315
Bosnian Serb-
persons described in U.N.
(May 29, 2003).
Control ed Areas of
Security Council Resolution
the Republic of Bosnia
942 (e.g., officers of the
and Herzegovina
Bosnian Serb military and
paramilitary forces and
those acting on their behalf
or persons found to have
provided financial, material,
logistical, military, or other
tangible support to Bosnian
Serb forces in violation of
relevant U.S. Security
Council resolutions).
Sept. 30, 1994
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,730, 59 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 50,683 (Oct. 5, immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
1994).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Who
who formulate, implement,
Formulate or
or benefit from policies that
Implement Policies
impede Liberia’s transition
That Are Impeding the
to democracy and those
Transition to
aliens’ immediate families.
Democracy in Liberia
or Who Benefit from
Such Policies
Congressional Research Service
21
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
May 7, 1994
Suspension of Entry of Pres. Proc. No. 6,685, 59 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Aliens Whose Entry Is Fed. Reg. 24,337 (May
immigrants or
revocation
Barred Under United
10, 1994).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Nations Security
described in U.N. Security
Council Resolution
Council Resolution 917 (e.g.,
917 or Who
officers of the Haitian
Formulate, Implement,
military, including the police,
or Benefit from
and their immediate families
Policies That Are
and major participants in the
Impeding the
1991 Haitian coup d’etat).
Negotiations Seeking
the Return to
Constitutional Rule in
Haiti
Dec. 10, 1993
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,636, 58 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 65,525 (Dec.
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
14, 1993).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Who
who formulate, implement,
Formulate, Implement,
or benefit from policies that
or Benefit from
impede Nigeria’s transition
Policies That Are
to democracy and their
Impeding the
immediate families.
Transition to
Democracy in Nigeria
June 21, 1993
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,574, 58 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 34,209 (June
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
23, 1993).
nonimmigrants of persons
identified.
Persons Who
who formulate or benefit
Formulate, Implement,
from policies that impede
or Benefit from
Zaire’s transition to
Policies That Are
democracy and their
Impeding the
immediate family.
Transition to
Democracy in Zaire
June 3, 1993
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 6,569, 58 Suspending the entry as
Revoked by Pres.
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 31,897 (June 7,
immigrants or
Proc. No. 6,685, 59
Nonimmigrants of
1993).
nonimmigrants of persons
Fed. Reg. 24,337
Persons Who
who formulate, implement,
(May 10, 1994).
Formulate or
or benefit from policies that
Implement Policies
impede the progress of
That Are Impeding the
negotiations to restore a
Negotiations Seeking
constitutional government
the Return to
to Haiti and their immediate
Constitutional Rule in
families.
Haiti
Invocation by President George H. W. Bush
May 24, 1992
Interdiction of Il egal
Exec. Order No. 12,807,
Making provisions to
No presidential
Aliens
57 Fed. Reg. 23,133
enforce the suspension of
revocation
(June 1, 1992).
the entry of inadmissible
identified.
aliens by sea and the
interdiction of any covered
Referenced in Pres.
vessel carrying such aliens.
Proc. No. 9,699, 83
Fed. Reg. 8,161
(Feb. 23, 2018).
Invocations by President Ronald Reagan
Congressional Research Service
22
Date of
Title of Order or
Invocation
Proclamation
Citation
Nature of Exclusion
Status
Oct. 22, 1988
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 5,887, 53 Suspending the entry of
Revoked by Pres.
Nonimmigrants of
Fed. Reg. 43,185 (Oct.
specified Nicaraguan
Proc. No. 6,167, 55
Officers and
26, 1988).
nationals into the United
Fed. Reg. 33,093
Employees of the
States as nonimmigrants
(Aug. 13, 1990).
Nicaraguan
(e.g., officers of the
Government
Nicaraguan government or
the Sandinista National
Liberation Front holding
diplomatic or official
passports).
June 10, 1988
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 5,829, 53 Suspending the entry as
No presidential
Immigrants and
Fed. Reg. 22,289 (June
immigrants or
revocation
Nonimmigrants of
14, 1988).
nonimmigrants of certain
identified.
Persons Who
Panamanian nationals who
Formulate or
formulate or implement the
Implement the Policies
policies of Manuel Antonio
of the Noriega/Solis
Noriega and Manuel Solis
Palma Regime
Palma and their immediate
families.
Aug. 22, 1986
Suspension of Cuban
Pres. Proc. No. 5,517, 51 Suspending the entry of
No presidential
Immigration
Fed. Reg. 30,470 (Aug.
Cuban nationals as
revocation
26, 1986).
immigrants with certain
identified.
specified exceptions (e.g.,
Cuban nationals applying for
admission as immediate
relatives under INA
§ 201(b)).
Oct. 4, 1985
Suspension of Entry as Pres. Proc. No. 5,377, 50 Suspending the entry of
No presidential
Nonimmigrants by
Fed. Reg. 41,329 (Oct.
specified classes of Cuban
revocation
Officers or Employees
10, 1985).
nationals as nonimmigrants
identified.
of the Government of
(e.g., officers or employees
Cuba or the
of the Cuban government or
Communist Party of
the Communist Party of
Cuba
Cuba holding diplomatic or
official passports).
Sept. 29, 1981
High Seas Interdiction
Pres. Proc. No. 4,865, 46 Suspending the entry of
No presidential
of Il egal Aliens
Fed. Reg. 48,107 (Oct. 1, inadmissible aliens from the
revocation
1981) (expanded by
high seas and directing the
identified.
Exec. Order No. 12,807,
interdiction of certain
57 Fed. Reg. 23,133
vessels carrying such aliens.
Referenced in Pres.
(June 1, 1992)).
Proc. No. 9,822, 83
Fed. Reg. 57,661
(Nov. 15, 2018).
Source: Westlaw’s Presidential Documents database and the White House’s Presidential Action web page.
Note: A number of the proclamations and orders listed above make the entry restrictions they impose subject to waivers,
exceptions, and limitations. See, e.g., Pres. Proc. No. 9,645, 82 Fed. Reg. 45,161, at § 3 (Sept. 27, 2017).
Table Methodology
The entry restrictions above were compiled through searches of Westlaw’s Presidential Documents
database for variations and combinations of the terms Immigration and Nationality Act, INA, § 212(f), 8
U.S.C. § 1182(f), vetting capabilities, alien, person, immigrant, nonimmigrant, suspend, entry, entering,
and block as of February 15, 2024. CRS supplemented this methodology by reviewing the White House’s
Presidential Action web page for entry restrictions issued after the publication of the February 15, 2024,
link to page 4 link to page 4 Congressional Research Service
23
issue of the Federal Register. Table 1 identifies only those presidential documents that expressly impose
entry restrictions under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f).
To determine whether a listed entry restriction has been expressly amended or revoked by a later
presidential document, CRS completed a manual review of results from searches of Westlaw’s
Presidential Documents database for (order OR proclamation OR EO OR E.O.) PRE /5 [presidential
document number(s) listed in Column 3]) as of February 15, 2024. Identified amendments and partial
revocations are listed as parentheticals in Column 3, and complete revocations are listed in Column 5.
When this methodology yielded no results expressly revoking the listed entry restriction, the column
notes that “no presidential revocation was identified.” In such instances, the column cell also includes the
most recent (if any) reference to the corresponding entry restriction in Westlaw’s Presidential Documents
database as of February 15, 2024.
Acknowledgment: Table 1 updates an earlier table prepared and updated by Kate M. Manuel, Ben
Harrington, and Theresa Reiss.
Author Information
Kelsey Y. Santamaria
Calvin Gibson
Legislative Attorney
Law Librarian
Hillel R. Smith
Legislative Attorney
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
LSB10458 · VERSION 2 · UPDATED