CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

INSIGHTi

The Impact of the “Securing the Border” Rule on Migrant Encounters and Processing

Updated December 2, 2024

In FY2023, enforcement encounters by the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at the Southwest border reached their highest recorded annual level (2.5 million migrant encounters). In FY2024, encounters decreased to 2.1 million. The majority (1.5 million) were apprehensions along the border between ports of entry (POEs) by CBP’s U.S. Border Patrol (USBP).

In response to high levels of encounters, President Biden signed a proclamation that “suspended and limited” the entry of certain migrants at the Southwest border, effective June 5, 2024. DHS and the Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a joint interim final rule (IFR) (“Securing the Border”) restricting asylum eligibility for migrants subject to the proclamation’s suspension of entry, effective the same day. In September, the President updated the proclamation and DHS and DOJ issued a final rule amending the IFR, effective October 1, 2024.

Immigration law authorizes CBP officers to charge aliens with immigration violations and process them for removal (deportation). Generally, CBP chooses one of two removal pathways.

Under the formal removal process, CBP issues a migrant a notice to appear (NTA) charging document and files it in an immigration court (within DOJ’s Executive Office for Immigration Review). During removal proceedings, an immigration judge determines whether the individual is subject to removal. The individual may apply for relief or protection from removal, including asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). Unless they are subject to mandatory detention, most migrants issued NTAs are released from DHS custody to await proceedings.

The backlog of pending cases in immigration court (3.6 million cases at the end of FY2024) has been exacerbated by migrant encounters at the Southwest border resulting in NTA filings. With 735 immigration judges on staff, some individuals wait years to have their proceedings completed.

Under expedited removal (ER), DHS may remove individuals, typically recently arrived aliens apprehended by CBP at or near a U.S. border, without a hearing. Those who express a fear of persecution or torture if returned to their country of origin or an intent to apply for asylum may undergo a credible fear screening to determine whether they may qualify for asylum or other protection. Typically, those who meet the threshold for a credible fear of persecution or torture are referred for formal removal proceedings. Migrants processed for ER are generally held in DHS custody.

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The final rule limits asylum eligibility for migrants encountered at the Southwest border during “emergency border circumstances.” Unlike previous practices, CBP officers no longer ask an individual processed for ER whether they fear returning to their country. If an individual subject to the asylum limitation affirmatively expresses a fear or an intention to apply for asylum or protection, CBP refers them for a credible fear screening with an asylum officer. The asylum officer will make a negative credible fear determination with respect to asylum, absent “exceptionally compelling circumstances,” and will consider instead whether the individual can show a “reasonable probability” of persecution or torture (a higher standard than used previously) to determine potential eligibility for withholding of removal and CAT protection.

As the IFR explained, high numbers of encounters challenged the agency’s ability to process migrants through ER due to the limited holding space and number of asylum officers. In recent fiscal years, due to resource constraints, DHS processed the majority of migrants encountered at the Southwest border— including those eligible for ER—for formal removal. While these individuals may be released from custody relatively quickly, formal removal does not allow DHS and DOJ to “deliver timely decisions and consequences” to those lacking a lawful basis to remain in the country. DHS expected the IFR would reduce the number of migrants crossing between POEs and increase its capacity to process individuals for ER. CBP reported a “continued, meaningful decrease in unlawful border crossings” since the IFR took effect through October 2024.

The figures below present trends in migrant apprehensions at the Southwest border since Securing the Border’s implementation. They reflect USBP apprehensions and removal pathways (dispositions) including formal and ER. Prior to the June proclamation and IFR, monthly USBP apprehensions in FY2024 ranged from a high of 249,740 in December 2023 to a low of 117,905 in May 2024. From May to October 2024, monthly apprehensions fell by about half (Figure 1).

Figure 1. USBP Southwest Border Apprehensions

Source: CBP, Custody and Transfer Statistics, “USBP Monthly Southwest Border Encounters by Processing Disposition,” November 20, 2024.

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The dispositions under which migrants were processed also changed. For much of FY2024, most apprehended migrants were processed for formal removal and released from DHS custody on their own recognizance (NTA/OR). From October 2023 to May 2024, the percentage of all USBP encounters processed with an NTA/OR reached 77% in December before declining to 53% in May, and use of ER reached its lowest point in December (8%) before increasing to 25% in May. Since June, ER has supplanted NTA/OR as the most common disposition (Figure 2). In October 2024, the proportion of migrants processed with NTA/OR was approximately one-third of that in May 2024.

Figure 2. USBP Processing Dispositions

Source: CBP, Custody and Transfer Statistics, “USBP Monthly Southwest Border Encounters by Processing Disposition,” November 20, 2024. Notes: ER: expedited removal. NTA/OR: Notice to Appear/Own Recognizance (formal removal). “Other” includes warrant of arrest/Notice to Appear (detained migrants), reinstatement of prior order of removal, voluntary return, paroles, and “other.” Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

These data indicate a decrease in USBP encounters at the Southwest border since Securing the Border went into effect. They also show a reversal from CBP processing migrants mostly through formal removal to mostly through ER, which may be attributed to these policy changes and has led to fewer cases filed in immigration court.

It is difficult to disaggregate the effect of Securing the Border on the overall number of encounters, or predict how the rule may affect future flows. Other factors may include seasonal changes, immigration enforcement in Mexico, or migrants choosing more remote routes to evade detection.

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Author Information

Holly Straut-Eppsteiner Analyst in Immigration Policy

^{Audrey Singer}

Specialist in Immigration Policy

Disclaimer

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