Regional Economic Performance Since the Pandemic
link to page 2 
INSIGHTi
Regional Economic Performance Since the
Pandemic
June 4, 2024
The current economic expansion has been characterized by above-average employment growth,
historically low unemployment, and economic growth comparable to the previous two expansions (but
slower than earlier expansions). (For more information, see CRS Report R48054, State of the U.S.
Economy: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress.) This Insight looks at whether those trends hold across
U.S. states by examining four different economic metrics. Although several states have done poorly on
one metric (and in a few cases, more than one), no state has done poorly on all four. Conversely, one state
(Utah) outperformed the national average by at least one standard deviation on all four measures. Thus,
no one metric well represents overall economic performance. In particular, states with high (employment
or economic) growth rates over a relatively short period of time do not necessarily have low levels of
unemployment or high income levels, which partly reflect longer-term phenomena.
Unemployment Rate
In March 2024, the national unemployment rate (3.8%) was the same as it was before the pandemic in
February 2020. Across states, the unemployment rate varied from a high of 5.3% (California) to a low of
2.0% (North Dakota). Only California, Nevada, and the District of Columbia had unemployment above
5%. That spread is narrower than before the pandemic, when the highest state unemployment rate was
5.8% and the lowest was 2.1%—indicating that labor demand has been relatively strong across states.
Even the highest state unemployment rate is low by historical standards—the national average was 6%
from 2000 to 2020.
Nationally, the unemployment rate has risen 0.4 percentage points since January 2023, and most states
have also seen an increase since then. Six states have gone from low to above-average unemployment
during this expansion (see Figure 1).
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12373
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 3 link to page 3
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. States with High and Increasing Unemployment
Source: CRS calculations based on Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data.
Notes: Recent low is various months during the current expansion.
Employment Growth
U.S. employment has grown a cumulative 3.8% since the onset of the pandemic (February 2020 to March
2024). Growth was widespread except in seven states and DC, where employment has fallen over that
period (the red dots in Figure 2). At the state level, employment can fall because workers are losing jobs
or because the labor force is shrinking (e.g., workers are moving out of the state). Employment fell in five
of those jurisdictions because their labor forces shrank. As shown in Figure 2, eight states had cumulative
employment growth that exceeded 7.4% (at least one standard deviation above the U.S. average), and 34
states fell within one standard deviation above or below average.
Congressional Research Service
3
Figure 2. State Unemployment and Employment
Source: CRS calculations based on BLS data.
At the state level, employment growth is not well correlated with (low) unemployment. Three of the
jurisdictions with falling employment had an above-average unemployment rate (DC, New York,
Louisiana). The other five jurisdictions are not experiencing job growth but do not have a dearth of
employment opportunities. Of the 13 states with unemployment below 3%, only one also experienced
very rapid employment growth. With unemployment relatively low in all jurisdictions, differences in
unemployment rates currently reflect structural issues more than cyclical ones. For example, on average,
workers with higher educational attainment have lower unemployment rates, and educational attainment
varies by state.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth
Nationally, GDP (total output) has grown a cumulative 9.7% from the first quarter of 2020 to the fourth
quarter of 2023. GDP is higher than before the pandemic in all 50 states and DC, but growth by state
varied considerably, from a low of 0.5% (North Dakota) to a high of 19.9% (Florida). By region, growth
was slowest in the Mideast and fastest in the Southwest.
Per Capita Income Growth
Per capita income growth, which includes both earned income and government transfers, is useful to
adjust for differences in population growth and compare how individuals are faring economically across
states. Based on CRS calculations using Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data, inflation-adjusted
link to page 4
Congressional Research Service
4
average per capita income has increased nationally by a cumulative 5.4% from the first quarter of 2020 to
the fourth quarter of 2023. That figure varies considerably across jurisdictions, from a low of 1.3% in
Connecticut to a high of 11.2% in Utah. However, per capita income growth in 37 jurisdictions was
between 3.4% and 7.4%, indicating that the pace of the economic expansion has been relatively even
across most jurisdictions. Notably, no state had lower per capita income than before the pandemic.
Why might per capita income growth vary across states? One reason is states with income below the
national average can experience “catch-up” growth above the national average that moves them closer to
national living standards. Those states—located mainly in the Plains, Southeast, and Southwest—are in
the bottom right quadrant of Figure 3. Conversely, states with above-average income levels may
experience “regression to the mean,” as they find it harder to generate growth compared to low-income
states. Those states, located mainly in New England and the Mideast, fall into the top left quadrant. For
example, Connecticut had the lowest growth and the second-highest income level of any state. States
could also move (in either direction) toward the mean because of a correlation between cost of living and
income levels. In other words, individuals from states with above-average income have an incentive to
move to low-cost (and below-average income) states. When they do so (assuming no change in their
income), that raises the average income in that state.
Figure 3. State Per Capita Income
Source: CRS calculations based on BEA data.
Not all states showed catch-up growth or regression to the mean. Over shorter time periods, such as the
current expansion, idiosyncratic causes of income growth may dominate. Eight states (all located west of
the Mississippi except Virginia) with above-average income grew faster than the U.S. average, and 18
states with below-average income grew more slowly, although all were within two percentage points of
average U.S. income growth.
Congressional Research Service
5
Author Information
Marc Labonte
Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12373 · VERSION 1 · NEW
INSIGHTi
Regional Economic Performance Since the
Pandemic
June 4, 2024
The current economic expansion has been characterized by above-average employment growth,
historically low unemployment, and economic growth comparable to the previous two expansions (but
slower than earlier expansions). (For more information, see CRS Report R48054, State of the U.S.
Economy: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress.) This Insight looks at whether those trends hold across
U.S. states by examining four different economic metrics. Although several states have done poorly on
one metric (and in a few cases, more than one), no state has done poorly on all four. Conversely, one state
(Utah) outperformed the national average by at least one standard deviation on all four measures. Thus,
no one metric well represents overall economic performance. In particular, states with high (employment
or economic) growth rates over a relatively short period of time do not necessarily have low levels of
unemployment or high income levels, which partly reflect longer-term phenomena.
Unemployment Rate
In March 2024, the national unemployment rate (3.8%) was the same as it was before the pandemic in
February 2020. Across states, the unemployment rate varied from a high of 5.3% (California) to a low of
2.0% (North Dakota). Only California, Nevada, and the District of Columbia had unemployment above
5%. That spread is narrower than before the pandemic, when the highest state unemployment rate was
5.8% and the lowest was 2.1%—indicating that labor demand has been relatively strong across states.
Even the highest state unemployment rate is low by historical standards—the national average was 6%
from 2000 to 2020.
Nationally, the unemployment rate has risen 0.4 percentage points since January 2023, and most states
have also seen an increase since then. Six states have gone from low to above-average unemployment
during this expansion (see Figure 1).
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12373
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 3 link to page 3
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. States with High and Increasing Unemployment
Source: CRS calculations based on Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data.
Notes: Recent low is various months during the current expansion.
Employment Growth
U.S. employment has grown a cumulative 3.8% since the onset of the pandemic (February 2020 to March
2024). Growth was widespread except in seven states and DC, where employment has fallen over that
period (the red dots in Figure 2). At the state level, employment can fall because workers are losing jobs
or because the labor force is shrinking (e.g., workers are moving out of the state). Employment fell in five
of those jurisdictions because their labor forces shrank. As shown in Figure 2, eight states had cumulative
employment growth that exceeded 7.4% (at least one standard deviation above the U.S. average), and 34
states fell within one standard deviation above or below average.
Congressional Research Service
3
Figure 2. State Unemployment and Employment
Source: CRS calculations based on BLS data.
At the state level, employment growth is not well correlated with (low) unemployment. Three of the
jurisdictions with falling employment had an above-average unemployment rate (DC, New York,
Louisiana). The other five jurisdictions are not experiencing job growth but do not have a dearth of
employment opportunities. Of the 13 states with unemployment below 3%, only one also experienced
very rapid employment growth. With unemployment relatively low in all jurisdictions, differences in
unemployment rates currently reflect structural issues more than cyclical ones. For example, on average,
workers with higher educational attainment have lower unemployment rates, and educational attainment
varies by state.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth
Nationally, GDP (total output) has grown a cumulative 9.7% from the first quarter of 2020 to the fourth
quarter of 2023. GDP is higher than before the pandemic in all 50 states and DC, but growth by state
varied considerably, from a low of 0.5% (North Dakota) to a high of 19.9% (Florida). By region, growth
was slowest in the Mideast and fastest in the Southwest.
Per Capita Income Growth
Per capita income growth, which includes both earned income and government transfers, is useful to
adjust for differences in population growth and compare how individuals are faring economically across
states. Based on CRS calculations using Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data, inflation-adjusted
link to page 4
Congressional Research Service
4
average per capita income has increased nationally by a cumulative 5.4% from the first quarter of 2020 to
the fourth quarter of 2023. That figure varies considerably across jurisdictions, from a low of 1.3% in
Connecticut to a high of 11.2% in Utah. However, per capita income growth in 37 jurisdictions was
between 3.4% and 7.4%, indicating that the pace of the economic expansion has been relatively even
across most jurisdictions. Notably, no state had lower per capita income than before the pandemic.
Why might per capita income growth vary across states? One reason is states with income below the
national average can experience “catch-up” growth above the national average that moves them closer to
national living standards. Those states—located mainly in the Plains, Southeast, and Southwest—are in
the bottom right quadrant of Figure 3. Conversely, states with above-average income levels may
experience “regression to the mean,” as they find it harder to generate growth compared to low-income
states. Those states, located mainly in New England and the Mideast, fall into the top left quadrant. For
example, Connecticut had the lowest growth and the second-highest income level of any state. States
could also move (in either direction) toward the mean because of a correlation between cost of living and
income levels. In other words, individuals from states with above-average income have an incentive to
move to low-cost (and below-average income) states. When they do so (assuming no change in their
income), that raises the average income in that state.
Figure 3. State Per Capita Income
Source: CRS calculations based on BEA data.
Not all states showed catch-up growth or regression to the mean. Over shorter time periods, such as the
current expansion, idiosyncratic causes of income growth may dominate. Eight states (all located west of
the Mississippi except Virginia) with above-average income grew faster than the U.S. average, and 18
states with below-average income grew more slowly, although all were within two percentage points of
average U.S. income growth.
Congressional Research Service
5
Author Information
Marc Labonte
Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12373 · VERSION 1 · NEW