Wastewater and Drinking Water: Committee Deadlines for EPA’s Administration of “Earmarks”
INSIGHTi
Wastewater and Drinking Water: Committee
Deadlines for EPA’s Administration of
“Earmarks”
April 5, 2024
Congress has demonstrated interest in assisting communities to finance certain wastewater and drinking
water infrastructure improvements needed to comply with federal regulations and maintain levels of
service. Through statute, appropriations, and report language, Congress has provided the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with authorities, funding, and direction to support state and local
entities in making investments to comply with regulations and furthering public health protection.
Congress authorized two primary programs at EPA to support this type of infrastructure: the Clean Water
State Revolving Fund (CWSRF), authorized by the Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DWSRF), authorized by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
The 117th Congress reestablished its practice of directing funding to specific wastewater and drinking
water infrastructure projects through community project funding/congressionally directed spending
(CPF/CDS) items, commonly called earmarks. For more details, see CRS Report R47633, The Role of
Earmarks in CWSRF and DWSRF Appropriations in the 117th Congress.
In the 118th Congress, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) also contains CPF/CDS
grants for wastewater and drinking water infrastructure projects. P.L. 118-42 directs EPA to reserve 48%
($787.7 million) of the CWSRF appropriation and 56% ($631.7 million) of the DWSRF appropriation for
CPS/CDS. The funds reserved for CPF/CDS are distributed directly to recipients, instead of to states’ SRF
programs. This process effectively reduces the amount available for state SRF capitalization grants as
well as the amounts set aside for grants to tribes and territories. The funds for CPF/CDS items support
water infrastructure projects, so the total amount available for water infrastructure projects from the
FY2024 appropriations act remains the same, though the CPF/CDS amounts are distributed directly to
recipients rather than through SRF programs.
Some Members have raised concerns that EPA has not provided FY2022 and FY2023 CPF/CDS to grant
recipients in a timely manner. The joint explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 118-42 stipulates that,
within 45 days of enactment, EPA is to brief the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations on
ways to improve the timeliness of CPF/CDS administration and requires EPA to report on the matter
within 90 days of enactment.
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Deadlines for EPA
In the 118th Congress, both the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations have raised concerns
over EPA’s administration of CPF/CDS items. The House Committee on Appropriations’ report
accompanying the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2024 (H.R. 4821), identified the Committee’s frustrations with EPA’s administration of FY2022 and
FY2023 CPF/CDS items. The Senate Committee on Appropriations’ report on its bill (S. 2605) identified
similar frustrations over the agency’s “significant backlog of Congressionally Directed Spending
projects.” Both the House and Senate reports directed EPA to develop strategies that would enable faster
CPF/CDS administration and to report these strategies to the committees.
The joint explanatory statement accompanying the final measure (P.L. 118-42) provides similar direction.
P.L. 118-42 authorizes EPA to reserve $13.3 million from the amounts available for FY2024 SRF
capitalization grants to administer FY2022 and FY2023 CPF/CDS. EPA cannot obligate the $13.3 million
without written confirmation by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. To gain this
confirmation, EPA is directed to brief the appropriations committees by April 23, 2024 (within 45 days of
enactment), and provide a report to the appropriations committees by June 7, 2024 (within 90 days of
enactment). In the briefing and report, EPA is required to identify ways (other than increased staffing) that
would improve EPA’s timeliness and efficacy of CPF/CDS administration. In addition, EPA is required to
provide in its report a “legislative structure” to allow for state administration of CPF/CDS projects.
Considerations
This direction to EPA for a briefing and report raises several questions for policymakers. The
appropriations committees’ direction indicates an interest in a proposal where states, rather than EPA,
administer earmarks. One question may regard the states’ capacity to administer these funds. In the joint
explanatory statement, the appropriations committees direct EPA to include a proposed set-aside for states
to use if they elect to administer CPF/CDS. A question may involve the source of those administrative set-
aside funds. Would the set-aside funds be provided as a separate appropriation or set-aside from the SRF
appropriation or set-aside from CPF/CDS? Another question may involve oversight of CPF/CDS
administration. For example, would states that elect to administer CPF/CDS have to comply with similar
oversight requirements, such as annual or biennial reports, as is required under the SRF programs? How
EPA’s proposal addresses these and other questions remains to be seen, though congressional interest in
this topic may continue.
Author Information
Elena H. Humphreys
Analyst in Environmental Policy
Disclaimer
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