Recent Caseload Statistics for U.S. District Courts: Criminal Defendants Charged with Firearms or Explosives Offenses (2001-2023)
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INSIGHTi
Recent Caseload Statistics for U.S. District
Courts: Criminal Defendants Charged with
Firearms or Explosives Offenses (2001-2023)
March 26, 2024
This Insight provides an overview and analysis of federal criminal defendants charged with offenses
related to firearms or explosives in U.S. district courts. Specifically, this Insight provides information
related to (1) the percentage of defendants charged with such offenses in U.S. district courts during the
period 2001-2023; (2) the percentage of defendants who were charged with a firearms or explosives
offense, during the same period, by the type of offense charged; and (3) the percentage of defendants
charged with a firearms or explosives offense in selected U.S. district courts in 2023.
The data discussed below are compiled and reported by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts. Data
provided by other entities, such as the Bureau of Justice, may by compiled and reported differently.
The data exclude defendants transferred among district courts and those charged in U.S. territorial district
courts. This Insight does not provide legal analysis of the offenses discussed.
Percentage of Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense (2001-2023)
During the 2001-2023 period, as shown by Figure 1, the overall national percentage of federal defendants
charged with a firearms or explosive offense ranged from a low of 8.4% in 2010 to a high of 16.1% in
2020. During this period, the average percentage of defendants charged annually with a firearms or
explosives offense was 11.4% (approximately one in nine).
Most recently, 15.1% of all defendants in 2023 were charged with a firearms or explosives offense—
ranking as the fourth-highest percentage since 2001.
The increase in the percentage of federal defendants charged with such offenses from 2016 to 2017 (from
11.4% to 13.1%, representing the second-greatest increase since 2001) likely reflects the impact of a
March 8, 2017, memorandum from then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions to Department of Justice
prosecutors, directing them to prioritize firearms prosecutions.
The increase from 2019 to 2020 (from 13.4% to 16.1%, representing the greatest increase since 2001)
likely reflects the impact of then-Attorney General William Barr’s announcement in November 2019,
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12339
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 3
Congressional Research Service
2
following mass shootings earlier in the year, that prosecuting gun crimes would be a “critical part” of the
Department of Justice’s “anti-violent crime strategy.” It may also reflect the department’s June 2019
formation of a Domestic Violence Working Group for the purpose, in part, of prioritizing the prosecution
of gun-related offenses by those previously convicted of domestic violence.
Figure 1. Percentage of Federal Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense
(2001-2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Percentage of Firearms or Explosives Defendants Charged by Type of Offense (2001-
2023)
For defendants charged with firearms or explosives offenses, the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts
(AO) provides a breakdown of the type of offenses for which defendants are charged. The offenses
include
• the possession or receipt of a firearm or ammunition by a prohibited person (e.g., a
felon);
• the use, carrying, or possession of a firearm in relation to or in furtherance of a drug
felony or a federal crime of violence;
• all other federal firearms offenses included in a catch-all “other” category (e.g., to
knowingly possess certain types of prohibited firearms or devices); and
• offenses related to explosive materials (e.g., manufacturing such materials without a
license).
As shown by Figure 2, of those individuals charged with a firearms or explosives offense, the most
common offense from 2001 to 2023 was the possession of a firearm by a prohibited person—representing
over half of those charged with a firearms or explosives offense for each year during the period (ranging
from a low 52.0% in 2001 to a high of 60.8% in 2020).
The second-most common offense during this period was the use of a firearm in furtherance of a violent
or drug-trafficking crime (ranging from a low of 22.6% in 2012 to a high of 26.4% in 2017).
Firearms offenses in the “other” category hit a high of 21.9 % in 2023, which may reflect the impact of
the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (P.L. 117-159). For additional information about the act, see CRS
In Focus IF12190, Gun Control: Straw Purchases and Gun Trafficking Provisions in P.L. 117-159.
Offenses related to explosives peaked at 4.0% in 2002.
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Figure 2. Percentage of Firearms or Explosives Defendants Charged by Type of Offense
(2001-2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Notes: Percentages reflect highest percentages for each category during the 2001-2023 period.
Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense by U.S. District Court
(2023)
In 2023, across 91 U.S. district courts, the percentage of federal defendants charged with an offense
related to firearms or explosives ranged from a low of 1.2% (Southern District of California) to a high of
46.3% (Middle District of Alabama).
Figure 3 identifies the U.S. district courts where at least one in four (25.0%) of federal defendants were
charged with a firearms or explosives offense in 2023. Of the 34 courts for which at least 25.0% of
defendants were charged with such offenses, 17 (50.0%) are located in the South and 13 (38.2%) in the
Midwest. The remaining four include district courts for Colorado, Maine, Montana, and Puerto Rico.
Overall, in 2023, 18 of 20 (90.0%) district courts located in the Midwest, 30 of 39 (76.9%) in the South,
11 of 17 (64.7%) in the West, and 8 of 14 (57.1%) in the Northeast had a greater percentage of defendants
charged with a firearms or explosives offense than the percentage, nationally, of all federal defendants
charged with such offenses (15.1%).
While not shown in the figure, the number of defendants charged with a firearms or explosives offense in
2023 ranged from a low of 5 (District of Rhode Island) to a high of 441 (Eastern District of Missouri).
Across all 91 U.S. district courts, the average number of defendants charged with a firearms or explosives
offense was 109 (while the median number was 86).
Congressional Research Service
4
Figure 3. Percentage of All Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense
(2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Author Information
Barry J. McMillion
Analyst in American National Government
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
Congressional Research Service
5
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12339 · VERSION 1 · NEW
INSIGHTi
Recent Caseload Statistics for U.S. District
Courts: Criminal Defendants Charged with
Firearms or Explosives Offenses (2001-2023)
March 26, 2024
This Insight provides an overview and analysis of federal criminal defendants charged with offenses
related to firearms or explosives in U.S. district courts. Specifically, this Insight provides information
related to (1) the percentage of defendants charged with such offenses in U.S. district courts during the
period 2001-2023; (2) the percentage of defendants who were charged with a firearms or explosives
offense, during the same period, by the type of offense charged; and (3) the percentage of defendants
charged with a firearms or explosives offense in selected U.S. district courts in 2023.
The data discussed below are compiled and reported by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts. Data
provided by other entities, such as the Bureau of Justice, may by compiled and reported differently.
The data exclude defendants transferred among district courts and those charged in U.S. territorial district
courts. This Insight does not provide legal analysis of the offenses discussed.
Percentage of Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense (2001-2023)
During the 2001-2023 period, as shown by Figure 1, the overall national percentage of federal defendants
charged with a firearms or explosive offense ranged from a low of 8.4% in 2010 to a high of 16.1% in
2020. During this period, the average percentage of defendants charged annually with a firearms or
explosives offense was 11.4% (approximately one in nine).
Most recently, 15.1% of all defendants in 2023 were charged with a firearms or explosives offense—
ranking as the fourth-highest percentage since 2001.
The increase in the percentage of federal defendants charged with such offenses from 2016 to 2017 (from
11.4% to 13.1%, representing the second-greatest increase since 2001) likely reflects the impact of a
March 8, 2017, memorandum from then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions to Department of Justice
prosecutors, directing them to prioritize firearms prosecutions.
The increase from 2019 to 2020 (from 13.4% to 16.1%, representing the greatest increase since 2001)
likely reflects the impact of then-Attorney General William Barr’s announcement in November 2019,
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12339
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 3
Congressional Research Service
2
following mass shootings earlier in the year, that prosecuting gun crimes would be a “critical part” of the
Department of Justice’s “anti-violent crime strategy.” It may also reflect the department’s June 2019
formation of a Domestic Violence Working Group for the purpose, in part, of prioritizing the prosecution
of gun-related offenses by those previously convicted of domestic violence.
Figure 1. Percentage of Federal Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense
(2001-2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Percentage of Firearms or Explosives Defendants Charged by Type of Offense (2001-
2023)
For defendants charged with firearms or explosives offenses, the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts
(AO) provides a breakdown of the type of offenses for which defendants are charged. The offenses
include
• the possession or receipt of a firearm or ammunition by a prohibited person (e.g., a
felon);
• the use, carrying, or possession of a firearm in relation to or in furtherance of a drug
felony or a federal crime of violence;
• all other federal firearms offenses included in a catch-all “other” category (e.g., to
knowingly possess certain types of prohibited firearms or devices); and
• offenses related to explosive materials (e.g., manufacturing such materials without a
license).
As shown by Figure 2, of those individuals charged with a firearms or explosives offense, the most
common offense from 2001 to 2023 was the possession of a firearm by a prohibited person—representing
over half of those charged with a firearms or explosives offense for each year during the period (ranging
from a low 52.0% in 2001 to a high of 60.8% in 2020).
The second-most common offense during this period was the use of a firearm in furtherance of a violent
or drug-trafficking crime (ranging from a low of 22.6% in 2012 to a high of 26.4% in 2017).
Firearms offenses in the “other” category hit a high of 21.9 % in 2023, which may reflect the impact of
the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (P.L. 117-159). For additional information about the act, see CRS
In Focus IF12190, Gun Control: Straw Purchases and Gun Trafficking Provisions in P.L. 117-159.
Offenses related to explosives peaked at 4.0% in 2002.
link to page 4
Congressional Research Service
3
Figure 2. Percentage of Firearms or Explosives Defendants Charged by Type of Offense
(2001-2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Notes: Percentages reflect highest percentages for each category during the 2001-2023 period.
Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense by U.S. District Court
(2023)
In 2023, across 91 U.S. district courts, the percentage of federal defendants charged with an offense
related to firearms or explosives ranged from a low of 1.2% (Southern District of California) to a high of
46.3% (Middle District of Alabama).
Figure 3 identifies the U.S. district courts where at least one in four (25.0%) of federal defendants were
charged with a firearms or explosives offense in 2023. Of the 34 courts for which at least 25.0% of
defendants were charged with such offenses, 17 (50.0%) are located in the South and 13 (38.2%) in the
Midwest. The remaining four include district courts for Colorado, Maine, Montana, and Puerto Rico.
Overall, in 2023, 18 of 20 (90.0%) district courts located in the Midwest, 30 of 39 (76.9%) in the South,
11 of 17 (64.7%) in the West, and 8 of 14 (57.1%) in the Northeast had a greater percentage of defendants
charged with a firearms or explosives offense than the percentage, nationally, of all federal defendants
charged with such offenses (15.1%).
While not shown in the figure, the number of defendants charged with a firearms or explosives offense in
2023 ranged from a low of 5 (District of Rhode Island) to a high of 441 (Eastern District of Missouri).
Across all 91 U.S. district courts, the average number of defendants charged with a firearms or explosives
offense was 109 (while the median number was 86).
Congressional Research Service
4
Figure 3. Percentage of All Defendants Charged with a Firearms or Explosives Offense
(2023)
Source: Congressional Research Service compilation of data provided by the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts.
Author Information
Barry J. McMillion
Analyst in American National Government
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
Congressional Research Service
5
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12339 · VERSION 1 · NEW