September 12, 2023, Is Estimated to Be the Beginning of the Congressional Review Act “Lookback” Period
INSIGHTi
September 12, 2023, Is Estimated to Be the
Beginning of the Congressional Review Act
“Lookback” Period
January 24, 2024
The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) is an oversight tool that Congress may use to
consider a joint resolution overturning a rule issued by a federal agency. Under the act, when a rule is
finalized and submitted to Congress, a finite time window begins—lasting roughly 60 chamber work
days—during which joint resolutions disapproving the rule can be introduced and considered under
special “fast track” parliamentary procedures.
If a rule is submitted to Congress so late in the year that the adjournment of that session of Congress
prevents the House or Senate from enjoying this full 60-day review period, the time periods for
introduction and action on a disapproval resolution begin again the following year. This provision is
commonly called the CRA “lookback” provision. The lookback mechanism is intended to ensure that an
Administration cannot deny Congress the full periods for oversight contemplated by the CRA by simply
waiting to submit rules to Congress until shortly before it adjourns for the year.
It appears that the current CRA lookback period began on September 12, 2023. That is, rules received in
the House or Senate on or after that date during the first session of the 118th Congress may receive full,
renewed periods of CRA review in 2024 during the second session.
Overview of the CRA Time Periods
Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit that rule to both houses of Congress
and publish the rule in the Federal Register. After a rule is received and published, the CRA establishes
specific time periods during which Congress can introduce and act on a joint resolution that, if enacted,
would disapprove the rule. Specifically:
• An “introduction” period, which lasts for 60 calendar days (excluding days on which
either house has adjourned pursuant to a concurrent resolution), during which joint
resolutions disapproving the rule can be introduced in either chamber.
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• A “discharge” period, which lasts for 20 calendar days. After the conclusion of this
period, a petition signed by 30 Senators can be filed to discharge a Senate committee
from the further consideration of a CRA joint resolution of disapproval.
• A “Senate action” period, which lasts for 60 days of Senate session, during which a
disapproval resolution can be considered in the Senate under “fast track” parliamentary
procedures that permit a simple majority to call up and reach a final vote on the joint
resolution without a cloture process.
The Lookback Mechanism
Section 801(d) of the CRA provides that, if a rule is submitted to Congress either less than 60 days of
session in the Senate or less than 60 legislative days in the House of Representatives before Congress
adjourns a session of Congress sine die, a new period for congressional review of that rule becomes
available in the next session of Congress. For this purpose, the “lookback” rule is treated as if it had been
submitted to Congress and published in the Federal Register on the 15th legislative day (House) or session
day (Senate) of the new session for purposes of calculating the time periods described above. This 15th
day is sometimes referred to as the date of “constructive resubmission” of the rule. That is, the lookback
period rule is treated as if the 15th day of the new session was the first time the rule had been received and
published for purposes of CRA oversight.
Accordingly, rules submitted to Congress prior to both the 60th day of Senate session and the 60th House
legislative day before the day of the adjournment will not be subject to the additional periods for review
in the following congressional session. Rules submitted on or after the 60th day before sine die
adjournment in at least one chamber will be subject to the renewed periods for congressional review.
These “lookback” provisions are applied in the same way regardless of whether the session in question is
the first or second session of a two-year Congress.
Calculating the Lookback Date
CRS unofficially estimates that Biden Administration rules submitted to the House or Senate on or after
September 12, 2023, until the end of the first session of the 118th Congress on January 3, 2024, are subject
to the CRA lookback provisions and will qualify for additional periods of CRA review in the first few
months of the second session of the 118th Congress (2024). These renewed periods of review are likely to
permit the introduction of disapproval resolutions aimed at such rules until late March 2024 and make the
“fast track” procedures available to consider such joint resolutions in the Senate until late May or early
June 2024.
The estimated start of the CRA lookback period for all rules was determined by counting back from the
sine die adjournment of the first session in the respective chambers—60 days of session in the Senate and
60 legislative days in the House—then taking the earlier of the two dates.
CRS day count estimates are unofficial and nonbinding. The Senate and House Parliamentarians are the
sole definitive arbiters of the operation of the CRA mechanism, including its associated time periods, and
should be consulted if a formal opinion is desired. CRS can, however, provide congressional clients with
unofficial day count estimates of the action windows for specific rules and provide spreadsheets listing
rules that appear likely to be in the current CRA lookback period.
For more on the CRA, see CRS Report R43992, The Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked
Questions, by Maeve P. Carey and Christopher M. Davis.
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Author Information
Christopher M. Davis
Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
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