Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) FY2024 Appropriations Bill: CFPB’s Funding and Structure Provisions
INSIGHTi
Financial Services and General Government
(FSGG) FY2024 Appropriations Bill: CFPB’s
Funding and Structure Provisions
September 22, 2023
On July 17, 2023, the House Committee on Appropriations reported its FY2024 Financial Services and
General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill (H.R. 4664). The reported bill would change the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)’s funding and structure, bringing the agency under the
traditional appropriations process and replacing the CFPB Director with a five-person commission,
appointed by the President with advice and consent of the Senate, with no more than three commission
members of any one political party. Other bills introduced during this Congress include similar
provisions, including H.R. 2798, which the House Financial Services Committee ordered to be reported
on April 26, 2023.
Since the CFPB’s creation over a decade ago, policymakers have continuously debated the degree of
independence the CFPB should have from Congress and the President. Some argue that the agency can
operate more effectively when insulated from political pressures, while others counter that such insulation
decreases accountability and raises constitutional concerns. This Insight discusses the CFPB’s current
structure and funding, how H.R. 4664 would change it, and the legal challenges related to these issues.
Current CFPB Structure, Funding, and Budget
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank; P.L. 111-203)
established the CFPB as an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve System (Fed). The CFPB is
headed by a single director, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate for a
five-year term. The Fed’s Board of Governors generally does not have legal authority to influence the
CFPB’s operations. This single director structure is similar to other independent agencies, such as the
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), though others, such as the Federal Reserve, the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), are headed
by boards or commissions.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12247
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
The CFPB is funded outside the traditional congressional appropriations process. The CFPB funds its
operations through monetary transfers from the Fed’s combined earnings. The Fed must transfer amounts
requested by the CFPB director based on the director’s determination of need, subject to a cap set by a
statutory formula. Some other agencies, such as bank regulators (OCC, FDIC, and Federal Reserve), are
also funded outside of the congressional appropriations process. However, in contrast to the CFPB’s
funding scheme, those agencies generally cover all or part of their costs with funds collected as fees or
assessments from regulated entities or derived from other investments.
For FY2023, the CFPB received a total of $721.2 million in transfers from the Fed, which was below its
$750.9 million statutory cap. The CFPB’s budget estimate for its operations in FY2023 is $653.2 million
and in FY2024 is $684.9 million.
CFPB Provisions in Reported Bill
H.R. 4664, in its regular appropriations language, would provide the CFPB $635 million for FY2024,
which is about $50 million less than the CFPB estimated for its FY2024 budget. In addition, the bill
contains provisions amending the CFPB’s authorizing language in Dodd-Frank and limiting the
implementation of a new CFPB regulation. Specifically:
• Section 501 would delete the provisions governing the Fed’s funding of the CFPB, thus
bringing the CFPB under the appropriations process for FY2024 and following years. It
would authorize $650 million for the CFPB for FY2024 but includes no specific amount
for following fiscal years.
• Section 502 would replace the CFPB Director with a five-person commission where no
more than three members may be from the same political party and two members must
have private-sector experience in consumer finance. Commissioners would be appointed
by the President, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, to serve five-year
staggered terms. The President would only be able to remove a commissioner for
“inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.”
• Section 503 would prohibit funds from being used to implement a small business lending
data collection regulation that the CFPB recently finalized as mandated by Section 1071
of Dodd-Frank.
Constitutional Challenges to the CFPB’s Funding and
Structure
The CFPB’s funding source is currently the subject of a legal challenge pending before the U.S. Supreme
Court. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in Community Financial Services Association of
America v. CFPB, ruled that the CFPB’s funding mechanism is unconstitutional in violation of the
Constitution’s Appropriations Clause and separation of powers. The Department of Justice, on behalf of
the CFPB, petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari to review and reverse the Fifth Circuit’s
decision. In February 2023, the Supreme Court agreed to review the decision. For more information, see
CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10891, Fifth Circuit: CFPB’s Funding Authority is Unconstitutional, by Sean M.
Stiff and David H. Carpenter.
The CFPB’s structure was also subject to legal challenges that were ultimately settled by the Supreme
Court. Dodd-Frank protected the CFPB director from presidential removal except for cause; however, the
Supreme Court in Seila Law v. CFPB held that this statutory removal protection violated the separation of
powers. As a result, the CFPB director now serves at the pleasure of, and may be removed at-will by, the
Congressional Research Service
3
President. For more information, see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10507, Supreme Court Rules CFPB
Structure Unconstitutional: Implications for Congress, by Jacob D. Shelly.
Author Information
Cheryl R. Cooper
David H. Carpenter
Analyst in Financial Economics
Legislative Attorney
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12247 · VERSION 1 · NEW