The U.S. “Housing Recession”
link to page 2 
INSIGHTi
The U.S. “Housing Recession”
August 21, 2023
Economists often look to the housing market as an indicator of the health of the economy. As the COVID-
19 pandemic accelerated, the housing market was relatively strong, characterized by robust demand,
rising prices, and increased construction. Since the latter half of 2021, spending on residential
construction has faltered, leading some to believe that the United States is or was in a “housing
recession.” Some have speculated that lower spending in the housing sector is a sign that overall spending
in the economy will decrease and that a housing recession will lead to an actual recession. This Insight
discusses the concept of a housing recession, reviews housing market trends, and considers the extent to
which housing market conditions may affect the broader economy.
Background and Trends
Economists use the phrase housing recession to refer to a downturn in the housing market. While many
housing market indicators are considered in general discussions of housing recessions, for the purposes of
this Insight, a housing recession will be defined by the amount of and spending on residential
construction.
Despite high home prices and rents, homebuilding has slumped. One of the main ways economists
measure spending in the housing market is by tracking private fixed residential investment, a component
of gross domestic product (GDP). Private fixed residential investment includes all spending on the
construction of new single- and multi-family structures (both owner-occupied and rental), residential
remodeling, and brokers’ fees. This measure allows economists to not only track spending on housing but
also tie it directly to overall economic activity. As shown in Figure 1, below, residential investment has
been falling each quarter since the second quarter of 2021, most recently falling by 1.1% in the second
quarter of 2023. Decreases in 2023 have been smaller than those throughout 2022, but as a result of nine
straight quarters of decline, the level of residential investment is now about $167 billion less in real terms
than it was in the first quarter of 2021. By this measure, one could assert that the United States is
experiencing a housing recession.
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https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12227
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
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Figure 1. Real Private Fixed Residential Investment
Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate (SAAR), Q1 2014-Q2 2023
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis.
In addition to looking at dollars spent on residential construction, economists can consider the amount of
planned, current, or completed construction. To that end, Figure 2 below shows three-month rolling
averages for new authorizations (units that have been approved via issuance of building or zoning
permits), starts (units for which excavation for footings or foundations has begun), and completions (units
that have had all finished flooring installed). Each of these measures can give a sense of homebuilders’
sentiment at different points in time: Authorizations are driven by expectations of what the market will be
like in the medium to longer term (authorizations represent the first step that allows building but do not
indicate that building has actually started), starts are driven by near-term expectations, and completions
signal what expectations were in the recent past (it takes time to finish building once started).
Authorizations and starts decreased throughout 2022 while completions rose, indicating activity in and the
outlook for the market was turning negative at that time. However, all three measures increased on
average over the first six months of 2023. Overall, the evidence of a housing recession using these
measures is mixed and could indicate a housing recession in 2022 but not 2023. The upward trend in
starts, in particular, would indicate that homebuilders are optimistic about the housing market in the
coming months.
Congressional Research Service
3
Figure 2. New Privately Owned Housing Unit Construction
3-Month SAAR Rolling Average, January 2014 to June 2023
Source: Census Bureau.
Will a Housing Recession Lead to an Economic
Recession?
Given that there is some evidence that the United States experienced a housing recession, at least in 2022,
the question arises: Will a housing recession lead to an economic recession? Many economists pay
particular attention to the housing sector when considering the probability of a recession, because housing
market contractions have often preceded recessions. (Decreases in nominal residential investment have
preceded nine out 12 recessions since 1947.) Given that many economists had already been concerned
about the economy’s reaction to the Federal Reserve’s interest rate hikes, the contraction in housing
spending could be seen as an indication that the economy will face a similar contraction. However,
despite the Fed’s aggressive rate hikes since March 2022 and the apparent housing recession, the
economy remains fairly robust. The labor market remains tight, real GDP growth continues to outperform
expectations, and inflation—while still above the Fed’s target of 2%—is significantly lower than last
year’s high. While many economists had previously been predicting recession in 2023, many now believe
the economy will not contract this year.
Why has the contraction in spending in the housing market not led to a recession? One answer is that a
recession just has not happened yet. While GDP largely beat expectations in the second quarter,
residential investment underperformed, continuing to decrease quarter over quarter. Perhaps the housing
recession has not passed and an economic recession is on the horizon.
Another possibility is that a housing recession has already passed and the economy was able to weather
the contraction. Combined with the increased pace of construction, the recent decline in the rate of
decrease in residential investment could signal that housing has turned a corner. Some also cite improved
supply chains and builder sentiment as evidence for improving housing conditions.
If it is true that the economy weathered this housing slowdown, it could support an assertion made by
some observers that the housing sector and larger economy are less connected than they once were. What
Congressional Research Service
4
happens in the economy may not have an outsized effect on the housing market and vice versa. For
example, according to Fannie Mae, new home construction may not be as rate-sensitive as it has been
historically, with new construction being driven by low supply that has been consistently lagging demand
despite higher mortgage rates.
Author Information
Lida R. Weinstock
Analyst Macroeconomic Policy
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12227 · VERSION 1 · NEW
INSIGHTi
The U.S. “Housing Recession”
August 21, 2023
Economists often look to the housing market as an indicator of the health of the economy. As the COVID-
19 pandemic accelerated, the housing market was relatively strong, characterized by robust demand,
rising prices, and increased construction. Since the latter half of 2021, spending on residential
construction has faltered, leading some to believe that the United States is or was in a “housing
recession.” Some have speculated that lower spending in the housing sector is a sign that overall spending
in the economy will decrease and that a housing recession will lead to an actual recession. This Insight
discusses the concept of a housing recession, reviews housing market trends, and considers the extent to
which housing market conditions may affect the broader economy.
Background and Trends
Economists use the phrase housing recession to refer to a downturn in the housing market. While many
housing market indicators are considered in general discussions of housing recessions, for the purposes of
this Insight, a housing recession will be defined by the amount of and spending on residential
construction.
Despite high home prices and rents, homebuilding has slumped. One of the main ways economists
measure spending in the housing market is by tracking private fixed residential investment, a component
of gross domestic product (GDP). Private fixed residential investment includes all spending on the
construction of new single- and multi-family structures (both owner-occupied and rental), residential
remodeling, and brokers’ fees. This measure allows economists to not only track spending on housing but
also tie it directly to overall economic activity. As shown in Figure 1, below, residential investment has
been falling each quarter since the second quarter of 2021, most recently falling by 1.1% in the second
quarter of 2023. Decreases in 2023 have been smaller than those throughout 2022, but as a result of nine
straight quarters of decline, the level of residential investment is now about $167 billion less in real terms
than it was in the first quarter of 2021. By this measure, one could assert that the United States is
experiencing a housing recession.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12227
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 3
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. Real Private Fixed Residential Investment
Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate (SAAR), Q1 2014-Q2 2023
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis.
In addition to looking at dollars spent on residential construction, economists can consider the amount of
planned, current, or completed construction. To that end, Figure 2 below shows three-month rolling
averages for new authorizations (units that have been approved via issuance of building or zoning
permits), starts (units for which excavation for footings or foundations has begun), and completions (units
that have had all finished flooring installed). Each of these measures can give a sense of homebuilders’
sentiment at different points in time: Authorizations are driven by expectations of what the market will be
like in the medium to longer term (authorizations represent the first step that allows building but do not
indicate that building has actually started), starts are driven by near-term expectations, and completions
signal what expectations were in the recent past (it takes time to finish building once started).
Authorizations and starts decreased throughout 2022 while completions rose, indicating activity in and the
outlook for the market was turning negative at that time. However, all three measures increased on
average over the first six months of 2023. Overall, the evidence of a housing recession using these
measures is mixed and could indicate a housing recession in 2022 but not 2023. The upward trend in
starts, in particular, would indicate that homebuilders are optimistic about the housing market in the
coming months.
Congressional Research Service
3
Figure 2. New Privately Owned Housing Unit Construction
3-Month SAAR Rolling Average, January 2014 to June 2023
Source: Census Bureau.
Will a Housing Recession Lead to an Economic
Recession?
Given that there is some evidence that the United States experienced a housing recession, at least in 2022,
the question arises: Will a housing recession lead to an economic recession? Many economists pay
particular attention to the housing sector when considering the probability of a recession, because housing
market contractions have often preceded recessions. (Decreases in nominal residential investment have
preceded nine out 12 recessions since 1947.) Given that many economists had already been concerned
about the economy’s reaction to the Federal Reserve’s interest rate hikes, the contraction in housing
spending could be seen as an indication that the economy will face a similar contraction. However,
despite the Fed’s aggressive rate hikes since March 2022 and the apparent housing recession, the
economy remains fairly robust. The labor market remains tight, real GDP growth continues to outperform
expectations, and inflation—while still above the Fed’s target of 2%—is significantly lower than last
year’s high. While many economists had previously been predicting recession in 2023, many now believe
the economy will not contract this year.
Why has the contraction in spending in the housing market not led to a recession? One answer is that a
recession just has not happened yet. While GDP largely beat expectations in the second quarter,
residential investment underperformed, continuing to decrease quarter over quarter. Perhaps the housing
recession has not passed and an economic recession is on the horizon.
Another possibility is that a housing recession has already passed and the economy was able to weather
the contraction. Combined with the increased pace of construction, the recent decline in the rate of
decrease in residential investment could signal that housing has turned a corner. Some also cite improved
supply chains and builder sentiment as evidence for improving housing conditions.
If it is true that the economy weathered this housing slowdown, it could support an assertion made by
some observers that the housing sector and larger economy are less connected than they once were. What
Congressional Research Service
4
happens in the economy may not have an outsized effect on the housing market and vice versa. For
example, according to Fannie Mae, new home construction may not be as rate-sensitive as it has been
historically, with new construction being driven by low supply that has been consistently lagging demand
despite higher mortgage rates.
Author Information
Lida R. Weinstock
Analyst Macroeconomic Policy
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12227 · VERSION 1 · NEW