Appearances by Sitting U.S. Supreme Court Justices at Congressional Committee and Subcommittee Hearings (1960-2022)
INSIGHTi
Appearances by Sitting U.S. Supreme Court
Justices at Congressional Committee and
Subcommittee Hearings (1960-2022)
May 2, 2023
This Insight provides historical information and analysis related to appearances by sitting U.S. Supreme
Court Justices at congressional committee and subcommittee hearings during the period 1960 through
2022 (confirmation hearings are excluded from the analysis). Congressional hearings are used, generally,
by committees and subcommittees “to obtain information and opinions on proposed legislation, conduct
an investigation, or evaluate/oversee the activities of a government department.” Hearings “may also be
purely exploratory in nature, providing testimony and data about topics of current interest.”
It has not been uncommon, at least since 1960, for sitting Supreme Court Justices to appear at
congressional committee and subcommittee hearings. Justices made such appearances at least once every
year from 1960 through 2011. Supreme Court Justices last appeared at a subcommittee hearing in the
House in 2019, when Justices Samuel Alito and Elena Kagan testified about the Supreme Court’s budget
request for FY2020. Sitting Justices last appeared at a Senate hearing in 2011, when Justices Stephen
Breyer and Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding their views about the
constitutional role of federal judges.
The data presented below were compiled from information collected by CRS using ProQuest
Congressional.
How many appearances did Supreme Court Justices make at committee or
subcommittee hearings from 1960 through 2022?
CRS identified 93 committee or subcommittee hearings held from 1960 through 2022 that included an
appearance by at least one sitting Supreme Court Justice. Of the 93 hearings, 64 (69%) were held by a
House committee or subcommittee and 29 (31%) were held by a Senate committee or subcommittee. CRS
identified no instance of a sitting Justice appearing before a joint committee.
Collectively, the 93 committee and subcommittee hearings during this period featured a total of 175
appearances by sitting Supreme Court Justices (most hearings included appearances by at least two
Justices). By chamber, this included 120 appearances in the House and 55 appearances in the Senate.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12155
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Of the 24 Justices who have served on the Court since 1960, excluding those currently serving, 15 (63%)
appeared at a congressional committee or subcommittee hearing on at least one occasion.
Of the nine current Justices, three (33%) have appeared at a committee or subcommittee hearing on at
least one occasion. Justice Clarence Thomas has appeared 10 times, last appearing in 2010. Justice Alito
has appeared twice, last appearing in 2019 with Justice Kagan (who has appeared once).
Figure 1 shows the total number of appearances made by specific Justices at committee and
subcommittee hearings from 1960 through 2022, as well as a breakdown of each Justice’s appearances in
each chamber. The figure also indicates the last year a Justice appeared before a congressional committee
or subcommittee while still serving on the Court.
Figure 1. Number of Appearances by Sitting Supreme Court Justices at Congressional
Committee and Subcommittee Hearings
As shown by the figure, Justice Byron White made the greatest number of total appearances before
congressional committees and subcommittees (24), followed by Justices Anthony Kennedy (23) and
Sandra Day O’Connor (21). Justice Kennedy made the greatest number of appearances in the House,
while Justices O’Connor and White made the greatest number of appearances in the Senate. The average
number of appearances by Justices who appeared during this period was approximately 10.
In how many years from 1960 through 2022 did Supreme Court Justices appear before
congressional committees or subcommittees?
Overall, from 1960 through 2022, a sitting Supreme Court Justice appeared at a House or Senate
committee or subcommittee hearing in 55 of the 63 years during this period. Notably, a sitting Justice
Congressional Research Service
3
appeared every year from 1960 through 2011 (for 52 consecutive years). In contrast, CRS did not identify
any such appearances by a sitting Justice in either chamber for 8 of the past 11 years (there were no
appearances in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, or 2022).
Additionally, there was a notable decline in appearances by sitting Justices at committee or subcommittee
hearings in the Senate after 2000. Of the 29 Senate committee or subcommittee hearings for which a
sitting Justice appeared, 26 (90%) occurred prior to 2000. The three most recent appearances by sitting
Justices at a Senate committee or subcommittee hearing were in 2002, 2007, and 2011.
Prior to 2000, appearances by sitting Justices at committee and subcommittee hearings in the Senate were
more common—specifically, such appearances occurred in 1964, 1967 to 1970 (four consecutive years),
1972 to 1974 (three consecutive years), 1978 to 1987 (10 consecutive years), 1989 to 1992 (four
consecutive years), 1994, and 1996 to 1998 (three consecutive years).
Before which congressional committees and subcommittees did Supreme Court
Justices appear?
Of the 175 appearances by sitting Justices from 1960 through 2022, 161 (92%) were before either the
House or Senate Appropriations Committee (most commonly, before an appropriations subcommittee).
While most appearances by sitting Justices since 1960 have been in the context of the Court’s annual
appropriations request, the questions posed to the Justices during appropriations hearings have not been
limited solely to its request. For example, Justices have been asked questions related to why the Supreme
Court itself has not adopted the Code of Judicial Conduct, how the judiciary handles workplace
misconduct issues, and the confirmation process for federal judges.
Appearances prior to 1960 may have been less tied to the Court’s annual appropriations request. As noted
by Senator Leahy in 2011, an appearance by Justice Kennedy before the Senate Judiciary Committee in
2007 reflected “a tradition of Justices testifying before Congress on matters other than their
appropriations requests, a tradition which included appearances by Chief Justice Taft and Chief Justice
Hughes in the 1920s and ‘30s, as well as by Justice Jackson in 1941.”
Author Information
Barry J. McMillion
Jennifer E. Manning
Analyst in American National Government
Senior Research Librarian
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
Congressional Research Service
4
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12155 · VERSION 1 · NEW