Mountain Valley Pipeline: Past the Finish Line
link to page 1 
Mountain Valley Pipeline: Past the Finish
Line
Updated June 13, 2024
The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is a 303-mile natural gas transmission pipeline linking natural gas
fields in West Virginia to the Transco pipeline in Virginia (Figure 1). Initially proposed in 2014, the
project took nearly a decade to complete after numerous permitting challenges in federal court, which
repeatedly caused construction to be suspended. The MVP’s developer reported the mechanical
completion of the pipeline on June 10, 2024, and was authorized to place the pipeline into commercial
service the following day. A separate pipeline, the MVP Southgate Project—still in development—would
extend the MVP into North Carolina. The MVP’s construction challenges, its operation, and the status of
Southgate are of continuing interest to Congress.
Figure 1. Mountain Valley and Southgate Pipeline Routes
Source: Adapted from Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.
MVP Federal and State Permit Status
Like other large infrastructure projects, the MVP required authorizations from a range of agencies under
various federal statutes, summarized below.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12032
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Interstate natural gas pipelines
require a certificate of public convenience and necessity from FERC pursuant to the
Natural Gas Act. FERC issued a certificate to the MVP in 2017 and extended the MVP’s
construction deadline twice, most recently to October 2026. FERC authorized the
pipeline to be placed in service on June 11, 2024.
• National Park Service (NPS). The MVP crosses NPS lands under the Blue Ridge
Parkway, so it requires an NPS right of way. The agency issued the right of way in 2017
and reissued it in 2020.
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Federal agencies approving parts of the MVP
were required to consult with FWS under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). A
Biological Opinion the FWS issued in 2020 was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in 2022. FWS issued a revised Biological Opinion on
March 1, 2023.
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). The MVP requires a Corps permit under
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act
for water crossings. The Corps first authorized the MVP by general permit, but the Fourth
Circuit rejected that option twice, in 2018 and 2020. The MVP therefore applied for an
individual permit in February 2021. The Corps issued the permit on June 23, 2023.
• U.S. Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The FS and BLM
were required to approve rights of way for the MVP to cross federal land under their
jurisdiction. The Fourth Circuit twice vacated and remanded Forest Plans and associated
BLM rights of way for the MVP, in 2018 and 2022. FS and BLM issued new records of
decision and approved rights of way for MVP in May 2023.
In addition to federal agency authorizations, under CWA Section 401, the MVP requires water quality
certification from the states. In 2021, Virginia granted its certification, which was subsequently upheld by
the Fourth Circuit. West Virginia also granted its certification in 2021, but that certification was vacated
by the Fourth Circuit in April 2023. West Virginia reissued its certification on June 8, 2023.
Legislation to Approve MVP
The MVP is a controversial project. Opponents have expressed concerns about the need for the pipeline,
its potential environmental impacts, and its potential safety risks, especially in minority and low-income
communities (i.e., environmental justice). MVP’s proponents cite its purported economic benefits (e.g.,
jobs and lower energy prices), natural gas royalties, gas supply reliability, and its potential role supplying
gas exports to U.S. allies. The Biden Administration also has supported building the pipeline.
In the face of ongoing permit litigation and agency reviews, on June 3, 2023, President Biden signed the
Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (P.L. 118-5), which included language to approve the pipeline. Under
the act, “Congress ... ratifies and approves all authorizations, permits, verifications, extensions, biological
opinions, incidental take statements, and any other approvals or orders issued pursuant to Federal law
necessary” for constructing and operating MVP. The act further directs the relevant federal agencies “to
continue to maintain” such authorizations and declares that “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any
action taken” by these agencies to approve the pipeline, seeking to shield these actions from further
litigation. The act also gives the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit “original and
exclusive jurisdiction over any claim alleging the invalidity” of Section 324. Notwithstanding these
judicial provisions, the Fourth Circuit subsequently granted a motion to stop construction of MVP through
the Jefferson National Forest while it considered the constitutionality of the act and also granted a motion
Congressional Research Service
3
to stay the FWS Biological Opinion. However, on July 27, 2023, the Supreme Court granted an
emergency application from MVP’s developer to vacate these stays, allowing construction to resume.
Southgate Extension
With the completion of the MVP, greater attention may turn to the MVP Southgate Project. FERC issued
the project a certificate on June 18, 2020. However, Southgate has faced its own challenges, including
North Carolina’s initial denial of a CWA Section 401 water quality certification and delays in the MVP’s
construction, which effectively put Southgate on hold. With the passage of P.L. 118-5, development of
Southgate resumed. On December 19, 2023, in light of the MVP project’s delays and other Southgate
permitting issues, FERC granted the developer “a three-year extension of time, until June 18, 2026, to
complete construction.” On December 29, 2023, the developer informed FERC that it was contemplating
a “redesigned project (in lieu of the original project),” which would be shorter (31 miles vs. 75 miles),
with fewer water crossings, and without a new compressor station, but using larger diameter pipe. FERC
has subsequently affirmed its extension order for Southgate under the existing design. Whether the
developer formalizes a redesign of the project and seeks to amend its FERC certificate remains to be seen,
but such an outcome could initiate a new round of permit application and review.
Author Information
Paul W. Parfomak
Adam Vann
Specialist in Energy Policy
Legislative Attorney
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12032 · VERSION 13 · UPDATED
Mountain Valley Pipeline: Past the Finish
Line
Updated June 13, 2024
The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is a 303-mile natural gas transmission pipeline linking natural gas
fields in West Virginia to the Transco pipeline in Virginia (Figure 1). Initially proposed in 2014, the
project took nearly a decade to complete after numerous permitting challenges in federal court, which
repeatedly caused construction to be suspended. The MVP’s developer reported the mechanical
completion of the pipeline on June 10, 2024, and was authorized to place the pipeline into commercial
service the following day. A separate pipeline, the MVP Southgate Project—still in development—would
extend the MVP into North Carolina. The MVP’s construction challenges, its operation, and the status of
Southgate are of continuing interest to Congress.
Figure 1. Mountain Valley and Southgate Pipeline Routes
Source: Adapted from Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.
MVP Federal and State Permit Status
Like other large infrastructure projects, the MVP required authorizations from a range of agencies under
various federal statutes, summarized below.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN12032
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Interstate natural gas pipelines
require a certificate of public convenience and necessity from FERC pursuant to the
Natural Gas Act. FERC issued a certificate to the MVP in 2017 and extended the MVP’s
construction deadline twice, most recently to October 2026. FERC authorized the
pipeline to be placed in service on June 11, 2024.
• National Park Service (NPS). The MVP crosses NPS lands under the Blue Ridge
Parkway, so it requires an NPS right of way. The agency issued the right of way in 2017
and reissued it in 2020.
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Federal agencies approving parts of the MVP
were required to consult with FWS under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). A
Biological Opinion the FWS issued in 2020 was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in 2022. FWS issued a revised Biological Opinion on
March 1, 2023.
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). The MVP requires a Corps permit under
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act
for water crossings. The Corps first authorized the MVP by general permit, but the Fourth
Circuit rejected that option twice, in 2018 and 2020. The MVP therefore applied for an
individual permit in February 2021. The Corps issued the permit on June 23, 2023.
• U.S. Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The FS and BLM
were required to approve rights of way for the MVP to cross federal land under their
jurisdiction. The Fourth Circuit twice vacated and remanded Forest Plans and associated
BLM rights of way for the MVP, in 2018 and 2022. FS and BLM issued new records of
decision and approved rights of way for MVP in May 2023.
In addition to federal agency authorizations, under CWA Section 401, the MVP requires water quality
certification from the states. In 2021, Virginia granted its certification, which was subsequently upheld by
the Fourth Circuit. West Virginia also granted its certification in 2021, but that certification was vacated
by the Fourth Circuit in April 2023. West Virginia reissued its certification on June 8, 2023.
Legislation to Approve MVP
The MVP is a controversial project. Opponents have expressed concerns about the need for the pipeline,
its potential environmental impacts, and its potential safety risks, especially in minority and low-income
communities (i.e., environmental justice). MVP’s proponents cite its purported economic benefits (e.g.,
jobs and lower energy prices), natural gas royalties, gas supply reliability, and its potential role supplying
gas exports to U.S. allies. The Biden Administration also has supported building the pipeline.
In the face of ongoing permit litigation and agency reviews, on June 3, 2023, President Biden signed the
Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (P.L. 118-5), which included language to approve the pipeline. Under
the act, “Congress ... ratifies and approves all authorizations, permits, verifications, extensions, biological
opinions, incidental take statements, and any other approvals or orders issued pursuant to Federal law
necessary” for constructing and operating MVP. The act further directs the relevant federal agencies “to
continue to maintain” such authorizations and declares that “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any
action taken” by these agencies to approve the pipeline, seeking to shield these actions from further
litigation. The act also gives the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit “original and
exclusive jurisdiction over any claim alleging the invalidity” of Section 324. Notwithstanding these
judicial provisions, the Fourth Circuit subsequently granted a motion to stop construction of MVP through
the Jefferson National Forest while it considered the constitutionality of the act and also granted a motion
Congressional Research Service
3
to stay the FWS Biological Opinion. However, on July 27, 2023, the Supreme Court granted an
emergency application from MVP’s developer to vacate these stays, allowing construction to resume.
Southgate Extension
With the completion of the MVP, greater attention may turn to the MVP Southgate Project. FERC issued
the project a certificate on June 18, 2020. However, Southgate has faced its own challenges, including
North Carolina’s initial denial of a CWA Section 401 water quality certification and delays in the MVP’s
construction, which effectively put Southgate on hold. With the passage of P.L. 118-5, development of
Southgate resumed. On December 19, 2023, in light of the MVP project’s delays and other Southgate
permitting issues, FERC granted the developer “a three-year extension of time, until June 18, 2026, to
complete construction.” On December 29, 2023, the developer informed FERC that it was contemplating
a “redesigned project (in lieu of the original project),” which would be shorter (31 miles vs. 75 miles),
with fewer water crossings, and without a new compressor station, but using larger diameter pipe. FERC
has subsequently affirmed its extension order for Southgate under the existing design. Whether the
developer formalizes a redesign of the project and seeks to amend its FERC certificate remains to be seen,
but such an outcome could initiate a new round of permit application and review.
Author Information
Paul W. Parfomak
Adam Vann
Specialist in Energy Policy
Legislative Attorney
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN12032 · VERSION 13 · UPDATED