U.S. Electricity Sector: Summer 2022 Outlook
link to page 2 
INSIGHTi
U.S. Electricity Sector: Summer 2022 Outlook
May 31, 2022
Ahead of summer 2022, federal officials have released several warnings about anticipated reliability risks
and higher electricity prices compared to 2021. This analysis summarizes these warnings and provides
additional information, should Congress consider oversight or other actions in response to these warnings.
Demand for electricity peaks in much of the country during the summer, as air conditioning use increases.
Losing access to electricity—either from power outages or affordability challenges—may be especially
impactful (and potentially life threatening) during the hotter times of the year. In part, officials’ warnings
stem from ongoing trends, such as energy commodity price increases, retirement of coal-fired power
plants, increased use of natural gas and renewable energy sources, and drought conditions in the West.
Other contributing factors are relatively new, including Russia’s war in Ukraine.
Electric reliability of the bulk power system (i.e., electric generators and high-voltage transmission lines)
in the contiguous United States is primarily overseen by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) in conjunction with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). On May 18,
2022, NERC released its 2022 Summer Reliability Assessment (SRA). The report identified high and
elevated reliability risks for much of the country (see Figure 1). For the Midcontinent Independent
System Operator (MISO) region, NERC warns that grid operators may struggle to meet electricity
demand during normal conditions, and that “more extreme temperatures, higher generation outages, or
low wind conditions” could result in higher risk of temporary (rolling) blackouts. NERC attributes the
risk in MISO to a combination of multi-year trends of generator retirements (in excess of new additions)
and increased electricity demand from 2021 levels as pandemic impacts lessen. MISO identifies “utility
and state policies to reduce carbon emissions” as drivers for these multi-year trends.
For the regions viewed as at elevated risk, NERC attributes much of the risk to the ongoing drought in
much of the Western United States. Drought increases reliability risks in multiple ways, including (1)
reducing the availability of hydropower; (2) potentially limiting the use of thermal power plants that use
river water for cooling; and (3) contributing to high temperatures which increase demand for electricity.
High temperatures in mid-May in Texas prompted some to raise concerns about summer electric
reliability there, in light of the February 2021 outages that affected much of the state. During the May
high temperatures, some power plants shut down, but without widespread power outages.
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Figure 1. Summer 2022 Reliability Risk Summary
Source: North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 2022 Summary Reliability Assessment, May 2022.
Notes: Map labels refer to the areas NERC uses to monitor and regulate reliability. CA/MX = California-Mexico; ERCOT
= Electric Reliability Council of Texas; MISO = Midcontinent Independent System Operator; MRO = Midwest Reliability
Organization; NWPP-US = Northwest Power Pool (U.S. portion only); SPP = Southwest Power Pool; SRSG = Southwest
Reserve Sharing Group; Texas RE = Texas Reliability Entity; WECC = Western Electric Coordinating Council. In response
to insufficient operating reserves, grid operators may take certain emergency measures to maintain reliability, including
delaying planned power plant maintenance, increasing electricity imports from neighboring regions, and implementing
temporary (rol ing) blackouts. NERC does not have authority over reliability in Alaska and Hawaii, and does not conduct
reliability assessments for those states.
NERC also said that security threats continue to pose reliability risks, and that “Russian attackers may be
planning or attempting malicious cyber activity to gain access and disrupt the electric grid in North
American in retaliation for support to Ukraine.” Various components of the U.S. electricity system are
vulnerable to different kinds of cyber and physical attacks. Attacks could potentially result in prolonged,
widespread power outages, though the likelihoods of attack and specific outcomes are difficult to assess.
The electricity sector is one of several critical infrastructure sectors that potentially face heightened risk
of cyber attacks following Russia’s war on Ukraine.
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Electricity prices are a separate area of congressional interest. Electricity prices (rates) that consumers pay
(i.e., retail prices) are typically regulated at the state level. Rates are influenced by fuel costs,
infrastructure costs (e.g., power line expansions), and other factors. In contrast to some retail energy
prices that respond quickly to commodity market changes (e.g., gasoline), electricity prices for many
customers tend to be less volatile, in part because of power supply contracts and retail rate regulation.
In May 2022, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) released its summer 2022 outlook for the
electricity industry. EIA anticipates summer retail residential electricity prices will increase 3.9%
compared to summer 2021, retail commercial prices will increase 4.5%, and retail industrial prices will
increase 2.9%. Higher natural gas prices since 2021 are the primary reason for the expected increase. EIA
anticipates residential electricity demand will be lower in 2022 compared to 2021, because of lower
temperatures this summer compared to last. Depending on the extent of anticipated cooler temperatures,
some households might see lower electricity bills compared to last year despite the higher rate (electricity
bills reflect the combination of electricity usage and electricity rates).
On May 10, 2022, EIA forecast annual electricity prices to increase 4.3% this year compared to 2021 (see
Figure 2).
Figure 2. Historic and Forecast Nominal Residential Electricity Prices and Changes
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, May 2022.
Notes: Prices are not adjusted for inflation.
The anticipated increase in retail electricity prices in summer 2022 would come on top of increases that
occurred in 2021. According to EIA, U.S. retail electricity prices increased 4.3% from 2020 to 2021. In
nominal terms, 2021 saw the highest retail electricity prices on record. In real terms though (i.e., after
adjusting for inflation), electricity prices in 2021 continued their multi-year decline and were at their
lowest level since just before 2006 (see Figure 3).
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4
Figure 3. Historic U.S. Residential Retail Electricity Prices and Inflation Rate
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “During 2021, U.S. Retail Electricity Prices Rose at Fastest Rate Since
2008,” March 1, 2022
Notes: Real prices are adjusted for inflation, and nominal prices are not.
Author Information
Ashley J. Lawson
Analyst in Energy Policy
Congressional Research Service
5
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN11943 · VERSION 1 · NEW
INSIGHTi
U.S. Electricity Sector: Summer 2022 Outlook
May 31, 2022
Ahead of summer 2022, federal officials have released several warnings about anticipated reliability risks
and higher electricity prices compared to 2021. This analysis summarizes these warnings and provides
additional information, should Congress consider oversight or other actions in response to these warnings.
Demand for electricity peaks in much of the country during the summer, as air conditioning use increases.
Losing access to electricity—either from power outages or affordability challenges—may be especially
impactful (and potentially life threatening) during the hotter times of the year. In part, officials’ warnings
stem from ongoing trends, such as energy commodity price increases, retirement of coal-fired power
plants, increased use of natural gas and renewable energy sources, and drought conditions in the West.
Other contributing factors are relatively new, including Russia’s war in Ukraine.
Electric reliability of the bulk power system (i.e., electric generators and high-voltage transmission lines)
in the contiguous United States is primarily overseen by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) in conjunction with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). On May 18,
2022, NERC released its 2022 Summer Reliability Assessment (SRA). The report identified high and
elevated reliability risks for much of the country (see Figure 1). For the Midcontinent Independent
System Operator (MISO) region, NERC warns that grid operators may struggle to meet electricity
demand during normal conditions, and that “more extreme temperatures, higher generation outages, or
low wind conditions” could result in higher risk of temporary (rolling) blackouts. NERC attributes the
risk in MISO to a combination of multi-year trends of generator retirements (in excess of new additions)
and increased electricity demand from 2021 levels as pandemic impacts lessen. MISO identifies “utility
and state policies to reduce carbon emissions” as drivers for these multi-year trends.
For the regions viewed as at elevated risk, NERC attributes much of the risk to the ongoing drought in
much of the Western United States. Drought increases reliability risks in multiple ways, including (1)
reducing the availability of hydropower; (2) potentially limiting the use of thermal power plants that use
river water for cooling; and (3) contributing to high temperatures which increase demand for electricity.
High temperatures in mid-May in Texas prompted some to raise concerns about summer electric
reliability there, in light of the February 2021 outages that affected much of the state. During the May
high temperatures, some power plants shut down, but without widespread power outages.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11943
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. Summer 2022 Reliability Risk Summary
Source: North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 2022 Summary Reliability Assessment, May 2022.
Notes: Map labels refer to the areas NERC uses to monitor and regulate reliability. CA/MX = California-Mexico; ERCOT
= Electric Reliability Council of Texas; MISO = Midcontinent Independent System Operator; MRO = Midwest Reliability
Organization; NWPP-US = Northwest Power Pool (U.S. portion only); SPP = Southwest Power Pool; SRSG = Southwest
Reserve Sharing Group; Texas RE = Texas Reliability Entity; WECC = Western Electric Coordinating Council. In response
to insufficient operating reserves, grid operators may take certain emergency measures to maintain reliability, including
delaying planned power plant maintenance, increasing electricity imports from neighboring regions, and implementing
temporary (rol ing) blackouts. NERC does not have authority over reliability in Alaska and Hawaii, and does not conduct
reliability assessments for those states.
NERC also said that security threats continue to pose reliability risks, and that “Russian attackers may be
planning or attempting malicious cyber activity to gain access and disrupt the electric grid in North
American in retaliation for support to Ukraine.” Various components of the U.S. electricity system are
vulnerable to different kinds of cyber and physical attacks. Attacks could potentially result in prolonged,
widespread power outages, though the likelihoods of attack and specific outcomes are difficult to assess.
The electricity sector is one of several critical infrastructure sectors that potentially face heightened risk
of cyber attacks following Russia’s war on Ukraine.
link to page 3 link to page 4
Congressional Research Service
3
Electricity prices are a separate area of congressional interest. Electricity prices (rates) that consumers pay
(i.e., retail prices) are typically regulated at the state level. Rates are influenced by fuel costs,
infrastructure costs (e.g., power line expansions), and other factors. In contrast to some retail energy
prices that respond quickly to commodity market changes (e.g., gasoline), electricity prices for many
customers tend to be less volatile, in part because of power supply contracts and retail rate regulation.
In May 2022, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) released its summer 2022 outlook for the
electricity industry. EIA anticipates summer retail residential electricity prices will increase 3.9%
compared to summer 2021, retail commercial prices will increase 4.5%, and retail industrial prices will
increase 2.9%. Higher natural gas prices since 2021 are the primary reason for the expected increase. EIA
anticipates residential electricity demand will be lower in 2022 compared to 2021, because of lower
temperatures this summer compared to last. Depending on the extent of anticipated cooler temperatures,
some households might see lower electricity bills compared to last year despite the higher rate (electricity
bills reflect the combination of electricity usage and electricity rates).
On May 10, 2022, EIA forecast annual electricity prices to increase 4.3% this year compared to 2021 (see
Figure 2).
Figure 2. Historic and Forecast Nominal Residential Electricity Prices and Changes
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, May 2022.
Notes: Prices are not adjusted for inflation.
The anticipated increase in retail electricity prices in summer 2022 would come on top of increases that
occurred in 2021. According to EIA, U.S. retail electricity prices increased 4.3% from 2020 to 2021. In
nominal terms, 2021 saw the highest retail electricity prices on record. In real terms though (i.e., after
adjusting for inflation), electricity prices in 2021 continued their multi-year decline and were at their
lowest level since just before 2006 (see Figure 3).
Congressional Research Service
4
Figure 3. Historic U.S. Residential Retail Electricity Prices and Inflation Rate
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “During 2021, U.S. Retail Electricity Prices Rose at Fastest Rate Since
2008,” March 1, 2022
Notes: Real prices are adjusted for inflation, and nominal prices are not.
Author Information
Ashley J. Lawson
Analyst in Energy Policy
Congressional Research Service
5
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN11943 · VERSION 1 · NEW