Changes in After-Tax Income from the Tax Provisions in the “Build Back Better Act”— Distributional Analysis
link to page 2 link to page 2 
INSIGHTi
Changes in After-Tax Income from the Tax
Provisions in the “Build Back Better Act”—
Distributional Analysis
September 29, 2021
Distributional analysis can be used to illustrate how changes in tax policy may affect the economic well-
being of taxpayers. Broadly, distributional analyses can be used to examine how system-wide tax burdens
are shared across taxpayers, or the “fairness” of the tax system. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT)
regularly prepares distributional analyses of major tax proposals. On September 14, 2021, JCT released a
distributional analysis of the revenue provisions of the House Ways and Means Committee’s budget
reconciliation legislative recommendations (described in this CRS report). These proposed changes are in
Title XIII, Subtitle H, of what is being referred to as the “Build Back Better Act.”
One useful metric for understanding the impact of tax policy on taxpayers’ well-being is the percentage
change in after-tax income. Figure 1 illustrates the percentage change in after-tax income that would
result from the revenue (or tax) provisions recommended by the Ways and Means Committee. These
calculations are made relative to current law, which assumes that the temporary provisions enacted as part
of P.L. 115-97 (commonly referred to as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (TCJA)) expire at the end of 2025,
as scheduled. For 11 different income categories, Figure 1 illustrates how the proposed tax policy
modifications would change the after-tax income of taxpayers relative to current law in 2023, 2025, 2027,
2029, and 2031.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11765
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. The Revenue Provisions in the Build Back Better Act: Estimated Changes in After-
Tax Income
Source: Joint Committee on Taxation, JCX-44-21.
Notes: JCT provided estimates for odd years only. The percentage change in after-tax income is calculated using JCT’s
average tax rate estimates as [(1 – proposal average tax rate) – (1 – present law average tax rate)] / (1 – present law
average tax rate). Income is measured as adjusted gross income (AGI) plus other items, as described by JCT.
Taxpayers with the largest benefit under the Build Back Better Act recommendations according to JCT’s
estimates are the lowest-income taxpayers, with the largest benefits occurring before 2026. Taxpayers
with income of less than $10,000 or in the $10,000 to $20,000 range would have the largest percentage
increase in after-tax income. In 2023 and 2025, the proposed tax policy changes would increase after-tax
incomes by 20% (on average) for taxpayers with income of less than $10,000. In these same years, the
proposed tax policy changes would increase after-tax income by 10% (on average) for taxpayers with
income in the $10,000 to $20,000 range.
The changes in after-tax income for the lowest-income groups can largely be explained by proposed
changes to the child tax credit. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) expanded the
child tax credit for 2021. The three changes in ARPA (1) allowed taxpayers to claim the credit for 17-
year-old children; (2) made the credit “fully refundable,” a change that particularly benefits lower-income
taxpayers; and (3) increased the maximum credit amount (from $2,000 to $3,600 for children younger
than 6 and to $3,000 for children 6 to 17 years old). The proposed child tax credit changes in the Build
Back Better Act would effectively extend the expanded child credit in effect in 2021 through the end of
2025. After 2025, the credit would return to its pre-ARPA and pre-TCJA levels, but permanently be fully
refundable.
After 2025, the tax policy changes proposed in the Build Back Better Act would continue to increase the
after-tax income of taxpayers in the under $10,000 and $10,000 to $20,000 income groups. The increase,
however, would not be as large (between 5% and 6% for the under $10,000 group, and about 2% for the
Congressional Research Service
3
$10,000 to $20,000 income group). Policy changes other than changes to the child tax credit, namely the
changes to the earned income tax credit (EITC) and child and dependent care tax credit (CDCTC), likely
explain much of the estimated increase in after-tax income. Similar to the child tax credit, ARPA
temporarily increased (for 2021) the EITC and CDCTC. The Build Back Better Act proposes to make
permanent the EITC and CDCTC changes made in ARPA (as opposed to the child tax credit changes,
which would be extended through 2025).
The proposed tax policy changes in the Build Back Better Act would decrease after-tax income for those
toward the top of the income distribution. After-tax income would be reduced by 2% (on average) for
taxpayers in the $500,000 to $1 million income category in 2023, and 10% (on average) for taxpayers in
the $1 million or more income category. A number of revenue-raising provisions explain the decrease in
after-tax income for those at the top of the income distribution. One is the increase in the top corporate tax
rate from 21% to 26.5%. The JCT assumes in its distributional analysis that most of the burden of the
corporate tax is borne by owners of domestic capital, and owners of capital tend to be higher-income
taxpayers.
Other provisions that would tend to increase tax burdens (and decrease after-tax income) for high-income
individuals include (1) applying the net investment income tax to trade or business income of high-
income individuals; (2) an increase in the top individual income tax rate (from 37% to 39.6%); and (3)
making permanent the current temporary limit of $500,000 for joint returns ($250,000 for other returns)
on business income that can offset other income. (These provisions are the three largest in terms of
revenue gained among the “tax increases for high-income households” provisions.) Increasing the top
individual income tax rate from 37% to 39.6% would generate more revenue before 2025 than afterward,
since the current top individual income tax rate was temporarily reduced through 2025 in the TCJA. In
contrast, making permanent the current limits on business losses for noncorporate taxpayers would
generate more revenue after 2026, since the current limits apply through 2026.
The percentage change in after-tax income is one metric for analyzing the distributional effects of
proposed changes in tax policy. JCT has also examined the share of taxpayers who would have a tax
increase or tax decrease. Under the Build Back Better Act’s tax provisions, JCT found that nearly all
taxpayers at the top of the income distribution would have a tax increase, while the tax cuts at the lower
part of the income distribution are less universal. The Tax Policy Center also has a distributional analysis,
which finds that the tobacco excise tax and corporate tax increases, taken together, offset some of the
progressivity of the Build Back Better Act’s tax provisions generally.
Author Information
Molly F. Sherlock
Specialist in Public Finance
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congressional Research Service
4
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN11765 · VERSION 1 · NEW
INSIGHTi
Changes in After-Tax Income from the Tax
Provisions in the “Build Back Better Act”—
Distributional Analysis
September 29, 2021
Distributional analysis can be used to illustrate how changes in tax policy may affect the economic well-
being of taxpayers. Broadly, distributional analyses can be used to examine how system-wide tax burdens
are shared across taxpayers, or the “fairness” of the tax system. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT)
regularly prepares distributional analyses of major tax proposals. On September 14, 2021, JCT released a
distributional analysis of the revenue provisions of the House Ways and Means Committee’s budget
reconciliation legislative recommendations (described in this CRS report). These proposed changes are in
Title XIII, Subtitle H, of what is being referred to as the “Build Back Better Act.”
One useful metric for understanding the impact of tax policy on taxpayers’ well-being is the percentage
change in after-tax income. Figure 1 illustrates the percentage change in after-tax income that would
result from the revenue (or tax) provisions recommended by the Ways and Means Committee. These
calculations are made relative to current law, which assumes that the temporary provisions enacted as part
of P.L. 115-97 (commonly referred to as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (TCJA)) expire at the end of 2025,
as scheduled. For 11 different income categories, Figure 1 illustrates how the proposed tax policy
modifications would change the after-tax income of taxpayers relative to current law in 2023, 2025, 2027,
2029, and 2031.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11765
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. The Revenue Provisions in the Build Back Better Act: Estimated Changes in After-
Tax Income
Source: Joint Committee on Taxation, JCX-44-21.
Notes: JCT provided estimates for odd years only. The percentage change in after-tax income is calculated using JCT’s
average tax rate estimates as [(1 – proposal average tax rate) – (1 – present law average tax rate)] / (1 – present law
average tax rate). Income is measured as adjusted gross income (AGI) plus other items, as described by JCT.
Taxpayers with the largest benefit under the Build Back Better Act recommendations according to JCT’s
estimates are the lowest-income taxpayers, with the largest benefits occurring before 2026. Taxpayers
with income of less than $10,000 or in the $10,000 to $20,000 range would have the largest percentage
increase in after-tax income. In 2023 and 2025, the proposed tax policy changes would increase after-tax
incomes by 20% (on average) for taxpayers with income of less than $10,000. In these same years, the
proposed tax policy changes would increase after-tax income by 10% (on average) for taxpayers with
income in the $10,000 to $20,000 range.
The changes in after-tax income for the lowest-income groups can largely be explained by proposed
changes to the child tax credit. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) expanded the
child tax credit for 2021. The three changes in ARPA (1) allowed taxpayers to claim the credit for 17-
year-old children; (2) made the credit “fully refundable,” a change that particularly benefits lower-income
taxpayers; and (3) increased the maximum credit amount (from $2,000 to $3,600 for children younger
than 6 and to $3,000 for children 6 to 17 years old). The proposed child tax credit changes in the Build
Back Better Act would effectively extend the expanded child credit in effect in 2021 through the end of
2025. After 2025, the credit would return to its pre-ARPA and pre-TCJA levels, but permanently be fully
refundable.
After 2025, the tax policy changes proposed in the Build Back Better Act would continue to increase the
after-tax income of taxpayers in the under $10,000 and $10,000 to $20,000 income groups. The increase,
however, would not be as large (between 5% and 6% for the under $10,000 group, and about 2% for the
Congressional Research Service
3
$10,000 to $20,000 income group). Policy changes other than changes to the child tax credit, namely the
changes to the earned income tax credit (EITC) and child and dependent care tax credit (CDCTC), likely
explain much of the estimated increase in after-tax income. Similar to the child tax credit, ARPA
temporarily increased (for 2021) the EITC and CDCTC. The Build Back Better Act proposes to make
permanent the EITC and CDCTC changes made in ARPA (as opposed to the child tax credit changes,
which would be extended through 2025).
The proposed tax policy changes in the Build Back Better Act would decrease after-tax income for those
toward the top of the income distribution. After-tax income would be reduced by 2% (on average) for
taxpayers in the $500,000 to $1 million income category in 2023, and 10% (on average) for taxpayers in
the $1 million or more income category. A number of revenue-raising provisions explain the decrease in
after-tax income for those at the top of the income distribution. One is the increase in the top corporate tax
rate from 21% to 26.5%. The JCT assumes in its distributional analysis that most of the burden of the
corporate tax is borne by owners of domestic capital, and owners of capital tend to be higher-income
taxpayers.
Other provisions that would tend to increase tax burdens (and decrease after-tax income) for high-income
individuals include (1) applying the net investment income tax to trade or business income of high-
income individuals; (2) an increase in the top individual income tax rate (from 37% to 39.6%); and (3)
making permanent the current temporary limit of $500,000 for joint returns ($250,000 for other returns)
on business income that can offset other income. (These provisions are the three largest in terms of
revenue gained among the “tax increases for high-income households” provisions.) Increasing the top
individual income tax rate from 37% to 39.6% would generate more revenue before 2025 than afterward,
since the current top individual income tax rate was temporarily reduced through 2025 in the TCJA. In
contrast, making permanent the current limits on business losses for noncorporate taxpayers would
generate more revenue after 2026, since the current limits apply through 2026.
The percentage change in after-tax income is one metric for analyzing the distributional effects of
proposed changes in tax policy. JCT has also examined the share of taxpayers who would have a tax
increase or tax decrease. Under the Build Back Better Act’s tax provisions, JCT found that nearly all
taxpayers at the top of the income distribution would have a tax increase, while the tax cuts at the lower
part of the income distribution are less universal. The Tax Policy Center also has a distributional analysis,
which finds that the tobacco excise tax and corporate tax increases, taken together, offset some of the
progressivity of the Build Back Better Act’s tax provisions generally.
Author Information
Molly F. Sherlock
Specialist in Public Finance
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congressional Research Service
4
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN11765 · VERSION 1 · NEW