Mongolia’s Presidential Election
INSIGHTi
Mongolia’s Presidential Election
June 21, 2021
Mongolia’s June 9 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh, the
country’s former Prime Minister (October 2017–January 2021) and current chairman of the ruling
Mongolian People’s Party (MPP). Khurelsukh received a record 68% of the vote. The Right Person
Electorate Coalition’s Dangaasurengiin Enkhbat came in second, with 20%, while Sodnomzunduin
Erdene, the candidate from incumbent President Khaltmaagiin Battulga’s Democratic Party (DP),
received 6%. Voter turnout, at just under 60%, exceeded the required 50% threshold but was lower than in
previous elections. According to Mongolia’s electoral laws, presidential candidates can only be nominated
by a party with parliamentary representation, but the president-elect must suspend party membership
before assuming office. Nevertheless, Khurelsukh’s victory is generally seen as cementing MPP control
over the government, as the party holds a commanding majority in parliament. He is set to take office in
July.
Political Background
Following a peaceful revolution in 1990, Mongolia embarked on a successful democratic transition that
set it apart from other formerly communist countries in the region. Congress has expressed strong support
for Mongolian democracy and the U.S.-Mongolia strategic partnership. Elections in Mongolia are
generally considered free and fair, and Mongolia is the only formerly communist country in Asia
classified as “Free” by the U.S. nongovernmental organization Freedom House. The U.S. State
Department describes Mongolia’s achievements in terms of democratization and market reforms as
“impressive,” but notes that institutional weakness and widespread corruption are enduring challenges.
Mongolia has passed the Millennium Challenge Corporation’s scorecard on control of corruption and
democratic rights every year since 2018.
Although Mongolia has a multiparty system, political power since the country’s democratization has
generally alternated between two major parties, the MPP and the DP, which have established a track
record of peaceful transitions of power. In 2016, the MPP won 65 of 76 seats in parliament, while the
then-ruling DP won 9 seats. In the 2017 presidential election, Mongolians elected DP candidate Battulga
following an unprecedented run-off, a result seen by some observers as reflecting voters’ desire to
counterbalance the MPP’s power, among other factors. The MPP maintained its commanding majority in
the most recent parliamentary elections, conducted in June 2020, winning 62 seats. The DP increased its
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share of seats to 11. This was the first time since Mongolia’s transition to democracy that the same party
maintained a parliamentary majority in two consecutive elections.
Constitutional reforms passed by the MPP-dominated parliament in 2019 reduced the scope of
presidential powers and limited the president to one six-year term (previously, presidents were eligible to
serve two four-year terms). Critics accused the MPP of attempting to manipulate 2021 presidential
election by preventing the DP incumbent, President Battulga, from running for reelection. Although
Battulga challenged his exclusion from the race, Mongolia’s Constitutional Court upheld the term limit in
April 2021, confirming that he would not be able to run for reelection. In response, Battulga issued a
decree instructing the Supreme Court, which is responsible for registering political parties, to disband the
MPP, accusing the party of manipulating the Constitutional Court and militarizing the state; the Supreme
Court did not undertake any actions in this regard. Amid infighting within the DP and a dispute over the
party’s leadership, two factions within the party attempted to register two different candidates with the
General Election Commission, which ultimately confirmed Erdene as the DP candidate, leading five DP
parliamentary deputies to undertake a week-long hunger strike in protest. Some analysts have expressed
concern that this increased polarization, political infighting, and instability is weakening the country’s
party system and potentially its democracy.
Election Campaign and Administration
Mongolia managed to contain the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases for most of
2020, but the election coincided with a dramatic spike. The campaign, which officially launched on May
24, 2021, was constricted by pandemic-related restrictions. The Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe (OSCE) described the campaign as “low-key” and concluded that the election was
“administered efficiently and transparently.” Although Mongolia’s media landscape is diverse and
freedom of the press is generally respected, some observers note a lack of analytical media coverage of
the political process. In the assessment of the OSCE, during the presidential campaign “the media
informed voters about technical aspects of the election, but offered only limited independent information
on the candidates beyond paid content provided by contestants,” impacting voters’ ability to make
informed choices. A televised debate among the three candidates had been scheduled for June 8, but the
event was cancelled when Enkhbat was hospitalized after testing positive for COVID-19.
Outlook
This was the first presidential election in which the Right Person Electorate Coalition, which entered
parliament in 2020, fielded a candidate. Analysts posit that Enkhbat’s strong showing may signal the end
of the MPP-DP “duopoly” that has long dominated Mongolian politics. The number of votes cast for DP
candidate Erdene was almost equaled by the number of blank ballots, which are valid under Mongolia’s
electoral laws and are seen as a form of protest vote. Some, including Erdene, warn that Mongolia risks
becoming a one-party state under the MPP. Others argue that Mongolians’ tendency to elect the
opposition party candidate to the presidency has led to political deadlock in the country, given that the
prime minister holds most executive powers.
In Mongolia’s semi-presidential system, the president’s powers are limited, but he does exercise influence
over foreign policy, the judiciary, and the military. Mongolia has long sought to maintain good relations
with the two countries it borders, Russia and China, while also pursuing a “third neighbor” policy that
emphasizes developing relationships outside of its immediate neighborhood, including with the United
States. Khurelsukh’s foreign policy platform upholds this approach. Domestically, Mongolia’s
government faces continued challenges stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused
significant strain on Mongolia’s resource-based economy. The World Bank calculates that the country’s
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GDP contracted by 5.3% in 2020, down from 5.2% growth in 2019. Prior to his presidential run,
Khurelsukh resigned as Prime Minister in January, amid protests over his government’s handling of the
pandemic.
Author Information
Maria A. Blackwood
Analyst in Asian Policy
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