Larger Businesses and COVID-19: Financial Relief and Assistance Resources
INSIGHTi
Larger Businesses and COVID-19: Financial
Relief and Assistance Resources
Updated January 13, 2021
This CRS Insight presents selected resources and CRS products on economic relief and assistance for
medium and large businesses that were directly affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, enacted on March 27, 2020, contains
provisions to assist businesses. This Insight focuses on sources of assistance designated for medium and
large businesses that do not qualify for Small Business Administration programs or other assistance
programs for small businesses. For small business assistance programs, see CRS Insight IN11301, Small
Businesses and COVID-19: Relief and Assistance Resources, by Maria Kreiser.
Note that this Insight may not include every instance of federal assistance to medium or large firms
provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Selected Resources
Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System’s COVID-19 resource page outlines the actions the Fed has taken in
response to the pandemic. Three emergency funding, credit, liquidity, and loan facilities that could
potentially assist medium and large corporations are described below.
Main Street Lending Program
The Main Street Business Lending Program—which ended on January 8, 2021—benefitted businesses
that were in “good financial standing” with their lending institutions before the pandemic. The Program
was announced April 9, 2020. The Fed accepted comments until April 16, 2020, and expanded the scope
and eligibility of the program on April 30, 2020 (adjusted loan amounts); June 8, 2020 (extended credit to
small- and medium-sized businesses); and July 17, 2020 (extended credit to nonprofit organizations).
The Main Street Lending Program began accepting lender registrations on June 15, 2020, and three credit
facilities became fully operational on July 6, 2020—the Main Street New Loan Facility (MSNLF), the
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Main Street Priority Loan Facility (MSPLF), and the Main Street Expanded Loan Facility (MSELF)—
with eligible lenders (e.g., banks) making loans to eligible borrowers (i.e., businesses).
Details on the eligibility and operational status of all the facilities and their expansions were provided in
regularly updated Main Street Lending Program Frequently Asked Questions documents (for-profit and
non-profit) and on the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston’s website. The five operating facilities ended on
January 8, 2021.
For more information on these programs, see CRS In Focus IF11632, The Federal Reserve’s Main Street
Lending Program.
Commercial Paper Lending Facility
The Commercial Paper Lending Facility (CPFF) will purchase commercial paper (short-term debt) from
eligible corporations until March 31, 2021. The terms and conditions, released March 17, 2020, and
updated March 23, describe eligibility requirements. The facility began making purchases through the
Fed’s primary dealers on April 14, 2020.
In general, issuers of U.S. commercial paper, including municipal issuers and U.S. issuers with a foreign
parent company, are eligible if their paper held a high credit rating on March 17, 2020, the day the
program was announced.
For more information on this program, see CRS Insight IN11332, COVID-19: Commercial Paper Market
Strains and Federal Government Support.
Corporate Credit Facilities
The Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility (PMCCF) and the Secondary Market Corporate Credit
Facility (SMCCF)—both of which ended December 31, 2020—supported corporate bond markets by
buying corporate debt. The PMCCF purchased newly issued debt, and the SMCCF purchased already
existing debt.
The SMCCF, operated by the New York Fed, began purchasing exchange-traded funds (ETFs) on May
12, 2020, and corporate bonds on June 16, 2020. The PMCCF began operating June 29, 2020.
In general, businesses participated in these facilities if their corporate credit rating was investment grade
on March 22, 2020, the day before the program was announced.
Eligibility for the CPFF, PMCCF, and SMCCF was not limited by firm size, but firms must have already
been active issuers in these markets before COVID-19. Generally, larger firms are more likely to have
been issuers.
For more information on these programs, see CRS Report R44185, Federal Reserve: Emergency Lending,
by Marc Labonte, and CRS Insight IN11275, COVID-19 and Corporate Debt Market Stress.
Department of the Treasury
The Treasury’s Preserving Jobs for American Industry resource page describes two programs that provide
federal grants, loans, or loan guarantees directly to select businesses affected by the COVID-19
pandemic—the Payroll Support Program and the CARES Act Loan Program. Both programs were
announced on March 30, 2020.
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Payroll Support Program
The Payroll Support Program benefits airline industry employees only, providing up to $25 billion for
passenger air carriers, $4 billion for cargo air carriers, and $3 billion for airport contractors, including
those that provide food, security, ticketing, and cleaning services to air carriers. The details of the
assistance are outlined in four documents released April 2, 2020, April 3, 2020, April 20, 2020, and July
14, 2020. Applications were accepted online until April 27, 2020, and Treasury began providing payment
data for individual recipients on May 12, 2020.
For more information on the program, see CRS Insight IN11482, CARES Act Payroll Support to Air
Carriers and Contractors, and CRS Report R46483, Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil
Aviation Operations.
CARES Act Loan Program
The CARES Act Loan Program has limited eligibility, and provides up to $25 billion for passenger air
carriers, $4 billion for cargo air carriers, and $17 billion for businesses critical to national security.
Treasury released procedures and minimum requirements for the program on March 30, 2020, frequently
asked questions documents on April 6, 2020 and July 15, 2020, and accepted online applications between
April 8 and April 30, 2020. Loan recipients and detailed reports on the aid received were subsequently
made available.
For a more on these CARES Act assistance provisions, see CRS Report R46329, Treasury and Federal
Reserve Financial Assistance in Title IV of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136), and CRS Insight IN11422,
Restrictions on Compensation Under the CARES Act.
Author Information
Julie Jennings
Senior Research Librarian
Disclaimer
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