Trade Africa Initiative
link to page 2 
Trade Africa Initiative
April 10, 2014
Initiative Overview
President Barack Obama announced the Trade Africa Initiative (TAI) during his July 2013 trip to sub-
Saharan Africa. TAI is a U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa partnership aimed at increasing domestic and regional
trade within Africa, and expanding trade and economic ties between Africa, the United States, and other
global markets. The program initially targets the East African Community (EAC), which is made up of
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.
TAI is designed to advance the Administration’s 2012 U.S. Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa, which
seeks to spur economic growth, trade, and investment in Africa, particularly by expanding U.S.-African
private and public sector cooperation. Trade Africa dovetails with growing congressional interest in and
efforts to increase U.S.-African trade and investment, which have taken the form of multiple hearings
(e.g., in the House in May 2013 and in the Senate in July 2012) and the introduction of related bills (e.g.,
S. 718 and H.R. 1777). It also aligns with broader U.S. efforts to boost exports through the National
Export Initiative. The announcement of Trade Africa follows a sustained period of growth in African-
Chinese trade and investment ties, which some view as a competitive threat to U.S. economic and
political interests in the region. In 2013, U.S. imports from the EAC totaled $597 million, while U.S.
exports totaled $1,239 million, a nearly 30% increase in exports from 2012 (Figure 1). All EAC countries
are eligible for trade preferences granted under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA,Title I,
P.L. 106-200, as amended).
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. U.S.-East African Community: U.S. Trade and Demographic Data
Source: Data from the U.S. International Trade Commission and the World Bank.
Key Goals and Initiative Components
The core TAI goal during a three- to five-year “initial phase” is to expand U.S. trade and investment
relations with and the trade capacity of the EAC and its member states, including through growth of
African exports under AGOA. The White House appears to have selected the EAC as an initial TAI target
region because it offers new U.S. market opportunities and has had a recent record of economic growth
and reform. Specific goals under Trade Africa are to:
double intra-EAC trade, including a 40% increase in the staple food sector, and increase
by 40% U.S. non-oil AGOA imports from the EAC;
reduce by 15% the average time needed to ship containers between the key EAC coastal
ports and land-locked Burundi and Rwanda;
reduce by 30% average truck border transit times at selected border crossings; and
create 10,000 new jobs in the EAC by U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID)-aided firms and facilitate $100 million in new investments in targeted EAC
sectors.
Congressional Research Service
3
TAI consists of several trade and investment enhancement activities that together comprise the U.S.-EAC
Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP) and several USAID trade-focused development programs.
Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP)
This partnership, led by the State and Commerce Departments and the United States Trade Representative
(USTR), consists of the following efforts:
Negotiation of a U.S.-EAC trade facilitation agreement. These agreements typically
focus on customs procedures and aim to reduce trade costs.
Initial talks toward a possible U.S.-EAC bilateral investment treaty (BIT). BITs are
negotiated to protect U.S. overseas private investment, through non-discriminatory
treatment, the right to investor-state arbitration, and other protections.
Ongoing commercial dialogue. This consultative forum between governments focuses
on expanding commercial relations and incorporates private sector views on key agenda
issues. The U.S.-EAC dialogue is the first such U.S. dialogue with an African country.
USAID Trade Africa Contribution
The East Africa Trade and Investment Hub. The current East Africa Trade Hub,
similar to its counterparts in West and Southern Africa, seeks to enhance regional export
capabilities, trade competitiveness, economic integration, and understanding and
utilization of the AGOA preference program. The hub assists with inter-regional customs
coordination, provides capacity building aid, and works to strengthen EAC industry trade
groups and their ties with U.S. counterparts. Under Trade Africa, the EAC hub will be
renamed the East Africa Trade and Investment Hub, a $65-$70 million, three- to five-year
program. It will build directly on activities akin to those pursued by the current hub, but
will also focus on expanding two-way U.S.-EAC trade and investment, in cooperation
with other U.S. trade and development agencies.
USAID-TradeMark East Africa Partnership. This five-year, $25 million project seeks
to expand trade through trade cost reductions and continued progress toward an EAC
Customs Union and Common Market.
The Doing Business in Africa Campaign, a Commerce Department-led initiative to help connect the
U.S. private sector with business opportunities in all regions of Africa, also supports Trade Africa efforts.
Congressional Research Service
4
Figure 2. Trade Africa Initiative (TAI) Overview
Source: CRS analysis of TAI public notices.
Related Initiative
Trade Africa is related to Power Africa, a separate initiative. Its goal is to double access to electricity in
sub-Saharan Africa through support for public-private partnerships backed by up to $7.8 billion in public
U.S. export financing, as well as technical, infrastructure, and institution-building aid. Power Africa
supports TAI goals due to the key role of electricity in economic development, and because it aims to
increase both U.S. power technology exports to Africa and related U.S. investment in the region.
Links between Power Africa and Trade Africa are reflected in the recent creation of the East Africa-based
USAID Office of Power Africa and Trade Africa, which plays leading roles in the implementation of the
two inter-agency initiatives.
Prospects
Trade Africa is ambitious in its regional focus and, if successful, may serve as a model for future trade
and investment engagements with other African regional entities. Whether Congress may consider it an
appropriate trade policy priority and how Congress may judge its success, however, remain open
questions. Efforts to pursue a BIT and a trade facilitation agreement have no specified end-date, and their
success will depend on how such potential accords are implemented. A concluded BIT would require
Congressional Research Service
5
consideration and ratification by the Senate. Congress may also see a need for greater benchmarking of
TAI goals, so that implementation of the initiative can be rigorously measured.
Author Information
Nicolas Cook
Brock R. Williams
Specialist in African Affairs
Analyst in International Trade and Finance
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN10015 · VERSION 7 · NEW
Trade Africa Initiative
April 10, 2014
Initiative Overview
President Barack Obama announced the Trade Africa Initiative (TAI) during his July 2013 trip to sub-
Saharan Africa. TAI is a U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa partnership aimed at increasing domestic and regional
trade within Africa, and expanding trade and economic ties between Africa, the United States, and other
global markets. The program initially targets the East African Community (EAC), which is made up of
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.
TAI is designed to advance the Administration’s 2012 U.S. Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa, which
seeks to spur economic growth, trade, and investment in Africa, particularly by expanding U.S.-African
private and public sector cooperation. Trade Africa dovetails with growing congressional interest in and
efforts to increase U.S.-African trade and investment, which have taken the form of multiple hearings
(e.g., in the House in May 2013 and in the Senate in July 2012) and the introduction of related bills (e.g.,
S. 718 and H.R. 1777). It also aligns with broader U.S. efforts to boost exports through the National
Export Initiative. The announcement of Trade Africa follows a sustained period of growth in African-
Chinese trade and investment ties, which some view as a competitive threat to U.S. economic and
political interests in the region. In 2013, U.S. imports from the EAC totaled $597 million, while U.S.
exports totaled $1,239 million, a nearly 30% increase in exports from 2012 (Figure 1). All EAC countries
are eligible for trade preferences granted under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA,Title I,
P.L. 106-200, as amended).
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. U.S.-East African Community: U.S. Trade and Demographic Data
Source: Data from the U.S. International Trade Commission and the World Bank.
Key Goals and Initiative Components
The core TAI goal during a three- to five-year “initial phase” is to expand U.S. trade and investment
relations with and the trade capacity of the EAC and its member states, including through growth of
African exports under AGOA. The White House appears to have selected the EAC as an initial TAI target
region because it offers new U.S. market opportunities and has had a recent record of economic growth
and reform. Specific goals under Trade Africa are to:
double intra-EAC trade, including a 40% increase in the staple food sector, and increase
by 40% U.S. non-oil AGOA imports from the EAC;
reduce by 15% the average time needed to ship containers between the key EAC coastal
ports and land-locked Burundi and Rwanda;
reduce by 30% average truck border transit times at selected border crossings; and
create 10,000 new jobs in the EAC by U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID)-aided firms and facilitate $100 million in new investments in targeted EAC
sectors.
Congressional Research Service
3
TAI consists of several trade and investment enhancement activities that together comprise the U.S.-EAC
Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP) and several USAID trade-focused development programs.
Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP)
This partnership, led by the State and Commerce Departments and the United States Trade Representative
(USTR), consists of the following efforts:
Negotiation of a U.S.-EAC trade facilitation agreement. These agreements typically
focus on customs procedures and aim to reduce trade costs.
Initial talks toward a possible U.S.-EAC bilateral investment treaty (BIT). BITs are
negotiated to protect U.S. overseas private investment, through non-discriminatory
treatment, the right to investor-state arbitration, and other protections.
Ongoing commercial dialogue. This consultative forum between governments focuses
on expanding commercial relations and incorporates private sector views on key agenda
issues. The U.S.-EAC dialogue is the first such U.S. dialogue with an African country.
USAID Trade Africa Contribution
The East Africa Trade and Investment Hub. The current East Africa Trade Hub,
similar to its counterparts in West and Southern Africa, seeks to enhance regional export
capabilities, trade competitiveness, economic integration, and understanding and
utilization of the AGOA preference program. The hub assists with inter-regional customs
coordination, provides capacity building aid, and works to strengthen EAC industry trade
groups and their ties with U.S. counterparts. Under Trade Africa, the EAC hub will be
renamed the East Africa Trade and Investment Hub, a $65-$70 million, three- to five-year
program. It will build directly on activities akin to those pursued by the current hub, but
will also focus on expanding two-way U.S.-EAC trade and investment, in cooperation
with other U.S. trade and development agencies.
USAID-TradeMark East Africa Partnership. This five-year, $25 million project seeks
to expand trade through trade cost reductions and continued progress toward an EAC
Customs Union and Common Market.
The Doing Business in Africa Campaign, a Commerce Department-led initiative to help connect the
U.S. private sector with business opportunities in all regions of Africa, also supports Trade Africa efforts.
Congressional Research Service
4
Figure 2. Trade Africa Initiative (TAI) Overview
Source: CRS analysis of TAI public notices.
Related Initiative
Trade Africa is related to Power Africa, a separate initiative. Its goal is to double access to electricity in
sub-Saharan Africa through support for public-private partnerships backed by up to $7.8 billion in public
U.S. export financing, as well as technical, infrastructure, and institution-building aid. Power Africa
supports TAI goals due to the key role of electricity in economic development, and because it aims to
increase both U.S. power technology exports to Africa and related U.S. investment in the region.
Links between Power Africa and Trade Africa are reflected in the recent creation of the East Africa-based
USAID Office of Power Africa and Trade Africa, which plays leading roles in the implementation of the
two inter-agency initiatives.
Prospects
Trade Africa is ambitious in its regional focus and, if successful, may serve as a model for future trade
and investment engagements with other African regional entities. Whether Congress may consider it an
appropriate trade policy priority and how Congress may judge its success, however, remain open
questions. Efforts to pursue a BIT and a trade facilitation agreement have no specified end-date, and their
success will depend on how such potential accords are implemented. A concluded BIT would require
Congressional Research Service
5
consideration and ratification by the Senate. Congress may also see a need for greater benchmarking of
TAI goals, so that implementation of the initiative can be rigorously measured.
Author Information
Nicolas Cook
Brock R. Williams
Specialist in African Affairs
Analyst in International Trade and Finance
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN10015 · VERSION 7 · NEW