Defense Primer: Procurement

Overview

While procurement implies a process of obtaining goods or services, the word also refers to a specific title and to associated accounts within the typically annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and Department of Defense Appropriations Act.

Appropriations for Procurement

The Department of Defense (DOD), which is "using a secondary Department of War designation," under Executive Order 14347 dated September 5, 2025, procurement appropriations title provides funds for nonconstruction-related investment costs—the costs to acquire capital assets, such as an F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft or a Virginia-class submarine. Investment costs are distinguished from expenses—the costs of resources consumed in operating the department, such as food and fuel. DOD uses procurement appropriations to obtain various categories of materiel, including

• new military hardware (e.g., aircraft, ships, armored vehicles, radios, and satellites);
• upgrades to existing equipment, including service life extension or remanufacturing programs;
• weapons and ammunition (e.g., air-to-air missiles and rifle rounds); and
• spares and repair parts.

Procurement funding provided to the department in a given fiscal year (FY) can usually be obligated over a period of three years. The most prominent exception is Navy Shipbuilding and Conversion funding, which is available for five years. Congress enacted FY2025 appropriations for DOD through two short-term continuing resolutions (CRs) and one full-year CR (P.L. 118-83; P.L. 118-158; and P.L. 119-4 ). In total, these CRs provided $167.5 billion for procurement accounts. (See Table 1).

How is DOD Procurement Funded?

In general, Congress appropriates money for defense procurement under a policy of full funding, which requires funding the entire procurement cost of end-items (e.g., AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles or KC-46A refueling tankers) in one fiscal year. In other words, the total funding necessary to acquire a useable end-item is approved by Congress in a single fiscal year, even though related work may span many years.

Exceptions to Full Funding

• Incremental Funding. In rare cases, programs have been procured using incremental funding, a funding policy typically associated with research and development activities. Under incremental funding, a system's cost is phased over two or more fiscal years. Incremental funding has principally been used to procure certain ships and submarines (e.g., Virginia- and Columbia-class submarines) but is typically avoided as a funding mechanism for procurement.
• Multiyear Procurement. Under 10 U.S.C. §3501, Congress sometimes authorizes multiyear procurement (MYP) for programs. MYP can achieve savings by committing to buy items from a contractor over multiple years for a reduced price per unit. Qualifying for MYP requires a program to prove that it will achieve substantial savings throughout its annual buys, receive sufficient and stable funding, and procure items unlikely to substantially change over the multiyear period. Examples include ships (e.g., Virginia-class submarines and DDG-51 Arleigh Burke-class destroyers); aircraft (e.g., UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, MV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft, and C-130J Super Hercules cargo planes); and munitions (e.g., M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems, or HIMARS, and MGM–140 Army Tactical Missile Systems, or ATACMS)).
• Advance Procurement. Programs receive advance procurement funds for components of a unit that need to be purchased long before the unit itself is purchased. Advance procurement requires a separate initial contract, and its authority is provided in an appropriations act. For programs using MYP, advance procurement may also be used to achieve economic order quantity, which is defined as buying enough of an item to minimize the total cost.

When Does a Program Enter Procurement?

A program that produces a major capability (e.g., an aircraft carrier) typically enters procurement after it receives Milestone C approval in the Defense Acquisition System. Prior to procurement, programs are considered to be in development and are generally funded through Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) appropriations. Some programs may receive procurement funds before a formal Milestone C approval.

How Else Does DOD Purchase Goods and Services? How Does Procurement Relate to Defense Contracting?

Congress typically authorizes and appropriates procurement funding to DOD for nonconstruction investments. DOD may use funding other than procurement to purchase services (e.g., research, architectural design, or cleaning services) and smaller goods (e.g., gauze or light bulbs) because DOD identifies such purchases as expenses rather than investments and funds them in other parts of its budget.

DOD purchases goods and services from the private sector through contracts and accounts for expenditures as contract obligations. These individual activities—most of which are too granular to be captured in appropriations data—are tracked at the level of obligations. Obligation is the term used when agencies enter into contracts, employ personnel, or otherwise commit to spending money.

Considerations for Congress

• Congress may face several questions relevant to DOD procurement, including
• Does Congress have adequate information to exercise oversight of exceptions to full funding policies (e.g., incremental funding and multiyear procurement)?
• How might the delineation between procurement and RDT&E funding impact development of new capabilities? Is Milestone C approval the appropriate time for a program to move from RDT&E funding to procurement funding?
• What demand signal do procurement appropriations timelines send to the defense industrial base?