Defense Primer: The United States Air Force
Updated November 14, 2022
Defense Primer: The United States Air Force
When it was established as a separate service in 1947, the
warfighters that data where and when it is needed. Many
U.S. Air Force (USAF) was to be “organized, trained, and
Air Force assets designed for other purposes (fighters,
equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and
tankers, etc.) also gather, disseminate, or perform other ISR
defensive air operations ... necessary for the effective
functions.
prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned.” That
statutory language remains almost identical today.
Rapid Global Mobility
Similarly, although the words used to describe its core
USAF mobility forces carry cargo and personnel around the
missions have changed, space and cyberspace joined air as
world, enabling operations by all U.S. and many allied
operational domains, and the means used to carry them out
military services. Tanker aircraft make global deployments
have evolved with technology, the USAF’s missions
possible, and aeromedical transport makes timely
themselves have remained remarkably constant.
evacuation and treatment of injured troops possible. USAF
mobility forces are also used extensively for humanitarian
Table 1. Air Force Core Missions
relief operations.
Air and Space Superiority
Global Strike
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
100% of the Earth is covered by air, and the USAF takes
advantage of that to provide strike capability worldwide
Rapid Global Mobility
using bombers, special operations platforms, fighters, other
Global Strike
aircraft, and missiles.
Command and Control
Global strike includes the nuclear deterrent force. Two legs
Source: U.S. Air Force, Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for
of the nuclear triad—bombers and land-based
America at http://www.af.mil/Airpower4America.aspx.
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)—are Air Force
missions. The Air Force is modernizing the bomber fleet,
Air and Space Superiority
and a large-scale modernization of the ICBM force is also
The most familiar Air Force mission, air superiority,
underway.
includes establishing and maintaining control of the skies
over conflict areas, allowing U.S. forces to operate at the
Command and Control
times and places of their choosing. The USAF points out
Controlling a global force—whether USAF, other services,
that such control is almost taken as a given, as no enemy
or allied—requires access to reliable communications and
aircraft has killed U.S. ground troops since 1953. At the
information networks. The Air Force, through space
same time, potential adversary nations are creating and
platforms, space control operations, cyberspace operations,
exporting advanced aircraft and anti-aircraft systems that
and other means, provides and defends those global
could threaten U.S. air superiority, leading the USAF to
communications networks.
invest in next-generation capabilities.
Each of these missions interacts with the others. Taken
USAF systems also provide direct support to ground forces,
together, the Air Force sums up its core missions as
particularly in helping to identify and destroy time-critical
providing “Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global
targets.
Power.”
Space superiority involves securing U.S. space assets and
Personnel
the ability to maintain the navigational, communications,
To provide these capabilities, the Air Force requested end
reconnaissance, and other capabilities U.S. space platforms
strength for FY2023 is 510,400 people:
provide. These systems enable all U.S. military services’
current operating plans. These responsibilities are being
323,400 in the active Air Force,
migrated to the U.S. Space Force, now a separate service
within the Department of the Air Force.
8,600 in the active Space Force,
Intelligence, Surveillance, and
70,000 in the Air Force Reserve, and
Reconnaissance (ISR)
Gathering information, monitoring current or potential
108,400 in the Air National Guard.
adversaries, and providing real-time data to forces in
combat is a continuous and growing mission. The USAF
Equipment
provides ISR using manned and unmanned aircraft, space
The U.S. Air Force operates nearly 5,800 aircraft:
assets, and other technologies to provide policymakers and
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Defense Primer: The United States Air Force
Table 2. Air Force Aircraft
Relevant Statutes
Type
Number
Title 10, U.S. Code, Chapter 803 – Department of the Air
Force
Fighter/Attack
2221
Title 50, U.S. Code, Chapter 44 – National Security
Bombers
141
Special Operations
139
ISR/ELINT/EW/C3
516
CRS Products
Tanker
527
CRS In Focus IF10519, Defense Primer: Strategic Nuclear Forces,
by Amy F. Woolf
Transport
655
CRS Report RL33640, U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background,
Training
1176
Developments, and Issues, by Amy F. Woolf
CRS Report RL30563, F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program, by
Helicopter
189
John R. Hoehn
UAV
261
CRS Report R44463, Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike
Source: Air Force and Space Force Almanac 2022 (Air Force
Bomber, coordinated by John R. Hoehn
Association); UAV from The Military Balance 2022 (International
CRS In Focus IF10546, Defense Primer: United States Airpower,
Institute for Strategic Studies).
coordinated by John R. Hoehn
Major Procurement Programs
CRS In Focus IF11866, Advanced Battle Management System
(ABMS), by John R. Hoehn
The Air Force currently prioritizes three hardware programs
CRS In Focus IF11495, Defense Primer: The United States Space
ahead of its other modernization efforts:
Force, by Stephen M. McCall
The F-35A Lightning II strike fighter, the Air Force
CRS In Focus IF11172, “Space Force” and Related DOD
portion of a multi-service, multi-national program slated
Proposals: Issues for Congress, by Kathleen J. McInnis and
to acquire 1,763 jets to replace several types currently in
Stephen M. McCall
USAF service.
CRS Report R46725, Joint All-Domain Command and Control:
Background and Issues for Congress, by John R. Hoehn
The KC-46 tanker, 179 of which are scheduled to
CRS In Focus IF11659, Air Force Next-Generation Air Dominance
replace 50-year-old KC-135s.
Program, by John R. Hoehn
The B-21 Raider bomber, at least 100 of which are
expected to enter service in the mid-2020s, replacing
1980s-era B-1s and B-2s.
Other Resources
Three other development programs are seen as particularly
USAF. Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power, September,
significant to future Air Force capabilities and budgeting:
2013.
DOD. Joint Publication 3-30, Command and Control of Joint
The Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent includes
Air Operations, July 25, 2019.
acquisition of 642 intercontinental ballistic missiles.
Next-Generation Air Dominance, a program to
develop the major technologies likely to appear on
Jeremiah Gertler, former Specialist in Military Aviation,
future combat aircraft.
originally authored this report.
The Advanced Battle Management System, a network
John R. Hoehn, Coordinator, Analyst in Military
intended to provide data across all domains and allow
Capabilities and Programs
disparate platforms to work together.
IF10547
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Defense Primer: The United States Air Force
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