98-330 F
April 2, 1998
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Summit of the Americas II, April 18-19, 1998:
Background, Objectives, and Expectations
(name redacted)
Specialist in Latin American Affairs
Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division
Summary
President William Clinton will attend Summit of the Americas II in Santiago,
Chile, on April 18-19, 1998, with 34 democratic Presidents and Prime Ministers from
Latin American and Caribbean countries expected to attend. This is a follow up to
Summit of the Americas I hosted by President Clinton in Miami in December 1994.
The 1994 Miami Summit created a Plan of Action with 23 initiatives in four major
areas. Under the leadership of various countries and organizations, these initiatives have
been advanced, and major agreements have been concluded and are in the process of
being implemented. The 1998 Santiago Summit will focus on four major items: (1)
promoting education, including programs for children, adults, and disadvantaged groups;
(2) strengthening democracy and human rights, including cooperation against illicit drug
trafficking; (3) promoting economic integration, including procedures for negotiation
of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA); and (4) eradicating poverty and
discrimination, including programs to protect women and indigenous populations. The
United States Congress may be particularly interested in plans to launch FTAA
negotiations, proposals to strengthen multilateral drug control efforts, and cooperation
initiatives to promote educational and socioeconomic reforms.
CRS products related to this topic include:
Trade and the Americas, CRS Issue
Brief IB95017, by (name redacted).
Background
The Santiago Summit of the Americas to be held in mid-April 1998 is a follow up
to the Miami Summit of the Americas held in December 1994. The 1994 Miami Summit
was held at a point when the leaders of Western Hemisphere countries seemed to be
developing a shared sense of values, and it was felt that the countries should join together
to consolidate and strengthen the commitments to advance democracy, free trade, and
sustainable development. Conceived shortly after legislative approval of the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, the
countries were particularly interested in seizing upon U.S. initiatives to advance free trade
Congressional Research Service ˜
The Library of Congress
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in the hemisphere, which had included President Bush’s Enterprise for the Americas
Initiative and President Clinton’s similar initiatives.1 After extensive consultation and
development of proposals, the hemispheric leaders agreed at the Miami Summit on a Plan
of Action with 23 separate initiatives under four major themes. With regard to the central
issue of promotion of free trade, the countries agreed to complete negotiations for a Free
Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) by the year 2005.2 Subsequently it was decided
that three sets of the initiatives should be implemented jointly, effectively leaving a total
of 20 initiatives.
Progress on Summit Initiatives under Four Major Themes
Since the 1994 Summit, the responsible countries and organizations have been
advancing the initiatives in a variety of ways, with varying results, as indicated below.
I. Preserving and Strengthening Democracies — (1) Strengthening Democracy/(2)
Promoting Human Rights: Under these two combined initiatives, the Organization of
American States (OAS) strengthened the Unit for Promotion of Democracy substantially,
with major efforts on electoral processes, improved governance, and conflict resolution;
the Working Group on Human Rights and Democracy that met at the OAS in December
1996 approved administration of justice as a main priority, especially training for police
and judges;
(3) Invigorating Society/Community Participation: Governments are
encouraging citizen participation, especially by members of marginalized groups, with
assistance from international donors;
(4) Promoting Cultural Values: Cultural exchanges
between countries have been facilitated through the OAS and the Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB);
(5) Combating Corruption: Under auspices of the OAS,
countries negotiated the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption in 1996, which
entered into force in 1997, with seven of the 23 signatories having ratified it;
(6) Combating
Illegal Drugs and Related Crimes: Working through the OAS’ Inter-American Commission
on Drug Abuse Control (CICAD) countries approved the Anti-Drug Strategy in the
Hemisphere in December 1996; countries are also implementing the Buenos Aires
Communique of December 1995 to strengthen laws and to share information to combat
money laundering; countries signed the Inter-American Convention Against Illicit Arms
Trafficking in November 1997;
(7) Eliminating the Threat of National and International
Terrorism: At the OAS Conference on Terrorism in April 1996, the countries agreed to
improve intelligence exchange and enforcement cooperation;
(8) Building Mutual
Confidence: At the OAS Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures
(CSBMs) in November 1995, the countries agreed to eleven CSBMs, including advance
notice of military exercises and exchanges of defense information; additional measures
are to be taken by the newly created OAS Committee on Hemispheric Security.
1 For background on the Miami Summit, see
Summit of the Americas, December 9-11, 1994:
Background, Plans, and Hemispheric Expectations, CRS Report 94-911 F, by (name redacted).
2 For complete information on the 1994 Summit, see
Summitry in the Americas: A Progress
Report (Washington, D.C. Institute for International Economics, 1997). For information on the
1994 Summit and action leading to the 1998 Summit, see the AmericasNet homepage maintained
by the Summit of the Americas Center at Florida International University at
http://summit.fiu.edu.
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II. Promoting Prosperity Through Economic Integration and Free Trade — (9)
Free Trade in the Americas: With support from the Tripartite Committee (OAS, IDB,
ECLAC3), hemispheric Trade Ministers, acting through four trade ministerials (Denver
in June 1995; Cartegena, Colombia in March 1996; Belo Horizonte, Brazil in May 1997;
and San Jose, Costa Rica in March 1998) reaffirmed the commitment to achieve a FTAA
by the year 2005, and to make concrete progress by the end of the century;
(10) Capital
Markets Development and Liberalization: Through meetings of Ministers and Deputy
Ministers of Finance, countries created the Committee on Hemispheric Financial Issues
that developed a survey of national financial systems and plans for combating financial
crimes and for training banking and securities regulators;
(11) Hemispheric
Infrastructure/(13)Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure4
: Governments
and multilateral development banks are acting to encourage private investment in
infrastructure, particularly telecommunications infrastructure; with advance support from
the OAS’ Inter-American Telecommunications Commission (CITEL) the Senior
Telecommunications Officials Meeting of September 1996 adopted hemispheric guidelines
for future negotiations to promote telecommunications services;
(14) Cooperation in
Science and Technology: Acting through Science and Technology Ministerials in 1995
and 1996, the countries agreed to promote hemispheric cooperation, utilizing new
telecommunications and information technology;
(15) Tourism: The Inter-American Travel
Congress in April 1997 encouraged cooperation and implementation of 1996 Regional Plan
of Action for Tourism Development.
III. Eradicating Poverty and Discrimination — (16) Universal Access to Education:
Governments have been acting to achieve the 1994 goals, namely 100% primary school
enrollment and 75% secondary school enrollment by the year 2010, with special attention
to unmet needs of women, indigenous peoples and other disadvantaged groups, with $1.5
billion in assistance from the IDB for education and health services;
(17) Equitable Access
to Basic Health Services: The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is implementing
a regional plan, including campaigns against measles and unsanitary conditions; Inter-
American Conference on Hunger in 1996 committed countries to work to eliminate hunger
and malnutrition; governments are implementing country plans to meet 1994 goal to reduce
child mortality by one-third and maternal mortality rate by one-half by the year 2000;
(18)
Strengthening the Role of Women in Society: Governments and organizations are working
to advance women’s rights through the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995,
and through the hemispheric Conference on Women in April 1997 that established a system
of indicators to monitor progress on the role of women;
(19) Encouraging Microenterprises
and Small Businesses: The IDB committed $500 million for these purposes and convened
a hemispheric conference in November 1995 to review problems and ways to encourage
private investment;
(20) White Helmets/Emergency and Devlopment Corps: Plans are
being developed, in regional and global forums, to support the establishment of a corps
of volunteers to deal with natural disasters and developmental emergencies.
IV. Guaranteeing Sustainable Development and Conserving Natural Environment—
The following three themes were addressed at the Summit for Sustainable Development
3 The U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
4 Initiatives 11 and 13, 1 and 2, and 12 (Energy Cooperation) and 21 (Partnership for
Sustainable Energy Use) are being implemented jointly.
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at Santa, Cruz, Bolivia, in December 1996, with the countries agreeing to take measures
to protect the environment and to promote cooperation; the World Bank and the IDB have
committed over $21 billion for sustainable development projects; the OAS is coordinating
followup on the 1996 Summit commitments, particularly through the newly created Inter-
American Commission on Sustainable Development;
(21) Partnership for Sustainable
Energy Use/(12) Energy Cooperation: The Fourth Meeting of the Hemispheric Energy
Steering Committee in 1997 reaffirmed efforts under these jointly implemented initiatives
to promote clean energy options, regulatory cooperation, opportunities for natural gas,
efficient use of energy, and rural electrification;
(22) Partnership for Biodiversity:
Governments working to protect biodiversity within the framework of existing international
agreements, including commitments in the 1996 Sustainable Development Summit;
(23)
Partnership for Pollution Prevention: Governments are working, with help from PAHO,
the World Bank and national agencies, to improve water quality and to phase out leaded
gasoline in the hemisphere.
While progress has been made in nearly all areas of a massive plan of action, the amount
of progress has varied considerably, depending upon the priority of the issue and the
resources committed to the task. The Leadership Council for Inter-American Summitry,
a group of 16 businessmen, academics, and former policy-makers suggests that progress
has been “modest” in most areas — democracy/human rights, anti-corruption, narcotics
and money laundering control , trade, education, and sustainable development. They rate
progress on promotion of civil society and capital market liberalization as “good,” and
progress on promotion of health as “very good.”5 To revitalize the summit process in the
Hemisphere, the Leadership Council recommends that the Santiago Summit take the
following initiatives: (1) Accelerate to 2002 the target date for completing negotiations
on a FTAA; (2) Create an Inter-American Financial Council to deal with financial crises;
(3) Form an independent Inter-American Commission on Corruption to implement the Anti-
Corruption Pact; and (4) Hold summits every two years to focus attention on the region
and on implementation of the action plans.
The Agenda for the Santiago Summit
Given the action in various areas of the original Miami Summit agenda, particularly
the emphasis given to sustainable development topics in the 1996 Summit on Sustainable
Development in Bolivia, the Summit Implementation Review Group (SIRG)6 developed
the following agenda for the Santiago Summit, with certain countries designated as
Responsible Coordinators. This agenda emphasizes education as an overall theme, places
5 The Leadership Council for Inter-American Summitry,
From Talk to Action: How Summits
Can Help Forge a Western Hemisphere Community of Prosperous Democracies ( Coral Gables,
Florida: North-South Center, 1998), p. 11.
6 The Summit Implementation Review Group (SIRG) is a policy-level body of
representatives from each of the hemispheric governments which meets regularly, under the
authority of the countries’ Foreign Ministers, to review implementation of the Summit Plan of
Action and to make plans for future summits. Thomas “Mack” McLarty, the White House
Special Envoy for the Americas, has usually represented the United States at these meetings. The
key mechanism for developing the various initiatives is the Responsible Coordinator System,
under which selected hemispheric governments or institutions have volunteered to take the lead
in each of the areas.
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sustainable development topics in a category for review but little major action, and
emphasizes certain topics, such as free trade and labor issues, within each of the major
themes.
1. Education, to include action items on exchange programs, distance education,
new technologies, adult education, and worker training and skills improvement.
Mexico, as Responsible Coordinator, and Argentina and Chile, as Co-coordinators,
are preparing proposals to promote education-for-living programs, with short term goals,
targeted for children and adults. Special attention is to given to vulnerable and disadvantaged
groups (females with educational deficiencies, indigenous peoples, handicapped persons,
economically marginal groups, refugees, etc.) and to programs to prevent drop-out and
failure, such as preschool programs with involvement of mothers, and electronic media
programs. The OAS’ Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI) would be
the principal promoting entity. The U.S. government is committed to supporting educational
initiatives, primarily through AID’s Partnership for Education Reform in the Americas
(PERA) project.
2. Preserving and Strengthening Democracy and Human Rights, to include action
items on education for democracy and human rights, protecting the rights of migrant workers,
public participation, municipal and regional governments, anti-corruption, counternarcotics,
anti-terrorism, confidence and security building measures, judicial systems, and
modernization of the state in relation to labor matters.
Brazil and Canada, as joint Responsible Coordinators, have presented proposals to
promote a culture of democracy and respect for human rights, especially for disadvantaged
groups; to strengthen electoral processes; to strengthen justice and related sectors (judiciary,
public defenders, prisons, police); and to develop a more responsive and professional public
sector. The United States, as Responsible Coordinator, with support from Argentina, Bolivia,
Colombia and the OAS is preparing proposals to strengthen multilateral drug control efforts
based on the Anti-Drug Strategy in the Hemisphere.
3. Economic Integration and Free Trade, to include action items on advancing the
FTAA, capital markets development, science and technology, regional energy cooperation,
and hemispheric infrastructure in transportation and telecommunications.
The Trade Ministers of the Americas, as Responsible Coordinators, agreed, in the
March 1998 meeting in Costa Rica, to launch FTAA negotiations at the Santiago Summit.
They established nine negotiating groups to deal with the substantive issues (market access,
investment, services, government procurement, dispute settlement, agriculture, intellectual
property rights, subsidies/anti-dumping/countervailing duties, competition policy). They
specified that negotiations will rotate from Miami to Panama City to Mexico City, and
designated certain countries as chairs and co-chairs of the negotiation process for various
periods of time, with Brazil and the United States as joint co-chairs in the final phase of
the negotiations.
In accordance with the agreement of the Hemisheric Ministers of Transportation, the
Western Hemisphere Transportation Initiative (HTI) will be considered.
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4. Eradication of Poverty and Discrimination, to include action items on
microenterprises and small- and medium-sized businesses, health, hunger, women,
indigenous people, effective systems of property registration, and promotion of
internationally accepted labor norms.
Responsible Coordinators will be making proposals in the mentioned areas, with
attention to education in several of the areas, such as educational programs for women,
indigenous people, and vocational training.
Congressional Interest in the Santiago Summit
Congress may be particularly interested in plans to launch FTAA negotiations, proposals
to strengthen multilateral drug control efforts, and plans for bilateral and multilateral
cooperation to promote educational and socioeconomic reforms.
Despite the Clinton Administration’s failure in November 1997 to obtain fast track
authority from Congress to negotiate free trade agreements, the hemispheric Trade Ministers
agreed to launch FTAA negotiations at the Santiago Summit, with the understanding that
negotiations would not be completed until the U.S. executive has obtained fast track
authorization.7 U.S. Trade Representative Barshefsky argues that the United States will
play a major role in the negotiations, with Miami as the designated site for the first three
years of negotiations, and with the United States and Brazil jointly co-chairing in the final
phases of the negotiations. Others argue that the United States was less successful than
it would have been if it had gone to the Costa Rica ministerial with fast track authority.
They note that agriculture was one of the main negotiating groups, that environmental and
labor issues were relegated to input to a committee without authority, and that the go slow
approach to integration will have a powerful voice with Brazil as a joint co-chair at the
end of the negotiations.
Efforts to strengthen multilateral drug control efforts may be watched closely since
Congress has been unwilling to modify the threat of aid and trade sanctions under the U.S.
drug certification process8, although Administration spokesmen have stated that multilateral
efforts will not affect existing U.S. legislation and procedures.
Cooperation for educational and socioeconomic reforms will be watched closely to
the extent that U.S. resources are committed or required for bilateral or multilateral programs
to meet obligations undertaken by hemispheric leaders in the Santiago Summit.
7 See
Trade and the Americas, CRS Issue Brief 95017, by (name redacted).
8 See
Mexican Drug Certification Issues: U.S. Congressional Action, 1986-1998, CRS
Report 98-174, by (name redacted), for examples.
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