98-114 F
Updated February 19, 1998
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Iraq: International Support For U.S. Policy
Kenneth Katzman
Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs
Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division
Summary
Although there is a worldwide consensus that Iraq must comply with all applicable
U.N. resolutions, international attitudes differ sharply on how to compel Iraq to comply
with the U.N. program of eliminating Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programs.
Some countries support U.S. threats to use force against Iraq as a necessary step to
ensure that Iraq does not reconstitute banned weapons programs. Other countries
believe that force would kill Iraqi civilians already chafing under seven years of
international sanctions and could prompt Iraq to expel U.N. weapons inspectors.
Meanwhile, during the week of February 23, the Senate is scheduled to consider
S.Con.Res. 71, calling on the President to take all necessary and appropriate actions in
response to the threat posed by Iraq's refusal to end its lethal weapons program.
Introduction
The United States is attempting to line up international backing for and participation
in the use of force against Iraq, should diplomacy fail to obtain from Iraq a pledge to
allow U.N. weapons inspectors (U.N. Special Commission on Iraq, UNSCOM) unfettered
access to sites they need to inspect. In some cases, such as the Persian Gulf states, the
United States seeks important operational as well as political support for airstrikes against
Iraqi targets.
As shown in the analysis below, some countries are ambivalent in their support for
the U.S. position in the current crisis. Their ambivalence reflects the
1
conflicting goals
of supporting the United States while trying to respond to public opinion that does not
necessarily favor airstrikes on Iraq. Several countries that are opposed to military action
have economic interests in Iraq that might be acting as a factor in their positions on the
crisis. It is possible that, as the crisis continues to develop, some countries might shift
their positions depending on the degree to which Iraq is willing to compromise on the
The
1
information in the report is taken from press reports and public statements by world leaders.
Congressional Research Service ˜
The Library of Congress
CRS-2
question of UNSCOM access to restricted sites. (
For further background on the crisis,
the weapons inspection program, U.S. military deployments, and Iraqi capabilities, see
CRS Issue Brief 92117, Iraqi Compliance With Cease-fire Agreements, updated
regularly; Issue Brief 94049, Iraq-U.S. Confrontations, updated regularly; and CRS
Report 97-808 F, Iraq: Erosion of International Isolation?, August 29, 1997.)
Russia/Europe/Canada/Australia
Russia. Strongest opponent of the use of force among the five permanent members
of the U.N. Security Council. Actively attempting to mediate a solution to the crisis. Has
longstanding political and economic ties to Saddam Husayn; Iraq owes Russia $8 billion
or more in debts. President Yeltsin has warned that U.S. military action against Iraq could
set off a "world war," although his spokespeople subsequently softened his statements.
France. Opposes use of force, except possibly as a last resort, and says it will not
join any military operation against Iraq in this crisis. Also attempting to mediate, in
concert with Russia. Has longstanding ties to Iraq, and interest in developing Iraq's large
untapped oil reserves. Iraq owes $4 billion to France. Believes the United States has not
given Iraq incentives to comply with applicable U.N. resolutions.
United Kingdom. Strongest supporter of U.S. position. Has sent aircraft carrier and
other forces to the Gulf to join U.S. Despite support, prefers airstrikes should be
authorized by U.N. Security Council declaration of Iraq in "material breach" of the cease-
fire.
Canada. Prime Minister Jean Chretien announced February 10 that Canada will
send a frigate, transport aircraft, and 300 to 400 troops to support U.S. forces in the Gulf.
Netherlands. The Foreign Ministry said February 13 the Netherlands would send
a frigate to join U.S. forces in the Gulf, but it would only participate in military action if
all diplomatic options are exhausted.
Germany. After February meeting with Secretary of Defense Cohen, Chancellor
Helmut Kohl said Germany will allow U.S. use of bases in Germany for strike on Iraq.
Offer is considered more significant politically than operationally. German leaders
appear to want all possible diplomatic options exhausted before any strike.
Italy. Believes military action could have unintended adverse consequences for
Middle East stability. Has not yet taken a position on U.S. use of bases in Italy for strikes.
Belgium. Announced (February 18) deployment of a frigate to support U.S. forces
in the Gulf, but would need a further government decision to engage it in hostilities if they
occur.
Spain. Position somewhat unclear. Spanish press report says government will
authorize U.S. to station 30 aerial refueling tankers at a southern base. Also offering to
send technicians to support UNSCOM.
CRS-3
Portugal. Favors diplomacy backed by threat of force. Authorizes U.S. use of base
in Azores islands group. Currently sits on the U.N. Security Council.
Greece. Will not participate in military action without Security Council backing.
Non-committal on U.S. use of bases in Greece for a strike.
Denmark. Government asked parliament on February 16 to support sending a C-
130 transport aircraft to the Gulf.
Ireland. Wants to give diplomacy every chance, according to Ireland's Ambassador
to the United Nations. Considered unlikely to participate in military action or provide
logistical help. Not a NATO member.
Sweden. Currently sits on U.N. Security Council and a new member of the
European Union. Tends to oppose use of force in most international situations but
reportedly might support force against Iraq if Baghdad remains uncooperative.
Poland/Hungary/Czech Republic. The foreign ministers of the three prospective
NATO members told Secretary of State Albright February 9 they would support use of
force against Iraq if it becomes necessary. Poland says it will send an anti-chemical and
biological warfare unit to the Gulf in the event of military action. Hungarian parliament
voted February 17 to allow U.S. aircraft to use Hungarian airspace and airfields, and to
send a medical team to the Gulf.
Australia. Backs use of force, and will send 250 troops to the Gulf, including
specialists in covert search and rescue operations. Home country of UNSCOM Chairman
Richard Butler.
New Zealand. Prime Minister Jenny Shipley said February 16 New Zealand will
send two surveillance aircraft and up to 20 special forces personnel.
Romania. Foreign Ministry said February 15 Romania would join military action
if authorized by U.N. Sent chemical warfare specialists in 1991 Gulf war. Iraq owes
Romania $1.7 billion dating to Ceausescu era.
Norway. Plans to send about 30 personnel to support the coalition.
Middle East/Persian Gulf
Turkey. Generally opposes use of force, and Foreign Minister Ismail Cem is
attempting to intercede with Baghdad to avoid a U.S. strike. Does not want U.S. to ask
for use of bases in Turkey for strikes on Iraq, but continues to allow U.S./British patrols
of northern Iraq no fly zone from Incirlik air base. Fears safehaven in Iraq for Turkish
Kurdish opponents and has sent troops into northern Iraq to prevent a Kurdish refugee
surge into Turkey that might result from a U.S. airstrike. Key outlet for Iraqi oil exports
under Resolution 986 "oil-for-food" program and tacitly permits some illicit imports of
Iraqi oil products by Turkish truck drivers.
Egypt. Generally opposed to use of force against Iraq, and Foreign Minister Amr
Moussa is attempting to organize other Arab opinion in support of a diplomatic solution.
A
r
publicly. Like many other Arab states, Egyptian public opinion is sympathetic to the
light of the Iraqi people; some pro-Iraqi demonstrations have been held. Egypt and other
rabs also believe the United States insists on a higher standard of Iraqi compliance with
Jordan. King Hussei
hurt the Ir
i
r
e King supports efforts to obtain full Iraqi compliance
w
solutions and says Iraq will pay dearly for defying the United Nations. Has
long
close political and economic relations with Iraq and did not support allied
ition in Desert Storm. Dependent on subsidized shipments of Iraqi oil. Despite
ban,
,
18.
Strongly supportive of the U.S. position and Prime Minister Netanyahu says
srael reserves the right to retaliate if attacked by Iraq. Nervous about possible remaining
Palestinian
Generally supportive of Iraq, as the PLO was in
esert Storm, but Arafat said February 16 he does not want Israelis hurt. Despite a ban,
ro-Iraqi demonstrations have been held repeatedly in February. Radical wing of Islamist
ian organization Hamas vowed February 17 to attack Israelis if the U.S. strike
Iraq.
Syria.
strike against Iraq would be unjustified. Has been improving
r
ions with Iraq over the past few years, and reopened border with Iraq in June 1997.
Supports Iraqi demands to alter the composition of UNSCOM.
n. Opposes military action against Iraq, according to Prime Minister Rafiq
riri. Politically and economically close to Syria, and tends to follow Syrian lead o
foreign policy issues.
Iran.
action against Iraq, despite eight year war with that country
(
8) in which Iraq used chemical weapons and Scud missiles. Stood neutral in the
1991
t
U.S. forces or allow strikes on Iraq from their territories. Relations with Iraq have
over the past two years although deep differences remain. Relations with the
Saudi Arabia. Largest and most important of the Gulf states, has indicated it will
n
in Saudi Arabia. Is allowing continuation of U.S.
overf
of southern Iraq (Southern Watch operation) from Saudi airfields, and
dly has assured Secretary of Defense Cohen privately that it will allow U.S
overflights and operations of U.S. support
February
m
Saudi Arabia to carry out strikes on Iraq.
Most supportive of the Gulf states, has allowed emplacement of additional
CRS-5
United Arab Emirates. Least supportive of the Gulf states for strikes against Iraq.
Leader, Shaykh Zayid bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan, has repeatedly called for forgiving Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait and reintegration into the Arab fold. However, UAE leaders are
reported to have privately assured Secretary of Defense Cohen that U.S. aerial refueling
tankers could continue to operate out of UAE, and that they will allow overflights in the
event of an airstrike.
Oman. Agreed to allow U.S. to station five KC-10 tankers in Oman. Secretary
Cohen asserts Oman will support a U.S. strike on Iraq, but Omani leaders have not said
that publicly.
Qatar. Generally opposed to military action against Iraq. Has not offered to host
additional forces for a possible strike, but will permit U.S. access to equipment
prepositioned in Qatar. Foreign Minister Hamad bin Jasim Al Thani met Saddam
February 16 to attempt mediation; highest ranking Gulf official to visit Iraq since 1991
war.
Bahrain. Has allowed U.S. to station additional combat aircraft, including B-1
bombers, during the crisis. However, Information Minister Muhammad al-Mutawa said
February 17 Bahrain has not allowed strikes on Iraq from Bahrain. Has hosted U.S. naval
headquarters in the Gulf since the 1940s.
Yemen. President Ali Abdullah Salih opposes military force in the current crisis.
Generally supported Iraq during the 1991 Gulf war; favored an Arab-led diplomatic
solution to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Arrested pro-Iraqi demonstrators February 14.
Asia/South Asia
China. Strongly opposed to military action, and would likely oppose a U.N.
Security Council resolution declaring Iraq in material breach of the Gulf war cease-fire.
Foreign Minister Qian Qichen said in December 1997 that it is possible Iraq no longer
has or is producing banned weapons of mass destruction.
Japan. Generally opposed to military action, but will likely support the U.S.
publicly if it decides to strike Iraq. Currently a member of the U.N. Security Council.
India. Opposed to military force against Iraq in the current crisis, according to a
letter from Prime Minister Inder Gujral to the U.N. Secretary General.
Pakistan. "Advising" against use of force, according to the Foreign Ministry.
Malaysia. Foreign Minister Abdullah Badawi says Malaysia opposes the use of
force.
Africa
South Africa. Opposes military action against Iraq, according to Foreign Minister
Alfred Nzo.
CRS-6
Latin America
tina. Defense Minister Jorge Dominguez said February 13 that Argentin
will contribute 100 noncombat support troops (medical, transport) to the Gulf.
International/Multilateral Bodies
Secretary General Kofi Annan said February 10 that both
and the U.S. should back down from maximalist positions. Says that any solutio
should
action.
e
crisis.
Secretary General of the organization, Egyptian diplomat Ismat Abd
l-Magid, opposes the use of force against Iraq and is attempting to mediate a diplomatic
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Groups Saudi Arabi
Qatar,
n
Ministers
e
if
urrent crisis results in airstrikes against Iraq. The statement called the crisis a
The Vatican. Pope John Paul urging a diplomatic solution. R
war a "just war."
Europ
Union. European Commission (executive body of the EU) Presiden
Jacques Santer calling for a diplomatic solution.