The causes of homelessness and determining how best to assist those who find themselves homeless became particularly prominent, visible issues in the 1980s. The concept of homelessness may seem straightforward, with individuals and families who have no place to live falling within the definition. However, the extent of homelessness in this country and how best to address it depend upon how one defines the condition of being homeless.
There is no single federal definition of homelessness, although a number of programs, including those overseen by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Department of Labor (DOL) use the definition enacted as part of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (P.L. 100-77). The McKinney-Vento Act definition of a homeless individual was broadened as part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-22). Previously, a homeless individual was defined as a person who lacks a fixed nighttime residence and whose primary nighttime residence is a supervised public or private shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations, a facility accommodating persons intended to be institutionalized, or a place not intended to be used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. P.L. 111-22 expanded the definition to include those defined as homeless under other federal programs, in certain circumstances, as well as those who will imminently lose housing.
A number of federal programs in seven different agencies, many originally authorized by the McKinney-Vento Act, serve homeless persons. These include the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program administered by the Department of Education (ED) and the Emergency Food and Shelter program, a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) program run by the Department of Homeland Security. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers multiple programs that serve homeless individuals, including Health Care for the Homeless, Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness, and the Runaway and Homeless Youth program.
HUD administers the Homeless Assistance Grants, made up of grant programs that provide housing and services for homeless individuals ranging from emergency shelter to permanent housing. The VA operates numerous programs that serve homeless veterans. These include Health Care for Homeless Veterans, Supportive Services for Veteran Families, and the Homeless Providers Grant and Per Diem program, as well as a collaborative program with HUD called HUD-VASH, through which homeless veterans receive Section 8 vouchers from HUD and supportive services through the VA. The Department of Labor also operates a program for homeless veterans, the Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program.
The federal government, through the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, has established a goal of ending homelessness among various populations, including families, youth, chronically homeless individuals, and veterans (the VA also has its own goal of ending veteran homelessness). Point-in-time counts of those experiencing homelessness in 2015, listed in Table 1 of this report, show overall reductions among homeless people, as well as reductions among chronically homeless individuals, people in families, and veterans compared to recent years.
Federal assistance targeted to homeless individuals and families was largely nonexistent prior to the mid-1980s. Although the Runaway and Homeless Youth program was enacted in 1974 as part of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415), the first federal program focused on assisting all homeless people, no matter their age, was the Emergency Food and Shelter (EFS) program, established in 1983 through an emergency jobs appropriation bill (P.L. 98-8). The EFS program was and continues to be administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide emergency food and shelter to needy individuals.
In 1987, Congress enacted the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (P.L. 100-77), which created a number of new programs to comprehensively address the needs of homeless people, including food, shelter, health care, and education. The act was later renamed the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (P.L. 106-400) after its two prominent proponents—Representatives Stewart B. McKinney and Bruce F. Vento. The programs authorized in McKinney-Vento include the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Homeless Assistance Grants, the Department of Labor (DOL) Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Grants for the Benefit of Homeless Individuals and Health Care for the Homeless, and the Department of Education (ED) Education for Homeless Children and Youths program.
The way homelessness is defined largely determines who is served by federal programs. This report discusses the definitions of homelessness used by targeted federal homeless programs. In addition, the report describes the current federal programs that provide targeted assistance to homeless individuals and families (other federal programs may provide assistance to homeless individuals but are not specifically designed to assist homeless persons). These include those programs listed above, as well as others that Congress has created since the enactment of McKinney-Vento. In addition, this report discusses federal efforts to end homelessness. Finally, Table 2 at the end of this report shows funding levels for each of the ED, DHS, HHS, HUD, DOL, and Department of Justice (DOJ) programs that assist homeless individuals. Table 3 shows funding levels for VA programs.
Homelessness in the United States has always existed, but it did not come to the public's attention as a national issue until the 1970s and 1980s, when the characteristics of the homeless population and their living arrangements began to change. Throughout the early and middle part of the 20th century, homelessness was typified by "skid rows": areas with hotels and single-room occupancy dwellings where transient single men lived.1 Skid rows were usually removed from the more populated areas of cities, and it was uncommon for individuals to actually live on the streets.2 Beginning in the 1970s, however, the homeless population began to grow and become more visible to the general public. According to studies from the time, homeless persons were no longer almost exclusively single men, but included women with children; their median age was younger; they were more racially diverse (in previous decades, the observed homeless population was largely white); they were less likely to be employed (and therefore had lower incomes); they were mentally ill in higher proportions than previously; and individuals who were abusing or had abused drugs began to become more prevalent in the population.3
A number of reasons have been offered for the growth in the number of homeless persons and their increasing visibility. Many cities demolished skid rows to make way for urban development, leaving some residents without affordable housing options.4 Other possible factors contributing to homelessness include the decreased availability of affordable housing generally, the reduced need for seasonal unskilled labor, the reduced likelihood that relatives will accommodate homeless family members, the decreased value of public benefits, and changed admissions standards at mental hospitals.5 The increased visibility of homeless people was due, in part, to the decriminalization of actions such as public drunkenness, loitering, and vagrancy.6
In the 1980s, Congress first responded to the growing prevalence of homelessness with several separate grant programs designed to address the food and shelter needs of homeless individuals. These programs included the Emergency Food and Shelter Program (P.L. 98-8), the Emergency Shelter Grants Program (P.L. 99-591), and the Transitional Housing Demonstration Program (P.L. 99-591).7 In 1983, a Federal Interagency Task Force on Food and Shelter for the Homeless was created to coordinate the federal response to homelessness. Among its activities was making vacant federal properties available as shelters.8
Congress began to consider comprehensive legislation to address homelessness in 1986. On June 26, 1986, H.R. 5140 and S. 2608 were introduced as the Homeless Persons' Survival Act to provide an aid package for homeless persons. No further action was taken on either measure, however. Later that same year, legislation containing Title I of the Homeless Persons' Survival Act—emergency relief provisions for shelter, food, mobile health care, and transitional housing—was introduced as the Urgent Relief for the Homeless Act (H.R. 5710). The legislation passed both houses of Congress in 1987 with large bipartisan majorities. The act was renamed the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act after the death of its chief sponsor, Stewart B. McKinney of Connecticut; it was renamed again on October 30, 2000, as the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act after the death of another prominent sponsor, Bruce F. Vento of Minnesota. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan signed the act into law (P.L. 100-77).
The original version of the McKinney-Vento Act consisted of 15 programs either created or reauthorized by the act, providing an array of services for homeless persons and administered by various federal agencies. The act also established the Interagency Council on Homelessness, which is designed to provide guidance on the federal response to homelessness through the coordination of the efforts of multiple federal agencies covered under the McKinney-Vento Act. Since the enactment of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, there have been some legislative changes to programs and services provided under the act and new programs that target homeless individuals have been created. Specific programs covered under the McKinney-Vento Act, as well as other federal programs responding to homelessness, are discussed in this report.
There is no single federal definition of what it means to be homeless, and definitions among federal programs that serve homeless individuals may vary to some degree. As a result, the populations served through the federal programs described in this report may differ depending on the program. The definition of "homeless individual" that was originally enacted in the McKinney-Vento Act is used by a majority of programs to define what it means to be homeless. The McKinney-Vento Act defined the term "homeless individual" for purposes of the programs that were authorized through the law (see Section 103 of McKinney-Vento), though some programs that were originally authorized through McKinney-Vento use their own, less restrictive definitions.9 In 2009, the McKinney-Vento Act definition of homelessness was amended by the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act, enacted as part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act (P.L. 111-22).
Programs that use the definition in Section 103 of the McKinney-Vento Act are HUD's Homeless Assistance Grants, FEMA's Emergency Food and Shelter program, the VA homeless veterans programs, and DOL's Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program.10 (Throughout this section of the report, the term "Section 103 definition" is used to refer to the original McKinney-Vento Act definition of homelessness.)
This section describes the original McKinney-Vento Act Section 103 definition of homeless individual, how the definition compares to those used in other programs, and how it has changed under the HEARTH Act and HUD's implementing regulations.
The definition of the term "homeless individual" in Section 103 of McKinney-Vento remained the same for years, defining a homeless individual as
[a]n individual who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence; and a person who has a nighttime residence that is (a) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill); (b) an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized; or (c) a public or private place not designed for, nor ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.
This definition was sometimes described as requiring one to be literally homeless in order to meet its requirements11—either living in emergency accommodations or having no place to stay. This contrasts with definitions used in some other federal programs, where a person may currently have a place to live but is still considered homeless because the accommodation is precarious or temporary.
Education for Homeless Children and Youths: The Department of Education program defines homeless children and youth in part by reference to the Section 103 definition of homeless individuals as those lacking a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence.12 In addition, the ED program defines children and youth who are eligible for services to include those who are (1) sharing housing with other persons due to loss of housing or economic hardship; (2) living in hotels or motels, trailer parks, or campgrounds due to lack of alternative arrangements; (3) awaiting foster care placement; (4) living in substandard housing; and (5) children of migrant workers.13
Transitional Housing Assistance for Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Sexual Assault: The Violence Against Women Act definition of homelessness is similar to the ED definition.14
Runaway and Homeless Youth: The statute defines a homeless youth as either ages 16 to 22 (for transitional living projects) or ages 18 and younger (for short-term shelter) and for whom it is not possible to live in a safe environment with a relative or for whom there is no other safe alternative living arrangement.15
Health Care for the Homeless: Under the Health Care for the Homeless program, a homeless individual is one who "lacks housing," and the definition includes those living in a private or publicly operated temporary living facility or in transitional housing.16
Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness: In the PATH program, an "eligible homeless individual" is described as one suffering from serious mental illness, which may also be accompanied by a substance use disorder, and who is "homeless or at imminent risk of becoming homeless." The statute does not further define what constitutes being homeless or at imminent risk of homelessness.
The Section 103 definition of "homeless individual" was changed in 2009 as part of the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act, enacted as part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act (P.L. 111-22). The HEARTH Act broadened the McKinney-Vento Section 103 definition and moved the definition away from the requirement for literal homelessness. On December 5, 2011, HUD released regulations that clarify some of the changes.17 The changes are as follows:
Note that the domestic violence provision of the McKinney-Vento definition does not apply to homeless veteran programs. The statutory definition of homeless veteran for VA and DOL program eligibility refers only to Section 103(a) of the McKinney-Vento Act.27 The HEARTH Act added Section 103(b), which refers to victims of domestic violence.
The following subsections describe each of the federal programs targeted to assist homeless individuals, arranged by the agency administering the programs. Where relevant, there are references to other CRS reports that go into more detail about the programs.
(42 U.S.C. §§11431-11435) The Education for Homeless Children and Youth (EHCY) program provides assistance to state educational agencies (SEAs) to ensure that all homeless children and youth have equal access to the same free, appropriate public education, including public preschool education that is provided to other children and youth. The EHCY program was originally authorized under Title VII, Part B, of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. It was last reauthorized as part of the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 (ESSA), which was signed into law in December 2015.28 In addition to EHCY provisions authorized under the McKinney-Vento Act, there are a number of provisions relating to the education of homeless children and youth that are authorized under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), which was also amended by ESSA.
Under the EHCY program, grants made by SEAs to local educational agencies (LEAs) must be used to facilitate the enrollment, attendance, and success in school of homeless children and youth. LEAs may use funds for activities such as tutoring, supplemental instruction, and referral services for homeless children and youth, as well as providing them with medical, dental, mental, and other health services. In order to receive funds, each state must submit a plan indicating how homeless children and youth will be identified, how assurances will be put in place that homeless children will participate in federal, state, and local food programs if eligible, and how the state will address such problems as transportation, immunization, residency requirements, and the lack of birth certificates or school records.
Additionally, each state must designate a state coordinator, whose duties include monitoring LEAs, disseminating data on student homelessness, and implementing professional development programs for LEA McKinney-Vento liaisons. At the LEA level, McKinney-Vento liaisons are responsible for ensuring that homeless students enroll in schools, that they are identified by school personnel, and that they have access to and receive all educational services for which they are eligible.
The McKinney-Vento Act also requires that each LEA shall, according to each child's best interest, continue the student's education in the school of origin29 for the duration of homelessness or enroll the student in a public school that the student is eligible to attend. LEAs are required to provide transportation to and from the school of origin.
EHCY grants are allotted to SEAs in proportion to grants made under Title I, Part A of the ESEA, except that no state can receive less than the greater of $150,000, 0.25% of the total annual appropriation, or the amount received in FY2001 under this program. The Department of Education must reserve 0.1% of the total appropriation for grants to the outlying areas30. The department must also transfer 1.0% of the total appropriation to the Department of the Interior for services to homeless children and youth provided by the Bureau of Indian Education. States may reserve up to 25% of their Homeless Education program funding for state activities. Minimally funded states (defined as states that receive an EHCY allocation in a fiscal year equal to 0.25% of total program funds for that fiscal year) are permitted to reserve up to 50% of funding for state activities. States subsequently subgrant remaining funds to LEAs competitively.
All LEAs are required to report data annually to the Department of Education on the number of homeless students enrolled, regardless of whether or not they receive a McKinney-Vento Homeless Education grant. In School Year (SY) 2013-2014, 4,261 LEAs, out of a total of 17,170, received EHCY grants.31 In the same school year, 1,301,239 homeless students were reported enrolled in school compared to 1,219,818 in SY2011-2012.
Title I-A of ESEA provides funds to elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of students from low-income families to be used for supplementary educational and related services. All LEAs receiving funds under Title I-A of ESEA must reserve funds to provide homeless students with an education comparable to those received by other Title I-A students. The amount of funds reserved for this purpose can be determined through a needs assessment that takes into account the homeless student enrollment averages and trends in the LEA. Funds reserved under Title I-A may be used for homeless children and youth attending any school in the LEA, for services not ordinarily provided to other students,32 to fund the LEA's McKinney-Vento liaison, and to provide transportation to and from the school of origin. State report cards authorized under Title I-A must disaggregate academic achievement and high school graduation rates for McKinney-Vento students.
(42 U.S.C. §§11331-11352) The Emergency Food and Shelter program, the oldest federal program serving all homeless populations,33 was established in 1983 and is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in the Department of Homeland Security. The program allocates funds to local communities to fund homeless programs and homelessness prevention services. The EFS program is governed by a National Board chaired by FEMA and made up of representatives from the United Way Worldwide, the Salvation Army, the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., Catholic Charities U.S.A., United Jewish Communities, and the American Red Cross. The National Board uses a formula comprised of unemployment rates and poverty rates to determine which local jurisdictions (typically counties) qualify for funds. Eligible local jurisdictions then convene a local board to determine which organizations—nonprofits and government agencies—within their communities should receive grants, and distribute their available funds accordingly.34
Eligible expenses for which local organizations may use funds include items for food pantries such as groceries, food vouchers, and transportation expenses related to the delivery of food; items for mass shelters such as hot meals, transportation of clients to shelters or food service providers, and toiletries; payments to prevent homelessness such as utility assistance, hotel or motel lodging, rental or mortgage assistance, and first month's rent; and local recipient organization program expenses such as building maintenance or repair, and equipment purchases up to $300.
The EFS program was established by the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (P.L. 98-8); in 1987 it was authorized under the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. The authorization for the EFS program expired at the end of FY1994 (42 U.S.C. §11352), however it continues to be funded through annual appropriations. (For more information about the Emergency Food and Shelter Program, see CRS Report R42766, The Emergency Food and Shelter National Board Program and Homeless Assistance, by [author name scrubbed].)
(42 U.S.C. §254b(h)) The Health Care for the Homeless (HCH) Program provides grants to nonprofit, state, or local government entities to operate outpatient health centers for homeless individuals. It is one of the four types of health centers authorized in Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. §§201 et seq.). The HCH is the only federal program that focuses on the health care needs of the homeless population.35 Centers funded under the HCH are required to be community designed and operated and must provide primary health care and substance abuse prevention and treatment services to homeless individuals. Centers may also provide services to connect homeless individuals with support services such as emergency shelter and job training and may provide care at mobile sites. The HCH program authorizes grants to fund innovative programs that provide outreach and comprehensive primary health services to homeless children and children at risk of homelessness. In 2015, there were 295 program grantees that provided care to 890,283 homeless individuals. The vast majority of these patients (nearly 88%) lived at or below the federal poverty level.36 HCHs were permanently authorized in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148, as amended). (For more information about health centers, see CRS Report R43937, Federal Health Centers: An Overview, by [author name scrubbed].)
(42 U.S.C. §290cc-21 through §290cc-35) Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (PATH) is a formula grant program that distributes funds to states (including the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) to support local organizations providing services for people with serious mental illness (including those with co-occurring substance use disorders) who are homeless or at imminent risk of becoming homeless. Funds are distributed to states in amounts proportional to their populations living in urbanized areas; the minimum allotment is $300,000 for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and $50,000 for each of the other territories. States must provide matching funds of at least $1 for every $3 of federal funds. Up to 20% of the federal payments may be used for housing-related assistance, including (but not limited to) services to help individuals access housing, minor repairs, security deposits, and one-time rental payments to prevent eviction. Other services include (but are not limited to) outreach, mental health and substance abuse treatment, case management, and job training. The PATH program is administered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) Center for Mental Health Services (within HHS).37 Authorization for the PATH program expired at the end of FY2003; however, it continues to be funded through annual appropriations.
(42 U.S.C. §290aa-5) Grants for the Benefit of Homeless Individuals (GBHI) is a competitive grant program that supports services to homeless individuals with substance use disorders (including those with co-occurring mental illness). Grants are awarded competitively to community-based public or nonprofit entities for periods of up to five years. GBHI-funded programs and services include substance abuse treatment, mental health services, wrap-around services, immediate entry into treatment, outreach services, screening and diagnostic services, staff training, case management, primary health services, job training, educational services, and relevant housing services. Under the GBHI authority, SAMHSA's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment administers two grant portfolios: Treatment Systems for Homeless and (in collaboration with SAMHSA's Center for Mental Health Services) Cooperative Agreements to Benefit Homeless Individuals.38 Authorization for the GBHI program expired at the end of FY2003; however, it continues to be funded through annual appropriations.
The Runaway and Homeless Youth Program is administered by the Family and Youth Services Bureau (FYSB) within HHS's Administration for Children and Families (ACF). The program was established in 1974 and was most recently authorized by the Reconnecting Homeless Youth Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-378). The law authorized federal funding for three programs through FY2013 (and Congress has continued to provide funding in subsequent years): the Basic Center Program (BCP), Transitional Living Program (TLP), and Street Outreach Program (SOP). These programs are designed to provide services to runaway and homeless youth outside of the law enforcement, juvenile justice, child welfare, and mental health systems. The funding streams for the Basic Center Program and Transitional Living Program were separate until Congress consolidated them in 1999 (P.L. 106-71). Together, the two programs, along with other program activities, are known as the Consolidated Runaway and Homeless Youth Program.39 Although the Street Outreach Program is a separately funded component, SOP services are coordinated with those provided under the BCP and TLP. Grantees must provide at least 10% of the funds to cover the total cost of the services provided under the three programs. (For more information about the program, see CRS Report RL33785, Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs, by [author name scrubbed].)
(42 U.S.C. §§5711-5714) The Basic Center Program is intended to provide short-term shelter and services for youth under age 18 and their families through public and private community-based centers. Youth eligible to receive BCP services include those youth who are at risk of running away or becoming homeless (and who may live at home with their parents), or have already left home, either voluntarily or involuntarily. These centers, which may shelter as many as 20 youth40 for up to 21 days, are located in areas that are frequented or easily reached by runaway and homeless youth. The centers seek to reunite youth with their families, whenever possible, or to locate appropriate alternative placements. The centers also provide basic provisions, individual and family counseling, and other supports. Some centers provide runaway and homeless youth (or those at-risk) with services in the home and through outreach on the streets. As specified in the law, BCP centers are intended to provide services as an alternative to involving runaway and homeless youth in the law enforcement, juvenile justice, child welfare, and mental health systems. Grantees are required to have a plan for ensuring they have relationships with law enforcement, health and mental health care, social service, welfare, and school district system personnel to coordinate services. They must also provide assurance that they coordinate with the McKinney-Vento school district liaison to ensure that runaway and homeless youth receive information about the educational services available under the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program.
BCP grants are allocated by formula to each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and are then distributed by HHS on a competitive basis to community-based organizations. The amount of BCP funding available to a jurisdiction is based on its proportion of the nation's youth under age 18, and under the law, each jurisdiction receives a minimum of $200,000. Separately, each of the territories (U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, America Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) receives a minimum of $70,000 of the total appropriations.41
(42 U.S.C. §5714 through §5714-2) The Transitional Living Program provides longer-term shelter and assistance for youth ages 16 through 22 (including pregnant and/or parenting youth) who may leave their biological homes due to family conflict, or have left and are not expected to return home.42 TLP grants are distributed competitively by HHS to community-based public and private organizations. Each TLP grantee may shelter up to 20 youth at host family homes, supervised apartments owned by a social service agency, or scattered-site apartments and single-occupancy apartments rented directly with the assistance of the agency. Youth under age 18 may remain at TLP projects for up to 540 days (18 months) or longer. Youth ages 16 through 22 may remain in the program for a continuous period of 635 days (approximately 21 months) under "exceptional circumstances."43 TLP grantees are to assess the needs of youth and develop a plan to help them in transitioning to living independently or to another living arrangement. Youth receive several types of TLP services:
TLP grantees are required to have a plan for ensuring that youth are properly referred to social service, law enforcement, educational (including post-secondary education), vocational, workforce training, and other supports. Grantees must also provide assurance that they coordinate with the McKinney-Vento school district liaison to ensure that runaway and homeless youth receive information about the educational services available under the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program.
Grantees may, and do, use TLP funds to directly serve unwed pregnant and parenting teens. These organizations provide youth with parenting skills, including child development education, family budgeting, health and nutrition, and other skills to promote their well-being and the well-being of their children.
(42 U.S.C. §5714-41) The Street Outreach Program provides supports to runaway and homeless youth, including those living on the streets, who have been subjected to, or are at risk of being subjected to, sexual abuse, prostitution, sexual exploitation, and trafficking.45 The program's goal is to assist youth in transitioning to safe and appropriate living arrangements. SOP services include outreach and education, treatment, counseling, provision of information, and referrals to other social service agencies. Youth also receive health and hygiene products, and food and drink items. The Street Outreach Program is funded separately from the BCP and TLP, and is authorized to receive such sums as may be necessary. Since FY1996, when funding for the Street Outreach Program was established, community-based public and private organizations have been eligible to apply for SOP grants.
The Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Victims of Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, and Stalking Program (Transitional Housing Program), administered by the Office on Violence Against Women, funds programs that provide assistance to victims of sexual assault, domestic violence, dating violence, and/or stalking who are in need of transitional housing, short-term housing assistance, and related supportive services.46 Assistance may include counseling, support groups, safety planning, and advocacy services as well as practical services such as licensed child care, employment services, transportation vouchers, telephones, and referrals to other agencies. Services are available to minors, adults, and their dependents.
The Transitional Housing Program was first authorized by the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (the PROTECT Act, P.L. 108-21). The PROTECT Act amended Subtitle B of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA; 42 U.S.C. 13701 note; 108 Stat. 1925) to (1) establish this grant program to support states, units of local government, Indian tribes, and other organizations and (2) authorize annual funding for the program at $30 million for FY2004-FY2008. In 2005, the reauthorization of VAWA (P.L. 109-162) authorized annual funding at $40 million for the Transitional Housing Program for FY2007-FY2011. Most recently, the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-4) reauthorized the Transitional Housing Program for FY2014-FY2018, decreasing the authorized annual funding level to $35 million.
The Transitional Housing Program first received appropriations in FY2004 as a separate, standalone program. For FY2005 through FY2011, Congress appropriated funding for the program through a set-aside from the STOP (Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecutors) Formula Grant Program. For FY2012 through FY2016, Congress once again funded the Transitional Housing Program as a separate, standalone program. (For more information about the Violence Against Women Act, see CRS Report R42499, The Violence Against Women Act: Overview, Legislation, and Federal Funding, by [author name scrubbed].)
The Homeless Assistance Grants were established in 1987 as part of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (P.L. 100-77). The grants, administered by HUD, fund housing and services for homeless persons. The Homeless Assistance Grants have gone through several permutations since their enactment, with the most recent change taking place when the grants were reauthorized in the 111th Congress by the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act, enacted as part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act (P.L. 111-22).
The Homeless Assistance Grants consist of three separate programs: the Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG) program, the Continuum of Care (CoC) program, and Rural Housing Stability (RHS) grants. ESG funds are used primarily for emergency shelter and homelessness prevention, while the CoC program largely funds transitional and permanent housing. RHS funds are carved out of CoC program funds for rural communities that wish to apply separately for funds. The following subsections describe each of these three programs. (For more information about the Homeless Assistance Grants, see CRS Report RL33764, The HUD Homeless Assistance Grants: Programs Authorized by the HEARTH Act, by [author name scrubbed].)
(42 U.S.C. §§11371-11378) The ESG program distributes formula grants to state and local governments. Recipient governments may then distribute all or a portion of the funds to private nonprofit organizations, public housing agencies, or local redevelopment authorities to provide assistance to homeless individuals. ESG funds are distributed so that state and local governments receive the same proportion of total ESG funds as they receive of Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds. Factors used to determine how CDBG funds are distributed include poverty rates, population, the number of persons in poverty, housing overcrowding (homes in which there are more than 1.01 persons per room), the age of housing (the number of housing structures built prior to 1940), and the extent of population growth lag in a given community. There is a dollar-for-dollar match requirement for local governments; there is no match requirement for the first $100,000 for states but a dollar-for-dollar match is required for the remainder of the funds. Recipient states and local governments may use up to 7.5% of their grants for administrative costs.
ESG funds may be used in two categories: (1) emergency shelter and related services, and (2) homelessness prevention and rapid rehousing. The statute limits use of funds in the first category to the greater of 60% of a state or local government's ESG allocation or the amount the recipient spent for these purposes in the year prior to the effective date of the HEARTH Act.
(42 U.S.C. §§11381-11389) The CoC program provides funds for transitional housing, permanent housing, supportive services, and Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) for data collection. Permanent housing includes permanent supportive housing (housing together with supportive services) and rapid rehousing, a process through which grantees help homeless individuals and families find housing and provide rental assistance for a number of months.
CoC funds are distributed through a community process that is also referred to as the "Continuum of Care." Through this process, local communities (typically cities, counties, and combinations of both) establish CoC advisory boards made up of representatives from local government agencies, service providers, community members, and formerly homeless individuals who meet to establish local priorities and strategies to address homelessness in their communities. Each Continuum of Care designates a Collaborative Applicant (either itself or another eligible applicant) to apply for funds.
Eligible grant recipients are state governments, local governments, instrumentalities of state and local governments, Public Housing Authorities, and private nonprofit organizations. Grantees may provide housing and services by acquiring, rehabilitating, or constructing properties; leasing properties; providing rental assistance; and by paying operating costs. Both grantees and the local Collaborative Applicants may use funds for administrative purposes―10% for grantees and 3% for Collaborative Applicants (and another 3% for Collaborative Applicants that take on additional responsibility). Each recipient community must match the total grant funds received with 25% in funds from other sources (including other federal grants) or in-kind contributions (with an exception for leasing).
(42 U.S.C. §11408) As of the date of this report, HUD had not yet distributed funds to rural communities through the RHS program. The program reserves not less than 5% of Continuum of Care Program funds for rural communities to apply separately for funds that would otherwise be awarded as part of the Continuum of Care Program. A rural community is defined to include (1) a county where no part is contained within a metropolitan statistical area, (2) a county located within a metropolitan statistical area, but where at least 75% of the county population is in nonurban Census blocks, or (3) a county located in a state where the population density is less than 30 people per square mile, and at least 1.25% of the acreage in the state is under federal jurisdiction. However, under this definition, no metropolitan city in the state (as defined by the CDBG statute) can be the sole beneficiary of the RHS grants.
Unlike the Continuum of Care program, rural communities are able to serve persons who do not necessarily meet HUD's definition of "homeless individual." HUD may award grants to rural communities to be used for (1) rehousing or improving the housing situation of those who are homeless or are in the worst housing situations in their geographic area, (2) stabilizing the housing situation of those in imminent danger of losing housing, and (3) improving the ability of the lowest-income residents in the community to afford stable housing.
Grantees under the RHS program may use funds to assist people who are experiencing homelessness in many of the same ways as the CoC program. These include transitional housing, permanent housing, rapid rehousing, data collection, and a range of supportive services. Funds may also be used for homelessness prevention activities, relocation assistance, short-term emergency housing, and home repairs that are necessary to make housing habitable.
(38 U.S.C. §2021) The Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program (HVRP) provides grants to states or other public entities and nonprofit organizations to operate employment programs that reach out to homeless veterans. The main goal of the HVRP is to reintegrate homeless veterans into the economic mainstream and labor force. HVRP grantee organizations provide services that include outreach, assistance in drafting a resume and preparing for interviews, job search assistance, subsidized trial employment, job training, and follow-up assistance after placement. Recipients of HVRP grants also provide supportive services not directly related to employment such as transportation, provision of or assistance in finding housing, and referral for mental health treatment or substance abuse counseling. HVRP grantees often employ formerly homeless veterans to provide outreach to homeless veterans and to counsel them as they search for employment and stability. In 2010, the Veterans' Benefits Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-275) created a separate HVRP for women veterans and veterans with children. The program, which includes child care among its services, is authorized through FY2017 at $1 million per year (P.L. 114-228).
HVRP, initially authorized as part of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, was most recently authorized at $50 million for FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228). (For more information about HVRP and other programs for homeless veterans, see CRS Report RL34024, Veterans and Homelessness, by [author name scrubbed].)
(38 U.S.C. §2023) The Homeless Veterans Comprehensive Assistance Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-95) instituted a demonstration program to provide job training and placement services to veterans leaving prison, long-term care, or mental institutions who are at risk of homelessness. The enacting law gave both the VA and the Department of Labor authority over the program. The law provided that it would cease on January 24, 2006, four years after its enactment. However, on October 10, 2008, Congress extended the program through FY2012 as part of the Veterans' Mental Health and Other Care Improvements Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-387). The new law removed the program's demonstration status and expanded the number of sites able to provide services to 12 (up from six originally authorized in the law). Congress has continued to reauthorize the program, most recently through FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228).
For more detailed information about VA programs for homeless veterans, see CRS Report RL34024, Veterans and Homelessness, by [author name scrubbed].
(38 U.S.C. §§2031-2034) The Health Care for Homeless Veterans program operates at VA sites around the country where staff provide outreach services, physical and psychiatric health exams, treatment, and referrals to homeless veterans with mental health and substance use issues. As appropriate, the HCHV program places homeless veterans needing long-term treatment into one of its contract community-based facilities. Housing is provided either through residential treatment facilities that contract with the VA or through organizations that receive Grant and Per Diem funding for transitional housing (the "Homeless Providers Grant and Per Diem Program" is described below). The HCHV program was most recently authorized through FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228).
(38 U.S.C. §§2011-2013) The Grant and Per Diem program has two aspects: the grants portion of the program funds capital grants that organizations may use to build or rehabilitate facilities to be used for transitional housing and service centers for homeless veterans, while the per diem portion funds services to homeless veterans. Specifically, capital grants may be used to purchase buildings, to expand or remodel existing buildings, and to procure vans for use in outreach to and transportation for, homeless veterans. Service centers for veterans must provide health care, mental health services, hygiene facilities, benefits and employment counseling, meals, transportation assistance, job training and placement services, and case management. The capital grants will fund up to 65% of the costs of acquisition, expansion, or remodeling of facilities, and grantees must provide the remaining 35%. Under the per diem portion of the program, both capital grant recipients and those organizations that would be eligible for capital grants (but have not applied for them) are eligible to apply for funds, although grant recipients have priority in receiving per diem funds. The Grant and Per Diem program is authorized at $258 million for FY2015 and each fiscal year thereafter (P.L. 114-228).
(38 U.S.C. §2061) Within the Homeless Providers Grant and Per Diem program there is also a special purpose program that provides grants to health care facilities and to grant and per diem providers to encourage the development of programs for homeless veterans who are women, veterans with children (men and women), frail elderly, terminally ill, or chronically mentally ill. The program was most recently authorized at $5 million per year through FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228).
(38 U.S.C. §1710(b)) The Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans program is a residential rehabilitation program specifically intended to meet the clinical needs of homeless veterans while preventing the therapeutically inappropriate use of hospital and nursing home care services. Veterans served through the Domiciliary Care program typically suffer from mental illness, substance use disorders, or both.49 A multi-dimensional, individually tailored treatment approach is used to stabilize the clinical status of veterans while the underlying causes of homelessness are addressed. The basic components of the DCHV program include community outreach and referral, admission screening and assessment, medical and psychiatric evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation, and post-discharge community support. DCHV staff help veterans apply for housing assistance, or arrangements are made for placement of homeless veterans in long-term care facilities such as State Soldiers Homes, group homes, adult foster care, or halfway houses. Homeless veterans are provided employment training through involvement in the VA's Incentive Therapy Program, a medically prescribed rehabilitation program involving therapeutic work assignments at VA medical centers for which veterans receive nominal payments.
(38 U.S.C. §2063) The Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) program is a comprehensive rehabilitation program that prepares veterans for competitive employment and independent living. The program was created by the Veterans Omnibus Health Care Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-581). The major goals of the program are (1) to use remunerative work to maximize a veteran's level of functioning; (2) to prepare veterans for successful re-entry into the community as productive citizens; and (3) to provide structured daily activity to those veterans with severe and chronic disabling physical and/or mental conditions. As part of their work therapy, veterans produce items for sale or undertake subcontracts to provide certain products and/or services such as temporary staffing to a company. Funds collected from the sale of these products and/or services are used to fund the program. Funding for this program comes from the VA's Special Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Activities Fund, and the program is permanently authorized.51
In 1991, as part of P.L. 102-54, the Veterans Housing, Memorial Affairs, and Technical Amendments Act, Congress added the Therapeutic Transitional Housing component to the CWT program. The housing component is authorized through FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228).52 The purpose of the program is to provide housing to participants in the CWT program who have mental illnesses or chronic substance use disorders and who are homeless or at risk of homelessness.53 Although the law initially provided that both the VA itself or private nonprofit organizations, through contracts with the VA, could operate housing, it was subsequently changed so that only the VA now owns and operates housing.54 The housing is transitional—up to 12 months—and veterans who reside there receive supportive services.
(42 U.S.C. §1437f(o)(19)) HUD-VASH is a joint HUD and VA initiative that provides specially designated Section 8 rental assistance vouchers to homeless veterans while the VA provides supportive services. The HUD-VASH statute requires that the program serve homeless veterans who have chronic mental illnesses or chronic substance use disorders; however, this requirement has been waived in recent years. Every homeless veteran who receives a housing voucher must be assigned to a VA case manager and receive supportive services. Today's HUD-VASH program originally began as a Memorandum of Agreement between HUD and the VA, and through that relationship 1,780 vouchers were allocated to homeless veterans. The Homeless Veterans Comprehensive Assistance Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-95) codified the program and authorized the creation of an additional 500 vouchers each year for FY2003-FY2006. In the 109th Congress, the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-461) similarly authorized additional HUD-VASH vouchers for FY2007 through FY2011.
Funds were not provided for additional vouchers until the 110th Congress, when the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-161) allocated $75 million for additional HUD-VASH vouchers. Since then, Congress has appropriated funding for new HUD-VASH vouchers in each appropriations act through FY2016, for a total of $635 million to fund HUD-VASH vouchers for one-year terms, bringing the total number of vouchers that are expected to be funded over the time period to nearly 90,000. Funds for supportive services are allocated through the VA health appropriation.
In the 110th Congress, the Veterans' Mental Health and Other Care Improvements Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-387) authorized a program of supportive services to assist very low-income veterans and their families who either are making the transition from homelessness to housing or who are moving from one location to another. The VA calls the program Supportive Services for Veteran Families. Most recently, the program was authorized at $320 million for FY2017 as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Expiring Authorities Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-228).
Organizations that assist families transitioning from homelessness to permanent housing are given priority for funding under the law. Among the eligible services that recipient organizations may provide are outreach; case management; assistance with rent, utility, and moving costs; and help applying for VA and mainstream benefits such as health care services, daily living services, financial planning, transportation, legal assistance, child care, and housing counseling.
In addition to the targeted programs for which specific funding is available (see Table 3 at the end of this report), the VA engages in several activities to assist homeless veterans that are not reflected in this report as separate programs.
Nearly 20 years ago, the concept of ending homelessness was introduced in a report from the National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH), which outlined a strategy to end homelessness in 10 years.55 The plan included four recommendations: developing local, data-driven plans to address homelessness; using mainstream programs (such as TANF, Section 8, and SSI) to prevent homelessness; employing a housing first strategy to assist most people who find themselves homeless; and developing a national infrastructure of housing, income, and service supports for low-income families and individuals.
While the idea of ending homelessness for all people was embraced by many groups, the George W. Bush Administration and federal government focused on ending homelessness among chronically homeless individuals specifically. Initially, the term chronically homeless only included single, unaccompanied individuals. The term was defined as "an unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition who has been continually homeless for a year or more, or has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years."56 The HEARTH Act updated the definition to include families with a head of household who has a disability.57
In the year following the release of the NAEH report, then-HUD Secretary Martinez announced HUD's commitment to ending chronic homelessness at the NAEH annual conference. In 2002, as a part of his FY2003 budget, President Bush made "ending chronic homelessness in the next decade a top objective." The bipartisan, congressionally mandated Millennial Housing Commission, in its Report to Congress in 2002, included ending chronic homelessness in 10 years among its principal recommendations.58 And, by 2003, the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) had been re-engaged after six years of inactivity and was charged with pursuing the President's 10-year plan.59 For the balance of the decade, multiple federal initiatives focused funding and efforts on this goal.
However, the initiative to end chronic homelessness raised some concerns among advocates for homeless people that allocating resources largely to chronically homeless individuals is done at the expense of families with children who are homeless, homeless youth, and other vulnerable populations.60 When it was enacted in 2009, the HEARTH Act mandated that the USICH draft a Federal Strategic Plan to End Homelessness among all groups (families with children, unaccompanied youth, veterans, and chronically homeless individuals) within a year of the law's enactment, and to update the plan annually. In addition to the USICH plan, in November 2009 the VA announced a plan to end homelessness among veterans within five years. These plans—to end chronic homelessness, to end homelessness generally, and to end veterans' homelessness—are described below. Further, Table 1, following the descriptions of plans to end homelessness, presents numbers of homeless people, including people in families, veterans, and those experiencing chronic homelessness.
In 2002, the George W. Bush Administration established a national goal of ending chronic homelessness within 10 years, by 2012. An impetus behind the initiative to end chronic homelessness is that chronically homeless individuals are estimated to account for about 10% of all users of the homeless shelter system, but are estimated to use nearly 50% of the total days of shelter provided.61
Permanent supportive housing is generally seen as a solution to ending chronic homelessness.62 Permanent supportive housing consists of housing, paired with social services, available to low-income and/or homeless households. Services can include case management, substance abuse counseling, mental health services, income management and support, and life skills services. A model of permanent supportive housing called "Housing First" offers homeless individuals with addictions and mental health issues immediate access to housing even if they have not participated in treatment. Instead, the Housing First model offers counseling and treatment services to clients on a voluntary basis rather than requiring sobriety or adherence to psychiatric medication treatment. It also stresses the importance of resident choice about where to live and the type and intensity of services, with services structured to fit individual resident needs. In the late 1990s, research began to show that finding housing for homeless individuals with severe mental illnesses meant that they were less likely to be housed temporarily in public accommodations, such as hospitals, jails, or prisons.63 Based on the research, service providers and HUD began to devote resources to housing first initiatives.
The Administration undertook several projects to reach its goal of ending chronic homelessness within 10 years, each of which took place during the mid-2000s. These included (1) a collaboration among HUD, HHS, and VA (the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness) that funded housing and treatment for chronically homeless individuals; (2) a HUD and DOL project called Ending Chronic Homelessness through Employment and Housing, through which HUD funded permanent supportive housing and DOL offered employment assistance; and (3) a HUD pilot program called Housing for People Who Are Homeless and Addicted to Alcohol that provided supportive housing for chronically homeless persons.
In addition, since FY2005, HUD has encouraged the development of housing for chronically homeless individuals in the way that it distributes the Homeless Assistance Grants to applicants through its annual grant competition. For example, HUD has set aside additional funding for projects that serve those experiencing chronic homelessness. In addition, HUD's Continuum of Care program requires that at least 30% of funds (not including those for permanent housing renewal contracts) are to be used to provide permanent supportive housing to individuals with disabilities or families with an adult head of household (or youth in the absence of an adult) who has a disability. This requirement is to be reduced proportionately as communities increase permanent housing units for those individuals and families, and it will end when HUD determines that a total of 150,000 permanent housing units have been provided for homeless persons with disabilities since 2001.
The HEARTH Act, enacted on May 20, 2009 as part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act (P.L. 111-22), charged the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) with developing a National Strategic Plan to End Homelessness. The HEARTH Act specified that the plan should be made available for public comment and submitted to Congress and the President within one year of the law's enactment. The USICH convened working groups made up of members of federal agencies to discuss ending homelessness among specific populations: families, youth, chronically homeless individuals, and veterans.64 The council then held regional meetings to get feedback from various stakeholders, and it accepted public comments on its website during March 2010.65
On June 22, 2010, the USICH released their report entitled Opening Doors.66 The plan set out goals of ending chronic homelessness as well as homelessness among veterans within the next five years and ending homelessness for families, youth, and children within the next 10 years. The report laid out five overarching strategies to assist in accomplishing these goals; each category has between one and three specific objectives to pursue in furtherance of the goals. The five categories are (1) increasing leadership, collaboration, and civic engagement; (2) increasing access to stable and affordable housing; (3) increasing economic security; (4) improving health and stability; and (5) retooling the homeless crisis response.67 The USICH has issued updates to Opening Doors in subsequent years, reporting on changes in the number of people experiencing homelessness, including subgroups (families with children, chronically homeless individuals, and veterans), the number of permanent supportive housing units available for homeless individuals, and the number of people experiencing homelessness who leave homeless assistance programs with either earned income or access to mainstream benefits.68
On November 3, 2009, the VA announced a plan to end homelessness among veterans within five years.69 However, the VA has not released a formal written plan, and instead, VA budget documents outline areas of focus for ending veteran homelessness.
Beginning with the FY2011 budget, VA budget documents have outlined six areas of focus for ending homelessness. These are (1) outreach and education, (2) treatment, (3) prevention, (4) housing and supportive services, (5) employment and benefits, and (6) community partnerships.70 The VA has noted that an end to veteran homelessness means that no veterans will be sleeping on the street or other places not meant for human habitation, all will have access to permanent housing if they want it, and veterans who fall into homelessness can quickly be connected to resources.71 For the number of homeless veterans from 2009 to the present, see Table 1.
|
Year |
All Homeless People |
People in |
Veterans |
Chronically Homeless Individualsb |
|
2007 |
647,258 |
234,558 |
—c |
119,813 |
|
2008 |
639,784 |
235,259 |
—c |
120,115 |
|
2009 |
630,227 |
238,096 |
73,367 |
107,212 |
|
2010 |
637,077 |
241,937 |
74,087 |
106,062 |
|
2011 |
623,788 |
236,175 |
65,455 |
103,522 |
|
2012 |
621,553 |
239,397 |
60,579 |
96,268 |
|
2013 |
590,364 |
222,190 |
55,619 |
86,289 |
|
2014 |
576,450 |
216,261 |
49,689 |
83,989 |
|
2015 |
564,708 |
206,286 |
47,725 |
83,170 |
|
2016 |
—c |
—c |
39,471 |
—c |
Source: 2015 HUD Annual Homeless Assessment Report, https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2015-AHAR-Part-1.pdf and HUD 2016 Point-in-Time Estimate of Homeless Veterans by State, https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2016-PIT-Estimate-of-Homeless-Veterans-by-State.pdf
Notes: Point-in-time counts are conducted by local communities and are to take place during one day in January each year. Therefore, the counts are a snapshot of the number of people who are homeless on a given day. They do not represent the total number of people who experience homelessness over the course of a year.
a. Families with children are households with at least one adult and one child.
b. Does not include people in chronically homeless families, first reported in 2013.
c. Data not available. In FY2016, as of the date of this report, HUD had only released data for homeless veterans.
Table 2 shows final appropriation levels for FY2008-FY2016 for the targeted homelessness programs included in this report with the exception of programs administered by the VA. The table also contains a column showing appropriations that were made as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5). Table 3 shows actual obligations for the Department of Veterans Affairs targeted homeless programs for FY2005-FY2015. It does not contain FY2016 obligations because, as of the date of this report, only estimated obligations were available.
Table 2. Homelessness: Appropriations for Targeted Federal Programs, FY2008-FY2016
(dollars in thousands)
|
Program |
Agency |
FY2008 |
FY2009 Stimulus Act, |
FY2009 |
FY2010 |
FY2011a |
FY2012 |
FY2013b |
FY2014 |
FY2015 |
FY2016 |
|
Education for Homeless Children & Youth |
ED |
64,067c |
70,000 |
65,427 |
65,427 |
65,296 |
65,173 |
61,771 |
65,042 |
65,042 |
70,000 |
|
Emergency Food & Shelter |
DHS/ |
153,000 |
100,000 |
200,000d |
200,000e |
119,760 |
120,000 |
113,805 |
120,000 |
120,000 |
120,000 |
|
Health Care for the Homelessf |
HHS |
174,700c |
160,000g |
171,700 |
171,300 |
215,800 |
232,500 |
248,500h |
308,100h |
426,400h |
434,300h |
|
Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness |
HHS |
53,313c |
— |
59,687 |
65,047 |
64,917 |
64,794 |
61,405 |
64,635 |
64,635 |
64,635 |
|
Consolidated Runaway and Homeless Youth Program |
HHS |
96,128c |
— |
97,234 |
97,734 |
97,539 |
97,355 |
91,101 |
97,000 |
97,000 |
101,980 |
|
—Runaway and Homeless Youth–Basic Center |
HHS |
52,860 |
— |
53,469 |
53,744 |
53,637 |
53,536 |
50,097 |
53,350 |
53,350 |
54,439 |
|
—Runaway and Homeless Youth–Transitional Living |
HHS |
43,268 |
— |
43,765 |
43,990 |
43,902 |
43,819 |
41,004 |
43,650 |
43,650 |
47,541 |
|
Runaway and Homeless Youth–Street Outreach Program |
HHS |
17,221c |
— |
17,721 |
17,971 |
17,935 |
17,901 |
16,751 |
17,141 |
17,141 |
17,141 |
|
Homeless Assistance Grants |
HUD |
1,585,990 |
—i |
1,677,000 |
1,865,000 |
1,901,000 |
1,901,000 |
1,933,293 |
2,105,000 |
2,135,000 |
2,250,000 |
|
—Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Rehousing |
1,500,000 |
||||||||||
|
Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program |
DOL |
23,620c |
— |
26,330 |
36,330 |
36,257 |
38,185 |
36,188 |
38,109 |
38,109 |
38,109 |
|
Transitional Housing Assistance for Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Sexual Assaultj |
DOJ |
17,390 |
50,000 |
18,000 |
18,000 |
17,964 |
25,000 |
23,281 |
24,750 |
26,000 |
30,000 |
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Unless otherwise stated, sources of data are agency budget justifications and congressional appropriations documents. The amounts are enacted values and do not necessarily include all rescissions for each program in each fiscal year.
Notes: Italics indicate amount is subsumed under earlier line item.
a. In FY2011, all discretionary accounts were subject to an across-the-board rescission of 0.2%. Unless otherwise noted, the funding levels in the table have been reduced by the rescission amount.
b. In FY2013, most accounts were subject to an across-the-board rescission of 0.2% as well as reductions due to sequestration. Unless otherwise noted, funding levels in the table have been reduced to reflect both the rescission and sequestration.
c. In the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L. 110-161, Division G, Section 528, an across-the-board rescission of 1.747% was applied to nearly all Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education programs. The values in the table reflect the rescission.
d. Funds for the Emergency Food and Shelter program were appropriated as part of the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-329), while appropriations for the remaining programs were part of the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-8).
e. In FY2010, funds for the Emergency Food and Shelter Program were appropriated as part of the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-83); all other programs received appropriations as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-117).
f. The Health Care for the Homeless program is funded under the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Community Health Centers program. The law requires that health centers serving special populations, including homeless individuals, receive the same proportion of funds that they received in FY2001 (42 U.S.C. §254b(r)(2)(B)). For the Health Care for the Homeless program, this is approximately 8.6% of the funds appropriated for the Community Health Centers program. CRS relies on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Moyer Material for estimated allocations. From FY2011 through FY2015, the program received mandatory funding from the Community Health Center Fund created in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148). For more information on this funding source, see CRS Report R43911, The Community Health Center Fund: In Brief, by [author name scrubbed].
g. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, P.L. 111-5) appropriated $500 million for health centers to fund services to patients, as well as $1.5 billion in infrastructure funding for facility construction and renovation, the purchase of equipment, and acquisition of health information technology. According to HHS, $160 million went to serve homeless individuals. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Resources and Technology, FY2012 Moyer Material, April 2011, p. 30.
h. FY2013-FY2016 funding levels for Health Care for the Homeless reflect sequestration. In FY2013, funding was sequestered for the program's discretionary and mandatory funding allocations. In FY2014 through FY2016, only the mandatory funding amounts were sequestered.
i. Although funds appropriated through ARRA for homelessness prevention and rapid rehousing were distributed using the Emergency Shelter Grants formula, the funds were administered according to different rules than those under the Homeless Assistance Grants.
j. Until FY2012, funding was provided as a set-aside under the VAWA STOP grant program.
|
Program |
FY2005 |
FY2006 |
FY2007 |
FY2008 |
FY2009 |
FY2010 |
FY2011 |
FY2012 |
FY2013 |
FY2014 |
FY2015 |
|
Health Care for Homeless Veterans (HCHV)a |
40,357 |
56,998 |
71,925 |
77,656 |
80,219 |
200,808 |
118,889 |
128,500 |
139,714 |
155,334 |
|
|
Homeless Providers Grants and Per Diem Programb |
62,180 |
63,621 |
81,187 |
114,696 |
128,073 |
148,097 |
208,046 |
200,329 |
214,468 |
218,621 |
|
|
Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans (DCHV) |
57,555 |
63,592 |
77,633 |
96,098 |
115,373 |
221,938 |
218,962 |
245,228 |
246,258 |
208,081 |
|
|
Compensated Work Therapy/Therapeutic Residence Program (CWT/TR) |
10,004 |
19,529 |
21,514 |
21,497 |
22,206 |
73,420 |
73,067 |
71,687 |
91,055 |
70,299 |
|
|
Services for HUD VA Supported Housing (HUD-VASH) |
3,243 |
3,626 |
7,487 |
4,854 |
26,601 |
119,603 |
169,873 |
288,107 |
340,806 |
375,419 |
|
|
Supportive Services for Veteran Familiesc |
— |
— |
— |
— |
218 |
60,541 |
99,974 |
299,921 |
299,902 |
299,997 |
Source: Department of Veterans Affairs budget documents.
a. Includes funding for the Homeless Chronically Mentally Ill Veterans (HCMI) and the Homeless Comprehensive Service Centers, including mobile centers. A specific breakdown of obligations among activities is not available.
b. Does not include funding for Grant and Per Diem Liaisons.
c. The first awards for the Supportive Services for Veteran Families program were made in FY2011.
Author Contact Information
Key Policy Staff
|
Program |
Name |
Telephone and Email |
|
Education for Homeless Children and Youths |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
|
Emergency Food and Shelter program |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
|
Health Centers for the Homeless |
Elayne Heisler |
[phone number scrubbed] |
|
HUD programs and Homeless Veterans programs |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
|
Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness and SAMHSA Grants |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
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Runaway and Homeless Youth programs |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
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Violence Against Women Act programs |
Lisa Sacco |
[phone number scrubbed] |
| 1. |
Peter H. Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 20-21, 27-28. |
| 2. |
Ibid., p. 34. |
| 3. |
Ibid., pp. 39-44. |
| 4. |
Ibid., p. 33. |
| 5. |
Ibid., pp. 181-194, 41. See also Martha Burt, Over the Edge: The Growth of Homelessness in the 1980s (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992), pp. 31-126. |
| 6. |
Down and Out in America, p. 34; Over the Edge, p. 123. |
| 7. |
All three programs were incorporated into the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act in 1987. (The Transitional Housing Demonstration Program was renamed the Supportive Housing Demonstration Program.) |
| 8. |
See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources, The Federal Response to the Homeless Crisis, hearing, 98th Cong., 2nd sess., October 3, 1984, p. 205. |
| 9. |
These include the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program and Health Care for the Homeless. |
| 10. |
The definition of homeless veteran is a veteran who is homeless as defined by Section 103(a) of McKinney-Vento. 38 U.S.C. §2002(1). This definition applies to VA programs for homeless veterans as well as the Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program. |
| 11. |
See, for example, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, The Third Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress, July 2008, p. 2, footnote 5, http://www.hudhre.info/documents/3rdHomelessAssessmentReport.pdf. |
| 12. |
42 U.S.C. §11434a. |
| 13. |
Migratory children are defined at 20 U.S.C. §6399. |
| 14. |
42 U.S.C. §14043e-2. |
| 15. |
42 U.S.C. §5732a(3). The statute specifies that short-term shelters can serve youth older than age 18 if the center is located in a state or locality that permits this higher age. |
| 16. |
42 U.S.C. §254b(h)(5)(A). |
| 17. |
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, "Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing: Defining 'Homeless'," 76 Federal Register 75994-76019, December 5, 2011. |
| 18. |
Ibid., p. 76000. |
| 19. |
Ibid. |
| 20. |
Ibid., p. 75996. |
| 21. |
Ibid. |
| 22. |
Ibid., p. 76017. |
| 23. |
Ibid. |
| 24. |
42 U.S.C. §11382(j). |
| 25. |
42 U.S.C. §11302(b). |
| 26. |
76 Federal Register, p. 76014. |
| 27. |
38 U.S.C. §2002. "The term "homeless veteran" means a veteran who is homeless (as that term is defined in section 103(a) of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act)." |
| 28. |
For more information about ESSA, see CRS Report R44297, Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act: Highlights of the Every Student Succeeds Act, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
| 29. |
A school of origin is defined as the school attended when the student was permanently housed or the school in which the student was last enrolled. |
| 30. |
American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. |
| 31. |
Data discussed in this section are from Federal Data Summary: School Years 2011-12 to 2013-14, Education for Homeless Children and Youth, National Center for Homeless Education, November, 2015, available at http://nche.ed.gov/downloads/data-comp-1112-1314.pdf. |
| 32. |
Examples of such services include purchase of clothes, school supplies, food, and medical and counseling services. |
| 33. |
Another program, the Runaway and Homeless Youth Program, was enacted earlier than the Emergency Food and Shelter Program (in 1974), but serves a specific population rather than all homeless persons generally. |
| 34. |
For more information about recipient jurisdictions, see the National Board website, http://efsp.unitedway.org/. |
| 35. |
Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act provides funding for four types of health centers: (1) community health centers, (2) health centers for the homeless, (3) health centers for residents of public housing, and (4) migrant health centers. All four types of health centers provide health care to homeless individuals; however, only health centers for the homeless specifically target this population. |
| 36. |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, 2015 Health Center Data: National Health Care for the Homeless Program Grantee Data, at http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/datacenter.aspx?fd=ho. |
| 37. |
For more about PATH, see http://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/grant-programs-services/path. |
| 38. |
For more about GBHI, see http://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/grant-programs-services/gbhi-program. |
| 39. |
Other program activities include a national communications system for runaway youth and their families, logistical support for grantee organizations, HHS's National Clearinghouse on Families and Youth, and demonstrations. |
| 40. |
Grantees can serve more than 20 youth in states or localities that require a higher maximum number to comply with licensing requirements. |
| 41. |
Prior the enactment of P.L. 110-378, states could receive a minimum of $100,000 and territories could receive a minimum of $45,000. |
| 42. |
Youth can remain in the program beyond age 22 if they entered the TLP prior to that age and do not exceed the maximum period for remaining in TLP. |
| 43. |
"Exceptional circumstances" means a situation in which a youth would benefit to an unusual extent from additional time in the program. A youth in a TLP who has not reached age 18 on the last day of the 635-day period may, in exceptional circumstances and if otherwise qualified for the program, remain in the program until his or her 18th birthday. |
| 44. |
This program is known in the statute as Sexual Abuse Prevention Program. HHS refers to it as both the Street Outreach Program (in grant announcements and on their website) and as the Service Connection for Youth on the Streets Program (in the budget request). |
| 45. |
Trafficking refers to labor or sex trafficking of children under age 18 and any youth served in the SOP. The law refers to the definition of "severe forms of trafficking in persons," as defined at 22 U.S.C. §7102(9) and "sex trafficking," as defined at 22 U.S.C. §7102(10). "Severe forms of trafficking in persons" refers to (1) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (2) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. "Sex trafficking" means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act. |
| 46. |
As specified under 42 U.S.C. §13975, transitional housing includes funding for the operating expenses of newly developed or existing transitional housing. Short-term housing assistance includes rental or utilities payments assistance and assistance with related expenses such as payment of security deposits and other costs incidental to relocation to transitional housing. |
| 47. |
Also known as the Homeless Chronically Mentally Ill Veterans (HCMI) program. |
| 48. |
Formerly called the Homeless Veterans Comprehensive Services Programs. |
| 49. |
Catherine Leda Seibyl, Sharon Medak, Linda Baldino, and Timothy Cuerdon, Twenty-First Progress Report on the Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans Program, FY2009, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center, March 24, 2010, p. 8. |
| 50. |
The CWT program was formerly called the Special Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Activities Fund. |
| 51. |
38 U.S.C. §1718(c). |
| 52. |
38 U.S.C. §2031. |
| 53. |
The VA's authority to operate therapeutic transitional housing is codified at 38 U.S.C. §2032. |
| 54. |
The provision for nonprofits was in P.L. 102-54, but was repealed by P.L. 105-114, §1720A(c)(1). |
| 55. |
National Alliance to End Homelessness, A Plan: Not a Dream. How to End Homelessness in Ten Years, June 1, 2000, http://www.endhomelessness.org/files/585_file_TYP_pdf.pdf. |
| 56. |
24 C.F.R. §91.5. The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act (P.L. 111-22) changed the definition to include families with an adult member who has a disabling condition. |
| 57. |
42 U.S.C. §11360(2). |
| 58. |
The report is available at http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mhc/MHCReport.pdf. See pp. 54-56. |
| 59. |
The Interagency Council on Homelessness (ICH) was created in 1987 in the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77. Its mission is to coordinate the national response to homelessness. The ICH is composed of the directors of 19 federal departments and agencies whose policies and programs have some responsibility for homeless services, including HUD, HHS, DOL, and the VA. |
| 60. |
See, for example, the House Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, Hearing on Reauthorization of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, Part II, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., October 16, 2007, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings&docid=f:39908.pdf. |
| 61. |
Randall Kuhn and Dennis Culhane, "Applying Cluster Analysis to Test a Typology of Homelessness by Pattern of Shelter Utilization: Results from the Analysis of Administrative Data," American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 26, no. 2 (April 1998), p. 219. |
| 62. |
For more information about research surrounding chronic homelessness and permanent supportive housing, see CRS Report R44302, Chronic Homelessness: Background, Research, and Outcomes, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
| 63. |
See Dennis Culhane, Stephen Metraux, and Trevor Hadley, "Public Service Reductions Associated with Placement of Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing," Housing Policy Debate, vol. 13, no. 1 (2002): 107-163. |
| 64. |
U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness Overview, http://www.usich.gov/PDF/FSPOverviewSummary.pdf. |
| 65. |
For public comments, see http://fsp.uservoice.com/forums/41991-how-can-the-local-community-contribute-to-the-visi. |
| 66. |
U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, Opening Doors: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness, June 2010, http://www.ich.gov/PDF/OpeningDoors_2010_FSPPreventEndHomeless.pdf. |
| 67. |
Ibid., p 26. |
| 68. |
For the most recent update, see the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, Opening Doors: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness, Update 2013, April 2014, http://usich.gov/resources/uploads/asset_library/USICH_Annual_Update_2013.pdf. |
| 69. |
See U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, "Secretary Shinseki Details Plan to End Homelessness for Veterans," press release, November 3, 2009, http://www1.va.gov/OPA/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=1807. |
| 70. |
See, for example, FY2013 VA Budget Justifications, Volume 2 Medical Programs and Information Technology, p. 1I-15, http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/archive/FY-2013_VA-BudgetSubmission.zip. |
| 71. |
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, FY2017 Budget Justifications, Volume II, Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs, p. VHA-78, http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/Fy2017-VolumeII-MedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. |