Table 1. NASA AppropriationsThe NASA Authorization Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-167, Title VII), the most recently enacted authorization act for the agency, provided authorizations of appropriations through FY2023. Congress may provide direction and guidance for the agency as a whole and for specific accounts, subaccounts, or programs through NASA authorization bills in place of or in complement to direction regarding use of appropriations. Table 1. NASA Budget Authority, FY2021-FY2026

(in $ millions)

Sources: FY2021-FY2024 amounts are from NASA FY2022FY2023-FY2026 congressional budget justifications, available at https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2025 amounts are from P.L. 119-4 and, P.L. 119-21. FY2026 amounts are from, NASA's FY2027 congressional budget justification, and NASA's FY2025 spending plan, available at https://www.nasa.gov/fy-2025-budget-request/. FY2026 amounts are from NASA's FY2027 congressional budget justification, P.L. 119-21, and P.L. 119-74 and its explanatory statement, Congressional Record, vol. 172, no. 5, Book II (January 8, 2026), pp. H263-H265. Notes: In total, P.L. 119-21 provides about $10 billion in FY2025 appropriations for NASA (to remain available until the end of FY2032), although the act directs that some of the provided funding is to be used in future years. , pp. H263-H265.

Notes: Except where noted, amounts include regular, supplemental, and additional appropriations; rescissions; transfers; and reprogramming. Figures may not sum to totals because of rounding. R&D = Research and Development; STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified.

a. This amount includes $784 million appropriated to the Exploration account by P.L. 119-74 without a specified purpose. The FY2026 budget authority for this account also includes $2.8 billion in FY2025 appropriations provided by P.L. 119-21. Of that amount, P.L. 119-21 and the NASA FY2027 congressional budget justification specify that in FY2026 the Moon to Mars Transportation System is to receive $20 million for Orion and $1 billion for the Space Launch System, and Moon to Mars Systems Development is to receive $1.8 billion ($1.1 billion for the Gateway and $700 million for a telecommunications orbiter for Mars). b. The budget authority for Moon to Mars Transportation System is marked as "not specified," as P.L. 119-74 does not identify a total amount for this subaccount, although it does specify amounts for several items within this subaccount. c. The budget authority for Moon to Mars Systems Development is marked as "not specified," as P.L. 119-74 does not identify a total amount for this subaccount, although it does specify amounts for several items within this subaccount. P.L. 119-21 and NASA's FY2027 congressional budget justification note that the FY2026 budget authority for this subaccount includes $1.8 billion provided by P.L. 119-21 ($1.1 billion for the Gateway and $700 million for a telecommunications orbiter for Mars). d. "Other" refers to smaller subaccounts and programs within the Exploration account that have not remained consistent across previous year's budget requests or appropriating legislation. e. This amount includes $5 million for "Exploration Operations," which is a line item within Space Operations included in NASA's budget requests for FY2023, FY2024, and FY2025. f. This amount includes $14 million for "Exploration Operations," which is a line item within Space Operations included in NASA's budget requests for FY2023, FY2024, and FY2025 g. The FY2025 budget authority for this account includes $575 million in FY2025 appropriations provided by P.L. 119-21. Of that amount, P.L. 119-21 and the NASA FY2027 congressional budget justification specify that in FY2025 the International Space Station received $50 million and Space Transportation received $525 million. NASA, in its FY2027 budget request, identifies the accounts to which those activities correspond and where this funding was aligned. h. This amount includes $2.6 billion appropriated to the Space Operations account by P.L. 119-74 without a specified purpose. The FY2026 budget authority for the Space Operations account includes $250 million in FY2025 appropriations provided by P.L. 119-21, as the act directs that some of the provided funding is to be used in future years. Per P.L. 119-21 and the NASA FY2027 congressional budget justification, the FY2026 budget authority for Space Operations is to include about $250 million of the funds provided by P.L. 119-21. Several of the subaccounts within Space Operation are marked as "not specified" within the table, as P.L. 119-4 does not specify funding levels. NASA, in its FY2027 budget request, does not specify the funding levels for these items from P.L. 119-21. i. Per P.L. 119-21 and the NASA FY2027 congressional budget justification, the FY2026 budget authority for this account includes $915 million of the funds provided by P.L. 119-21. j. NASA's total budget authority for FY2025 includes $575 million in appropriations provided by P.L. 119-21. k. NASA's total budget authority for FY2026 includes about $4 billion in FY2025 appropriations provided by P.L. 119-21. Table 2. NASA FY2026 Enacted Appropriations, FY2027 Requested Appropriations, and FY2027 Senate Committee-Proposed Authorizations

(in $ millions)

FY2027 Appropriations

FY2027 Authorization

Account

FY2026 Enacted

Request

Science

$7,250

$3,894

$7,483

Earth Science

2,153

1,021

b. This amount is included in the Astrophysics account.

c. This amount includes $3.133 billion appropriated to the Exploration account by P.L. 118-42 without a specified purpose.

d. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration Systems Development." Starting with the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Transportation Systems."

e. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration R&D." In the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Lunar Systems Development." In the FY2026 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Systems Development."

f. This amount includes $2.136 billion appropriated to the Space Operations account by P.L. 118-42 without a specified purpose.

g. This amount includes $556.4 million in emergency supplemental funding provided in P.L. 117-328, Division N.

h. P.L. 119-4, Section 1101, provided FY2025 appropriations at FY2024 regular enacted levels unless otherwise specified. Accordingly, this table shows the enacted amounts for FY2025 as being the same as for FY2024 in P.L. 118-42, Division C, except for the Safety, Security, and Mission Services account, for which P.L. 119-4 specified $3.092 billion. P.L. 119-21 provided additional FY2025 appropriations for select NASA programs and activities, for a total of $9.995 billion. Funding provided by P.L. 119-21 is to remain available until the end of FY2032. The law, however, includes direction that portions of funding are to be obligated during certain fiscal years. For instance, the law provides $1.25 billion for operation of the International Space Station, with not less than $250 million to be obligated in FY2025, FY2026, FY2027, FY2028, and FY2029. As a result, some amounts provided by P.L. 119-21 may fall under the budget authority for future fiscal years.

i.

Table 2. NASA Appropriations, FY2025 and FY2026, and Proposed FY2026 Authorization

Sources: FY2025 enacted amounts are from P.L. 119-4 and P.L. 119-21. FY2026 requested amounts are from the FY2026 NASA congressional budget justification, https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2026 House Committee appropriations, as approved by the House Committee on Appropriations, are from H.R. 5342 and H.Rept. 119-272. FY2026 Senate committee appropriations, as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, are from S. 2354 and S.Rept. 119-44. FY2026 enacted appropriations are from P.L. 119-74 and its explanatory statement, Congressional Record, January 8, 2026, pp. H263-H265.

Notes: Figures may not sum to totals because of rounding. STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified; n/a = not applicable, as the program had not yet been proposed. Additional columns will be added for FY2026 as Congress acts on FY2026 appropriations legislation.

a. H.R. 7273.

a. S. 933 was ordered to be reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation but had not been reported as of April 28, 2026. The amounts provided in this table reflect the amended text and adopted amendments available on the committee website.

(in $ millions)

FY2026 Appropriations

FY2026 Auth.

FY2025 Enacted

Request

House Cmte.

Senate Cmte.

Enacted

Science

$7,334

$3,908

$6,000

$7,300

$7,250

$7,250

$7,300

Earth Science

n/s

1,036

1,325

2,166

2,153

n/s

n/s

Planetary Science

n/s

1,891

2,500

2,552

2,541

n/s

n/s

Astrophysics

n/s

523

1,485

1,605

1,595

n/s

n/s

Heliophysics

n/s

433

625

887

875

n/s

n/s

Biological and Physical Sciences

n/s

25

65

90

86

n/s

n/s

Aeronautics

935

589

775

950

935

935

950

Space Technology

1,100

569

913

975

921

921

975

Exploration

15,086

8,313

9,716

7,783

7,783

7,783

7,783

Moon to Mars Transportation Systems

n/s

4,895

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

Orion

n/s

1,371

1,370

1,421

1,421

n/s

n/s

Space Launch System

n/s

2,001

2,500

1,308

1,308

n/s

n/s

Exploration Ground Systems

n/s

658

n/s

867

923

n/s

n/s

n/a

864

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

Moon to Mars Systems Development

n/s

2,815

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

n/s

Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture

n/s

603

n/s

459

n/s

n/s

n/s

Space Operations

5,795

3,132

4,150

4,314

4,175

4,175

4,175

International Space Station

n/s

920

n/s

1,240

1,240

n/s

n/s

Space Transportation

n/s

1,294

1,816

n/s

n/s

n/s

Space and Flight Support

n/s

646

n/s

1,008

n/s

n/s

n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development

n/s

272

500

250

273

n/s

n/s

STEM Engagement

143

0

0

148

143

143

148

Space Grant

n/s

0

63

58

n/s

n/s

EPSCoR

n/s

0

26

26

n/s

n/s

MUREP

n/s

0

0

46

46

n/s

n/s

Other

n/s

0

0

14

14

n/s

n/s

Safety, Security, and Mission Services

3,092

2,118

3,044

3,107

3,000

3,000

3,107

Construction and EC&R

1,300

140

200

275

185

185

185

Inspector General

48

41

41

48

47

47

48

Total

18,809

24,838

24,900

24,438

24,671

b. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration Systems Development." Starting with the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Transportation Systems."

c. The FY2026 request proposes creating a Commercial Moon and Mars Infrastructure Development program, which would, if enacted, include both a new program (the Commercial Mars Payload Services program) and some activities currently within the Science Mission Directorate (such as the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program). In addressing the new activities, the FY2026 request states that NASA "will continue to define the content of this new program and will brief Congress as soon as appropriate."

d. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration R&D." In the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Lunar Systems Development." In the FY2026 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Systems Development."

e. With respect to Space Transportation, the report accompanying the draft FY2026 appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies would provide the two major programs within this account (Crew and Cargo, and Commercial Crew) with "no less than the fiscal year 2025 enacted level for both programs." FY2025 enacted appropriations (P.L. 119-4 and P.L. 119-21) do not specify funding levels for these programs.

f. The draft FY2026 appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies proposed relocating NASA's EPSCoR and Space Grant programs into the agency's Safety, Security, and Mission Services account.

h. P.L. 119-4, Section 1101, provided FY2025 appropriations at FY2024 regular enacted levels unless otherwise specified. Accordingly, this table shows the enacted amounts for FY2025 as being the same as for FY2024 in P.L. 118-42, Division C, except for the Safety, Security, and Mission Services account, for which P.L. 119-4 specified $3.092 billion. P.L. 119-21 provided additional FY2025 appropriations for select NASA programs and activities, for a total of $9.995 billion. Funding provided by P.L. 119-21 is to remain available until the end of FY2032. The law, however, also includes direction that portions of funding are to be obligated during certain fiscal years. For instance, the law provides $1.25 billion for operation of the International Space Station, with not less than $250 million to be obligated in FY2025, FY2026, FY2027, FY2028, and FY2029. As a result, some amounts provided by P.L. 119-21 may fall under the budget authority for future fiscal years.

Table 3. FY2024 and FY2025 Enacted NASA Appropriations and Action on FY2025 NASA Authorizations of Appropriations

Sources: FY2024 enacted amounts are from P.L. 118-42 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142. FY2025 requested amounts are from the FY2025 NASA congressional budget justification, available at https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2025 House FY2026 House Committee appropriations, as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations, are from H.R. 90265342 and H.Rept. 118-582. FY2025 Senate 119-272. FY2026 Senate committee appropriations, as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, are from S. 47952354 and S.Rept. 118-198. FY2025119-44. FY2026 enacted amountsappropriations are from P.L. 119-74 and its explanatory statement, Congressional Record, vol. 172, no. 5, Book II (January 8, 2026), pp. H263-H265. FY2026 House Committee authorization levels are from H.R. 7273, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and available on the committee website, https://science.house.gov/2026/2/full-committee-markup-of-the. FY2026 Senate Committee authorization levels are from S. 933, as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and available on the committee website, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/press/rep/release/commerce-committee-advances-nasa-reauthorization-act-and-weather-act/. are from P.L. 119-4. Enacted additional amounts are from P.L. 119-21. FY2025 House-passed amounts are from the NASA Reauthorization Act of 2024 (H.R. 8958), 118^th Congress. FY2025 Senate-introduced amounts are from the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2025 (S. 933), 119^th Congress, as introduced.

Notes: Figures may not sum to totals because of rounding. Intro. = Introduced; STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified; n/a = not applicable.

a. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration Systems Development." Starting with the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Transportation Systems."

b. Prior to the FY2023 request, NASA referred to this program as "Exploration R&D." In the FY2025 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Lunar Systems Development." In the FY2026 request, NASA renamed this program "Moon to Mars (M2M) Systems Development."

c. P.L. 119-21 includes FY2025 appropriations for several NASA programs and activities. The law does not identify the corresponding account for all of the specified programs, and in some instances, the law includes specific direction that the appropriations may be applied only to a subset of activities in a program. For instance, the law provides $700 million for a "high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter" and $4.1 billion for the Space Launch System for Artemis Missions IV and V. Therefore, this amount ($9.995 billion) is listed as "Other" in this table. Funding.

a. H.R. 7273 was ordered to be reported by the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology but had not been reported as of April 28, 2026. The amended text and adopted amendments are available on the committee's website; the amounts provided in this table reflect the version available on the committee website.