U.S. Army Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Programs
Changes from November 26, 2024 to August 15, 2025
This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with red strikethrough and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.
https://crsreports.congress.gov
Updated November 26, 2024
The U.S. Army’s Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems
The U.S. Army is acquiring a family of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) for ground maneuver elements at the battalion level and below to provide real-time reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) capabilities. For the past two decades, this role was largely filled by the AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven (Figure 1). On February 8, 2024, Secretary of the Army Christine Wormuth and General Randy George, Army Chief of Staff, announced Army plans to phase the RQ-11 Raven out of service as part of a broader “rebalance” of the Army’s aviation investments. This product covers the Group 1 and 2 UAS—those that weigh less than 55 pounds and fly at or below 3,500 feet above ground level—intended to serve as successors to the Army’s legacy RSTA sUAS.
Background
In 1988, the Department of Defense (DOD) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Joint Program Office (UAV JPO) published its first “Master Plan” for uncrewed aircraft, which established the requirements and acquisition strategy for UAV systems. The Master Plan recommended a “close range” UAS for “lower-level tactical units,” one that could be acquired in large numbers and at low cost. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Military Operations in Urban Terrain Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (MOUT ACTD), an Army-led experimentation program, showed how a man-portable sUAS could provide ground units with enhanced situational awareness and force protection. The MOUT ACTD led the Army and Special Operations Command (SOCOM) to work with AeroVironment to develop in 2002 the fixed-wing, 4-pound RQ-11 Raven, a smaller, more advanced version of the Gulf War-era AeroVironment FQM-151 Pointer. The Army introduced the RQ-11 in 2003 and, by 2010, fielded close to 4,000 Raven aircraft. The Marine Corps, SOCOM, and the Air Force also adopted the Raven. Beginning in the early 2010s, Army officials devised plans for expanding the service’s small UAS capabilities to include a family of short-, medium-, and long-range sUAS platforms. Under the Rucksack Portable UAS Increment II Capability Production Document (RPUAS CPD), approved in 2013, the Army provided a modified Raven and limited quantities of the AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma to companies and battalions, respectively, for medium- and long-range RSTA capabilities on an interim basis pending the development of new platforms for these roles. Platoons, meanwhile, would be equipped with a short-range drone, the development of which the Army planned to begin later in the decade. Separately, in 2017, the Army approved the Soldier Borne Sensor (SBS) program to acquire miniature drones for infantry squads. The Army selected the FLIR Systems Black Hornet as the SBS and awarded FLIR a contract for the first batch of SBS systems in May 2018.
The DOD Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) issued a request for information (RFI) in November 2018 for a quadcopter drone to serve as a short-range sUAS; DIU partnered with the Army on the platoon-level drone program the following April. For medium- and long-range sUAS, the Army did not begin to seek successors to the Raven and Puma until the early 2020s.
Figure 1. AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven
Source: Kevin C. Mcdevitt, Fort Dix Training Support Center.
In June 2023, the Army transitioned the RPUAS CPD requirements to the Joint Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Capability Development Document (J-sUAS CDD), guidance that specifies key system and performance attributes and an acquisition timeline for the Army’s planned family of RSTA sUAS. Similar to the Army’s 2013 RPUAS CPD, the J-sUAS CDD describes Army plans to field what the service now refers to as short-range reconnaissance (SRR), medium-range reconnaissance (MRR), and long-range reconnaissance (LRR) UAS at the levels of platoon, company, and battalion, respectively. Additionally, the J-sUAS CDD contains three new initiatives—first-person view (FPV) drones for squads and platoons, tethered UAS for platoons, and a drone swarm capability for companies—the requirements for all of which remain in various stages of development. Including the SBS, the J-sUAS architecture encompasses seven programs.
The requirements for the aircraft in the J-sUAS CDD differentiate them from the Raven and Puma in several ways. The Raven and Puma sUAS feature a conventional fixed-wing configuration, which potentially hampers their usefulness in restrictive terrain, such as urban or forested areas. With SRR, MRR, and LRR UAS, the Army appears to be prioritizing a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capability in the form of either multirotor or hybrid-VTOL configurations. The Army’s RFIs for future sUAS indicate that the service plans to acquire aircraft that can deliver
The U.S. Army’s Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems
https://crsreports.congress.gov
lethal payloads, such as air-dropped grenades or glide munitions. In contrast to the Raven and Puma, which were designed largely to conduct surveillance and reconnaissance, the Army may require the next generation of small UAS to conduct a greater variety of missions, including launching lethal strikes and relaying communications for other drones and ground units.
Small UAS in the Army’s FY2025 Budget Request
In its proposed FY2025 budget, the Army requested approximately $46.1 million in procurement and $26.8 million in research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) funding for the SRR, MRR, and LRR UAS. Additionally, the Army’s list of unfunded budget priorities for FY2025 includes $70.5 million in procurement funding for the SRR and MRR UAS. For the Soldier Borne Sensor program, the Army requested $22 million and $1.6 million in procurement and RDT&E funds, respectively. Excluding the unfunded priorities list, the Army’s FY2025 budget request for the aforementioned small UAS is roughly 21% greater than that of FY2024.
The SRR UAS is the Army’s first program of record for a small quadcopter drone. DIU and the Army argued that the SRR UAS should capitalize on the increasing sophistication of the drones available on the commercial market. By executing the program in phased tranches, the Army has indicated that it aims to maintain the flexibility to respond to advances in technology and user feedback. In April 2019, DIU and Army officials selected six companies to compete for Tranche 1 of the SRR UAS program, before awarding Skydio a contract in February 2022 for the RQ-28A, a militarized version of the Skydio X2D (Figure 2). In October 2024, the Army confirmed that it had selected Teal Drones, a subsidiary of the firm Red Cat, for Tranche 2 of the SRR program.
In its proposed FY2025 budget, the Army requested $21.1 million to acquire 270 Tranche 2 systems, or 540 aircraft (two air vehicles constitute each SRR system), as well as $1.15 million in RDT&E funding. The cost of one SRR system is expected to rise from $39,800 in Tranche 1 to $65,000 in Tranche 2. Army budget justification documents attribute this potential increase to the Tranche 2 version’s improved obstacle avoidance, communications, and electro- optical and infrared sensors, among other enhancements. It is unclear as of this writing whether the Army intends to engage in additional tranches of the SRR program in the future.
The MRR UAS would provide an organic RSTA capability to Army companies. In 2023, the Army Futures Command approved a Directed Requirement for a “Company-Level sUAS” that is intended to provide an initial Tranche 1 capability for the MRR UAS, as well as inform the requirements of that future system. In its proposed FY2025 budget, the Army requested $25 million in procurement funding for the Company-Level sUAS. Following a March 2024 RFI, the Army selected the Anduril Industries Ghost X, a helicopter-type drone, and the Performance Drone Works C-100 UAS quadcopter drone for Tranche 1 of the Company-Level sUAS Directed Requirement in September
2024. Then, in November 2024, Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks announced that the Army’s selections for Tranche 1 of its Company-Level sUAS would participate in DOD’s Replicator program.
In January 2023, the Army issued an RFI for the LRR UAS that expressed an interest in a platform that is capable of taking off and landing vertically and of flying for a minimum of five hours and at a line-of-sight range of 30 kilometers (18.6 miles). In its proposed FY2025 budget, the Army requested approximately $25.6 million in RDT&E funds for work on the LRR UAS. According to Army projections in its budget justification documents, the Army expects to evaluate prototypes for the LRR through FY2026 and to begin procuring the aircraft the following fiscal year.
Figure 2. Skydio X2D
Source: Sgt. Jorden Newbanks, Camp Ripley Training Center. Notes: The Skydio X2D, or RQ-28A, was the Army’s selection for Tranche 1 of the SRR UAS program.
Considerations for Congress
As part of its oversight role, Congress could examine the following:
• Whether and the extent to which the Army is
incorporating the rapid rate of technological change into the requirements and acquisition process for the SRR, MRR, and LRR UAS.
• Whether the Army is considering establishing a military
occupational specialty (MOS) for small UAS operators and, if so, whether the Army has identified the potential costs associated with such a move.
• Whether and the extent to which the Army is
considering acquiring low-cost, off-the-shelf drones for operational use.
• Whether and the extent to which the Army is
coordinating is efforts to acquire short-, medium-, and long-range small UAS with the Marine Corps.
Daniel M. Gettinger, Analyst in U.S. Defense Policy
IF12668
The U.S. Army’s Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems
https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF12668 · VERSION 2 · UPDATED
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
Background
In 1988, at the direction of Congress (see P.L. 100-202, 101 Stat. 1329-60), DOD published its first "Master Plan" for uncrewed aircraft, establishing requirements and an acquisition strategy for UAS. The plan recommended a "close range" UAS for "lower level tactical units," one that could be acquired in large numbers and at low cost. Beginning in the 2000s, the AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven, a 4-pound fixed-wing aircraft, largely filled this role for the Army. By 2010, the Army reportedly fielded close to 4,000 Raven aircraft. The Marine Corps, Special Operations Command, and the Air Force also adopted the Raven.In February 2024, then-Secretary of the Army Christine Wormuth and Army Chief of Staff General Randy George announced plans to phase the RQ-11 Raven out of service as part of a broader "rebalance" of the Army's aviation investments and to "increase investments in research and development to expand and accelerate the Army's unmanned aerial reconnaissance capability." Under the ongoing Transformation in Contact (TiC) initiative, first revealed by General George in December 2023, the Army is evaluating various types of sUAS and the potential force structure requirements that may accompany the integration of these systems into ground units.
The second Trump Administration has sought to encourage the Army's adoption of drones and reduce perceived barriers to the development and procurement of sUAS within DOD. In an April 30, 2025, memorandum, Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth directed the Army to implement a comprehensive transformation strategy, including by fielding unmanned systems and ground/air launched effects "in every Division by the end of 2026." In a July 16, 2025, press release, DOD stated that Secretary Hegseth had issued a second, department-wide memorandum, "rescinding restrictive policies that hindered drone production."
Figure 1. Army Short-Range Reconnaissance (SRR) Quadcopter
Source: Daniel Amburg, Fort Dix, Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS).
Army sUAS Programs
The Army has proposed fielding what it refers to as the Family of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (FoSUAS) to replace the Raven and to provide ground forces with "situational awareness and enhanced force protection," according to the service's FY2026 budget request to Congress. This approach is designed to align specific systems to particular echelons—squad, platoon, company, and battalion—and deliver capabilities tailored to each level of organization. In selecting the aircraft for the FoSUAS, the Army has stated that it adopted a "flexible and agile acquisition plan" to respond to evolving technology and avoid committing to a single product.
Soldier-Borne Sensor (SBS). The SBS program is meant to provide Army squads with a small UAS for conducting reconnaissance. The Army's requirements for an SBS are for an aircraft that weighs less than 0.33 pounds and can fly for at least 15 minutes. The Army's current selection for the SBS program is the Teledyne FLIR Black Hornet. The Army fielded the first SBS systems in FY2019.FY2026 Budget Request
In its FY2026 budget request to Congress, the Army requested approximately $803.9 million in discretionary funding for the procurement and research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) of the sUAS programs described in this product (see Table 1). Table 1. Requested and Enacted Funding for Army Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems(in millions of dollars of discretionary budget authority)
FY2024 Enacted
FY2025 Enacted
FY2026 Request
Procurement
$72.5
$70.5
$747.9
RDT&E
$27.4
$27.9
$56.0
Source: CRS analysis of the DOD FY2026 budget request to Congress and Army budget justification documents.
Notes: Table reflects the funding for the programs described in this product. Figures do not reflect potential funding for such programs provided by the FY2025 reconciliation legislation (P.L. 119-21).
Legislative Activity
In Section 20005 of the FY2025 reconciliation legislation (P.L. 119-21), commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Congress appropriated $1.4 billion "for the expansion of the small unmanned aerial system industrial base." All funds were "appropriated to the Secretary of Defense for fiscal year 2025" and carry a five-year period of availability, meaning that they could be obligated until September 30, 2029, and expended through FY2034. In a July 22, 2025, letter to Secretary Hegseth, House Armed Services Committee Chairman Mike D. Rogers and Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Roger F. Wicker requested DOD provide a plan for how the department intends to spend the funds it provided in the reconciliation legislation.
Considerations for Congress
As part of its oversight role, Congress could examine the following:
Personnel
Several foreign militaries, including that of Ukraine and Poland, have established specialized units for operating and training with sUAS. Congress has considered legislation that would require the Army to create a "Drone Corps" as a separate basic branch of the Army, a proposition the Army opposed. Congress has also enacted legislation directing the Secretary of Defense to provide a report on "equipping platoon-sized ground combat formations with group 1 or group 2" UAS (P.L. 118-31, §1071). Congress may request briefings on whether the Army's TiC exercises have generated requirements for unit organization and training, and on the potential implications for force structure stemming from the planned widescale adoption of sUAS.
Industrial Base and Supply Chain
A 2025 Defense Innovation Board (DIB) report found that uncrewed systems "stand out due to their unique reliance on adversarial nations throughout the manufacturing lifecycle." Congress has directed the Secretary of Defense to provide a report on the supply chain for sUAS, including an assessment of DOD's "total requirement for sUASs" (P.L. 118-159, §162). In the report accompanying the Senate Appropriations Committee's version of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026, the Committee expressed concern about "vulnerabilities in the domestic sUAS manufacturing base" (S. 2572; S.Rept. 119-52). Congress has enacted legislation providing DOD funding to expand the sUAS industrial base (P.L. 119-21) and Members have requested briefings on how DOD intends to allocate such funds. Congress may consider whether or not such proposals meet congressional intent.
Cost and Technical Risk
Some analysts have noted the effectiveness of Ukraine's use of drones and identified steps the U.S. Army should take to build its sUAS capabilities. Others have questioned the effectiveness of FPV drones in Ukraine. According to one analysis, "systems which cannot be upgraded post-delivery to new radio and EW-related modules will quickly become obsolete." Army officials have said in congressional testimony and elsewhere that the service is applying a modular open systems approach (MOSA) to its sUAS programs, one that could enable it to "upgrade platforms without being locked into a specific configuration or solution." Congress may seek information about the Army's approach, and about the projected lifecycle and sustainment costs for the Army's sUAS.