NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: At a Glance

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NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet

Updated September 26, 2024

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

R43419

NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet

Congressional Research Service 1

Overview

NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: At a Glance

Updated August 6, 2025 (R43419)

Overview

Congressional deliberations about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) often focus on the availability of funding. This ~~fact sheet~~product provides data on past and current NASA appropriations, as well as the President~~’s FY2025~~'s FY2026 budget request and congressional action on ~~FY2025~~FY2026 appropriations and ~~authorization~~authorizations of appropriations.

Table 1 shows budget authority for NASA for ~~FY2019-FY2024~~FY2020-FY2025. Except where noted, the amounts shown include regular ~~appropriations~~, supplemental, and additional appropriations,; rescissions,; transfers,; and reprogramming. ~~They~~Amounts for FY2020-FY2024 are taken from NASA’'s congressional budget justifications for FY2021-FY2025;¹ the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42); and the explanatory statement for that act, Congressional Record~~, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142~~FY2022-FY2026. Amounts for FY2025 are derived from the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4) and "An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14" (P.L. 119-21). Congressional budget justifications are available on the NASA budget website, https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/~~, for the current year~~, for FY2026 and for past years back to FY2010.

~~Table 2~~ ~~shows FY2024 appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42), compared with FY2023 regular appropriations as enacted;~~ Table 2 compares FY2025 appropriations, as enacted, with the Administration’'s request for ~~FY2024; FY2024 appropriations as recommended in the bill introduced by the chair of~~FY2026; the draft FY2026 appropriations bill, as approved by the House Appropriations ~~Committee,~~ Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (~~H.R. 5893 as introduced and explanatory material on the committee website at~~ draft bill text and accompanying report available at https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/~~republicans.~~evo-subsites/republicans-appropriations.house.gov/files/~~FY24-CJS- Explanatory-Materials.pdf); and FY2024 appropriations recommended~~evo-media-document/fy26-commerce%2C-justice%2C-science%2C-and-related-agencies-bill-text.pdf and https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20250724/118544/HMKP-119-AP00-20250724-SD002.pdf, respectively); and FY2026 appropriations as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations (S. 2354; S.Rept. 119-44). Additional columns will be added to this table as Congress acts on FY2026 appropriations for NASA. Proposed and enacted authorizations also will be added, if applicable. Table 3 shows FY2024 appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42), compared with FY2025 appropriations as enacted (P.L. 119-4, P.L. 119-21). It also shows the Administration's request for appropriations for FY2025; FY2025 appropriations as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations (H.R. 9026, S. 2321 as reported and S.Rept. 118-62). Note that the NASA Authorization Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-167, Title VII), which is the most recently enacted authorization, did not include authorizations of appropriations for NASA for FY2024 and beyond.

~~Table 3~~ compares FY2024 regular appropriations, as enacted, with the Administration’s request for FY2025; FY2025 appropriations as recommended by the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (H.R. 9026 as reported and H.Rept. 118-582); and ); FY2025 appropriations as ~~recommended~~reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations (S. 4795, S.Rept. 118-198). Further, Table 3 contains information on authorizations of appropriations. In particular, it provides FY2025 authorizations of appropriations as passed by the House (H.R. 8958) in the 118^th Congress and FY2025 authorizations of appropriations as introduced in the Senate (S. 933) in the 119^th Congress. Note that the NASA Authorization Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-167, Title VII), which is the most recently enacted authorization, did not provide authorizations of appropriations beyond FY2023. Figure 1 shows NASA's total annual budget authority from the agency's establishment in FY1958 to FY2025, in both current dollars and inflation-adjusted FY2025 dollars. Table 1. NASA Budget Authority, FY2020-FY2025

(in $ millions)

FY2020

FY2021

FY2022

FY2023

FY2024

FY2025

Science

$7,143^a

$7,291

$7,611

$7,792

$7,334

Earth Science

1,972

1,997

2,061

2,175

2,195

n/s

Planetary Science

2,713

2,693

3,120

3,217

2,717

n/s

Astrophysics

1,306

1,356

1,394

1,510

1,530

n/s

James Webb Space Telescope

423

415

175

—^b —^b

n/s

Heliophysics

725

751

778

805

n/s

Biological and Physical Sciences

n/s

Aeronautics

784

829

881

935

Space Technology

1,100

1,193

1,100

Exploration

5,960

6,397

6,855

7,448

7,666^c

7,666

Exploration Systems Development^d

4,513

4,539

4,591

4,717

4,533

n/s

Orion

1,407

1,404

1,402

1,315

1,139

n/s

Space Launch System

2,528

2,555

2,600

2,567

2,600

n/s

Exploration Ground Systems

578

580

589

835

794

n/s

Exploration R&D/Artemis Campaign Development^e

1,447

1,858

2,077

2,631

n/s

Other

—

187

101

n/s

Space Operations

4,135

4,102

3,975

4,267

4,220^f

4,220

International Space Station

1,516

1,322

1,262

1,286

n/s

Space Transportation

1,746

1,872

1,717

1,760

n/s

Crew and Cargo Program

1,511

1,573

1,570

1,642

1,856

n/s

Space and Flight Support

857

890

889

983

n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development

102

224

228

n/s

Exploration Operations

—

n/s

STEM Engagement

120

127

137

144

143

Space Grant

EPSCoR

MUREP

n/s

Other

n/s

Safety, Security, & Mission Services

2,913^g

2,937

3,021

3,137

3,129

3,092

Construction and EC&R

433

446

417

612^h

300

Inspector General

Other

—

9,995ⁱ

Total

22,629^a^,^g

23,271

24,041

25,573^h

24,875

34,833^j Sources: FY2020-FY2024 amounts are from NASA FY2022-FY2026 congressional budget justifications, available at https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2025 amounts are from P.L. 119-4 and P.L. 119-21. Notes: Except where noted, amounts include regular, supplemental, and additional appropriations; rescissions; transfers;S. 2321 as reported and S.Rept. 118-62); and the FY2025 amounts that would be authorized by H.R. 8958, referred to herein as the NASA Reauthorization Act of 2024, as engrossed in the House on September 23, 2024. Additional columns will be added to this table as Congress acts to complete FY2025 authorization and appropriations legislation for NASA.

A note on name changes: Since the FY2019 budget request, the Trump and Biden Administrations have proposed renaming the Exploration account as “Deep Space Exploration Systems”; enacted appropriations have so far retained the name Exploration. Starting with the FY2023 budget, NASA renamed Exploration Systems Development as “Common Exploration Systems Development,” and Exploration Research and Development (R&D) as “Artemis Campaign Development.” In the FY2025 budget request, NASA renamed Common Exploration Systems Development as “Moon to Mars Transportation System,” and Artemis Campaign Development as “Moon to Mars Lunar Systems Development.”

Figure 1 shows NASA’s total annual budget authority from the agency’s establishment in FY1958 to FY2024, in both current dollars and inflation-adjusted FY2024 dollars.

1 FY2019 STEM Engagement amounts are not shown in the FY2021 congressional budget justification and are instead taken from the explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-93), Congressional Record, December 17, 2019, pp. H10969-H10971.

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Table 1. NASA Budget Authority, FY2019-FY2024

(in $ millions)

FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024

Science $6,887 $7,143^a $7,291 $7,611 $7,792 $7,334

Earth Science 1,931 1,972 1,997 2,061 2,175 2,195

Planetary Science 2,747 2,713 2,693 3,120 3,217 2,717

Astrophysics 1,191 1,306 1,356 1,394 1,510 1,530

James Webb Space Telescope 305 423 415 175 —^b —^b

Heliophysics 713 725 751 778 805 805

Biological and Physical Sciences^c — 5 79 83 85 88

Aeronautics 725 784 829 881 935 935

Space Technology 927 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,193 1,100

Exploration 5,045 5,960 6,397 6,855 7,448 7,666^d

Exploration Systems Development 4,087 4,513 4,539 4,591 4,717 4,533

Orion 1,350 1,407 1,404 1,402 1,315 1,139

Space Launch System 2,144 2,528 2,555 2,600 2,567 2,600

Exploration Ground Systems 593 578 580 589 835 794

Exploration R&D/Artemis Campaign Development

958 1,447 1,858 2,077 2,631 n/s

Other — — — 187

101 n/s

Space Operations 4,640 4,135 4,102 3,975 4,267 4,220^e

International Space Station 1,490 1,516 1,322 1,262 1,286 n/s

Space Transportation 2,110 1,746 1,872 1,717 1,760 n/s

Crew and Cargo Program 1,896 1,511 1,573 1,570 1,642 1,856

Space and Flight Support 1,000 857 890 889 983 n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development 40 15 18 102 224 228

Exploration Operations — — — 5 13 n/s

STEM Engagement 110 120 127 137 144 143

Space Grant 44 48 51 55 58 58

EPSCoR 21 24 26 26 26 26

MUREP 33 36 38 43 46 46

Other 12 12 12 14 14 14

Safety, Security, & Mission Services 2,755 2,913^f 2,937 3,021 3,137 3,129

Construction and EC&R 372 433 446 417 612^g 300

Inspector General 39 42 44 45 48 48

Total 21,500 22,629^a,f 23,271 24,041 25,573^g 24,875

Sources: FY2019-FY2023 from NASA FY2021-FY2025 congressional budget justifications. FY2024 from P.L. 118-42 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142. Notes: ~~Except where noted, amounts include regular appropriations, supplemental appropriations, rescissions, transfers,~~ and reprogramming. Figures may not sum to totals because of rounding. R&D = Research and Development; STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified. ~~a. Not~~ a. These values are not adjusted to reflect rescission of $70 million from prior -year unobligated balances (~~Section~~ P.L. 116-93, §521(c)).

b. Included in Astrophysics.

c. Included in International Space Station before FY2020.

~~d. Includes~~ b. This amount is included in the Astrophysics account. c. This amount includes $3.133 billion appropriated to the Exploration account by P.L. 118-42 without a specified purpose.

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~~e. Includes~~ d. Starting with the FY2023 request, NASA renamed Exploration Systems Development as "Common Exploration Systems Development." e. Starting with the FY2023 request, NASA renamed Exploration R&D as "Artemis Campaign Development." f. This amount includes $2.136 billion appropriated to the Space Operations account by P.L. 118-42 without a specified purpose.

~~f. Does~~g. This amount does not include an additional $60 million appropriated by the ~~CARES~~Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (P.L. 116-136). h. This amount includes).

~~g. Includes~~ $556.4 million in emergency supplemental funding provided in ~~Division N of P.L. 117-328.~~

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Table 2. NASA Appropriations, FY2024

(budget authority in $ millions)

FY2024 Appropriations

FY2023

Enacted Request

House

Intro.

Senate

Cmte. Enacted

Science $7,795 $8,261 $7,380 $7,341 $7,334

Earth Science 2,195 2,473 2,000 2,219 2,195

Planetary Science 3,200 3,383 3,100 2,683 2,717

Astrophysics 1,510 1,557 1,485 1,544 1,530

Heliophysics 805 751 710 805 805

Biological and Physical Sciences 85 97 85 90 88

Aeronautics 935 996 946 935 935

Space Technology 1,200 1,392 1,205 1,118 1,100

Exploration/Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,469 7,971 7,971 7,736 7,666

Common Exploration Systems Development 4,738 4,525 4,525 4,525 4,533

Orion 1,339 1,225 1,225 1,225 1,139

Space Launch System 2,600 2,506 2,506 2,506 2,600

Exploration Ground Systems 799 794 794 794 794

Artemis Campaign Development 2,600 3,235 3,235 n/s n/s

Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture n/s 49 n/s n/s n/s

Mars Campaign Development n/s 162 n/s n/s n/s

Space Operations 4,250 4,535 4,345 4,200 4,220

International Space Station n/s 1,303 n/s n/s n/s

Space Transportation n/s 1,957 n/s n/s n/s

Crew and Cargo Program n/s 1,856 n/s 1,856 1,856

Space and Flight Support n/s 1,047 n/s n/s n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development 224 228 n/s 228 228

STEM Engagement 144 158 89 144 143

Space Grant 58 58 60 58 58

EPSCoR 26 26 29 26 26

MUREP 46 48 0 46 46

Other 14 26 0 14 14

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,129 3,369 3,136 3,100 3,129

Construction and EC&R 604^a 454 248 379 300

Inspector General 48 50 48 48 48

Total 25,573^a 27,185 25,367 25,000 24,875

~~Sources: FY2023 Enacted: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record~~, December 20, 2022, pp. S7945-S7950. FY2024 Request: FY2024 NASA congressional budget justification. FY2024 House Introduced: H.R. 5893 as introduced and explanatory material on the House Appropriations Committee website at P.L. 117-328, Division N.

i. P.L. 119-21 includes FY2025 appropriations for several NASA programs and activities. The law does not identify the corresponding account for all of the specified programs, and in some instances, the law includes specific direction that the appropriations may be applied only to a subset of activities in a program. For instance, the law provides $700 million for a "high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter" and $4.1 billion for the Space Launch System for Artemis Missions IV and V. Therefore, this amount ($9.995 billion) is listed as "Other" in this table.

j. P.L. 119-4, Section 1101, provided FY2025 appropriations at FY2024 regular enacted levels unless otherwise specified. Accordingly, this table shows the enacted amounts for FY2025 as being the same as for FY2024 in P.L. 118-42, Division C, except for the Safety, Security, and Mission Services account, for which P.L. 119-4 specified $3,092 million. P.L. 119-21 provided additional FY2025 appropriations for select NASA programs and activities, for a total of $9.995 billion.

Table 2. NASA Appropriations, FY2025 and FY2026

(budget authority in $ millions)

FY2025

FY2026

Enacted

Enacted Additional

Request

House Subcmte.

Senate Cmte.

Science

$7,334

n/a

$3,908

$6,000

$7,300

Earth Science

n/s

n/a

1,036

1,325

2,166

Planetary Science

n/s

n/a

1,891

2,500

2,552

Astrophysics

n/s

n/a

523

1,485

1,605

Heliophysics

n/s

n/a

433

625

887

Biological and Physical Sciences

n/s

n/a

Aeronautics

935

n/a

589

775

950

Space Technology

1,100

n/a

569

913

975

Exploration/Deep Space Exploration Systems

7,666

n/a

8,313

9,716

7,783

Common Exploration Systems Development^a

n/s

n/a

4,895

n/s

Orion

n/s

n/a

1,371

1,370

1,421

Space Launch System

n/s

n/a

2,001

2,500

1,308

Exploration Ground Systems

n/s

n/a

658

n/s

867

Commercial Moon and Mars Infrastructure Development^b

n/a

n/a

864

n/s

Artemis Campaign Development^c

n/s

n/a

2,815

n/s

Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture

n/s

n/a

603

n/s

459

Space Operations

4,220

n/a

3,132

4,150

4,314

International Space Station

n/s

n/a

920

n/s

1,240

Space Transportation

n/s

n/a

1,294

n/s^d

1,816

Space and Flight Support

n/s

n/a

646

n/s

1,008

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development

n/s

n/a

272

500

250

STEM Engagement

143

n/a

148

Space Grant

n/s

n/a

58^e

EPSCoR

n/s

n/a

26^e

MUREP

n/s

n/a

Other

n/s

n/a

Safety, Security, and Mission Services

3,092

n/a

2,118

3,044

3,107

Construction and EC&R

300

n/a

140

200

275

Inspector General

n/a

Other

—

9,995^f

—

Total

24,838

9,995^f

18,809

24,838

24,900

Sources: FY2025 enacted amounts are from P.L. 119-4. FY2025 enacted additional amounts are from P.L. 119-21. FY2026 requested amounts are from the FY2026 NASA congressional budget justification, https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2026 House subcommittee appropriations, as approved by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies, are from draft bill text and accompanying report available at https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/republicans-~~sites/republicans.~~appropriations.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/fy26-commerce%2C-justice%2C-science%2C-and-related-agencies-bill-text.pdf and https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20250724/118544/HMKP-119-AP00-20250724-SD002.pdf, respectively. FY2026 Senate committee appropriations, as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, are from S. 2354 and S.Rept. 119-44. files/FY24-CJS-Explanatory- Materials.pdf. FY2024 Senate Committee: S. 2321 as reported and S.Rept. 118-62. FY2024 Enacted: P.L. 118-42 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142. Notes: Figures may not sum to totals ~~due to~~because of rounding. STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified~~. a. Includes $556.4 million in emergency supplemental funding provided in Division N of P.L. 117-328.~~

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Table 3. NASA Appropriations, FY2025, and Proposed FY2025 Authorization

(budget authority in $ millions)

FY2025 Appropriations

FY2025

Auth.

FY2024

Enacted Request

House Cmte.

Senate

Cmte. Enacted House

Science $7,334 $7,566 $7,334 $7,576 $7,334

Earth Science 2,195 2,379 2,000 2,369 n/s

Planetary Science 2,717 2,732 2,930 2,722 n/s

Astrophysics 1,530 1,578 1,532 1,583 n/s

Heliophysics 805 787 787 812 n/s

Biological and Physical Sciences 88 91 85 91 n/s

Aeronautics 935 966 966 966 966

Space Technology 1,100 1,182 1,182 1,182 1,182

Exploration/Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,666 7,618 7,618 7,648 7,618

Common Exploration Systems Development^a 4,533 4,213 4,738 4,213 n/s

Orion 1,139 1,031 1,339 1,031 n/s

Space Launch System 2,600 2,423 2,600 2,423 n/s

Exploration Ground Systems 794 759 799 759 n/s

Artemis Campaign Development^b n/s 3,288 n/s n/s n/s

Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture n/s 117 n/s n/s n/s

Mars Campaign Development^c n/s — n/s n/s n/s

Space Operations 4,220 4,390 4,474 4,400 4,474

International Space Station n/s 1,270 n/s n/s n/s

Space Transportation n/s 1,862 n/s n/s n/s

Crew and Cargo Program 1,856 1,762 1,890 n/s n/s

Space and Flight Support n/s 1,088 n/s n/s n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development 228 170 n/s 170 n/s

STEM Engagement 143 144 89 144 135

Space Grant 58 57 60 59 n/s

EPSCoR 26 25 29 26 n/s

MUREP 46 46 0 46 n/s

Other 14 15 0 14 n/s

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,129 3,044 3,044 3,044 3,044

Construction and EC&R 300 424 424 424 424

Inspector General 48 51 48 51 48

Total 24,875 25,384 25,179 25,245 25,225

~~Sources: FY2024 Enacted: P.L. 118-42 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record~~, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142. FY2025 Request: FY2025 NASA congressional budget justification. FY2025 House: appropriations recommended by the House Appropriations Committee (H.R. 9026 as reported and H.Rept. 118-582). FY2025 Senate: appropriations recommended by the Senate Appropriations Committee (S. 4795 as reported and S.Rept. 118-198). FY2025 House Authorization:; n/a = not applicable, as the program had not yet been proposed. Additional columns will be added for FY2026 as Congress acts on FY2026 appropriations legislation. a. This is referred to in the FY2026 request as "Moon to Mars Transportation System." b. The FY2026 request proposes creating a Commercial Moon and Mars Infrastructure Development program, which would, if enacted, include both a new program (the Commercial Mars Payload Services program) and some activities currently within the Science Mission Directorate (such as the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program). In addressing the new activities, the FY2026 request states that NASA "will continue to define the content of this new program and will brief Congress as soon as appropriate." c. This is referred to in the FY2026 request as "Moon to Mars Lunar Systems Development." d. With respect to Space Transportation, the report accompanying the draft FY2026 appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies would provide the two major programs within this account (Crew and Cargo, and Commercial Crew) with "no less than the fiscal year 2025 enacted level for both programs." FY2025 enacted appropriations (P.L. 119-4 and P.L. 119-21) do not specify funding levels for these programs. e. The draft FY2026 appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies proposed relocating NASA's EPSCoR and Space Grant programs into the agency's Safety, Security, and Mission Services account.

f. P.L. 119-21 includes FY2025 appropriations for several NASA programs and activities. The law does not identify the corresponding account for all of the specified programs, and in some instances, the law includes specific direction that the appropriations may be applied only to a subset of activities in a program. For instance, the law provides $700 million for a "high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter" and $4.1 billion for the Space Launch System for Artemis Missions IV and V. Therefore, this amount ($9.995 billion) is listed as "Other" in this table.

Table 3. FY2024 and FY2025 Enacted NASA Appropriations and Action on FY2025 NASA Authorizations of Appropriations

(budget authority in $ millions)

FY2024Enacted

FY2025 Appropriations

FY2025 Auth.

Request

House Cmte.

Senate Cmte.

Enacted

Enacted Additional

HousePassed

Senate Intro.

Science

$7,334

$7,566

$7,334

$7,576

$7,334

n/a

$7,334

$7,576

Earth Science

2,195

2,379

2,000

2,369

n/s

n/a

n/s

Planetary Science

2,717

2,732

2,930

2,722

n/s

n/a

n/s

Astrophysics

1,530

1,578

1,532

1,583

n/s

n/a

n/s

Heliophysics

805

787

812

n/s

n/a

n/s

Biological and Physical Sciences

n/s

n/a

n/s

Aeronautics

935

966

935

n/a

966

Space Technology

1,100

1,182

1,100

n/a

1,182

Exploration/Deep Space Exploration Systems

7,666

7,618

7,648

7,666

n/a

7,618

7,648

Common Exploration Systems Development^a

4,533

4,213

4,738

4,213

n/s

n/a

n/s

Orion

1,139

1,031

1,339

1,031

n/s

n/a

n/s

Space Launch System

2,600

2,423

2,600

2,423

n/s

n/a

n/s

Exploration Ground Systems

794

759

799

759

n/s

n/a

n/s

Artemis Campaign Development^b

n/s

3,288

n/s

n/a

n/s

Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture

n/s

117

n/s

n/a

n/s

Space Operations

4,220

4,390

4,474

4,400

4,220

n/a

4,474

International Space Station

n/s

1,270

n/s

n/a

n/s

Space Transportation

n/s

1,862

n/s

n/a

n/s

Crew and Cargo Program

1,856

1,762

1,890

n/s

n/s

n/a

n/s

Space and Flight Support

n/s

1,088

n/s

n/a

n/s

Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development

228

170

n/s

170

n/s

n/a

n/s

STEM Engagement

143

144

143

n/a

135

144

Space Grant

n/a

n/s

EPSCoR

n/a

n/s

MUREP

n/s

n/a

n/s

Other

n/s

n/a

n/s

Safety, Security, and Mission Services

3,129

3,044

3,092

n/a

3,044

Construction and EC&R

300

424

300

n/a

424

Inspector General

n/a

Other

—

9,995^c

—

Total

24,875

25,384

25,179

25,434

24,838

9,995^c

25,225

25,508

Sources: FY2024 enacted amounts are from P.L. 118-42 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 5, 2024, pp. S1141-S1142. FY2025 requested amounts are from the FY2025 NASA congressional budget justification, available at https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2025 House appropriations, as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations, are from H.R. 9026 and H.Rept. 118-582. FY2025 Senate appropriations, as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, are from S. 4795 and S.Rept. 118-198. FY2025 enacted amounts are from P.L. 119-4. Enacted additional amounts are from P.L. 119-21. FY2025 House-passed amounts are from the NASA Reauthorization Act of 2024 (H.R. 8958), 118^th Congress. FY2025 Senate-introduced amounts are from the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2024 (S. 933), 119^th Congress, as introduced. ~~), as engrossed in the House.~~ Notes: Figures may not sum to totals because of rounding. Intro. = Introduced; STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; EPSCoR = Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; MUREP = Minority University Research and Education Program; EC&R = Environmental Compliance and Remediation; n/s = not specified.

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~~a. Referred~~; n/a = not applicable. a. This is referred to in the FY2025 request as “"Moon to Mars Transportation System.”

b. ~~Referred~~This is referred to in the FY2025 request as “"Moon to Mars Lunar Systems Development.”

c. As noted in the FY2025 request, NASA intends to retire its Mars Campaign Development theme and will reallocate its content elsewhere in the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate (p. DEXP-69).

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Congressional Research Service 7

Figure 1. NASA Funding, FY1958-FY2024

Sources: Compiled by CRS. ~~FY1958-FY2008~~"

c. P.L. 119-21 includes FY2025 appropriations for several NASA programs and activities. The law does not identify the corresponding account for all of the specified programs, and in some instances, the law includes specific direction that the appropriations may be applied only to a subset of activities in a program. For instance, the law provides $700 million for a "high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter" and $4.1 billion for the Space Launch System for Artemis Missions IV and V. Therefore, this amount ($9.995 billion) is listed as "Other" in this table.

Figure 1. NASA Funding, FY1958-FY2025

(current and constant $)

Sources: Compiled by CRS. FY1958-FY2008 amounts are from NASA, Aeronautics and Space Report of the President: Fiscal Year 2008 Activities, Table D-1A, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/~~20110012306~~20110012306. FY2009-~~FY2023~~FY2024 amounts are from NASA congressional budget justifications~~. FY2011-FY2025, adjusted for supplemental appropriations, rescissions, and sequestration not shown in the justifications. FY2024 from P.L. 118-42. Current dollars deflated to FY2024 dollars using~~ , available at https://www.nasa.gov/budgets-plans-and-reports/. FY2025 amounts are from P.L. 119-4 and P.L. 119-21. Current dollars were deflated to FY2025 dollars using the gross domestic product (GDP) (chained) price index from the President’'s budget for FY2025, Historical Table 10.1, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/. Note: ~~Transition~~govinfo.gov/app/details/BUDGET-2025-TAB/context. Note: The transition quarter between FY1976 and FY1977 is not shown.

NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet

Congressional Research Service R43419 · VERSION 112 · UPDATED 8

Author Information

Rachel Lindbergh Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

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