The Temporary Assistance for
March 20, 2024
Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant:
Gene Falk
Responses to Frequently Asked Questions
Specialist in Social Policy
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of
Patrick A. Landers
benefits and services for low-income families with children. TANF was created in the Personal
Analyst in Social Policy
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-193). This report responds to some
frequently asked questions about TANF; it does not describe TANF rules (see, instead, CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer
For a copy of the full report,
on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk).
please call 7-5700 or visit www.crs.gov.
TANF Funding and Expenditures
TANF provides fixed funding for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), and American Indian tribes. The basic block grant totals $16.5 billion per year. States are also required to contribute, from their own funds, under a maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirement. Both the basic block grant and the required MOE spending are based on expenditures in pre-TANF programs in the early- to mid-1990s.
The basic block grant and required spending under the MOE are not adjusted for changes in circumstances (e.g., inflation, population) over time. Adjusted for inflation, in FY2023, the TANF basic block grant was 47% below what its value was in FY1997. The MOE requirements have also not been adjusted for inflation.
Though TANF is best known for funding basic assistance payments for needy families with children, the block grant and MOE funds are used for a wide variety of benefits and activities. In FY2022, states used a total of $31.3 billion in federal TANF and state MOE dollars. Of that FY2022 total, expenditures on basic assistance were $7.2 billion—23.0% of total federal TANF and MOE dollars. Basic assistance is often—but not exclusively—paid as cash on a monthly basis. The remainder of TANF and MOE funds were spent on a wide range of benefits, services, and activities: child care, employment services (for both assistance recipients and others), state refundable tax credits for low-income families, pre-kindergarten and Head Start programs, and services for children who have been, or are at risk of being, abused and neglected.
The TANF Assistance Caseload
A total of 1.0 million families, composed of 2.8 million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in September 2022. The bulk of the recipients were children—2.0 million in that month.
Assistance Benefits
TANF assistance benefit amounts are set by states. In July 2021, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of two (single parent and one child) ranged from $871 in New Hampshire to $162 in Arkansas. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal poverty level) had a maximum TANF assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of poverty guidelines.
Work Requirements
TANF’s main federal work requirement is a performance measure that applies to the states. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients. TANF law requires states to engage 50% of all families and 90% of two-parent families with work-eligible individuals in work activities, though these standards can be reduced by “credits.” Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% or 90% targets, and vary by state. In FY2022, states achieved, on average, an all-family participation rate of 35.6% and a two-parent rate of 44.0%.
In FY2022, all jurisdictions except Oregon met their all-family participation standard. California, Florida, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Wyoming did not meet their two-parent participation standard. Jurisdictions that did not meet their standards are at risk of being penalized through a reduction in their block grants, though they may either enter into a corrective compliance plan or claim good cause to avoid the penalty.
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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Funding and Expenditures ............................................................................................................... 1
What is TANF’s funding status? ............................................................................................... 1
How are state TANF programs funded? .................................................................................... 1
How much has the value of the TANF basic block grant changed over time? .......................... 1
How have states used TANF funds? .......................................................................................... 3
How much of the TANF grant has gone unspent? .................................................................... 3
The Caseload ................................................................................................................................... 4
How many families receive TANF- or MOE-funded benefits and services? ............................ 4
How many families and individuals currently receive TANF- or MOE-funded
assistance? .............................................................................................................................. 4
How does the current assistance caseload level compare with historical levels? ..................... 5
TANF Cash Benefits: How Much Does a Family Receive in TANF Cash Per Month? .................. 6
TANF Work Participation Standards ............................................................................................... 7
What is the TANF work participation standard states must meet?............................................ 7
What work participation rates have the states achieved? .......................................................... 8
Figures
Figure 1. Uses of TANF and MOE Funds by Spending Category, FY2022 .................................... 3
Figure 2. Number of Families Receiving Assistance, July 1959 to September 2022 ...................... 6
Figure 3. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with One Child, 50 States and the District of Columbia, July 2021 ..................... 7
Figure 4. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families,
FY2002-FY2022 .......................................................................................................................... 9
Tables
Table 1. TANF Basic Block Grant Funding in Nominal and Constant Dollars ............................... 2
Table 2. Families and Recipients of TANF- and MOE-Funded Assistance,
September 2022 ............................................................................................................................ 4
Table A-1. Trends in the Cash Assistance Caseload: 1961-2022 ................................................... 10
Table B-1. Uses of FY2022 TANF and State MOE Funds by Spending Category ....................... 13
Table B-2. Uses of FY2022 TANF and State MOE Funds by Spending Category as a
Percent of Total Federal TANF and State MOE Spending ......................................................... 16
Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2022 ............................................................... 19
Table B-4. Number of Families, Recipients, Children, and Adults Receiving TANF
Assistance by Jurisdiction, September 2022 .............................................................................. 20
Table B-5. Number of Needy Families with Children Receiving Assistance
by Jurisdiction, September of Selected Years ............................................................................. 22
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Table B-6. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with One Child, By Jurisdiction, July 2021 ........................................................ 24
Table B-7. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction for All Families:
FY2022 ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Table B-8. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction, for Two-Parent
Families: FY2022 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Appendixes
Appendix A. Supplementary Tables .............................................................................................. 10
Appendix B. State Tables .............................................................................................................. 13
Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 29
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Introduction
This report provides responses to frequently asked questions about the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant. It is intended to serve as a quick reference to provide easy access to information and data. Appendix A provides additional data on families receiving TANF assistance over time. Appendix B presents a series of tables with state-level data on TANF expenditures and families receiving assistance.
This report does not provide information on TANF program rules (for a discussion of TANF rules, see CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block
Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk).
Funding and Expenditures
What is TANF’s funding status?
P.L. 118-42, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, extended TANF funding through the end of FY2024 (September 30, 2024).
How are state TANF programs funded?
TANF programs are funded through a combination of federal and state funds. TANF has two federal grants to states. The bulk of the TANF funding is in a basic block grant to the states, totaling $16.5 billion for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Indian tribes.1 There is also a contingency fund available that provides extra federal funds to states that meet certain conditions.
Additionally, states are required to expend a minimum amount of their own funds for TANF and TANF-related activities under what is known as the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. States are required to spend a minimum of at least 80% of what they spent in FY1994 on TANF’s predecessor programs. The MOE spending requirement is reduced in states that met their work participation standards to 75% of what a state spent in FY1994.
How much has the value of the TANF basic block grant changed
over time?
TANF was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). A TANF basic block grant amount—for both the nation and for each state—was established in the 1996 law. That amount for the 50 states, District of Columbia, territories, and tribes was $16.6 billion in total. From FY1997 through FY2016, that amount remained the same. The basic block grant was not adjusted for changes that occur over time, such as inflation, the size of the TANF assistance caseload, or changes in the poverty population. During this period, the real (inflation-adjusted) value of the block grant declined by one-third (33.1%). Beginning with FY2017, the state family assistance grant was reduced by 0.33% from its historical levels to finance TANF-related research and technical assistance. The reduced block grant amount is $16.5 billion.
1 American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands do not operate TANF programs. The former is eligible but does not operate programs; the latter is ineligible for TANF funds.
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Table 1 shows the state family assistance grant, in both nominal (actual) and constant 1997 (inflation-adjusted) dollars for each year, FY1997 through FY2023. In inflation-adjusted terms, the FY2023 block grant was 47% below its value in FY1997.
Table 1. TANF Basic Block Grant Funding in Nominal and Constant Dollars
(dollars in billions)
State Family
State Family
Cumulative
Assistance Grant:
Assistance
Percentage Change
50 States, DC,
Grant
Since FY1997,
Tribes, and
Constant
Constant 1997
Fiscal Year
Territories
1997 Dollars
Dollars
1997
$16.567
$16.567
—
1998
16.567
16.306
-1.6%
1999
16.567
15.991
-3.5
2000
16.567
15.498
-6.5
2001
16.567
15.020
-9.3
2002
16.567
14.792
-10.7
2003
16.567
14.456
-12.7
2004
16.567
14.124
-14.7
2005
16.567
13.680
-17.4
2006
16.567
13.190
-20.4
2007
16.567
12.893
-22.2
2008
16.567
12.345
-25.5
2009
16.567
12.382
-25.3
2010
16.567
12.182
-26.5
2011
16.567
11.859
-28.4
2012
16.567
11.585
-30.1
2013
16.567
11.394
-31.2
2014
16.567
11.217
-32.3
2015
16.567
11.179
-32.5
2016
16.567
11.082
-33.1
2017
16.512
10.820
-34.7
2018
16.512
10.564
-36.2
2019
16.512
10.372
-37.4
2020
16.512
10.224
-38.3
2021
16.512
9.893
-40.3
2022
16.512
9.168
-44.7
2023
16.512
8.727
-47.3
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance; and the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Note: Constant dol ars were computed using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U).
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How have states used TANF funds?
In FY2022, states used a total of $31.3 billion in combined federal TANF and state MOE dollars (this total includes dollars transferred to other block grant programs, but excludes expenditures in tribal TANF programs or those operated in the territories). Basic assistance—ongoing benefits to families to meet basic needs—represented 23.0% ($7.2 billion) of total FY2022 TANF and MOE dollars.
Figure 1 categorizes TANF benefits and services and shows the national total spending for them. Spending on child care—both directly and through transfers to the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)—ranked second in spending among the categories, totaling $4.9 billion in FY2022, 15% of all TANF and MOE dollars for that year. Pre-K and early childhood services ranked third at $3.2 billion. This was followed, in order, by state refundable tax credits to families with children; work, education, and training; administrative expenditures; and emergency and short-term benefits. The “Other Services” shown in the figure represents a range of additional services (including programs promoting responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage and financial literacy).
There is variation among the states in how they use TANF and MOE dollars. For state-specific information on the use of TANF funds, see Table B-1 and Table B-2.
Figure 1. Uses of TANF and MOE Funds by Spending Category, FY2022
(dollars in billions)
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Notes: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs. Excludes spending from the Pandemic Emergency Assistance fund, which is reported separately.
How much of the TANF grant has gone unspent?
TANF law permits states to “reserve” unused funds without time limit. This permits flexibility in timing of the use of TANF funds, including the ability to “save” funds for unexpected occurrences that might increase costs (such as recessions or natural disasters).
At the end of FY2022 (September 30, 2022), a total of $9.0 billion of federal TANF funding remained neither transferred nor spent. However, some of these unspent funds represent monies
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that states had already committed to spend later. Of this amount, states had made such commitments to spend—that is, had obligated—a total of approximately $2.5 billion. At the end of FY2022, states had approximately $6.5 billion of unobligated balances. These funds are available to states to make new spending commitments. Table B-3 shows unspent TANF funds by state.
The Caseload
How many families receive TANF- or MOE-funded benefits
and services?
This number is not known. Federal TANF reporting requirements focus on families receiving only ongoing assistance. There is no complete reporting on families receiving other TANF benefits and services.
Assistance is defined as benefits provided to families to meet ongoing, basic needs.2 It is most often paid in cash. However, some states use TANF or MOE funds to provide an “earnings supplement” to working parents added to monthly Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) allotments. These earnings supplements are paid separately from the regular TANF cash assistance program. Additionally, TANF MOE dollars are used to fund food assistance for immigrants barred from regular SNAP benefits in certain states. These forms of nutrition aid meet an ongoing need, and thus are considered TANF assistance.
As discussed in a previous section of this report, TANF basic assistance accounts for about 21% of all TANF expenditures. Therefore, the federal reporting requirements that pertain to families receiving assistance are likely to undercount the number of families receiving any TANF-funded benefit or service.
How many families and individuals currently receive TANF- or
MOE-funded assistance?
Table 2 provides assistance caseload information. A total of approximately 1.0 million families, composed of 2.8 million individual recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in September 2022. The bulk of the recipients were children—2.0 million in that month. For state-by-state assistance caseloads, see Table B-4.
Table 2. Families and Recipients of TANF- and MOE-Funded Assistance,
September 2022
Total Families
1,019,898
Total Recipients
2,820,773
Total Child Recipients
2,015,874
Total Adult Recipients
804,899
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Data as of December 27, 2022, and subject to revision.
2 The definition of TANF assistance is not in statute. However, because the statutory language has most TANF requirements triggered by a family receiving assistance, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations define assistance at 45 C.F.R. §260.31.
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How does the current assistance caseload level compare with
historical levels?
Figure 2 provides a long-term historical perspective on the number of families receiving assistance from TANF or its predecessor program, from July 1959 to September 2022. The shaded areas of the figure represent months when the national economy was in recession. Though the health of the national economy has affected the trend in the cash assistance caseload, the long-term trend in receipt of cash assistance does not follow a classic countercyclical pattern. Such a pattern would have the caseload rise during economic slumps, and then fall again during periods of economic growth. Factors other than the health of the economy (demographic trends, policy changes) also have influenced the caseload trend.
The figure shows two periods of sustained caseload increases: the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s and a second period from 1988 to 1994. The number of families receiving assistance peaked in March 1994 at 5.1 million families. The assistance caseload fell rapidly in the late 1990s, after PRWORA, before leveling off in 2001. In 2004, the caseload began another decline, albeit at a slower pace than in the late 1990s. During the 2007-2009 recession and its aftermath, the caseload began to rise from 1.7 million families in August 2008, peaking in December 2010 at close to 2.0 million families. The number of families receiving assistance declined by almost half (to a little over 1 million families) during the long economic expansion of 2010 through 2019.
During 2020, a year when the economy was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a brief uptick in the number of families receiving assistance. That response to the pandemic was short-lived.3 The number of families receiving assistance declined until late 2021, but has recently been rising.
The number of families receiving assistance increased by 113,000 nationwide from September 2021 to September 2022. From September 2021 to September 2022, 24 jurisdictions had increases in the number of families receiving assistance, while 30 jurisdictions had decreases. The increase in families receiving assistance is concentrated in a small number of larger-population states (California, Massachusetts, and New York). Table B-5 shows recent trends in the number of cash assistance families by state.
3 In 2020 and 2021, Congress enacted expansions to other programs—in particular, unemployment insurance—that might have lessened the need for need-tested cash from TANF. See CRS Report R46687, Unemployment Insurance
(UI) Benefits: Permanent-Law Programs and the COVID-19 Pandemic Response. For estimates of the impact of the poverty interventions in response to the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see Laura Wheaton, Linda Giannarelli, and Ilham Dehry, 2021 Poverty Projections: Assessing the Impact of Benefits and
Stimulus Measures, Urban Institute, July 2021.
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Figure 2. Number of Families Receiving Assistance, July 1959 to September 2022
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), with data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Data as of December 27, 2022, and subject to revision.
TANF Cash Benefits: How Much Does a Family
Receive in TANF Cash Per Month?
There are no federal rules that help determine the amount of TANF cash benefits paid to a family. (There are also no federal rules that require states to use TANF to pay cash benefits, though all states do so.) Benefit amounts are determined solely by the states.
Most states base TANF cash benefit amounts on family size, paying larger cash benefits to larger families on the presumption that they have greater financial needs. The maximum monthly cash benefit is usually paid to a family that receives no other income (e.g., no earned or unearned income) and complies with program rules. Families with income other than TANF often are paid a reduced benefit. Moreover, some families are financially sanctioned for not meeting a program requirement (e.g., a work requirement), and are also paid a lower benefit.
Figure 3 shows the maximum monthly TANF cash benefit by state for a single parent caring for one child (family of two) in July 2021.4 For a family of two, the maximum TANF benefit paid in July 2021 varied from $871 per month in New Hampshire to $162 per month in Arkansas. The map shows a regional pattern to the maximum monthly benefit paid, with lower benefit amounts in general in the South compared to other regions. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF cash assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of the HHS poverty guidelines.
4 States are not required to report to the federal government their cash assistance benefit amounts in either the TANF state plan (under Section 402 of the Social Security Act) or in annual program reports (under Section 411 of the Social Security Act). The benefit amounts shown are from the Welfare Rules Database, maintained by the Urban Institute and funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Some states vary their benefit amounts for other family types such as two-parent families or child-only cases. States also vary their benefits by other factors such as housing costs and substate geography.
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Figure 3. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with One Child, 50 States and the District of Columbia, July 2021
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Welfare Rules Database, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and maintained by the Urban Institute. The Welfare Rules Database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have information on TANF assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands or tribal TANF programs.
Table B-6 shows these benefit amounts by state in dollars and as a percentage of the HHS poverty guidelines.
TANF Work Participation Standards
TANF’s main federal work requirement is actually a performance measure that applies to the states, rather than individual recipients. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients.
What is the TANF work participation standard states must meet?
The TANF statute requires states to have 50% of their caseload meet standards of participation in work or activities—that is, a family member must be in specified activities for a minimum number of hours.5 There is a separate participation standard that applies to the two-parent portion of a state’s caseload, requiring 90% of the state’s two-parent caseload to meet participation standards.
5 Families without a work-eligible individual are excluded from the participation rate calculation. It excludes families where the parent is a nonrecipient (for example, disabled receiving Supplemental Security Income or an ineligible noncitizen) or the children in the family are being cared for by a nonparent relative (e.g., grandparent, aunt, uncle) who does not receive assistance on his or her behalf.
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The statutory work participation standards are reduced by a “caseload reduction credit.” The caseload reduction credit reduces the participation standard one percentage point for each percentage point decline in a state’s caseload. Additionally, under a regulatory provision, a state may get “extra” credit for caseload reduction if it spends more than required under the TANF MOE. Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% and 90% targets, and vary by state and by year.
States that do not meet the TANF work participation standard are at risk of being penalized through a reduction in their block grant. However, penalties can be forgiven if a state claims, and the Secretary of HHS finds, that it had “reasonable cause” for not meeting the standard. Penalties can also be forgiven for states that enter into “corrective compliance plans,” and subsequently meet the work standard.
What work participation rates have the states achieved?
HHS computes two work participation rates for each state that are then compared with the effective (after-credit) standard to determine if it has met the TANF work standard. An “all-families” work participation rate is computed and compared with the all-families effective standard (50% minus the state’s caseload reduction credit). HHS also computes a two-parent work participation rate that is compared with the two-parent effective standard (90% minus the state’s caseload reduction credit).
Figure 4 shows the national average all-families work participation rate for FY2002 through FY2022. For the period FY2002 through FY2011, states achieved an average all-families work participation rate hovering around 30%. Subsequently, the work participation rate increased. In FY2016, it exceeded 50% for the first time since TANF was established. However, the increase in the work participation rate did not come from an increase in the number of recipients in regular TANF assistance programs who were either working or in job preparation activities. This increase stemmed mostly from states creating new “earnings supplement” programs that use TANF funds to aid working parents in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps) or who have left the regular TANF assistance programs for work.
The national average TANF work participation rate for all families declined from FY2018 through FY2021. In FY2021, a year affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout, the national average all-families rate was 33.6%. In 2022, the national average all-families rate had increased to 35.6% In FY2022, all jurisdictions except Oregon met their all-families standard.
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Figure 4. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families,
FY2002-FY2022
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
In FY2022, 9 jurisdictions (California, Florida, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Wyoming) did not meet the separate, higher two-parent standard. Table B-7
provides information for each jurisdiction on the TANF work standard, caseload reduction credit, and work participation rate for all families for FY2022. Table B-8 provides that information for two-parent families. The table shows that 26 jurisdictions did not have two-parent families receiving assistance funded by TANF or MOE funds (denoted with an “NA” in the table).
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the ability to reduce or waive the penalty on states for failing to meet the TANF work participation standard. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, HHS, under the Trump Administration, said that it would exercise its authority to provide states with relief from the penalty for not meeting participation standards “to the maximum extent possible.”6 HHS has not revised this statement under the Biden Administration.
6 U.S. Department of Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Questions and answers about TANF and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, TANF-ACF-Pi-2020-01, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/resource/tanf-acf-pi-2020-01.
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Appendix A. Supplementary Tables
Table A-1. Trends in the Cash Assistance Caseload: 1961-2022
TANF Child Recipients
As a
As a
Percentage Percentage
Calendar
Families
Recipients
Adults
Children
of All
of All Poor
Year
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
Children
Children
1961
0.873
3.363
0.765
2.598
3.7%
14.3%
1962
0.939
3.704
0.860
2.844
4.0
15.7
1963
0.963
3.945
0.988
2.957
4.1
17.4
1964
1.010
4.195
1.050
3.145
4.3
18.6
1965
1.060
4.422
1.101
3.321
4.5
21.5
1966
1.096
4.546
1.112
3.434
4.7
26.5
1967
1.220
5.014
1.243
3.771
5.2
31.2
1968
1.410
5.702
1.429
4.274
5.9
37.8
1969
1.696
6.689
1.716
4.973
6.9
49.7
1970
2.207
8.462
2.250
6.212
8.6
57.7
1971
2.763
10.242
2.808
7.435
10.4
68.5
1972
3.048
10.944
3.039
7.905
11.1
74.9
1973
3.148
10.949
3.046
7.903
11.2
79.9
1974
3.219
10.847
3.041
7.805
11.2
75.0
1975
3.481
11.319
3.248
8.071
11.8
71.2
1976
3.565
11.284
3.302
7.982
11.8
76.2
1977
3.568
11.015
3.273
7.743
11.6
73.9
1978
3.517
10.551
3.188
7.363
11.2
72.8
1979
3.509
10.312
3.130
7.181
11.0
68.0
1980
3.712
10.774
3.355
7.419
11.5
63.2
1981
3.835
11.079
3.552
7.527
11.7
59.2
1982
3.542
10.358
3.455
6.903
10.8
49.6
1983
3.686
10.761
3.663
7.098
11.1
50.1
1984
3.714
10.831
3.687
7.144
11.2
52.3
1985
3.701
10.855
3.658
7.198
11.3
54.4
1986
3.763
11.038
3.704
7.334
11.5
56.0
1987
3.776
11.027
3.661
7.366
11.5
56.4
1988
3.749
10.915
3.586
7.329
11.4
57.8
1989
3.798
10.992
3.573
7.419
11.5
57.9
1990
4.057
11.695
3.784
7.911
12.1
57.9
1991
4.497
12.930
4.216
8.715
13.2
59.8
Congressional Research Service
10
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
TANF Child Recipients
As a
As a
Percentage Percentage
Calendar
Families
Recipients
Adults
Children
of All
of All Poor
Year
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
Children
Children
1992
4.829
13.773
4.470
9.303
13.9
59.9
1993
5.012
14.205
4.631
9.574
14.1
60.0
1994
5.033
14.161
4.593
9.568
13.9
61.7
1995
4.791
13.418
4.284
9.135
13.1
61.5
1996
4.434
12.321
3.928
8.600
12.3
58.7
1997
3.740
10.376
NA
NA
10.0
50.1
1998
3.050
8.347
NA
NA
8.1
42.9
1999
2.578
6.924
NA
NA
6.7
39.4
2000
2.303
6.143
1.655
4.479
6.1
38.1
2001
2.192
5.717
1.514
4.195
5.7
35.3
2002
2.187
5.609
1.479
4.119
5.6
33.6
2003
2.180
5.490
1.416
4.063
5.5
31.3
2004
2.153
5.342
1.362
3.969
5.4
30.2
2005
2.061
5.028
1.261
3.756
5.1
28.9
2006
1.906
4.582
1.120
3.453
4.6
26.7
2007
1.730
4.075
0.956
3.119
4.2
23.2
2008
1.701
4.005
0.946
3.059
4.1
21.6
2009
1.838
4.371
1.074
3.296
4.4
21.2
2010
1.919
4.598
1.163
3.435
4.6
20.9
2011
1.907
4.557
1.149
3.408
4.6
20.9
2012
1.852
4.402
1.104
3.298
4.4
20.3
2013
1.726
4.042
0.993
3.050
4.1
19.1
2014
1.650
3.957
1.007
2.950
4.0
18.9
2015
1.609
4.126
1.155
2.971
4.0
20.4
2016
1.479
3.780
1.037
2.743
3.7
20.7
2017
1.358
3.516
0.930
2.577
3.5
20.1
2018
1.196
3.150
0.833
2.317
3.2
19.5
2019
1.093
2.866
0.747
2.199
2.9
20.2
2020
1.052
2.757
0.728
2.029
2.8
17.2
2021
0.931
2.450
0.661
1.788
2.5
16.0
2022
0.974
2.652
0.747
1.905
2.7
17.7
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Census Bureau. Notes: NA denotes not available. During transition reporting from AFDC to TANF, caseload statistics on adult and child recipients were not col ected. For those years, TANF children as a percentage of all children and
Congressional Research Service
11
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
percentage of all poor children were estimated by HHS and published in Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors, Annual
Report to Congress, Table TANF 2, p. A-7. See https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/private/pdf/116161/FINAL%20Fourteenth%20Report%20-%20FINAL%209%2022%2015.pdf. For 2019, the ratio of TANF recipient children to all children in poverty might be overstated. This is because child poverty might have been underestimated, as responses to the survey used to estimate poverty were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. See Jonathan Rothbaum and Adam Bee, Coronavirus Infects Surveys, Too: Nonresponse Bias During the Pandemic in
the CPS ASEC, U.S. Census Bureau, SEHSD Working Paper no. 2020-10, September 15, 2020.
Congressional Research Service
12
Appendix B. State Tables
Table B-1. Uses of FY2022 TANF and State MOE Funds by Spending Category
(dollars in millions)
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
All jurisdictions
$7,223.0
$4,850.6
$3,246.0
$2,799.7
$2,625.3
$2,525.8
$2,270.7
$1,154.4
$4,647.2
$31,342.6
Alabama
12.8
24.9
38.0
23.0
0.0
5.2
7.8
50.0
34.9
196.6
Alaska
31.8
12.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.7
7.0
0.3
13.1
73.4
Arizona
35.9
0.0
0.0
279.5
0.0
0.6
17.7
6.3
43.0
383.0
Arkansas
3.3
0.0
37.9
4.4
0.0
18.1
22.8
5.3
24.3
116.0
California
2,877.8
961.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1,038.1
715.6
244.7
917.4
6,754.8
Colorado
61.4
15.0
86.0
43.1
70.9
5.9
52.8
5.2
57.7
397.9
Connecticut
24.5
85.3
85.7
75.3
76.2
10.6
46.4
17.2
131.3
552.4
Delaware
7.2
56.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40.0
4.0
1.7
40.3
149.3
District of Columbia
172.8
22.2
18.2
0.0
18.4
33.4
11.8
14.5
10.4
301.6
Florida
117.0
292.8
0.0
220.6
0.0
44.6
47.7
1.1
73.4
797.2
Georgia
85.1
22.2
0.0
261.8
0.0
5.5
20.2
4.1
62.0
460.9
Hawaii
33.0
28.7
0.2
10.9
0.0
44.1
13.5
9.7
58.9
199.0
Idaho
6.3
9.0
1.5
7.0
0.0
2.7
6.3
9.4
0.9
43.2
Il inois
42.9
552.0
117.5
240.2
86.5
19.5
0.0
1.0
127.3
1,186.9
Indiana
13.7
84.2
0.0
1.1
42.8
1.4
21.7
0.0
104.1
269.0
Iowa
24.3
41.5
0.0
60.2
24.0
8.5
6.6
0.4
21.1
186.6
CRS-13
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
Kansas
10.3
6.7
21.7
32.5
35.0
0.8
9.7
0.0
42.8
159.4
Kentucky
162.6
19.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
19.7
13.0
0.0
3.1
218.1
Louisiana
20.8
0.0
55.9
35.1
19.4
66.4
19.3
8.5
31.0
256.3
Maine
37.4
6.8
0.5
13.2
23.8
11.3
5.5
16.1
28.2
142.9
Maryland
74.4
5.9
74.9
48.2
284.7
27.8
19.4
52.1
50.0
637.5
Massachusetts
296.8
358.6
0.0
10.4
164.6
151.9
41.4
66.2
88.1
1,178.1
Michigan
99.0
27.8
232.8
75.3
38.1
3.8
57.7
23.9
772.3
1,330.7
Minnesota
109.0
111.3
5.7
0.0
94.4
64.6
47.4
18.0
16.4
466.8
Mississippi
4.3
0.0
0.0
10.6
0.0
24.1
5.5
0.0
15.6
60.1
Missouri
21.6
21.8
0.0
122.0
0.0
71.4
13.9
90.6
49.8
391.1
Montana
8.1
6.8
0.0
1.2
0.0
2.8
3.6
1.8
8.7
33.0
Nebraska
19.2
17.8
0.0
4.0
36.7
8.4
3.3
0.0
10.5
100.0
Nevada
31.1
16.8
0.0
32.1
0.0
1.6
14.7
8.5
16.4
121.1
New Hampshire
26.6
4.6
0.0
6.6
0.0
6.3
6.9
1.1
9.1
61.2
New Jersey
82.2
186.6
640.5
0.0
335.9
58.8
49.9
15.9
72.2
1,441.9
New Mexico
52.3
31.5
29.7
0.7
270.9
10.7
5.5
17.4
25.0
443.8
New York
1,576.5
103.2
894.7
375.6
911.5
123.0
429.5
266.5
350.7
5,031.1
North Carolina
26.1
222.1
71.8
144.2
0.0
2.5
44.3
3.2
40.2
554.4
North Dakota
2.7
1.2
0.0
15.9
0.0
3.7
4.3
0.0
0.8
28.7
Ohio
205.9
418.3
0.9
21.0
0.0
85.3
103.8
57.9
258.3
1,151.3
Oklahoma
11.3
77.3
0.0
12.5
0.0
20.2
6.2
0.4
32.6
160.5
CRS-14
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
Oregon
76.9
28.5
17.7
11.4
3.4
18.5
14.9
24.1
22.3
217.8
Pennsylvania
101.4
428.8
276.4
0.0
0.0
95.6
58.6
9.1
123.3
1,093.1
Rhode Island
20.3
24.0
1.2
19.0
19.5
9.6
6.0
4.7
29.7
134.1
South Carolina
30.7
4.1
27.1
7.1
0.0
20.7
17.9
0.0
55.4
163.0
South Dakota
12.3
0.8
0.0
4.2
0.0
3.1
2.0
3.0
3.1
28.5
Tennessee
68.4
1.7
84.4
32.2
0.0
32.2
28.5
0.0
22.8
270.3
Texas
19.4
0.0
343.6
416.8
0.0
74.8
59.9
24.2
102.3
1,041.1
Utah
13.7
22.2
6.2
2.1
0.0
14.5
7.2
1.8
18.1
85.7
Vermont
13.3
35.3
0.0
8.5
14.6
0.2
6.1
1.6
12.1
91.8
Virginia
98.2
39.9
7.7
61.8
0.2
33.4
49.7
6.4
46.0
343.2
Washington
211.3
224.3
66.0
8.0
0.0
131.5
65.1
30.8
415.5
1,152.3
West Virginia
45.7
21.1
0.0
29.3
0.0
0.3
12.9
1.9
26.0
137.3
Wisconsin
69.8
166.5
0.0
10.9
53.9
35.2
32.9
25.0
127.0
521.1
Wyoming
13.2
1.6
1.5
0.0
0.0
4.0
2.3
2.9
1.8
27.4
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Notes: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs. Also excludes spending from the Pandemic Emergency Assistance Fund.
CRS-15
Table B-2. Uses of FY2022 TANF and State MOE Funds by Spending Category as a Percent of Total Federal TANF and
State MOE Spending
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education,
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
All jurisdictions
23.0%
15.5%
10.4%
8.9%
8.4%
8.1%
7.2%
3.7%
14.8%
100.0%
Alabama
6.5
12.7
19.4
11.7
0.0
2.7
3.9
25.4
17.8
100.0
Alaska
43.3
16.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.9
9.5
0.5
17.8
100.0
Arizona
9.4
0.0
0.0
73.0
0.0
0.2
4.6
1.6
11.2
100.0
Arkansas
2.8
0.0
32.7
3.8
0.0
15.6
19.6
4.6
20.9
100.0
California
42.6
14.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
15.4
10.6
3.6
13.6
100.0
Colorado
15.4
3.8
21.6
10.8
17.8
1.5
13.3
1.3
14.5
100.0
Connecticut
4.4
15.4
15.5
13.6
13.8
1.9
8.4
3.1
23.8
100.0
Delaware
4.8
37.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.8
2.7
1.2
27.0
100.0
District of Columbia
57.3
7.3
6.0
0.0
6.1
11.1
3.9
4.8
3.5
100.0
Florida
14.7
36.7
0.0
27.7
0.0
5.6
6.0
0.1
9.2
100.0
Georgia
18.5
4.8
0.0
56.8
0.0
1.2
4.4
0.9
13.5
100.0
Hawaii
16.6
14.4
0.1
5.5
0.0
22.2
6.8
4.9
29.6
100.0
Idaho
14.7
20.8
3.5
16.3
0.0
6.3
14.6
21.7
2.1
100.0
Il inois
3.6
46.5
9.9
20.2
7.3
1.6
0.0
0.1
10.7
100.0
Indiana
5.1
31.3
0.0
0.4
15.9
0.5
8.1
0.0
38.7
100.0
Iowa
13.0
22.3
0.0
32.3
12.8
4.6
3.5
0.2
11.3
100.0
Kansas
6.5
4.2
13.6
20.4
22.0
0.5
6.1
0.0
26.8
100.0
Kentucky
74.6
9.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.0
6.0
0.0
1.4
100.0
CRS-16
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education,
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
Louisiana
8.1
0.0
21.8
13.7
7.6
25.9
7.5
3.3
12.1
100.0
Maine
26.2
4.8
0.4
9.2
16.7
7.9
3.8
11.3
19.8
100.0
Maryland
11.7
0.9
11.7
7.6
44.7
4.4
3.0
8.2
7.8
100.0
Massachusetts
25.2
30.4
0.0
0.9
14.0
12.9
3.5
5.6
7.5
100.0
Michigan
7.4
2.1
17.5
5.7
2.9
0.3
4.3
1.8
58.0
100.0
Minnesota
23.4
23.8
1.2
0.0
20.2
13.8
10.2
3.9
3.5
100.0
Mississippi
7.2
0.0
0.0
17.7
0.0
40.1
9.1
0.0
25.9
100.0
Missouri
5.5
5.6
0.0
31.2
0.0
18.3
3.6
23.2
12.7
100.0
Montana
24.6
20.6
0.0
3.7
0.0
8.6
11.0
5.3
26.2
100.0
Nebraska
19.2
17.8
0.0
4.0
36.7
8.3
3.3
0.0
10.5
100.0
Nevada
25.7
13.9
0.0
26.5
0.0
1.3
12.1
7.0
13.6
100.0
New Hampshire
43.4
7.5
0.0
10.9
0.0
10.4
11.2
1.8
14.9
100.0
New Jersey
5.7
12.9
44.4
0.0
23.3
4.1
3.5
1.1
5.0
100.0
New Mexico
11.8
7.1
6.7
0.2
61.1
2.4
1.2
3.9
5.6
100.0
New York
31.3
2.1
17.8
7.5
18.1
2.4
8.5
5.3
7.0
100.0
North Carolina
4.7
40.1
13.0
26.0
0.0
0.4
8.0
0.6
7.2
100.0
North Dakota
9.4
4.2
0.0
55.5
0.0
13.1
15.0
0.1
2.8
100.0
Ohio
17.9
36.3
0.1
1.8
0.0
7.4
9.0
5.0
22.4
100.0
Oklahoma
7.1
48.2
0.0
7.8
0.0
12.6
3.9
0.2
20.3
100.0
Oregon
35.3
13.1
8.1
5.2
1.6
8.5
6.9
11.1
10.2
100.0
Pennsylvania
9.3
39.2
25.3
0.0
0.0
8.7
5.4
0.8
11.3
100.0
CRS-17
Emergency
Child
and Short-
Pre-K and Welfare
Work,
Adminis-
Term
Early
Benefits
Education,
trative
Benefits
Total
Basic
Childhood
and
Refundable
and
Expend-
and
Other
TANF
State
Assistance Child Care Services
Services Tax Credits Training
itures
Services
Services
Dollars
Rhode Island
15.2
17.9
0.9
14.2
14.5
7.1
4.5
3.5
22.1
100.0
South Carolina
18.8
2.5
16.6
4.4
0.0
12.7
11.0
0.0
34.0
100.0
South Dakota
43.0
2.8
0.0
14.7
0.0
10.8
7.1
10.4
11.0
100.0
Tennessee
25.3
0.6
31.2
11.9
0.0
11.9
10.5
0.0
8.4
100.0
Texas
1.9
0.0
33.0
40.0
0.0
7.2
5.8
2.3
9.8
100.0
Utah
16.0
25.9
7.2
2.5
0.0
17.0
8.3
2.1
21.1
100.0
Vermont
14.5
38.5
0.0
9.3
15.9
0.2
6.7
1.7
13.2
100.0
Virginia
28.6
11.6
2.2
18.0
0.1
9.7
14.5
1.9
13.4
100.0
Washington
18.3
19.5
5.7
0.7
0.0
11.4
5.6
2.7
36.1
100.0
West Virginia
33.3
15.4
0.0
21.3
0.0
0.2
9.4
1.4
19.0
100.0
Wisconsin
13.4
31.9
0.0
2.1
10.3
6.8
6.3
4.8
24.4
100.0
Wyoming
48.3
5.7
5.6
0.0
0.0
14.5
8.5
10.8
6.6
100.0
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Notes: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs. Also excludes spending from the Pandemic Emergency Assistance Fund.
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Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2022
(dollars in millions; as of September 30, 2022)
State
Obligated but Unspent
Unobligated Balance
All jurisdictions
$2,501.9
$6,452.8
Alabama
0.0
122.7
Alaska
25.3
0.5
Arizona
0.0
60.4
Arkansas
36.7
65.9
California
755.2
0.0
Colorado
0.0
107.9
Connecticut
0.0
0.0
Delaware
0.0
20.2
District of Columbia
3.5
31.6
Florida
0.0
221.9
Georgia
40.8
160.0
Hawaii
19.3
402.3
Idaho
0.0
10.9
Il inois
0.0
0.0
Indiana
16.3
114.0
Iowa
0.0
45.5
Kansas
3.2
64.6
Kentucky
0.0
107.9
Louisiana
63.3
0.0
Maine
13.2
89.1
Maryland
0.0
54.4
Massachusetts
0.0
0.0
Michigan
0.0
124.4
Minnesota
203.1
50.9
Mississippi
0.0
146.0
Missouri
0.0
0.0
Montana
0.0
60.8
Nebraska
6.3
119.8
Nevada
0.0
45.4
New Hampshire
0.0
61.8
New Jersey
146.6
0.0
New Mexico
63.8
0.0
New York
142.2
1,117.6
North Carolina
55.4
0.0
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
State
Obligated but Unspent
Unobligated Balance
North Dakota
0.0
12.9
Ohio
646.6
0.0
Oklahoma
74.3
294.2
Oregon
0.0
181.1
Pennsylvania
180.6
776.0
Rhode Island
0.0
82.4
South Carolina
0.0
10.1
South Dakota
0.0
24.5
Tennessee
0.0
808.2
Texas
0.0
237.4
Utah
0.0
91.1
Vermont
0.0
0.0
Virginia
6.3
56.2
Washington
0.0
60.0
West Virginia
0.0
117.2
Wisconsin
0.0
268.8
Wyoming
0.0
26.1
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Note: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories.
Table B-4. Number of Families, Recipients, Children, and Adults Receiving TANF
Assistance by Jurisdiction, September 2022
State
Families
Recipients
Children
Adults
Alabama
5,821
13,422
11,070
2,352
Alaska
1,319
3,511
2,476
1,035
Arizona
5,531
11,095
9,331
1,764
Arkansas
939
2,131
1,711
420
California
382,605
1,288,339
891,993
396,346
Colorado
12,195
29,805
21,801
8,004
Connecticut
4,971
11,074
8,127
2,947
Delaware
2,945
8,297
4,947
3,350
District of Columbia
6,779
21,125
15,852
5,273
Florida
30,686
55,035
40,046
14,989
Georgia
5,734
10,608
9,936
672
Guam
343
934
689
245
Hawaii
3,681
10,608
7,248
3,360
Idaho
1,522
2,118
2,079
39
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State
Families
Recipients
Children
Adults
Il inois
10,058
20,273
17,871
2,402
Indiana
4,117
8,663
7,469
1,194
Iowa
5,108
12,394
9,593
2,801
Kansas
2,940
2,940
1,540
1,400
Kentucky
11,359
23,089
19,739
3,350
Louisiana
4,259
10,743
8,776
1,967
Maine
12,735
43,279
27,155
16,124
Maryland
16,773
45,401
32,688
12,713
Massachusetts
55,310
150,160
105,089
45,071
Michigan
8,751
23,617
18,534
5,083
Minnesota
13,697
32,321
24,402
7,919
Mississippi
1,687
2,315
2,085
230
Missouri
6,047
13,981
10,915
3,066
Montana
1,854
4,216
3,467
749
Nebraska
3,072
7,198
6,232
966
Nevada
6,245
16,270
11,814
4,456
New Hampshire
3,746
8,949
6,748
2,201
New Jersey
9,568
23,846
17,019
6,827
New Mexico
9,540
24,044
17,664
6,380
New York
115,984
298,197
200,273
97,924
North Carolina
11,907
21,868
19,082
2,786
North Dakota
596
1,415
1,253
162
Ohio
41,983
74,653
68,538
6,115
Oklahoma
3,542
7,611
6,835
776
Oregon
38,116
113,153
73,874
39,279
Pennsylvania
29,470
73,730
55,843
17,887
Puerto Rico
3,158
8,687
5,413
3,274
Rhode Island
3,150
8,350
5,937
2,413
South Carolina
6,233
14,308
11,774
2,534
South Dakota
2,393
4,679
4,383
296
Tennessee
13,852
29,286
23,761
5,525
Texas
10,879
20,782
18,438
2,344
Utah
1,924
4,338
3,260
1,078
Vermont
2,085
4,714
3,448
1,266
Virgin Islands
61
211
150
61
Virginia
20,419
42,644
31,939
10,705
Washington
44,355
112,885
74,229
38,656
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State
Families
Recipients
Children
Adults
West Virginia
5,257
10,217
8,610
1,607
Wisconsin
12,156
26,201
21,916
4,285
Wyoming
441
1,043
812
231
Totals
1,019,898
2,820,773
2,015,874
804,899
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Data as of December 27, 2022, and subject to revision. Notes: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
Table B-5. Number of Needy Families with Children Receiving Assistance
by Jurisdiction, September of Selected Years
Percentage Change
1994-
2021-
State
1994
2019
2021
2022
2022
2022
Alabama
48,752
7,687
5,678
5,821
-88.1%
2.5%
Alaska
12,450
2,245
1,573
1,319
-89.4
-16.1
Arizona
72,728
7,010
6,113
5,531
-92.4
-9.5
Arkansas
25,298
2,357
1,365
939
-96.3
-31.2
California
916,795
367,313
301,515
382,605
-58.3
26.9
Colorado
40,544
14,226
10,373
12,195
-69.9
17.6
Connecticut
60,336
7,724
4,723
4,971
-91.8
5.3
Delaware
11,408
3,249
2,695
2,945
-74.2
9.3
District of Columbia
27,320
7,745
7,383
6,779
-75.2
-8.2
Florida
239,702
38,093
31,956
30,686
-87.2
-4.0
Georgia
141,596
8,837
7,286
5,734
-96.0
-21.3
Guam
2,089
439
333
343
-83.6
3.0
Hawaii
21,312
4,029
5,553
3,681
-82.7
-33.7
Idaho
8,635
2,043
1,615
1,522
-82.4
-5.8
Il inois
241,290
10,874
9,673
10,058
-95.8
4.0
Indiana
72,654
5,164
6,637
4,117
-94.3
-38.0
Iowa
39,137
8,922
5,894
5,108
-86.9
-13.3
Kansas
29,524
4,039
2,845
2,940
-90.0
3.3
Kentucky
78,720
16,586
11,866
11,359
-85.6
-4.3
Louisiana
84,162
4,726
2,667
4,259
-94.9
59.7
Maine
22,322
14,634
11,184
12,735
-42.9
13.9
Maryland
80,266
16,469
20,949
16,773
-79.1
-19.9
Massachusetts
108,985
50,166
41,924
55,310
-49.2
31.9
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Percentage Change
1994-
2021-
State
1994
2019
2021
2022
2022
2022
Michigan
215,873
10,788
7,795
8,751
-95.9
12.3
Minnesota
59,987
15,399
17,511
13,697
-77.2
-21.8
Mississippi
55,232
3,083
1,605
1,687
-96.9
5.1
Missouri
91,875
9,760
6,679
6,047
-93.4
-9.5
Montana
11,416
3,236
1,957
1,854
-83.8
-5.3
Nebraska
15,435
4,364
3,348
3,072
-80.1
-8.2
Nevada
14,620
8,042
5,592
6,245
-57.3
11.7
New Hampshire
11,398
5,206
4,004
3,746
-67.1
-6.4
New Jersey
122,376
8,857
8,083
9,568
-92.2
18.4
New Mexico
34,535
10,087
11,665
9,540
-72.4
-18.2
New York
461,751
113,971
101,625
115,984
-74.9
14.1
North Carolina
129,258
13,064
12,550
11,907
-90.8
-5.1
North Dakota
5,410
957
1,026
596
-89.0
-41.9
Ohio
244,099
51,140
43,396
41,983
-82.8
-3.3
Oklahoma
46,572
5,949
3,972
3,542
-92.4
-10.8
Oregon
40,504
36,971
28,291
38,116
-5.9
34.7
Pennsylvania
212,457
39,746
25,073
29,470
-86.1
17.5
Puerto Rico
57,337
4,475
4,326
3,158
-94.5
-27.0
Rhode Island
22,776
4,002
2,267
3,150
-86.2
39.0
South Carolina
50,430
7,649
6,869
6,233
-87.6
-9.3
South Dakota
6,601
2,923
2,352
2,393
-63.7
1.7
Tennessee
109,678
19,221
13,402
13,852
-87.4
3.4
Texas
284,973
22,821
14,626
10,879
-96.2
-25.6
Utah
17,505
3,170
2,196
1,924
-89.0
-12.4
Vermont
9,761
2,669
1,938
2,085
-78.6
7.6
Virgin Islands
1,146
96
74
61
-94.7
-17.6
Virginia
74,257
16,649
17,922
20,419
-72.5
13.9
Washington
101,542
36,023
35,223
44,355
-56.3
25.9
West Virginia
40,279
6,331
5,550
5,257
-86.9
-5.3
Wisconsin
75,086
15,122
13,881
12,156
-83.8
-12.4
Wyoming
5,351
504
450
441
-91.8
-2.0
Totals
5,015,545
1,086,852
907,048
1,019,898
-79.7
12.4
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Data as of December 27, 2022, and subject to revision. Note: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Table B-6. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with One Child, By Jurisdiction, July 2021
(monthly dollar amount and as a percentage of the HHS poverty guidelines for 2021
Maximum Benefit for
a Family of Two as a
Percentage of the
Maximum Benefit for
HHS Poverty
Jurisdiction
a Family of Two
Guidelines
Alabama
$190
13.1%
Alaska
821
45.3
Arizona
220
15.2
Arkansas
162
11.2
California
696
47.9
Colorado
400
27.6
Connecticut
495
34.1
Delaware
270
18.6
District of Columbia
515
35.5
35.5
Florida
Florida
241
241
16.6
16.6
Georgia
Georgia
235
235
16.2
16.2
Hawaii
Hawaii
485
485
29.0
29.0
Idaho
Idaho
309
309
21.3
21.3
Il inois
Il inois
431
431
29.7
29.7
Indiana
Indiana
229
229
15.8
15.8
Iowa
Iowa
361
361
24.9
24.9
Kansas
Kansas
352
352
24.2
24.2
Kentucky
Kentucky
225
225
15.5
15.5
Louisiana
Louisiana
188
188
13.0
13.0
Maine
Maine
463
463
31.9
31.9
Maryland
Maryland
575
575
39.6
39.6
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
629
629
43.3
43.3
Michigan
Michigan
403
403
27.8
27.8
Minnesota
Minnesota
537
537
37.0
37.0
Mississippi
Mississippi
236
236
16.3
16.3
Missouri
Missouri
234
234
16.1
16.1
Montana
Montana
467
467
32.2
32.2
Nebraska
Nebraska
408
408
28.1
28.1
Nevada
Nevada
320
320
22.0
22.0
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
871
871
60.0
60.0
New Jersey
New Jersey
425
425
29.3
29.3
New Mexico
New Mexico
357
357
24.6
24.6
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Maximum Benefit for
a Family of Two as a
Percentage of the
Maximum Benefit for
HHS Poverty
Jurisdiction
a Family of Two
Guidelines
New York
New York
574
574
39.5
39.5
North Carolina
North Carolina
236
236
16.3
16.3
North Dakota
North Dakota
385
385
26.5
26.5
Ohio
Ohio
417
417
28.7
28.7
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
225
225
15.5
15.5
Oregon
Oregon
432
432
29.8
29.8
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
316
316
21.8
21.8
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
584
584
40.2
40.2
South Carolina
South Carolina
242
242
16.7
16.7
South Dakota
South Dakota
563
563
38.8
38.8
Tennessee
Tennessee
343
343
23.6
23.6
Texas
Texas
267
267
18.4
18.4
Utah
Utah
399
399
27.5
27.5
Vermont
Vermont
580
580
40.0
40.0
Virginia
Virginia
465
465
32.0
32.0
Washington
Washington
528
528
36.4
36.4
West Virginia
West Virginia
480
480
33.1
33.1
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
653
653
45.0
45.0
Wyoming
Wyoming
682
682
47.0
47.0
Sources: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Welfare Rules Database, funded by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Welfare Rules Database, funded by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and maintained at the Urban Institute. The Welfare Rules Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and maintained at the Urban Institute. The Welfare Rules
Database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have information on TANF Database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have information on TANF
assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands or tribal TANF programs. Federal poverty assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands or tribal TANF programs. Federal poverty
level is from HHS at https://aspe.hhs.gov/2021-poverty-guidelines. level is from HHS at https://aspe.hhs.gov/2021-poverty-guidelines.
Table B-7. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate,
By Jurisdiction for All Families: FY2022
Caseload
Reduction
Effective
Credit
After
Work
Statutory
(percentage
Credit
Participation
Met
State
Standard
points)
Standard
Rate
Standard?
Alabama
Alabama
50.0%
50.0%
50.0
50.0
0.0%
0.0%
44.9%
44.9%
Yes
Yes
Alaska
Alaska
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
31.1
31.1
Yes
Yes
Arizona
Arizona
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
12.9
12.9
Yes
Yes
Arkansas
Arkansas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
14.6
14.6
Yes
Yes
California
California
50.0
50.0
40.8
40.8
9.2
9.2
47.6
47.6
Yes
Yes
Colorado
Colorado
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
43.1
43.1
Yes
Yes
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Caseload
Reduction
Effective
Credit
After
Work
Statutory
(percentage
Credit
Participation
Met
State
Standard
points)
Standard
Rate
Standard?
Connecticut
Connecticut
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
3.7
3.7
Yes
Yes
Delaware
Delaware
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.8
17.8
Yes
Yes
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
50.0
50.0
39.3
39.3
10.7
10.7
20.5
20.5
Yes
Yes
Florida
Florida
50.0
50.0
37.7
37.7
12.3
12.3
12.4
12.4
Yes
Yes
Georgia
Georgia
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
7.0
7.0
Yes
Yes
Guam
Guam
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
1.9
Yes
Yes
Hawaii
Hawaii
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
13.2
13.2
Yes
Yes
Idaho
Idaho
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
64.2
64.2
Yes
Yes
Il inois
Il inois
50.0
50.0
33.8
33.8
16.2
16.2
48.4
48.4
Yes
Yes
Indiana
Indiana
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
14.0
14.0
Yes
Yes
Iowa
Iowa
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.3
17.3
Yes
Yes
Kansas
Kansas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
30.2
30.2
Yes
Yes
Kentucky
Kentucky
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
20.1
20.1
Yes
Yes
Louisiana
Louisiana
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
4.7
4.7
Yes
Yes
Maine
Maine
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
78.0
78.0
Yes
Yes
Maryland
Maryland
50.0
50.0
38.2
38.2
11.8
11.8
12.0
12.0
Yes
Yes
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
50.0
50.0
36.4
36.4
13.6
13.6
50.4
50.4
Yes
Yes
Michigan
Michigan
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
44.7
44.7
Yes
Yes
Minnesota
Minnesota
50.0
50.0
39.9
39.9
10.1
10.1
20.4
20.4
Yes
Yes
Mississippi
Mississippi
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
43.3
43.3
Yes
Yes
Missouri
Missouri
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.5
17.5
Yes
Yes
Montana
Montana
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
34.4
34.4
Yes
Yes
Nebraska
Nebraska
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
10.3
10.3
Yes
Yes
Nevada
Nevada
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
23.5
23.5
Yes
Yes
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
61.7
61.7
Yes
Yes
New Jersey
New Jersey
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
5.5
Yes
Yes
New Mexico
New Mexico
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
7.5
7.5
Yes
Yes
New York
New York
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
11.5
11.5
Yes
Yes
North Carolina
North Carolina
50.0
50.0
49.1
49.1
0.9
0.9
5.4
5.4
Yes
Yes
North Dakota
North Dakota
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
40.6
40.6
Yes
Yes
Ohio
Ohio
50.0
50.0
45.2
45.2
4.8
4.8
35.5
35.5
Yes
Yes
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
15.5
15.5
Yes
Yes
Oregon
Oregon
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
47.6
47.6
No
No
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.9
17.9
Yes
Yes
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Caseload
Reduction
Effective
Credit
After
Work
Statutory
(percentage
Credit
Participation
Met
State
Standard
points)
Standard
Rate
Standard?
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
6.8
6.8
Yes
Yes
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
7.6
Yes
Yes
South Carolina
South Carolina
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
6.4
6.4
Yes
Yes
South Dakota
South Dakota
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
54.5
54.5
Yes
Yes
Tennessee
Tennessee
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
32.5
32.5
Yes
Yes
Texas
Texas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
16.1
16.1
Yes
Yes
Utah
Utah
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
11.8
11.8
Yes
Yes
Vermont
Vermont
50.0
50.0
47.1
47.1
2.9
2.9
32.6
32.6
Yes
Yes
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
2.5
Yes
Yes
Virginia
Virginia
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
13.5
13.5
Yes
Yes
Washington
Washington
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
33.9
33.9
Yes
Yes
West Virginia
West Virginia
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
23.8
23.8
Yes
Yes
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
50.0
50.0
37.7
37.7
12.3
12.3
57.0
57.0
Yes
Yes
Wyoming
Wyoming
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
74.5
74.5
Yes
Yes
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
Table B-8. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction,
for Two-Parent Families: FY2022
Caseload
Reduction
Effective
Credit
After
Work
Statutory
(percentage
Credit
Participation
Met
State
Standard
points)
Standard
Rate
Standard?
Alabama
Alabama
90.0%
90.0%
90.0
90.0
0.0%
0.0%
40.1%
40.1%
Yes
Yes
Alaska
Alaska
90.0
90.0
61.6
61.6
28.4
28.4
38.7
38.7
Yes
Yes
Arizona
Arizona
90.0
90.0
79.1
79.1
10.9
10.9
20.0
20.0
Yes
Yes
Arkansas
Arkansas
90.0
90.0
83.6
83.6
6.4
6.4
32.2
32.2
Yes
Yes
California
California
90.0
90.0
49.4
49.4
40.6
40.6
24.0
24.0
No
No
Colorado
Colorado
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Connecticut
Connecticut
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Delaware
Delaware
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Florida
Florida
90.0
90.0
37.7
37.7
52.3
52.3
10.5
10.5
No
No
Georgia
Georgia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Guam
Guam
90.0
90.0
61.2
61.2
28.8
28.8
0.4
0.4
No
No
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Caseload
Reduction
Effective
Credit
After
Work
Statutory
(percentage
Credit
Participation
Met
State
Standard
points)
Standard
Rate
Standard?
Hawaii
Hawaii
90.0
90.0
57.8
57.8
32.2
32.2
18.4
18.4
No
No
Idaho
Idaho
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Il inois
Il inois
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Indiana
Indiana
90.0
90.0
80.8
80.8
9.2
9.2
9.7
9.7
Yes
Yes
Iowa
Iowa
90.0
90.0
85.6
85.6
4.4
4.4
12.0
12.0
Yes
Yes
Kansas
Kansas
90.0
90.0
72.8
72.8
17.2
17.2
32.8
32.8
Yes
Yes
Kentucky
Kentucky
90.0
90.0
76.3
76.3
13.7
13.7
25.1
25.1
Yes
Yes
Louisiana
Louisiana
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Maine
Maine
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
91.6
91.6
Yes
Yes
Maryland
Maryland
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
90.0
90.0
36.4
36.4
53.6
53.6
94.8
94.8
Yes
Yes
Michigan
Michigan
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Minnesota
Minnesota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Mississippi
Mississippi
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Missouri
Missouri
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Montana
Montana
90.0
90.0
83.2
83.2
6.8
6.8
36.3
36.3
Yes
Yes
Nebraska
Nebraska
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nevada
Nevada
90.0
90.0
59.5
59.5
30.5
30.5
29.5
29.5
No
No
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
New Jersey
New Jersey
90.0
90.0
86.5
86.5
3.5
3.5
93.7
93.7
Yes
Yes
New Mexico
New Mexico
90.0
90.0
72.8
72.8
17.2
17.2
17.8
17.8
Yes
Yes
New York
New York
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
North Carolina
North Carolina
90.0
90.0
49.1
49.1
40.9
40.9
13.2
13.2
No
No
North Dakota
North Dakota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ohio
Ohio
90.0
90.0
85.7
85.7
4.3
4.3
31.5
31.5
Yes
Yes
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Oregon
Oregon
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
88.3
88.3
No
No
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
32.9
32.9
Yes
Yes
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
90.0
90.0
74.8
74.8
15.2
15.2
8.9
8.9
No
No
South Carolina
South Carolina
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
South Dakota
South Dakota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Tennessee
Tennessee
90.0
90.0
79.9
79.9
10.1
10.1
37.7
37.7
Yes
Yes
Texas
Texas
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Utah
Utah
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vermont
Vermont
90.0
90.0
55.1
55.1
34.9
34.9
44.1
44.1
Yes
Yes
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Virginia
Virginia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Washington
Washington
90.0
90.0
55.0
55.0
35.0
35.0
55.7
55.7
Yes
Yes
West Virginia
West Virginia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
90.0
90.0
55.7
55.7
34.3
34.3
51.0
51.0
Yes
Yes
Wyoming
Wyoming
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
74.5
74.5
No
No
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
Note: NA denotes that the jurisdiction did not have two-parent families receiving TANF or MOE funded NA denotes that the jurisdiction did not have two-parent families receiving TANF or MOE funded
assistance. assistance.
Author Information
Gene Falk Gene Falk
Patrick A. Landers
Patrick A. Landers
Specialist in Social Policy
Specialist in Social Policy
Analyst in Social Policy
Analyst in Social Policy
Acknowledgments
CRS Graphics Specialist Amber Wilhelm produced this report’s data visualizations.
CRS Graphics Specialist Amber Wilhelm produced this report’s data visualizations.
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
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