National Oceanic and Atmospheric
July 28, 2023
Administration (NOAA): Overview and Issues
Eva Lipiec
for Congress
Analyst in Natural
Resources Policy

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Organization Overview and Issues for Congress

Updated March 4, 2025 (R47636) Jump to Main Text of Report

Contents

• Introduction
• NOAA's Establishment
• Leadership and Organizational Structure
• NOAA Authorities and Committee Jurisdiction
• Potential Considerations for Congress
• NOAA's Functions and Structure
• Codifying NOAA's Functions Within One Law
• Restructuring NOAA
• Distributing NOAA's Functions Among Multiple Agencies or Eliminating Functions
• NOAA in the Executive Branch
• NOAA as Part of Department of Commerce
• NOAA as Part of a Different Department
• NOAA as an Independent Agency

Figures

• Figure 1. NOAA Organizational Structure

Tables

• Table 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Line Offices and Their Functions
• Table 2. Selected Authorizing Congressional Committees and Their Legislative Jurisdictions with Potential Relations to NOAA Activities

Summary

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the

Department of Commerce (DOC), is the principal federal agency tasked with Department of Commerce (DOC), is the principal federal agency tasked with
understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, ocean and coasts; sharing that understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, ocean and coasts; sharing that

knowledge and information with others; and conserving and managing coastal and marine ecosystems and knowledge and information with others; and conserving and managing coastal and marine ecosystems and
resources.resources.
The agencyThe agency’'s history dates to 1807, when the Survey of the Coast—a precursor to NOAA—was established. In s history dates to 1807, when the Survey of the Coast—a precursor to NOAA—was established. In
1970, President Nixon created NOAA as part of a broader reorganization plan. As directed in the reorganization 1970, President Nixon created NOAA as part of a broader reorganization plan. As directed in the reorganization
plan, NOAA is plan, NOAA is administeredled by the NOAA Administrator, also referred to as the Under Secretary of Commerce by the NOAA Administrator, also referred to as the Under Secretary of Commerce
for Oceans and Atmosphere (hereinafter NOAA Administrator). The reorganization plan also established several for Oceans and Atmosphere (hereinafter NOAA Administrator). The reorganization plan also established several
other positions and their duties. Since 1970, NOAAother positions and their duties. Since 1970, NOAA’'s internal organizational structure has shifted in response to s internal organizational structure has shifted in response to
changes in executive and legislative priorities.changes in executive and legislative priorities.
In its current form, NOAAIn its current form, NOAA’'s responsibilities or functions are divided among six subagencies, or line offices: s responsibilities or functions are divided among six subagencies, or line offices:
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Marine Fisheries Service National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS); National Ocean Service (NOS); National Weather Service (NWS); Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric (NMFS); National Ocean Service (NOS); National Weather Service (NWS); Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric
Research (OAR); and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO). The line offices are supported by Research (OAR); and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO). The line offices are supported by
cross-cutting administrative functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources, cross-cutting administrative functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources,
and infrastructure, known as Mission Support. NOAAand infrastructure, known as Mission Support. NOAA’'s internal organizational structure includes various line s internal organizational structure includes various line
office programs, support offices, and centers staffed by federal employees and contractors. NOAA has staff in office programs, support offices, and centers staffed by federal employees and contractors. NOAA has staff in
most U.S. states and territories, with the largest portion of employees located in the Washington, DCmost U.S. states and territories, with the largest portion of employees located in the Washington, DC, metro metro
region. NOAA also provides competitive and noncompetitive funding and guidance to nonfederal staff of various region. NOAA also provides competitive and noncompetitive funding and guidance to nonfederal staff of various
NOAA-related entities.NOAA-related entities.
Congress has shaped NOAACongress has shaped NOAA’'s responsibilities through numerous statutess responsibilities through numerous statutes, which have been codified in various
titles of the U.S. Code. In some cases, Congress has addressed NOAA, the NOAA Administrator, or other NOAA . In some cases, Congress has addressed NOAA, the NOAA Administrator, or other NOAA
leadership or programs specifically in legislation; in other cases, Congress has vested authorities in the Secretary leadership or programs specifically in legislation; in other cases, Congress has vested authorities in the Secretary
of Commerce, who has then delegated authorities to the NOAA Administrator or others within NOAA for law of Commerce, who has then delegated authorities to the NOAA Administrator or others within NOAA for law
implementation. In still other instances, Congress has vested authorities in multiple federal agencies, to include implementation. In still other instances, Congress has vested authorities in multiple federal agencies, to include
DOC or NOAA. CRS identified compilations of authorities that apply to NOAA but the lists contained differing
sets of authorities.
DOC or NOAA. Several congressional committees have jurisdiction over NOAA activities and appropriations. Although Several congressional committees have jurisdiction over NOAA activities and appropriations. Although
jurisdiction over NOAA activities is not stated explicitly in the standing rules of either chamber, in jurisdiction over NOAA activities is not stated explicitly in the standing rules of either chamber, in recent
the 117^th and 118^th Congresses, responsibility for the work performed at the agency has generally rested with three House Congresses, responsibility for the work performed at the agency has generally rested with three House
Committees: the Committees on Natural Resources; Science, Space, and Technology; and Transportation and Committees: the Committees on Natural Resources; Science, Space, and Technology; and Transportation and
Infrastructure. In the Senate, legislation affecting NOAA has generally been the responsibility of the Committee Infrastructure. In the Senate, legislation affecting NOAA has generally been the responsibility of the Committee
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Funding for the agency is a matter for the House and Senate on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Funding for the agency is a matter for the House and Senate
Appropriations Committees and their Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies.Appropriations Committees and their Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies.
Congress has expressed interest in a range of Congress has expressed interest in a range of issues at NOAA over time. Potential issues for Congress to consider
for the agency as a whole include codifying, maintaining, or changing NOAA’s functions and authorities; and
maintainingNOAA-related issues over time. Members of Congress, various stakeholders, and nongovernmental advocacy groups and think tanks, among others, have proposed a wide variety of ways to change NOAA's functions, structure, and placement in the executive branch. Potential issues for Congress as it considers the wide-ranging proposals for the agency include

codifying, maintaining, or changing NOAA's functions and authorities and

retaining the agency as part of DOC, moving it into another department, or establishing it as an independent the agency as part of DOC, moving it into another department, or establishing it as an independent
agency.

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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
NOAA’s Establishment .................................................................................................................... 4
Leadership and Organizational Structure ........................................................................................ 5
NOAA Authorities and Committee Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 10
Issues for Congress ......................................................................................................................... 11
NOAA’s Functions .................................................................................................................. 12
Codifying NOAA’s Functions ........................................................................................... 12
Restructuring NOAA ........................................................................................................ 14
Distributing NOAA’s Functions Among Multiple Agencies ............................................. 16
NOAA in the Executive Branch .............................................................................................. 18
NOAA as Part of Department of Commerce .................................................................... 18
NOAA as Part of a Different Department ......................................................................... 18
NOAA as an Independent Agency .................................................................................... 20

Figures
Figure 1. NOAA Organizational Structure ...................................................................................... 7

Tables
Table 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Line Offices and
Their Functions ............................................................................................................................ 8
Table 2. Selected Authorizing Congressional Committees and Their Legislative
Jurisdictions with Potential Relations to NOAA Activities ......................................................... 11

Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 22

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Overview and Issues for Congress

Introduction
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the
Department of Commerce (DOC), is the principal federal agency with a mission “to understand
and predict changes in climate, weather, ocean and coasts; to share that knowledge and
information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and
resources.”1
This report summarizes NOAA’s history, organizational structure, responsibilities (or functions),
budget, and fundingagency.

Introduction

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the Department of Commerce (DOC), is the principal federal agency with a mission "to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, ocean and coasts; to share that knowledge and information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources."¹ Since its establishment, NOAA's organizational structure and functions have been of ongoing congressional legislative and oversight interest. NOAA does not have an organic act that describes the agency's overall mission and authorizes appropriations for the agency on a regular basis, although some refer to President Nixon's Reorganization Plan No. 4 as having some similarities to an organic act for NOAA. That plan provides for NOAA's major functions, relationship with the Department of Commerce, and leadership structure. Since 1970, Congress and NOAA have established and amended leadership roles and the agency's organizational structure in response to changes in legislative and executive priorities. Legislative proposals in Congresses related to NOAA and proposals by nongovernmental advocacy groups and think tanks, federally assembled ocean initiatives, and other stakeholders continue to inform ongoing discussions during the 119^th Congress about the future of NOAA. This report summarizes NOAA's history, organizational structure, and responsibilities (or functions). The report also describes potential issues for Congress to consider, including . The report also describes potential issues for Congress to consider, including
codifyingcodifying in statute, maintaining, or changing NOAA, maintaining, or changing NOAA’'s functions and authoritiess functions and authorities; and maintaining NOAA and maintaining NOAA
as part of DOC, moving it as part of DOC, moving it intoto another department, or establishing it as an independent agency. another department, or establishing it as an independent agency.
NOAA’'s Establishment
NOAANOAA’'s origins can be traced back to the 1800s, with the establishment of the Survey of the s origins can be traced back to the 1800s, with the establishment of the Survey of the
Coast in 1807 (the predecessor to the Weather Bureau, created in 1870) and the U.S. Commission Coast in 1807 (the predecessor to the Weather Bureau, created in 1870) and the U.S. Commission
of Fish and Fisheries in 1871.of Fish and Fisheries in 1871.22 Congress and several Administrations created additional agencies Congress and several Administrations created additional agencies
related to coasts, oceans, and the atmosphere in the following years. The following sections related to coasts, oceans, and the atmosphere in the following years. The following sections
describe the establishment of NOAA from these entities.describe the establishment of NOAA from these entities.
The establishment of NOAA occurred over a span of less than a decade. In 1966, Congress passed The establishment of NOAA occurred over a span of less than a decade. In 1966, Congress passed
the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act.the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act.33 The law, among other things, directed The law, among other things, directed
the President to establish the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources and the President to establish the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources and
directed said commission to conduct a comprehensive investigation of marine science and directed said commission to conduct a comprehensive investigation of marine science and
provide recommendations on a program to meet present and future national needs.provide recommendations on a program to meet present and future national needs.44 In 1969, the In 1969, the
commission recommended the creation of NOAA to serve as the principal agency commission recommended the creation of NOAA to serve as the principal agency “"within the within the
federal government for administration of the nationfederal government for administration of the nation’'s civil marine and atmospheric programss civil marine and atmospheric programs”
" from existing and new programs. The commission rejected the idea of consolidating all federal from existing and new programs. The commission rejected the idea of consolidating all federal
marine and atmospheric functions into one organization.marine and atmospheric functions into one organization.5
5 In July 1970, President Richard M. Nixon sent Reorganization Plan No. 4 (hereinafter referred to In July 1970, President Richard M. Nixon sent Reorganization Plan No. 4 (hereinafter referred to
as the as the reorganization plan) to Congress.) to Congress.66 In the reorganization plan, President Nixon proposed the In the reorganization plan, President Nixon proposed the
creation of NOAA to protect life and property from natural hazards, better understand the total creation of NOAA to protect life and property from natural hazards, better understand the total
environment, and explore and develop ways to use marine resources in a environment, and explore and develop ways to use marine resources in a “"coordinated way" within DOC.⁷ Most Members of the 91^st Congress supported the reorganization plan.⁸coordinated way”

1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), “About our agency,” at https://www.noaa.gov/about-
our-agency.
2 NOAA, “Foundations-The Early Years,” at https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/welcome.html.
3 Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, P.L. 89-454.
4 P.L. 89-454, §5. The commission was also known as the Stratton Commission as it was led by Chairman Julius A.
Stratton.
5 Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources, Our Nation and The Sea: A Plan for National Action,
January 1969, pp. 231-232.
6 For more information about the President’s authority to reorganize federal agencies, see CRS Report R44909,
Executive Branch Reorganization, by Henry B. Hogue.
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within DOC.7 Most Members of the 91st Congress supported the reorganization plan.8 Under the Under the
terms of the statutory authority under which the reorganization plan was submitted, the plan went terms of the statutory authority under which the reorganization plan was submitted, the plan went
into effect on October 3, 1970.into effect on October 3, 1970.9
9 Reorganization Plan No. 4, establishing NOAA in DOC, consolidated the following:Reorganization Plan No. 4, establishing NOAA in DOC, consolidated the following:
Already in the Commerce Department (requiring no transfer): the Environmental Science Already in the Commerce Department (requiring no transfer): the Environmental Science
Services Administration, which includes the Weather Bureau, the Coast and Services Administration, which includes the Weather Bureau, the Coast and Geodetic Geodetic
Survey, the Environmental Data Service, the National Environmental Satellite Center and Survey, the Environmental Data Service, the National Environmental Satellite Center and
research laboratories;research laboratories;
From the Interior Department: the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (specifically excluding From the Interior Department: the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (specifically excluding
the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Missouri River Reservoir research programs, the the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Missouri River Reservoir research programs, the
Gulf Breeze Biological Laboratory in Florida, and trans-Alaskan pipeline investigations), Gulf Breeze Biological Laboratory in Florida, and trans-Alaskan pipeline investigations),
the marine sports fishing program of the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, and the the marine sports fishing program of the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, and the
marine minerals technology program of the Bureau of Mines;marine minerals technology program of the Bureau of Mines;
From the National Science Foundation: the Office of Sea Grant Programs;From the National Science Foundation: the Office of Sea Grant Programs;
From the [U.S.] Army Corps of Engineers: sections of the U.S. Lake Survey;From the [U.S.] Army Corps of Engineers: sections of the U.S. Lake Survey;
From the Navy Department: the National Oceanographic Data Center and the From the Navy Department: the National Oceanographic Data Center and the National National
Oceanographic Instrumentation Center; andOceanographic Instrumentation Center; and
From the Department of Transportation: the U.S. Coast Guard’s national data buoy
From the Department of Transportation: the U.S. Coast Guard's national data buoy program.program.¹⁰10
Leadership and Organizational Structure
Since 1970, Congress and NOAA have established and amended leadership roles and the Since 1970, Congress and NOAA have established and amended leadership roles and the
agency’agency's organizational structure in response to changes in legislative and executive priorities. As s organizational structure in response to changes in legislative and executive priorities. As
directed in the reorganization plan, NOAA is directed in the reorganization plan, NOAA is administeredled by the NOAA Administrator, who is by the NOAA Administrator, who is
also referred to as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (hereinafter also referred to as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (hereinafter
referred to as referred to as NOAA Administrator).).1111 The reorganization plan, as amended, also establishes the The reorganization plan, as amended, also establishes the
Deputy Administrator, Chief Scientist, General Counsel, and five Assistant Administrator

7 U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970, “Message from the President of
the United States Relative to Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970,” 91st Cong., 2nd sess., July 9, 1970, No. 91-
366, p. 6. In the message, the President stated, “In formulating these reorganization plans, I have been greatly aided by
the work of the President's Advisory Council on Executive Organization (the Ash Council), the Commission on Marine
Science, Engineering and Resources (the Stratton Commission, appointed by President [Lyndon] Johnson), my special
task force on oceanography headed by Dr. James Wakelin and by the information developed during both House and
Senate hearings on proposed NOAA legislation.”
8 Some Members did not support the reorganization plan. For example, according to the CQ Almanac, Rep. John D.
Dingell noted that the plan “would put the fox in charge of the chicken coop….I do not believe that we should be so
foolish as to expect an agency constituted to serve the polluters, the industrial users and the exploiters is going to be
concerned with…programs for long-range management and protection of resources” and that most conservation groups
opposed the plan as well (CQ Almanac, “Congress Accepts Four Executive Reorganization Plans,” 1971, at
https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1293675).
9 84 Stat. 2090; 15 U.S.C. §1511 note. In 1984, Congress passed legislation ratifying and affirming as law all
reorganization plans that had gone into effect, including Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970. (P.L. 98-532).
10 CQ Almanac, “Congress Accepts Four Executive Reorganization Plans,” 1971, at https://library.cqpress.com/
cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1293675.
11 Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, §2 (5 U.S.C. Appendix). The Under Secretary rank for the Administrator dates to
1986 (P.L. 99-659; 15 U.S.C. §1503b).
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Deputy Administrator, Chief Scientist, General Counsel, and five Assistant Administrator positions and their duties. The Deputy Administrator also holds the title of Assistant Secretary of positions and their duties. The Deputy Administrator also holds the title of Assistant Secretary of
Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.¹² 12
DOC has issued guidance regarding NOAADOC has issued guidance regarding NOAA’'s organizational structure and regarding duties and s organizational structure and regarding duties and
functions of positions and offices not explicitly provided for in the reorganization plan or statute. functions of positions and offices not explicitly provided for in the reorganization plan or statute.
Such guidance is not always up to date. In 2015, DOC released a department organization order Such guidance is not always up to date. In 2015, DOC released a department organization order
(2015 DOO; the most recent as of this report(2015 DOO; the most recent as of this report’'s publication) that includes descriptions of s publication) that includes descriptions of
additional positions, including the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Management, additional positions, including the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Management,
Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observations and Prediction, Deputy Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observations and Prediction, Deputy Assistant Secretary
for International Fisheries, Deputy Under Secretary for Operations, and Chief of Staff.for International Fisheries, Deputy Under Secretary for Operations, and Chief of Staff.1313 The 2015 The 2015
DOO also includes a depiction of the agencyDOO also includes a depiction of the agency’'s organizational structure including major roles and s organizational structure including major roles and
offices. The 2015 DOO structure is different in certain ways from the structure depicted in the offices. The 2015 DOO structure is different in certain ways from the structure depicted in the
NOAA NOAA FY2024FY2025 budget congressional justification, shown budget congressional justification, shown inin Figure 1.14 As of June 2023, NOAA was Figure 1.14 According to NOAA, in
June 2023, “the NOAA organizational chart found in NOAA's FY 2024 congressional
justification represents the most up to date reflection of NOAA's organization based on
Congressionally approved reorganizations since 2015. NOAA is currently working with the working with the
Department of Commerce to update the DOO 25-5 and corresponding organizational chart to
ensure it also reflects these updates.”15

12 P.L. 99-659; 15 U.S.C. §1507c.
13 Department of Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and Open Government, “National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration,” Department Organization Order (DOO) 25-5, Effective May 4, 2015, at https://osec.doc.gov/opog/
dmp/doos/doo25_5.html.
14 For example, many of the programs and offices listed under the National Ocean Service and National Weather
Service have different names between the two organizational charts.
15 Email correspondence between CRS and NOAA Office of Legislative Affairs, June 27, 2023.
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Figure 1. NOAA Organizational Structure

Source: CRS from Department of Commerce to update the DOO 25-5 and corresponding organizational chart."¹⁵

Figure 1. NOAA Organizational Structure Source: NOAA, NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 20242025, Congressional Submission, April 2023March 2024, p. NOAA-15, , p. NOAA-15,
at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/NOAA_FY25_Congressional_Justification.pdf. Notes:files/2023-04/NOAA_FY24_CJ.pdf.
Note: The organizational structure above The organizational structure above is slightly different thanhas some differences from the structure depicted in Department of the structure depicted in Department of
Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and Open Government, Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and Open Government, “"National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration,Administration,”" Department Organization Order (DOO) 25-5, Effective May 4, 2015 Department Organization Order (DOO) 25-5, Effective May 4, 2015, https://www.commerce.gov/node/5033. Differences include the . Differences include the
placement of the Office of Space Commerce and changespresence of a Senior Advisor for Climate; an Office of Human Capital Services within the FY2025 structure; and differences in office or program names under the National Ocean in office or program names under the National Ocean
Service andService, National Weather Service, National Weather Service, among others.
In its current form, NOAA’National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, among others. According to the FY2025 congressional budget justification, NOAA's functions are divided among six subagencies, or line offices, as s functions are divided among six subagencies, or line offices, as
shown in Figure 1 and described and described inin Table 1. The line offices are supported by administrative The line offices are supported by administrative
functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources, and functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources, and
infrastructure, typically referred to as Mission Support in agency documents.infrastructure, typically referred to as Mission Support in agency documents.16

16 For example, see NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2024, Congressional Submission, April 2023, p. MS-1, at
https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/NOAA_FY24_CJ.pdf. Hereinafter, NOAA, Budget Estimate FY2024.
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16 Table 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Line Offices and Their Functions
(line offices listed in alphabetical order)(line offices listed in alphabetical order)
Line Office
Summary of Line Office Programs
National Environmental National Environmental
Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) •
NESDIS programs are to NESDIS programs are to “"provide the data, information, and services provide the data, information, and services
Satellite, Data, and Information
needed to support environmental studies and predictions, resource needed to support environmental studies and predictions, resource
Service (NESDIS)
assessments, data archiving and dissemination, and satellite sensor and assessments, data archiving and dissemination, and satellite sensor and
technology development.technology development.”
•
" NESDIS programs are to include NESDIS programs are to include “"management services to develop and management services to develop and
operate civilian satellite systems for observing land, ocean, atmospheric, operate civilian satellite systems for observing land, ocean, atmospheric,
and solar conditions required by governments, commerce, and the and solar conditions required by governments, commerce, and the
general public, and to support commercial space services.general public, and to support commercial space services.”
" National Marine Fisheries National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) •
NMFS programs are to NMFS programs are to “"promote the conservation, management, and promote the conservation, management, and
Service (NMFS)
sustainable use of living marine resources for commercial and recreational sustainable use of living marine resources for commercial and recreational
use.”
•use."
NMFS programs are to include NMFS programs are to include “"services and products to support the services and products to support the
administration of NOAAadministration of NOAA’'s fisheries management operations; international s fisheries management operations; international
fisheries management obligations; constituent services activities; protected fisheries management obligations; constituent services activities; protected
resources and habitat conservation operations; enforcement operations; resources and habitat conservation operations; enforcement operations;
and the scientific and technical aspects of NOAAand the scientific and technical aspects of NOAA’'s living marine resources s living marine resources
programs.programs.”
" National Ocean Service (NOS)National Ocean Service (NOS)
•
NOS programs are to NOS programs are to “"provide ocean and coastal zone management provide ocean and coastal zone management
services and information products to support national needs arising from services and information products to support national needs arising from
increasing uses and opportunities of the oceans and estuaries.increasing uses and opportunities of the oceans and estuaries.”
•
" NOS programs are to include NOS programs are to include “"services and products to support services and products to support
development and appropriate use of the oceans, and the management of development and appropriate use of the oceans, and the management of
marine and coastal resources; promote improvements in marine and marine and coastal resources; promote improvements in marine and
coastal commerce; and improve safety of marine operations and coastal coastal commerce; and improve safety of marine operations and coastal
activities.activities.”
" National Weather Service National Weather Service
(NWS) •
NWS programs are to NWS programs are to “"consist of monitoring and predicting the state of consist of monitoring and predicting the state of
(NWS)
the atmospheric and hydrologic environment.the atmospheric and hydrologic environment.”
•
" NWS programs are to NWS programs are to “"include the delivery of a variety of climatic, include the delivery of a variety of climatic,
hydrologic, and meteorological services to government, industry, and the hydrologic, and meteorological services to government, industry, and the
general public, including the preparation and delivery of weather warnings general public, including the preparation and delivery of weather warnings
and predictions, and the exchange of data products and forecasts with and predictions, and the exchange of data products and forecasts with
international organizations.international organizations.”
" Office of Oceanic and Office of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research (OAR) •
OAR programs are to OAR programs are to “"plan, organize, manage, and conduct research and plan, organize, manage, and conduct research and
Atmospheric Research (OAR)
development to meet the needs of NOAA.development to meet the needs of NOAA.”
•
" OAR programs are to OAR programs are to “"consist of laboratory and extramural research consist of laboratory and extramural research
projects that are relevant to NOAA environmental information and projects that are relevant to NOAA environmental information and
resource management programs, and that resource management programs, and that wil will provide sound provide sound
technological and scientific information or capabilities on which to base technological and scientific information or capabilities on which to base
improvements in these services, products, or policies.improvements in these services, products, or policies.”
" Office of Marine and Aviation Office of Marine and Aviation
Operations (OMAO) •
OMAO programs are to OMAO programs are to “"develop plans and administer the use, develop plans and administer the use,
Operations (OMAO)
operation, maintenance, and upgrade of NOAA ships, aircraft, operation, maintenance, and upgrade of NOAA ships, aircraft, smal small craft, craft,
and associated equipment and facilities in support of NOAAand associated equipment and facilities in support of NOAA’'s programs s programs
and other activities, and shall administer the NOAA Commissioned and other activities, and shall administer the NOAA Commissioned
Officer Corps.Officer Corps.”
" Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) from Department of Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and Congressional Research Service (CRS) from Department of Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and
Open Government, Open Government, “National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,” Department Organization Order 25-5, Department Organization Order 25-5,
Effective May 4, 2015, Effective May 4, 2015, at https://osec.doc.gov/opog/dmp/doos/doo25_5.html.
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NOAA’https://www.commerce.gov/node/5033. NOAA's organizational structure includes various line office programs, support offices, and s organizational structure includes various line office programs, support offices, and
centers located across the United States. Some programs are national in scope, serving centers located across the United States. Some programs are national in scope, serving
stakeholders across the country (e.g., the programs listed under each line office stakeholders across the country (e.g., the programs listed under each line office inin Figure 1).
. Several programs have regional offices that carry out the agencySeveral programs have regional offices that carry out the agency’'s functions in accordance with s functions in accordance with
localized needs. For example, NESDISlocalized needs. For example, NESDIS’'s six regional climate centers s six regional climate centers “"provide tailored, provide tailored,
comprehensive support to help address the unique challenges and vulnerabilities created by comprehensive support to help address the unique challenges and vulnerabilities created by
regional weather and climate conditions.regional weather and climate conditions.”17"¹⁷ NMFS provides services at a regional scale through NMFS provides services at a regional scale through
its five regional offices and six fisheries science centers.its five regional offices and six fisheries science centers.1818 NOAA subunits also provide services NOAA subunits also provide services
at the local level; for example, 122 NWS weather forecast offices issue local public, marine, at the local level; for example, 122 NWS weather forecast offices issue local public, marine,
aviation, fire, and hydrology forecasts for specific geographic areas of responsibility.aviation, fire, and hydrology forecasts for specific geographic areas of responsibility.19
NOAA’19 NOAA's workforce comprises both federal employees and contractors.s workforce comprises both federal employees and contractors.2020 As of September As of September 2022,
2024, NOAA employed approximately NOAA employed approximately 11,73012,430 permanent and nonpermanent employees.²¹ In February 2025, the Trump Administration fired "more than 800" NOAA employees, with an additional approximately 500 employees resigning under an Administration program, according to news reports.²² The agency employed an estimated 7,300 contractors as of August 2022; updated estimates were not available at the time of this report.²³ permanent and non-permanent employees.21 In addition,
the agency employed an estimated 7,300 contractors as of August 2022.22 Federal employees and Federal employees and
contractors and nonfederal staff supported by NOAA funding from various line offices and contractors and nonfederal staff supported by NOAA funding from various line offices and
programs are often located together in physical offices around the country. While the largest programs are often located together in physical offices around the country. While the largest
portion of employees are located in the Washington, District of Columbia (DC) metro region (i.e., portion of employees are located in the Washington, District of Columbia (DC) metro region (i.e.,
downtown Washington, DCdowntown Washington, DC, and Silver Spring, MD), NOAA federal employees are located in 49 and Silver Spring, MD), NOAA federal employees are located in 49
states and several territories.states and several territories.23
24 NOAA provides guidance and competitive and noncompetitive funding NOAA provides guidance and competitive and noncompetitive funding guidance to nonfederal to nonfederal
staff supported by NOAA fundingentities. For example, OAR supports 19 cooperative institutes and 11 . For example, OAR supports 19 cooperative institutes and 11
laboratories, where groups of academic and laboratories, where groups of academic and non-profitnonprofit research institutions work on topics such research institutions work on topics such
as tropical weather (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies) or severe storms as tropical weather (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies) or severe storms
(National Severe Storms Laboratory).(National Severe Storms Laboratory).2425 NOAA also provides funding for nonfederal entities that NOAA also provides funding for nonfederal entities that
are a part of a national network. For example, 34 OAR Sea Grant programs are located in are a part of a national network. For example, 34 OAR Sea Grant programs are located in 33
35 states and territories and 30 NOS National Estuarine Research Reserves are located in 25 states states and territories and 30 NOS National Estuarine Research Reserves are located in 25 states
and territories.25

17 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, “Regional Climate Services,” at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/
regional.
18 NOAA Fisheries, “Regional Offices,” at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact-directory/regional-offices and
NOAA Fisheries, “Science Centers,” at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact-directory/science-centers.
19 U.S. Census Bureau, “NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs), at
https://www.census.gov/topics/preparedness/related-sites/nws.html.
20 For a definition of federal employee, see 5 U.S.C. §2105.
21 U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), FedScope database, Employment cube, at
https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp. FedScope provides individual head counts at a particular time, rather
than full-time equivalent position amounts.
22 Email correspondence with NOAA Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs, August 12, 2022.
23 The territories include American Samoa, Guam, and Puerto Rico (OPM, FedScope database, Employment cube,
Location parameter set at “Location-All” and “U.S. Territories” at https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp and
OPM, “FedScope Data Definitions – Employment,” at https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/datadefn/index.asp. NOAA does
not have a federal employee in Delaware as of July 2023 (email correspondence with NOAA OLIA, July 13, 2023).
24 NOAA Cooperative Institutes, “Locations,” at https://ci.noaa.gov/Locations; and NOAA Cooperative Institutes,
“NOAA Research Laboratories,” at https://ci.noaa.gov/Research-Themes/NOAA-Research-Laboratories.
25 NOAA Sea Grant, “Sea Grant Programs.” at https://seagrant.noaa.gov/ and NOAA Office of Coastal Management
National Estuarine Research Reserves, “About National Estuarine Research Reserves,” at https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/.
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and territories.²⁶ NOAA Authorities and Committee Jurisdiction
Congress has shaped NOAACongress has shaped NOAA’'s responsibilities through numerous statutes, s responsibilities through numerous statutes, which are codified in
and when codified, these statutory provisions may appear in various titles of the various titles of the U.S. Code. For example, Vice Admiral Conrad . For example, Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbaucher Jr., Lautenbacher Jr., when he was NOAA NOAA
Administrator, noted that the agency Administrator, noted that the agency “"relies on close to two hundred separate legislative relies on close to two hundred separate legislative
authorities”authorities" as of May 19, 2005. as of May 19, 2005. 2627 In some cases, Congress has addressed NOAA, the NOAA In some cases, Congress has addressed NOAA, the NOAA
Administrator, or other NOAA leadership or programs specifically in legislation;Administrator, or other NOAA leadership or programs specifically in legislation;2728 in other cases, in other cases,
Congress has vested authorities in the Secretary of Commerce, who has then delegated authorities Congress has vested authorities in the Secretary of Commerce, who has then delegated authorities
to the NOAA Administrator or others within NOAA for law implementation.to the NOAA Administrator or others within NOAA for law implementation.2829 In still other In still other
instances, Congress has vested authorities in multiple federal agencies, to include DOC or instances, Congress has vested authorities in multiple federal agencies, to include DOC or
NOAA.NOAA.2930 In addition to directives provided in statute, Congress has provided additional direction In addition to directives provided in statute, Congress has provided additional direction
and guidance to NOAA regarding which agency activities to support in a given time period in the and guidance to NOAA regarding which agency activities to support in a given time period in the
congressional reports or explanatory statements accompanying appropriations bills.congressional reports or explanatory statements accompanying appropriations bills.3031 CRS CRS
identified compilations of authorities that apply to NOAA; the lists contained differing sets of identified compilations of authorities that apply to NOAA; the lists contained differing sets of
authorities.authorities.31
32 Several congressional committees have jurisdiction over NOAA activities and appropriations. Several congressional committees have jurisdiction over NOAA activities and appropriations.
The legislative jurisdictions of House and Senate Committees are defined in the The legislative jurisdictions of House and Senate Committees are defined in the standing rules of of
each chamber (House Rule X and Senate Rule XXV) generally on the basis of broad policy each chamber (House Rule X and Senate Rule XXV) generally on the basis of broad policy
subjects rather than specific agencies or departments of the federal government. subjects rather than specific agencies or departments of the federal government. Although
jurisdiction over NOAA activities is not stated explicitly in the standing rules of either chamber,
The standing rules of neither chamber of the 119^th Congress included wording explicitly referencing NOAA's activities, in their discussions of committee jurisdictions; in the 117^th and 118^th Congresses, responsibility for the work performed at the agency responsibility for the work performed at the agency has generally rested generally rested in the 117th and 118th
Congresses with three House Committees: the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure; with three House Committees: the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure;
Natural Resources; and Science, Space, and Technology. In the Senate, legislation affecting Natural Resources; and Science, Space, and Technology. In the Senate, legislation affecting
NOAA has been usually handled by the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. NOAA has been usually handled by the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Relevant jurisdictional statements of the aforementioned committees applicable to the work of Relevant jurisdictional statements of the aforementioned committees applicable to the work of
NOAA are presented below NOAA are presented below inin Table 2 as they appear in House Rule X or Senate Rule XXV. as they appear in House Rule X or Senate Rule XXV.
Funding for the agency is a matter for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their Funding for the agency is a matter for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their
Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies.

26 Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbaucher, Jr., NOAA Administrator, Written Statement for Legislative Hearing on H.R.
50, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act, May 19, 2005, at https://congressional.proquest.com/
congressional/docview/t39.d40.bd22fb19000204d4. Hereinafter Lautenbaucher, Written Statement, 2005.
27 DOC Office of Privacy and Open Government, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and
Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, DOO 10-15, Effective December 12, 2011, at
https://osec.doc.gov/opog/dmp/doos/doo10_15.html. Hereinafter DOC, DOO 10-15, December 12, 2011. For example,
DOC, DOO 10-15, §3 identifies 16 statutes where the NOAA Administrator has been directed to perform certain
functions.
28 For example, DOO 10-15, §3 identifies over 75 statutes where the Secretary of Commerce has delegated authority to
the NOAA Administrator (DOC, DOO 10-15, December 12, 2011).
29 For example, NOAA’s FY2024 budget request identified the Grant Reporting Efficiency and Agreements
Transparency Act of 2019 (P.L. 116-103) which applies to federal programs broadly (NOAA, Budget Estimate
FY2024, p. AM-13).
30 Congressional reports and explanatory statements accompanying appropriations law do not hold the force of law.
31 Sources listing NOAA authorities include DOO 10-15, appropriation language and code citations included as a part
of NOAA’s annual budget request (e.g., NOAA, Budget Estimates FY2024, p. AM-1), the Congressional Budget
Office’s (CBO’s) periodically released report on expired or expiring authorization of appropriations (e.g., CBO,
Expired and Expiring Authorizations of Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2023-Information for Legislation Enacted
Through September 30, 2022, January 13, 2023, at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58170), and various documents
posted on the public website for NOAA’s Office of General Counsel (e.g., NOAA, Legal Authorities for GCW, at
https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/authorities-gcw07.pdf). Some of the listed sources include authorities that other
listed sources do not include.
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Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies. Table 2. Selected Authorizing Congressional Committees and Their Legislative
Jurisdictions with Potential Relations to NOAA Activities
(118th (119^th Congress, listed in the order written in each document) Congress, listed in the order written in each document)
House Committee
Committees Senate Committee
Natural Resources
Science, Space, and
Technology Transportation and
Infrastructure Commerce, Science, and
Transportation

Fisheries and wildlife, including research, restoration, refuges, and conservation

International fishing agreements

Technology
Infrastructure
Transportation
•
Fisheries and
•
Environmental
•
Marine affairs,
•
Coastal zone management
wildlife, including
research and
including coastal
•
Marine and ocean navigation,
research,
development
zone management,
safety, and transportation,
restoration,
•
as they relate to

Marine research
including navigational aspects
refuges, and
oil and other
of deepwater ports
conservation
•
National Weather
pol ution of
Service
•
•
navigable waters

Marine fisheries

International
fishing agreements •
Science
•
Marine affairs, including coastal zone management (except for measures relating to oil and other pollution of navigable waters)

Oceanography

• Environmental research and development
• Marine research
• National Weather Service
• Science scholarships
• Scientific research, development, and demonstration, and projects therefor

• Marine affairs, including coastal zone management, as they relate to oil and other pollution of navigable waters

Coastal zone management

Marine and ocean navigation, safety, and transportation, including navigational aspects of deepwater ports

Marine fisheries

Oceans, weather, and Oceans, weather, and
scholarships
atmospheric activitiesatmospheric activities
•
Marine affairs,
including coastal
•
Scientific
•
Science, engineering, and
zone management
research,
technology research and
(except for
development, and
Science, engineering, and technology research and development and policydevelopment and policy
measures relating
demonstration,
•
Such committee shall also
to oil and other
and projects
study and review, on a
pol ution of
therefor
comprehensive basis, all
navigable waters)
matters relating to science
•
Oceanography
Such committee shall also study and review, on a comprehensive basis, all matters relating to science and technology, oceans and technology, oceans
policy, transportation, policy, transportation,
communications, and communications, and
consumer affairs, and report consumer affairs, and report
thereon from time to time.thereon from time to time.
Source: U.S. Congress, House of RepresentativesU.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Rules of the House of Representatives, One Hundred EighteenthNineteenth
Congress, prepared by , prepared by Cheryl L. JohnsonKevin F. McCumber, Clerk of the House of Representatives, January , Clerk of the House of Representatives, January 10, 202316, 2025, pp. 8-9, , pp. 8-9, at
https://rules.house.gov/https://rules.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/rulessites/republicans.rules118.house.gov/files/.house.gov/files/documents/houserules119thupdated.pdfdocuments/Rules%20and%20Resources/118-
House-Rules-Clerk.pdf; and U.S. Congress, Senate, ; and U.S. Congress, Senate, Standing Rules of the Senate, Revised to January 24, 2013, , Revised to January 24, 2013, 113th
Cong., 1st113^th Cong., 1^st sess., November 4, 2013, S.Doc. 113-18., pp. 21-22. sess., November 4, 2013, S.Doc. 113-18., pp. 21-22.
Notes: For this table, CRS identified potential committees of jurisdiction through a search of congress.gov for For this table, CRS identified potential committees of jurisdiction through a search of congress.gov for
bil sbills and resolutions introduced and referred in the and resolutions introduced and referred in the 117th and 118th117^th and 118^th Congresses that contained the term Congresses that contained the term National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the (NOAA) in the bil bill text or text or bil bill title. CRS then inspected introduced and title. CRS then inspected introduced and
referred referred bil sbills and their connection to the jurisdictional statements of House Rule X and Senate Rule XXV. and their connection to the jurisdictional statements of House Rule X and Senate Rule XXV.
Issues for Congress
The House and Senate Parliamentarians Offices evaluate introduced bills to determine committee jurisdictions for purposes of committee referral. Potential Considerations for Congress

Since its establishment, NOAA's organizational structure and functions have been of ongoing congressional legislative and oversight interest. Some Members of Congress and nongovernmental organizations continue to introduce and advocate in support of proposals to make changes to NOAA's functions, structure, and placement in the executive branch.

Like some agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and unlike some other Like some agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and unlike some other
agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), NOAA does not agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), NOAA does not
have an have an organic act that describes the agency that describes the agency’'s overall mission and authorizes appropriations for s overall mission and authorizes appropriations for
the agency on a regular basis.the agency on a regular basis.3233 Some may argue that Reorganization Plan No. 4 functions Some may argue that Reorganization Plan No. 4 functions
equivalently to NOAAequivalently to NOAA’'s organic act. It provides for NOAAs organic act. It provides for NOAA’'s major functions, relationship with s major functions, relationship with
the Department of Commerce, and leadership structurethe Department of Commerce, and leadership structure. However; however, the provisions of the plan did , the provisions of the plan did
not originate in, or undergo detailed consideration by, congressional committees, as is usually the not originate in, or undergo detailed consideration by, congressional committees, as is usually the
case for statutes that establish federal agencies. In addition, the reorganization plan lacks some of case for statutes that establish federal agencies. In addition, the reorganization plan lacks some of
the provisions discussed below that often are included in organic acts, particularly those the provisions discussed below that often are included in organic acts, particularly those

32 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of
1958 (P.L. 85-568).
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pertaining to the agency’s missions and purposes. The following sections discuss potential issues
that Congress may consider regarding NOAA functions and its place in the Executive Branch.
NOAA’s Functions
Stakeholders and some Members of Congress have proposed codifying NOAA’s existing
functions, restructuring the agency, or dividing its functions among multiple federal agencies.
Codifying NOAA’s Functions
pertaining to the agency's missions and purposes.

The following sections discuss potential issues that Congress may consider regarding NOAA functions and its place in the executive branch. Some of the questions that Congress may face as it considers the various proposals and options discussed below include the following:

• Which of NOAA's activities are prescribed in statute, and which are discretionary activities performed under broad NOAA or DOC authorities? How might this distinction shape discussion of the future of NOAA's functions and structure?
• How would changes to NOAA's function and structure affect the efficiency and effectiveness of NOAA's current services and operations, including public access to information, in the near term and in the long term?
• What can be learned from past efforts related to changing NOAA's functions and structures when the 119^th Congress is considering NOAA's future?
• What would be the implications for congressional authorization and appropriations and for congressional and executive branch oversight under the various options available for shaping NOAA's future?

NOAA's Functions and Structure

Stakeholders and some Members of Congress have proposed codifying NOAA's existing functions within one law (i.e., through an organic act), restructuring the agency, dividing its functions among multiple federal agencies, or eliminating/privatizing some functions altogether.

Codifying NOAA's Functions Within One Law Various stakeholders have advocated for an organic act for NOAA. Some, such as federal Various stakeholders have advocated for an organic act for NOAA. Some, such as federal
working groups and the George W. Bush Administration, have contended that an organic act working groups and the George W. Bush Administration, have contended that an organic act
would would “"strengthen the agency and help ensure that its structure is consistent with three primary strengthen the agency and help ensure that its structure is consistent with three primary
functions: management; assessment, prediction, and operations; and research and education.functions: management; assessment, prediction, and operations; and research and education.”33
Some have also"³⁴ Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher Jr., then-NOAA Administrator, posited that an organic act would define NOAA posited that an organic act would define NOAA’s “'s "overall missions and overall missions and
purposes” and “purposes" and "improve agency operations and performanceimprove agency operations and performance.”34 Others have" in 2005.³⁵ Others at the Center for Progressive Reform in 2010 argued that an argued that an
organic act would organic act would “"strengthen NOAAstrengthen NOAA’'s hand within the Department of Commerce, reinforce its s hand within the Department of Commerce, reinforce its
environmental protection and science mission, and help attract and retain employees dedicated to environmental protection and science mission, and help attract and retain employees dedicated to
that mission.that mission.”35
"³⁶ Since 1970, various Members of Congress have introduced bills that could have served as organic Since 1970, various Members of Congress have introduced bills that could have served as organic
acts for NOAA.acts for NOAA.3637 Some proposals have included organic act language to support NOAA Some proposals have included organic act language to support NOAA’s
's activities as they existed at the time, whereas others would have made changes to the agencyactivities as they existed at the time, whereas others would have made changes to the agency’s
's existing responsibilities. Proposed bills would have established NOAA as an independent agency existing responsibilities. Proposed bills would have established NOAA as an independent agency
or as an agency within a broader department, among other things (for more, see or as an agency within a broader department, among other things (for more, see “NOAA NOAA
"NOAA in the Executive Branch”" below). below).
Several introduced bills that could have served as organic acts for NOAA have received Several introduced bills that could have served as organic acts for NOAA have received
committee or floor consideration. For example, in the committee or floor consideration. For example, in the 109th109^th Congress, two bills (H.R. 50 and H.R. Congress, two bills (H.R. 50 and H.R.
5450) were reviewed and amended in committee; H.R. 5450 ultimately was considered and 5450) were reviewed and amended in committee; H.R. 5450 ultimately was considered and
passed on the House floor.passed on the House floor. 37 ³⁸ The bills would have established NOAA with a mission to The bills would have established NOAA with a mission to
“"understand the systems of the Earthunderstand the systems of the Earth’'s oceans and atmosphere and predict changes in the Earths oceans and atmosphere and predict changes in the Earth’s
's oceans and atmosphere and the effects of such changes on the land environment, to conserve and oceans and atmosphere and the effects of such changes on the land environment, to conserve and
manage coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes ecosystems to meet national economic, social, and manage coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes ecosystems to meet national economic, social, and
environmental needs, and to educate the public about these topics.”38

33 U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (COP), An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, 2004, p. 10, at
https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf (hereinafter U.S.
COP, Ocean Blueprint). President George W. Bush released his U.S. Ocean Action Plan as a “response” to the
commission in 2004; the plan encouraged the passage of a NOAA organic act (U.S. Ocean Action Plan, The Bush
Administration's Response to the U.S. COP, December 2004, at https://cdn.ioos.noaa.gov/media/2017/12/
US_ocean_action_plan.pdf.). For more information about the commission and George W. Bush Administration’s plan,
see CRS Report RL33603, Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook, by Harold F. Upton and Eugene H.
Buck. For more information, congressional staff may contact the author.
34 Lautenbaucher, Written Statement, 2005.
35 Holly Doremus, “Time to Make NOAA Official,” February 3, 2010, at progressivereform.org/cpr-blog/time-to-
make-noaa-official/.
36 For some of these bills, see U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, pp. 116-118, and Tim Hall and Mary Kicza, “An Organic
Act for NOAA to Formalize Its Purpose and Authorities,” Aerospace Center for Space Policy & Strategy, August 2018,
at https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Hall-Kicza_Organic%20Act_08082018.pdf.
37 H.R. 50 and H.R. 5450 in the 109th Congress.
38 H.R. 50, §3(b) and H.R. 5450, §3(b).
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environmental needs, and to educate the public about these topics."³⁹ In introductory remarks, H.R. 50In introductory remarks, H.R. 50’'s sponsor, Representative Vernon J. Ehlers stated that it was s sponsor, Representative Vernon J. Ehlers stated that it was
“"critical for NOAAcritical for NOAA’'s mission to be clearly defined so it can better fulfill its role in observing, s mission to be clearly defined so it can better fulfill its role in observing,
managing, and protecting [the] nationmanaging, and protecting [the] nation’'s coastal, ocean and Great Lakes resources.s coastal, ocean and Great Lakes resources.”39"⁴⁰ The Member The Member
acknowledged that the bill focused on NOAA activities under the jurisdiction of the House acknowledged that the bill focused on NOAA activities under the jurisdiction of the House
Science Committee, and did not reference activities under the jurisdiction of the House Resources Science Committee, and did not reference activities under the jurisdiction of the House Resources
Committee.Committee.40
41 Some news outlets reported that Some news outlets reported that “"members ha[d] not been able to agree on the best way to members ha[d] not been able to agree on the best way to
reorganize the agencyreorganize the agency”" and and “"aides to the House Resources Committee and Senate Commerce aides to the House Resources Committee and Senate Commerce
Committee said that their committees have not yet decided how to proceed on the issue this Committee said that their committees have not yet decided how to proceed on the issue this
year.year.”41"⁴² In another instance, in remarks during the House Science Committee hearing on H.R. 50 In another instance, in remarks during the House Science Committee hearing on H.R. 50, then-,
the NOAA AdministratorNOAA Administrator Vice Admiral Lautenbacher shared the agency shared the agency’'s concerns that the bill would not allow NOAA s concerns that the bill would not allow NOAA
sufficient flexibility to make organizational and programmatic changes that may be needed in the sufficient flexibility to make organizational and programmatic changes that may be needed in the
future and would not future and would not “"encompass the full spectrum of NOAAencompass the full spectrum of NOAA’'s responsibilitiess responsibilities;”," among other among other
things. things. NOAAThe NOAA Administrator also commented that the bill should include a provision stating that the law would also commented that the bill should include a provision stating that the law would
not affect or supersede other laws or responsibilities of other federal agencies to minimize the not affect or supersede other laws or responsibilities of other federal agencies to minimize the
“"risk of confusing long-standing divisions of responsibilities between NOAA and sister risk of confusing long-standing divisions of responsibilities between NOAA and sister
agencies.agencies.”42"⁴³ The House Science Committee passed the bill via voice vote. The House Science Committee passed the bill via voice vote.
H.R. 5450 was introduced several months later; according to one Member, the only difference H.R. 5450 was introduced several months later; according to one Member, the only difference
between H.R. 50 and H.R. 5450 was the inclusion of language that would make clear that NOAA between H.R. 50 and H.R. 5450 was the inclusion of language that would make clear that NOAA
would not have new authorities under the jurisdiction of the House Transportation and would not have new authorities under the jurisdiction of the House Transportation and
Infrastructure Committee.Infrastructure Committee.4344 While broadly supported by While broadly supported by both Members of both parties, some Members of both parties, some
Members continued to express concerns with H.R. 5450. Some concerns Members continued to express concerns with H.R. 5450. Some concerns pertained tofocused on a potential a potential
transfer of responsibilities between agencies and the process by which the bill had been transfer of responsibilities between agencies and the process by which the bill had been
developed (e.g., without legislative action from the House Resources Committee, which had developed (e.g., without legislative action from the House Resources Committee, which had
jurisdiction over certain NOAA activities), among other topics.jurisdiction over certain NOAA activities), among other topics.4445 Despite those concerns, the bill Despite those concerns, the bill
passed the House Science Committee and the House floor via voice vote. The bill was received in passed the House Science Committee and the House floor via voice vote. The bill was received in
the Senate and referred to the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation the Senate and referred to the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation (CST) Committee, but did Committee, but did
not receive consideration in the Senate. It is the only proposed organic bill that has passed a not receive consideration in the Senate. It is the only proposed organic bill that has passed a
chamber of Congresschamber of Congress.
as of this report. Legislation Legislation regardingproposing a NOAA organic act was again introduced in the a NOAA organic act was again introduced in the 118th118^th Congress. In the Congress. In the
118^th118th Congress, H.R. 3980 would Congress, H.R. 3980 would establishhave established NOAA as a NOAA as a “"scientific research and development scientific research and development
agency with an overarching statutory framework that focuses on Earth system science, agency with an overarching statutory framework that focuses on Earth system science,
maintaining the Administrationmaintaining the Administration’'s core mission and functions while allowing it to restructure and s core mission and functions while allowing it to restructure and
prioritize under an organic statute.prioritize under an organic statute.”45"⁴⁶ The chair of the House The chair of the House ScienceSST Committee noted that authorization of NOAA was important to fund the agency in the future.⁴⁷ The chair, Representative Frank Lucas, argued, during a 2023 hearing on the draft version of H.R. 3980, that the legislation would allow Congress to engage in a level of oversight over NOAA that had not been possible due to the agency's "unwieldy structure."⁴⁸ The ranking member contended that some stakeholders were concerned with the prospect of too prescriptive legislation that could "diminish NOAA's ability to pursue new programs or mission areas," noting, however, that the ranking member was "not suggesting that the chairman's proposal does this."⁴⁹ Witnesses at the hearing noted the need to give NOAA "flexibility and autonomy to make the decisions on how [NOAA] execute[s] their mission."⁵⁰ During a Senate CST hearing on the nomination of the Secretary of Commerce at the beginning of the 119^th Congress, some Members again expressed interest in enacting an organic act.⁵¹

Some may argue that an organic act that is too broad or imprecise may provide the agency with an inappropriate amount of flexibility to determine its own structure and functions, leading to a potential misalignment between agency actions and congressional intentions. Changes to the agency's functions also may raise questions on what would occur to functions that are no longer within NOAA's purview or are excluded from an organic act and about how this would affect which congressional committees oversee the agency. At the same time, an organic act with provisions providing authorizations of appropriations for NOAA's activities broadly may resolve some Members' concerns regarding NOAA programs with expired or expiring authorizations of appropriations.⁵²

Restructuring NOAA Other stakeholder and congressional discussions have centered on changing NOAA's Committee noted that

39 Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, “Introducing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act,” Extension of
Remarks, Congressional Record, daily edition, January 4, 2005, p. E12.
40 Ibid. The House Science Committee was renamed the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee in the 112th
Congress. The House Resources Committee was renamed the House Natural Resources Committee in the 110th
Congress.
41 Mary Claire Jalonick and Liriel Higa, “NOAA, Manufacturing, Meth Lab Bills Win Subcommittee’s Nod,” CQ
Quarterly, March 15, 2005, at http://www.cq.com/doc/committees-2005031500170472.
42 Lautenbaucher, Written Statement, 2005.
43 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act: Report
Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 5450, 109th Cong., 2nd sess., June 29, 2006, H.Rept. 109-545, p. 197.
Hereinafter H.Rept. 109-545.
44 For example, H.Rept. 109-545, pp. 49-53 and Rep. Frank Pallone, “National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Act,” House Debate, Congressional Record, daily edition, September 20, 2006, p. H6764.
45 H.R. 3980 in the 118th Congress.
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authorization of NOAA was important to fund the agency in the future.46 The chair argued, during
a 2023 hearing on the draft version of H.R. 3980, that the legislation would allow Congress to
engage in a level of oversight over NOAA that had not been possible due to the agency’s
“unwieldy structure.”47 The ranking member contended that some stakeholders were concerned
with the prospect of too prescriptive legislation that could “diminish NOAA’s ability to pursue
new programs or mission areas,” noting, however, that the ranking member was “not suggesting
that the chairman’s proposal does this.”48 Witnesses at the hearing noted the need to give NOAA
“flexibility and autonomy to make the decisions on how [NOAA] execute[s] their mission.”49
Restructuring NOAA
Other stakeholder and congressional discussions have centered on changing NOAA’s
organizational structure to align certain activities within the agency. Some proposals have focused organizational structure to align certain activities within the agency. Some proposals have focused
on restructuring NOAA as a whole or altering existing line offices. For example, in 2004, the U.S. on restructuring NOAA as a whole or altering existing line offices. For example, in 2004, the U.S.
Commission on Ocean Policy (U.S. COP), created by Congress to develop recommendations for Commission on Ocean Policy (U.S. COP), created by Congress to develop recommendations for
a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy, recommended that NOAAa coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy, recommended that NOAA’'s structure be s structure be
“"consistent with the principles of ecosystem-based management and with its three primary consistent with the principles of ecosystem-based management and with its three primary
functions of: assessment, prediction, and operations; management; and research and education.functions of: assessment, prediction, and operations; management; and research and education.”50
"⁵³ In 2006, the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative—a collaborative effort from the U.S. COP and In 2006, the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative—a collaborative effort from the U.S. COP and
Pew Oceans Commission, a group created by the Pew Charitable Trusts to develop policies to Pew Oceans Commission, a group created by the Pew Charitable Trusts to develop policies to
restore and protect living marine resources in U.S. waters—recommended restructuring NOAA restore and protect living marine resources in U.S. waters—recommended restructuring NOAA
based on three core missions: (1) assessment, prediction, and operations; (2) ecosystem-based based on three core missions: (1) assessment, prediction, and operations; (2) ecosystem-based
management of ocean and coastal areas and resources; and (3) science, research, and education.management of ocean and coastal areas and resources; and (3) science, research, and education.51
54

The Secretary of Commerce may conduct internal agency reorganizations within certain restrictions and limitations; that is, the enabling statute for the Department of Commerce requires that congressional committees be informed prior to certain internal reorganization activities that involve reprogramming of funds.⁵⁵ Similarly, a recurring general provision included in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act imposes notification requirements prior to administrative reorganization within the Department of Commerce.⁵⁶

Congress has considered bills that would restructure NOAA in line with some stakeholder Congress has considered bills that would restructure NOAA in line with some stakeholder
recommendations. For example, legislation reported by the Senate recommendations. For example, legislation reported by the Senate CommerceCST Committee in the Committee in the
108^th108th Congress would have established the agency in law and structured it in line with the three Congress would have established the agency in law and structured it in line with the three
primary functions recommended by the U.S. COP. The proposed legislation would have primary functions recommended by the U.S. COP. The proposed legislation would have
established an associate administrator for each of the three primary functions.established an associate administrator for each of the three primary functions.5257 Other bills Other bills
introduced in the introduced in the 110th and 111th110^th and 111^th Congresses also would have directed NOAA to support the three Congresses also would have directed NOAA to support the three
primary functions identified by the U.S. COP.primary functions identified by the U.S. COP.5358 NOAA witnesses at hearings in the NOAA witnesses at hearings in the 110th
110^th Congress contended that Congress contended that “"the agency must maintain its current flexibility in determining how best to structure itself to address current and future needs"the agency must maintain its current flexibility in determining how best

46 Maxine Joselow, “This Republican Wants to Make NOAA an Independent Agency,” January 27, 2023, Washington
Post, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/01/27/this-republican-wants-make-noaa-an-independent-
agency/.
47 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, “Chairman Lucas Opening Statement at Full
Committee Hearing on Establishing an Independent NOAA,” April 18, 2023, at https://science.house.gov/2023/4/
chairman-lucas-opening-statement-at-full-committee-hearing. Hereinafter House Science, Space, and Technology
Committee, Chairman Lucas Opening Statement, April 2023.
48 U.S. Congress, House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, “House Science, Space and Technology
Committee Holds Hearing on Establishing an Independent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,” hearing
transcript, April 18, 2023, at https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t39.d40.tr04180123.o18?.
Hereinafter House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.
49 Ibid.
50 U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 111.
51 Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, From Sea to Shining Sea: Priorities for Ocean Policy Reform, Report to the
United States Senate, June 2006, p. 18, at https://jointoceancommission.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/09/2006-
06-13_Sea_to_Shining_Sea_Report_to_Senate.pdf.
52 S. 2647, Title II, in the 108th Congress. See also S.Rept. 108-407.
53 For example, H.R. 21 in the 110th Congress and H.R. 2685 in the 111th Congress.
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to structure itself to address current and future needs” and that the proposed bill in question would
“ and that the proposed bill in question would "constrain the agencyconstrain the agency’'s ability to best organize itself to meet current mission priorities.s ability to best organize itself to meet current mission priorities.”54
"⁵⁹ Stakeholders and some Members of Congress also have considered adding a line office within Stakeholders and some Members of Congress also have considered adding a line office within
NOAA to consolidate certain agency activities. For example, in the early 2000s, NOAA to consolidate certain agency activities. For example, in the early 2000s, proponents
some Congress Members argued for the creation of the National Climate Service.argued for the creation of the National Climate Service.55 60 The proposal gained the Obama The proposal gained the Obama
Administration’Administration's support, and NOAA requested the creation of the National Climate Service in its s support, and NOAA requested the creation of the National Climate Service in its
FY2012 budget request, statingFY2012 budget request, stating,
NOAA’ NOAA's existing framework for climate services crosses multiple line offices and is not s existing framework for climate services crosses multiple line offices and is not
optimal for climate service delivery in its current form. While NOAA built a suite of
climate services within its existing framework, such as its leadership in the interagency
approach to delivering drought information services, other services are currently
fragmented and distributed across the agency, complicating internal management and
confusing stakeholders.56
optimal for climate service delivery in its current form. While NOAA built a suite of climate services within its existing framework, such as its leadership in the interagency approach to delivering drought information services, other services are currently fragmented and distributed across the agency, complicating internal management and confusing stakeholders.⁶¹ Even before this request, the proposal to create this line office had been controversial. Even before this request, the proposal to create this line office had been controversial. Some
stakeholdersOne stakeholder representing the NWS Employees Organization argued the National Climate Service argued the National Climate Service “"would duplicate the historic and current would duplicate the historic and current
mission, programs, and services of the National Weather Service.mission, programs, and services of the National Weather Service.”57 Others"⁶² The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine proposed that a proposed that a
National Climate Service take the form of a federal interagency partnership or other format.National Climate Service take the form of a federal interagency partnership or other format.58
Congress did not approve the creation of the line office at NOAA for FY2012,59 and prohibited
the use of appropriations for it.60
More recently63 Congress prohibited the use of appropriations for a NOAA Climate Service in the FY2011 appropriations law.⁶⁴ Congress again did not approve its establishment in the conference report accompanying the FY2012 appropriations law.⁶⁵ No Administrations have since advocated for the establishment of such a line office. Since then, some stakeholders have voiced renewed support for a federal climate service led , some stakeholders have voiced renewed support for a federal climate service led
by NOAA or another federal agency.by NOAA or another federal agency.6166 Witnesses at hearings in the Witnesses at hearings in the 116th and 117th116^th and 117^th Congresses Congresses
expressed their support for an expansion in federal climate services, although not specifically expressed their support for an expansion in federal climate services, although not specifically
centered at NOAA.centered at NOAA.6267 In 2023, the Biden Administration noted that NOAA was organizing its In 2023, the Biden Administration noted that NOAA was organizing its
climate service-related activities under a cross-cutting agency initiative known as Climate-Ready climate service-related activities under a cross-cutting agency initiative known as Climate-Ready
Nation rather than a new line office. The Administration also advocated for the U.S. Global Nation rather than a new line office. The Administration also advocated for the U.S. Global

54 See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Oceans,
Ocean Policy Priorities in the United States; and H.R. 21, Oceans Conservation, Education, and National Strategy for
the 21st Century Act, Oversight and Legislative Hearings, committee print, 110th Cong., 1st sess., March 29, 2007, Serial
No. 110-10, pp. 29, 74.
55 For example, see H.R. 4, §1345, or S. 1766, §1345, in the 107th Congress.
56 NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2012, Congressional Submission, 2011, p. xviv.
57 Sara Goodman, “National Climate Service Proposal Sparks Intra-agency Debate,” May 5, 2009, at
https://www.eenews.net/eenewspm/stories/77571.
58 For example, E.L. Miles et al., “An Approach to Designing a National Climate Service,” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 52 (October 2006), pp. 19616-19623; and National Research Council, Restructuring
Federal Climate Research to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change, 2009, p. 116, at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/
12595/ restructuring-federal-climate-research-to-meet-the-challenges-of-climate-change.
59 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2012, and for Other
Purposes, conference report to accompany H.R. 2112, 112th Cong., 1st sess., November 11, 2011, H.Rept. 112-284, p.
218.
60 For example, see P.L. 112-10, §1348.
61 For example, Chelsea Harvey, “A National Climate Service? Interest Builds Under Biden,” July 6, 2021, at
https://www.eenews.net/articles/a-national-climate-service-interest-builds-under-biden/; and Marshall Shepherd, “Is It
Time for a National Climate Service?,” Forbes, June 11, 2021, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2021/
06/11/is-it-time-for-a-national-climate-service.
62 U.S. Congress, House Select Committee on Climate Crisis, Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risk
and Costs, 116th Cong., 1st sess., November 20, 2019; and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology, Subcommittee on Environment, Working Towards Climate Equity: The Case for a Federal Climate
Service, 117th Cong., 1st sess., April 21, 2021.
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Change Research Program to serve as the coordinating mechanism for federal climate services
under a national framework.63
Distributing NOAA’s Functions Among Multiple Agencies
Some stakeholders Change Research Program to serve as the coordinating mechanism for federal climate services under a national framework.⁶⁸

Shifting the Office of Space Commerce from NOAA to DOC

Stakeholders and some Members of Congress have proposed changes to the placement of certain offices within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or the Department of Commerce (DOC). One such example pertaining to the Office of Space Commerce (OSC) illustrates the complex interplay between Congress and an Administration when it comes to NOAA reorganization. The office serves as the "principal unit for space commerce policy activities" within DOC, under the NOAA Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction (Figure 1). Its responsibilities include regulating nongovernment remote sensing capabilities through a licensing process. In 2018, the first Trump Administration proposed changing the name and functions of the office and elevating it to a bureau within DOC. The first Trump Administration again proposed a transfer of OSC to DOC for FY2020 and FY2021; the Biden Administration alternatively advocated for a relocation of OSC within NOAA, from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) to the Mission Support line office for FY2023.

As of February 2025, Congress had not agreed to the transfer of OSC out of NOAA. In the conference report accompanying the FY2019 appropriations law, Congress instructed DOC to "work with appropriations and authorizing committees on any future implementation" of the 2018 proposal and further stated that "the [appropriations] recommendation does not include the transfer of [OSC] to the Office of the Secretary" for FY2020. Congress also directed the DOC Secretary to work with the National Academy of Public Administration to conduct an independent review of the proposal with certain elements. The resulting study recommended that the DOC Secretary elevate OSC into the Office of the Secretary, as "an important signal of senior level Departmental support" for the space situational awareness and space traffic management missions. In FY2023, Congress approved the agency's transfer of OSC from NESDIS to the Mission Support line office within NOAA.

Some stakeholders, such as the Heritage Foundation, have continued to advocate for OSC's placement in the DOC Office of the Secretary since 2018, stating the office must "link directly to all the bureaus and other organizations within the department" where it could serve as a coordinating entity for government commercial space policy. Some Members of Congress have introduced legislation to establish OSC as a DOC bureau or shift OSC into the Office of the Secretary since 2018 (e.g., H.R. 3610 and S. 4827 in the 116^th Congress; H.R. 3980, H.R. 6131, H.R. 6385, and S. 3658 in the 118^th Congress; and S. 428 in the 119^th Congress. H.R. 4521 and S. 1260 in the 117^th Congress stated that "elevating the Office of Space Commerce within [DOC] may enhance" the office's abilities but would not have made changes to DOC or NOAA's structure). For more information, see CRS Report R45416, Commercial Space: Federal Regulation, Oversight, and Utilization, by Rachel Lindbergh.

Sources:

NOAA Office of Space Commerce, "About Us," https://www.space.commerce.gov/about/. See the establishing statute at 51 U.S.C. 50701 et seq. NOAA Office of Space Commerce, "Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs," https://www.space.commerce.gov/regulations/commercial-remote-sensing-regulatory-affairs/. NOAA Office of Space Commerce, "Legislative Proposal to Establish Bureau of Space Commerce," October 15, 2018, https://www.space.commerce.gov/legislative-proposal-to-establish-bureau-of-space-commerce/. NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2020, Congressional Submission, 2019, p. NESDIS-15, https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/document/2019/Nov/NOAA-FY20-Congressional-Justification.pdf. NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2021, Congressional Submission, February 2020, p. NESDIS-9, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/fy2021_noaa_congressional_budget_justification.pdf. NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2023, Congressional Submission, April 2022, p. NESDIS-12, https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/FY23_NOAAPresidents_Budget_508Compliant.pdf.

U.S. Congress, Committee of Conference, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for Fiscal Year 2019, and For Other Purposes, Conference Report to Accompany H.J. Res. 31, committee print, 116^th Cong., 1^st sess., February 13, 2019, H. Prt. 116-9, p. 622.

U.S. Congress, House Appropriations Committee, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2020, Report together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 3055, 116^th Cong., 1^st sess., June 3, 2019, H.Rept. 116-101, p. 40. Referred to in "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Rep. Nita Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 1158, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 165, part 2 (December 17, 2019), p. H10961.

U.S. Congress, Senate Appropriations Committee, Departments of Commerce and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2020, Report to Accompany S. 2584, 116^th Cong., 1^st sess., September 26, 2019, S.Rept. 116-127, p. 67. Referred to in "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Rep. Nita Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 1158, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 165, part 2 (December 17, 2019), p. H10961.

National Academy of Public Administration, Space Traffic Management, August 2020, p. 103, https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/napa-2021/studies/united-states-department-of-commerce-office-of-space-commerce/NAPA_OSC_Final_Report.pdf.

"Explanatory Statement Submitted by Sen. Patrick Leahy, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 2617, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," Congressional Record, vol. 168 (December 20, 2022), p. S7913.

The Heritage Foundation, Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise, Project 2025, 2024, p. 677, https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf. Distributing NOAA's Functions Among Multiple Agencies or Eliminating Functions Some stakeholders (including nongovernmental advocacy groups and think tanks) and Members of Congress have advocated for distributing all or some of NOAA'and Members of Congress have advocated for distributing all or some of
NOAA’s functions to other federal agenciess functions to other federal agencies or transitioning some activities to the private sector. Their rationale for making changes has included . Their rationale for making changes has included
concerns with the size and scope of the concerns with the size and scope of the Executive Branch andexecutive branch and potential for duplication of some activities duplication of some activities
across agencies.across agencies.
To address concerns of the size and scope of the To address concerns of the size and scope of the Executive Branchexecutive branch, some stakeholders have , some stakeholders have
recommended breaking up recommended breaking up DOC, including NOAA by (1) makingNOAA and reassigning its functions and, in some cases, eliminating functions entirely. One 2017 proposal by the Competitive Enterprise Institute would (1) make NWS an independent agency, NWS an independent agency,
(2) convertingto be eventually privatized; (2) convert some line offices and programs (e.g., National Hurricane Center, NESDIS, marine some line offices and programs (e.g., National Hurricane Center, NESDIS, marine
sanctuaries, fisheries, OAR laboratories) into charitable trusts or other private entitiessanctuaries, fisheries, OAR laboratories) into charitable trusts or other private entities,; (3) transfer NOS survey functions (3)
transferring NOS to the U.S. Coast Guardto the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey, (USGS); and (4) and (4) assigning
assign OMAO assets to new NOAA entities or other agencies.OMAO assets to new NOAA entities or other agencies.64 69 Remaining NOAA functions would be transferred to EPA or NASA. A 2024 Heritage Foundation proposal would limit NWS's activities to "data-gathering services," "commercialize its forecasting operations," and "downsize" OAR with an aim of "consolidation and reduction of bloat."⁷⁰ It also would transfer NOS survey functions to USCG and USGS and eliminate OMAO, assigning its assets to the General Services Administration or other agencies, similar to previous suggestions.⁷¹ The 2024 proposal does not address the disposition of the remaining NOAA functions.

Other stakeholders, including former NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, have opposed the proposal, stating that "eliminating NOAA, or even just splitting up its parts, or arbitrability firing employees, and conducting what amounts to a fire sale" would lead to federal budget reductions and "kill a few thousand Americans every year, put our economy further into debt, and guarantee the loss of real property around the country."⁷² Some stakeholders have countered aspects of the proposals. For instance, Chief Executive Officer Steven R. Smith at AccuWeather, a private weather forecasting company mentioned in the 2024 Heritage Foundation proposal, stated that "AccuWeather does not agree with the view ... that the National Weather Service (NWS) should fully commercialize its operations."⁷³

Some Members of Congress have Some Members of Congress have
introduced legislation to transfer certain NOAA responsibilities to other agencies several times introduced legislation to transfer certain NOAA responsibilities to other agencies several times
since 1970.since 1970.6574 For example, H.R. 1756 introduced in the For example, H.R. 1756 introduced in the 104th104^th Congress and considered and Congress and considered and
reported out of multiple committees would have terminated or transferred most of NOAAreported out of multiple committees would have terminated or transferred most of NOAA’s
's functions to other agencies. This bill would have transferred weather research and satellites, functions to other agencies. This bill would have transferred weather research and satellites,
fisheries, geodesy, and marine sanctuaries to the Department of the Interior (DOI); nautical fisheries, geodesy, and marine sanctuaries to the Department of the Interior (DOI); nautical
charting to the Defense Mapping Agency; fisheries law enforcement to the Secretary of charting to the Defense Mapping Agency; fisheries law enforcement to the Secretary of
Transportation; and seafood inspection to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).Transportation; and seafood inspection to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).6675 When When
the bill was considered in the House Science, Space, and Technology the bill was considered in the House Science, Space, and Technology (SST) Committee, some Members Committee, some Members
described the markup of the bill as described the markup of the bill as “"an important step in the process of beginning to restructure an important step in the process of beginning to restructure
the Executive Branch of government to be a more rational, forward looking and streamlined the Executive Branch of government to be a more rational, forward looking and streamlined
institution.institution.”67"⁷⁶ Others stated that Others stated that “"the idea of selling off some of our most important research the idea of selling off some of our most important research
laboratories, dissolving NOAA, and so on borders on lunacylaboratories, dissolving NOAA, and so on borders on lunacy”" and contended such actions would and contended such actions would
be based on a be based on a “"faulty premise that we have something that is broken and needs fixing.faulty premise that we have something that is broken and needs fixing.”68
"⁷⁷ In another instance, S. 1226 in the In another instance, S. 1226 in the 105th105^th Congress would have made NOAA an independent Congress would have made NOAA an independent
agency and transferred some NOAA responsibilities, such as mapping, charting, and geodesy, to agency and transferred some NOAA responsibilities, such as mapping, charting, and geodesy, to
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).6978 The bill also would have abolished OMAO, The bill also would have abolished OMAO,
including the NOAA Corps of Commissioned Officers. Some of the themes of S. 1226 resurfaced including the NOAA Corps of Commissioned Officers. Some of the themes of S. 1226 resurfaced
in the in the 108th108^th Congress in H.R. 4368 Congress in H.R. 4368. At a House Resources Committee . At a hearing considering H.R. 4368hearing considering H.R. 4368 a representative for the Management Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors a witness noted that noted that
USACE was the USACE was the “"most experienced and talented procurer of mapping, charting and geodesy most experienced and talented procurer of mapping, charting and geodesy
services”services" in the federal government and should assume NOAA in the federal government and should assume NOAA’'s functions in those areas; the witness also advocated for NOAA Corps to be moved into the military personnel system already in place in the U.S. Army.⁷⁹

Since the 108^th Congress, some Members of Congress have expressed concern with the goals of changing, transferring, and eliminating functions at NOAA as proposed. In a 2025 Senate CST Committee hearing to consider nominee Howard Lutnick as Secretary of Commerce, one Member asked the then-nominee whether he believed in "keeping NOAA together and its responsibilities together."⁸⁰ Lutnick responded "yes," stating that he had "no interest in separating it." Members of Congress asked similar questions in follow-up questions for the record. Lutnick responded stating that it was premature to discuss specific recommendations or policy commitments before speaking with DOC, NOAA, and the President but that he supported "NWS to continue providing its forecasts for the protection of life and property," did not intend to "move services outside of NOAA and into other agencies," and had "no plans to dissolve NOAA."⁸¹ In a 2025 letter to Lutnick, other Members also expressed concern with reported attempts by the Trump Administration to "break up NOAA" and move its functions into DOI.⁸²

In other cases, some stakeholders and Members of Congress s functions in those areas; the

63 National Science and Technology Council Fast Track Action Committee on Climate Services, A Federal Framework
and Action Plan for Climate Services, March 2023, pp. 26, 33, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/
2023/03/FTAC_Report_03222023_508.pdf.
64 Competitive Enterprise Institute, Shrinking Government Bureaucracy: Proposals for Reorganizing the Executive
Branch to Boost Economic Growth and Freedom, September 2017, pp. 11-13, at https://cei.org/wp-content/uploads/
2017/09/Shrinking-Government-Bureaucracy.pdf.
65 For example, H.R. 1756 in the 104th Congress; H.R. 2667, S. 1226, and S. 1316 in the 105th Congress; and H.R. 2452
in the 106th Congress.
66 H.R. 1756 in the 104th Congress.
67 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, H.R. 1756, The Department of Commerce Dismantling Act, committee
print, Markup Before the Committee on Science, 104th Cong., 1st sess., September 14, 1995, p. 1.
68 Ibid, p. 2.
69 See S. 1226 in the 105th Congress.
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witness also advocated for NOAA Corps to be moved into the military personnel system already
in place in the U.S. Army.70
In other cases, some Members of Congress and stakeholders have expressed concern with have expressed concern with
duplication of federal agency responsibilities related to certain living marine resource laws and duplication of federal agency responsibilities related to certain living marine resource laws and
advocated for or considered transferring these responsibilities from NOAA to DOI. considered transferring these responsibilities from NOAA to DOI. For example, H.R. 4335 in the
105th Congress would have transferred NOAA functions under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)
to DOI.71 In sponsor remarks for the bill, Representative Don Young stated “having two agencies
with overlapping responsibility is a waste of taxpayer funding and takes away resources that can
be spent directly on species recovery.” In 2013, the U.S. Government Accountability Office In 2013, the U.S. Government Accountability Office
(GAO) (GAO) analyzedcaptured representative official and stakeholder views regarding the potential benefits and drawbacks of merging NMFS and DOI the potential benefits and drawbacks of merging NMFS and DOI’'s U.S. Fish and s U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and considered various views from officials and stakeholders. In terms of
benefits, GAO foundWildlife Service (FWS). Some officials and stakeholders noted that the move could improve the that the move could improve the implementation of ESA,72efficiency of ESA implementation, although they although
stakeholders recognized that the ESA process would be time consuming regardless of whether recognized that the ESA process would be time consuming regardless of whether
one or two agencies completed it.one or two agencies completed it.73 In terms of drawbacks, some believed83 Some also expressed concern that DOI might that DOI might
“"emphasize conserving fish populations more and consider the economic effects of management emphasize conserving fish populations more and consider the economic effects of management
decisions on fishing communities less than NMFS does.decisions on fishing communities less than NMFS does.”74"⁸⁴ Others disagreed, stating that DOI Others disagreed, stating that DOI
would appropriately balance the two responsibilities, as required under statute.would appropriately balance the two responsibilities, as required under statute.75
More recently85 In 2018, the Trump Administration revived the proposal to merge NMFS with FWS, noting it would "consolidate the administration of the [ESA] and [MMPA] in one agency and combine the [federal agencies'] science and management capacity, resulting in more consistent Federal fisheries and wildlife policy and improved service to stakeholders and the public, particularly on infrastructure permitting."⁸⁶ A 2024 Heritage Foundation proposal recommends the goals of the two agencies "should be streamlined."⁸⁷ Some Members of Congress have introduced bills that would have implemented some stakeholder proposals. For example, H.R. 4335 in the 105^th Congress would have transferred NOAA functions under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to DOI.⁸⁸ In sponsor remarks for the bill, Representative Don Young stated, "having two agencies with overlapping responsibility is a waste of taxpayer funding and takes away resources that can be spent directly on species recovery." During the 118^th Congress, a draft version of H.R. 3980, a draft version of H.R. 3980 released in 2022 would have directed NOAA to work would have directed NOAA to work
with the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to conduct a study examining with the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to conduct a study examining “"the the
feasibility of transferring part or all of [ESA] and Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) feasibility of transferring part or all of [ESA] and Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
management functions within Protected Resourcesmanagement functions within Protected Resources”" to DOI. to DOI.7689 During a During a 118th118^th Congress House Congress House
SST Committee hearing on the draft legislation, some Members and witnesses expressed support for the transfer hearing on the draft legislation, some Members and witnesses expressed support for the transfer
of ESA responsibilities to DOI, stating that the move would of ESA responsibilities to DOI, stating that the move would “"accelerate the recovery of Americaaccelerate the recovery of America’s
's imperiled marine species.imperiled marine species.”77"⁹⁰ Other Members had concerns with the draft legislation, questioning Other Members had concerns with the draft legislation, questioning
its intent and whether NAPA is the appropriate entity to conduct such a study.its intent and whether NAPA is the appropriate entity to conduct such a study.7891 In June 2023, the introduced version of H.R. 3980 would have directed In June 2023, the
Chair of the House Science Committee introduced H.R. 3980, which would now direct NAPA to NAPA to
conduct a study examining conduct a study examining “"the feasibility and merits of transferring part or all of the [ESA] and the feasibility and merits of transferring part or all of the [ESA] and
[MMPA] management functions into a single agency or department.”79

70 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Resources, Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans,
H.R. 4368, A Bill to Transfer the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the Department of the Interior,
Legislative Hearing, committee print, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., September 30, 2004, Serial No. 108-108, p. 41. Hereinafter
House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368.
71 See H.R. 4335 introduced the 105th Congress. The bill was not considered in committee or the House floor.
72 P.L. 93-205; 16 U.S.C. §§1531 et seq.
73 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Government Reorganization: Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of
Merging the National Marine Fisheries Service into the Fish and Wildlife Service, GAO-13-248, February 2013, p. 1.
Hereinafter GAO-13-248.
74 Ibid, p. 29.
75 Ibid, pp. 30-31.
76 House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, draft bill, §208, 2022, at https://republicans-science.house.gov/
_cache/files/3/c/3ced2fd1-25b8-471f-8a2e-22ce0356053c/01402C7A6DA94B9FDD8180671D243289.discussion-
draft-noaa-organic-act.pdf.
77 House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.
78 Ibid.
79 House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, unnumbered bill, §207, introduced June 9, 2023.
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NOAA in the Executive Branch
[MMPA] management functions into a single agency or department."⁹² In questions for the record related to the 2025 Senate CST Committee hearing to consider nominee Howard Lutnick as Secretary of Commerce, some Members of Congress asked the nominee whether he was considering moving NMFS out of NOAA or allowing NOAA endangered species or protected species authorities, functions, or activities to be moved to DOI. He responded stating "no" and that he would "continue to support collaboration between NOAA and Interior when necessary on ESA activities as they currently do."⁹³ NOAA in the Executive Branch Some stakeholders have argued that NOAA should remain a part of DOC, that it should be part of Some stakeholders have argued that NOAA should remain a part of DOC, that it should be part of
a different federal department, or that the agency should be an independent federal entity. In a different federal department, or that the agency should be an independent federal entity. In
2004, the U.S. COP identified 23 different congressional, presidential, and federal working group 2004, the U.S. COP identified 23 different congressional, presidential, and federal working group
proposals regarding NOAAproposals regarding NOAA’'s position in the s position in the Executive Branchexecutive branch between 1971 and 2001. between 1971 and 2001.80
NOAA’94 NOAA's mission and activities would change under some of these proposals. In 2013, GAO s mission and activities would change under some of these proposals. In 2013, GAO
reported that certain agency officials who served in the George W. Bush and Obama reported that certain agency officials who served in the George W. Bush and Obama
Administrations wished to make Administrations wished to make “"some kind of an organizational change,some kind of an organizational change,”" but there was no but there was no
consensus among them on what the best structure would be.consensus among them on what the best structure would be.81
Finally, congressional95 Congressional committee jurisdiction over NOAA committee jurisdiction over NOAA’'s activities mays activities may or may not change if NOAA is change if NOAA is
moved to a different position in the moved to a different position in the Executive Branch.
executive branch. NOAA as Part of Department of Commerce
Some stakeholders and Members of Congress have advocated for retaining NOAA as a part of Some stakeholders and Members of Congress have advocated for retaining NOAA as a part of
DOC. Various Members of Congress have introduced multiple bills that would codify the DOC. Various Members of Congress have introduced multiple bills that would codify the
agency’agency's placement in DOC since 1970.s placement in DOC since 1970.8296 They have argued that keeping the agency in DOC is They have argued that keeping the agency in DOC is
the least-costly and most straightforward action.the least-costly and most straightforward action.83 Others have added that NOAA “97Some Members expressed concerns with how much attention the agency would get if it became a part of a department with more agencies or bureaus.⁹⁸ Other observers, such as those from the Natural Resources Defense Council, have added that NOAA "has been able has been able
to play a relatively high profile and independent role from its Commerce perch,to play a relatively high profile and independent role from its Commerce perch,”" with little to be with little to be
gained from moving NOAA.84 Some Members expressed concerns with how much attention the
agency would get if it became a part of a department with more agencies or bureaus.85
gained from moving NOAA.⁹⁹ NOAA as Part of a Different Department
Various Members of Congress and stakeholders have advocated for the creation of a new, natural Various Members of Congress and stakeholders have advocated for the creation of a new, natural
resources or oceans-focused department since 1970, in efforts to consolidate such activities from resources or oceans-focused department since 1970, in efforts to consolidate such activities from
across multiple agencies.across multiple agencies.86100 Some Members introduced legislation in the 1970s to establish new Some Members introduced legislation in the 1970s to establish new
departments, such as the Department of Natural Resources, Department of Energy and Natural departments, such as the Department of Natural Resources, Department of Energy and Natural

80 U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 109. The U.S. COP expired in December 2004, as provided under the terms of the
Oceans Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-256).
81 GAO-13-248, p. 41. Interviewed heads of departments and agencies included the Secretaries of DOC and DOI, the
NOAA Administrators, the FWS Directors, and the NOAA Assistant Administrators for Fisheries for the George W.
Bush and Obama Administrations (GAO-13-248, p. 44).
82 For example, S. 2224 and H.R. 9708 in the 95th Congress; H.R. 5347 in the 96th Congress; H.R. 4966 in the 107th
Congress; S. 2647, H.R. 984, H.R. 4546, H.R. 4607 and H.R. 4900 in the 108th Congress; H.R. 50, H.R. 2939, H.R.
5450 in the 109th Congress; H.R. 21 and H.R. 250 in the 110th Congress; and H.R. 21 and H.R. 300 in the 111th
Congress.
83 House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on, p. 59.
84 David Goldston, “Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Why NOAA Shouldn’t Be Moved to the Interior
Department,” NRDC, Expert Blog, January 15, 2012, at https://www.nrdc.org/bio/david-goldston/between-devil-and-
deep-blue-sea-why-noaa-shouldnt-be-moved-interior-department.
85 Juliet Eilperin, “NOAA’s Proposed Move Raises Questions About Its Role, January 22, 2012, Washington Post, at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/noaas-proposed-move-raises-questions-about-its-role/2012/
01/20/gIQANNPYJQ_story.html.
86 For examples, see U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, pp. 116-117, and Pew Oceans Commission, America’s Living
Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change, A Report to the Nation Recommendations for a New Ocean Policy, May
2003, at https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2003/06/02/full_report.pdf (hereinafter Pew, Recommendations for
New Ocean Policy).
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Resources, and Department of the Environment and Oceans.87 In 2003 and 2004, U.S. COP and
the Pew Commission suggested the establishment of a national oceans agency or natural
resources department, encompassing NOAA as an agency and other agency ocean-related
functions.88 H.R. 4900 proposed in the 108th Congress would have directed the President to
submit recommendations for reorganizing the functions of existing agencies, including NOAA,
for the purposes of establishing a Department of Natural Resources.89
Resources, and Department of the Environment and Oceans.¹⁰¹ In 2003 and 2004, U.S. COP and the Pew Commission suggested the establishment of a national oceans agency or natural resources department, encompassing NOAA as an agency and other agency ocean-related functions.¹⁰² H.R. 4900 (108^th Congress) would have directed the President to submit recommendations for reorganizing the functions of existing agencies, including NOAA, for the purposes of establishing a Department of Natural Resources.¹⁰³ High-ranking officials from NOAA, USGS, NASA, and other agencies advocated for the creation of the Earth Systems Science Agency composed of NOAA and USGS in 2008, contending that the President and Congress should "realign federal Earth sciences R&D programs."¹⁰⁴ Some observers continued to advocate for the creation of new department in 2021, in this case the Department of Science and Technology, with NOAA, EPA, and USGS a part of a Climate and Environmental Sciences Bureau. They argued that the "priorities of the 21^st century must reflect the overarching role of science and technology in our daily lives."¹⁰⁵ Some challenges to such an endeavor may include whether or how to incorporate the agency's regulatory authorities in a science-focused department and potential resistance to change from NOAA, DOC, and congressional committees with current jurisdiction over the agency and department. Other proposals would have moved NOAA into an existing department to address concerns Other proposals would have moved NOAA into an existing department to address concerns
regarding conflicting mandates and duplication of activities across agencies. For example, some regarding conflicting mandates and duplication of activities across agencies. For example, some
Members of Congress have introduced legislation that would have moved NOAA to DOI.Members of Congress have introduced legislation that would have moved NOAA to DOI.90
106 During a subcommittee hearing on H.R. 4368 in the During a subcommittee hearing on H.R. 4368 in the 108th108^th Congress to transfer NOAA to DOI, Congress to transfer NOAA to DOI,
some Members argued that the move to DOI could eliminate potential conflict between NOAAsome Members argued that the move to DOI could eliminate potential conflict between NOAA’s
's roles to promote commerce and conserve natural resources, for example, in regard to fisheries roles to promote commerce and conserve natural resources, for example, in regard to fisheries
management. They also contended that NOAAmanagement. They also contended that NOAA’'s and DOIs and DOI’'s natural resource management s natural resource management
functions aligned.functions aligned.91107 In contrast, one Member argued the transfer would not address In contrast, one Member argued the transfer would not address “"the history of the history of
failures associated with our protection of marine natural resources.failures associated with our protection of marine natural resources.”92"¹⁰⁸ The hearing witnesses The hearing witnesses
broadly disagreed with the introduced proposal and offered some concerns and alternatives. One broadly disagreed with the introduced proposal and offered some concerns and alternatives. One
witness, witness, Timothy R. E. Keeney, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, stated that the the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, stated that the
transfer would transfer would “"not provide for better integration of ocean policy or coordination of ocean and not provide for better integration of ocean policy or coordination of ocean and
coastal activities,coastal activities,”" as several other agencies with roles in these policy areas would not be affected as several other agencies with roles in these policy areas would not be affected
by the legislation.by the legislation.93 Several witnesses noted that “109 Witnesses, such as a representative from the nonprofit Center for SeaChange, noted that "ocean issues would be lost at Interiorocean issues would be lost at Interior”" or or
become a become a “"non-entity in the bureaucratic mazenon-entity in the bureaucratic maze”" and argued the move would and argued the move would “"not address not address
…[NOAA…[NOAA’'s] fundamental problems which are more the result of inappropriate and ambiguous s] fundamental problems which are more the result of inappropriate and ambiguous
policies and mandatespolicies and mandates”" than the agency than the agency’'s placement.s placement.94110 Another witness on the panel Another witness on the panel, a representative from the Management Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors, noted noted
challenges with integrating specific NOAA functions, such as mapping and charting, NOAA challenges with integrating specific NOAA functions, such as mapping and charting, NOAA
Corps, and NESDIS, into DOI.Corps, and NESDIS, into DOI.95 Still others111 Still others, from U.S. COP and the Coastal Conservation Association, advocated for the wholistic consideration of ocean advocated for the wholistic consideration of ocean
science and policy in the federal government as recommended by the U.S. COP rather than science and policy in the federal government as recommended by the U.S. COP rather than
moving NOAA into DOI or another department.moving NOAA into DOI or another department.96
112 In 2012, President Obama proposed moving NOAA into DOI, without changing NOAAIn 2012, President Obama proposed moving NOAA into DOI, without changing NOAA’s
's authorities or structure.authorities or structure.97113 According to According to Obama Administration officials, consolidating NOAA into DOI Administration officials, consolidating NOAA into DOI
would would “"enhance scientific resources and strengthen our stewardship and conservation efforts.enhance scientific resources and strengthen our stewardship and conservation efforts.”98

87 For example, S. 27, S. 2135, H.R. 3249, H.R. 9090, and H.R. 12733 in the 93rd Congress; S. 27, S. 2726, S. 3339,
and S. 3889 in the 94th Congress; and S. 591 and S. 1481 in the 95th Congress.
88 Pew, Recommendations for New Ocean Policy, p. 54, and U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 115.
89 H.R. 4900 in the 108th Congress.
90 Congress last held hearings regarding moving NOAA into DOI in its consideration of H.R. 4368 in the 108th
Congress.
91 For example, House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, pp. 5-7.
92 Ibid, p. 10.
93 Ibid, p. 14.
94 Ibid, pp. 54, 59.
95 Ibid, p. 37.
96 Ibid., pp. 42, 51
97 White House, “Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Jay Carney and OMB Deputy Director for Management Jeff Zients,”
press release, January 13, 2012, at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/13/press-gaggle-
press-secretary-jay-carney-and-omb-deputy-director-manageme.
98 Charles S. Clark, “NOAA Grapples with Uncertainty over Obama Reorganization Plan,” February 7, 2012,
Government Executive, at https://www.govexec.com/management/2012/02/noaa-grapples-uncertainty-over-obama-
reorganization-plan/41118/. Hereinafter, Clark, “NOAA Grapples.”
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Environmental groups lauded efforts to streamline government but stated that such a move would
fail to eliminate conflicts arising from dueling mandates and “do nothing to promote a better
functioning executive branch.”99 Further, they contended, the proposal would “erode the
capabilities and mute the voice of the government’s primary agency for protecting our oceans and
the ecosystems and economies that depend on them.”100 Other stakeholders voiced concerns over
how certain responsibilities that were not a part of DOI’s responsibilities, such as satellite
systems, marine fisheries management, and tornado forecasting, would fare under a move.101
Members of Congress had mixed reactions to the Obama proposal—some supported the plan,
others expressed concern with the proposal, and still others disagreed with the idea, stating that
they were “not sure burying NOAA in an already overburdened Interior [was] a good idea”102
During this time, some Members of Congress introduced legislation that would have moved
NOAA into DOI and additionally would have transferred NMFS into the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.103 The bill’s sponsor noted that S. 1116 in the 112th Congress would advance the 2012
Obama proposal, consolidate duplicative programs, and provide cost savings.104 Congress did not
pass the legislation, nor did it allow President Obama to implement the proposed departmental
reorganization. In a 2013 report, GAO found that “moving all of NOAA into Interior could better
integrate natural resource management by bringing many aspects of federal land and ocean
management under the same department, but it could diminish attention to ocean issues.”
According to GAO, interviewed federal officials and stakeholders generally noted that the
reorganization’s drawbacks outweighed the benefits.105
Some stakeholders have advocated for transferring NOAA to departments other than DOI. For
example, some Members introduced legislation in the 101st Congress to transfer NOAA to the
Environmental Protection Agency, as a product of reorganizing DOC more broadly.106
NOAA as an Independent Agency
Some stakeholders have advocated for the establishment of NOAA as an independent agency.
Some proposals would codify NOAA’s functions as they existed at the time, whereas others
would potentially expand or otherwise change the agency’s functions (see “NOAA’s Functions”).
Some stakeholders have argued that an independent NOAA would have “increased visibility” in

99 Dan Flynn, “OMB says Food Agency Merger Is Next,” January 14, 2012, at https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/
01/omb-says-food-agency-consolidation-is-next/.
100 NRDC, “Obama’s Reorganization Plan Could Erode NOAA’s Capabilities,” January 13, 2012, press release, at
https://www.nrdc.org/press-releases/obamas-reorganization-plan-could-erode-noaas-capabilities.
101 Clark, “NOAA Grapples.”
102 Senator Lisa Murkowski, “Op-Ed: NOAA: A Fish out of Water in U.S. Commerce Department,” May 1, 2012, at
https://www.murkowski.senate.gov/press/op-ed/op-ed-noaa-a-fish-out-of-water-in-us-commerce-department; “Fish
Wraps,” Alaska Journal of Commerce, January 19, 2012, at https://www.alaskajournal.com/automotive/2012-01-19/
fish-wraps; and Clark, “NOAA Grapples.”
103 S. 1116, §202, in the 112th Congress. Senator Burr introduced the measure again as S. 1836, §202, in the 113th
Congress.
104 Senator Burr, “Burr Cuts Wasteful Spending, Improves Efficiency by Combining Dept. of Labor and Commerce,”
press release, May 26, 2011, at https://web.archive.org/web/20141206053501/http://burr.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?
FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=2dfd03e6-802a-23ad-4a5f-ca3cc92a21ea&Region_id=&
Issue_id=.
105 GAO-13-248, pp. 36-38 and 41.
106 For example, Titles III in H.R. 3833 and S. 1978 in the 101st Congress. See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on
Governmental Affairs, Trade and Technology Promotion Act, Hearing on S. 1978, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., June 12, 1990,
S. Hrg. 101-913, pp. 9-10, 55, and 207 for a discussion of the potential concerns with moving NOAA to the
Environmental Protection Agency.
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the government and would allow for more direct communications with the Office of Management
Budget (OMB), the White House, and Congress.107 By contrast, others have expressed concerns
that an independent NOAA may be vulnerable to questions of ability, jurisdiction, and budgets,
because it likely would remain smaller in size and funding than other independent agencies.108
Various Members of Congress have introduced multiple bills since 1970 that would establish
NOAA as an independent agency.109 For example, the reported version of S. 929 in the 104th
Congress would have established NOAA as an independent agency to “provide a focus for ocean,
coastal, and atmospheric activities.”110 The Senate Governmental Affairs Committee report
accompanying S. 929 in the 104th Congress argued that “NOAA should be kept whole and
independent” pending broader restructuring of the government’s natural resources functions and
that proposals to “dismember” NOAA were “shortsighted and potentially too disruptive to
services.”111 In a 109th Congress House hearing to consider legislation that would have provided
NOAA an organic act, one Member noted that NOAA, as a part of DOC, does not “have the same
kind of clout in Congress that other independent agencies have.”112
In a 118th Congress House hearing on draft legislation that would have established NOAA as an
independent agency, some Members argued that an independent NOAA would “elevate NOAA
within the executive branch to an appropriate level alongside similar science agencies like NASA
and National Science Foundation.”113 Other Members argued that removing NOAA from DOC
could “diminish its ability to direct and influence critical policy decisions” and its ability to
maintain reliable funding.114 Some witnesses at the same hearing asserted that establishing NOAA
as an independent agency would eliminate “chronic conflict” between NOAA and DOC in terms
of budget and management and could improve some relationships between NOAA and
stakeholders.115

107 Robert G. Fleagle, “The Case for a New NOAA Charter,”"¹¹⁴ Environmental groups lauded efforts to streamline government but stated that such a move would fail to eliminate conflicts arising from dueling mandates and "do nothing to promote a better functioning executive branch."¹¹⁵ Further, they contended, the proposal would "erode the capabilities and mute the voice of the government's primary agency for protecting our oceans and the ecosystems and economies that depend on them."¹¹⁶

Members of Congress had mixed reactions to the Obama proposal—some supported the plan, others expressed concern with the proposal, and still others disagreed with the idea, stating that they were "not sure burying NOAA in an already overburdened Interior [was] a good idea"¹¹⁷ During this time, some Members of Congress introduced legislation that would have moved NOAA into DOI and additionally would have transferred NMFS into the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.¹¹⁸ The bill's sponsor noted that S. 1116 in the 112^th Congress would advance the 2012 Obama proposal, consolidate duplicative programs, and provide cost savings.¹¹⁹ Congress did not pass the legislation, nor did it allow President Obama to implement the proposed departmental reorganization. In a 2013 report, GAO found that "moving all of NOAA into Interior could better integrate natural resource management by bringing many aspects of federal land and ocean management under the same department, but it could diminish attention to ocean issues." According to GAO, interviewed federal officials and stakeholders generally noted that the reorganization's drawbacks outweighed the benefits.¹²⁰

Some have advocated for transferring NOAA to departments other than DOI. For example, some Members introduced legislation in the 101^st Congress to transfer NOAA to the Environmental Protection Agency, as a product of reorganizing DOC more broadly.¹²¹

NOAA as an Independent Agency

Some stakeholders have advocated for the establishment of NOAA as an independent agency. Some proposals would codify in statute NOAA's functions as they existed at the time, whereas others would potentially expand or otherwise change the agency's functions (see "NOAA's Functions"). In the late 1980s, some observers argued that an independent NOAA would have "increased visibility" in the government and would allow for more direct communications with the Office of Management Budget (OMB), the White House, and Congress.¹²² By contrast, they also expressed concerns that an independent NOAA may be vulnerable to questions of ability, jurisdiction, and budgets, because it likely would remain smaller in size and funding than other independent agencies.¹²³

Various Members of Congress have introduced multiple bills since 1970 that would establish NOAA as an independent agency.¹²⁴ For example, the reported version of S. 929 in the 104^th Congress would have established NOAA as an independent agency to "provide a focus for ocean, coastal, and atmospheric activities."¹²⁵ The Senate Governmental Affairs Committee report accompanying S. 929 in the 104^th Congress argued that "NOAA should be kept whole and independent" pending broader restructuring of the government's natural resources functions and that proposals to "dismember" NOAA were "shortsighted and potentially too disruptive to services."¹²⁶ In a 109^th Congress House Science Committee hearing to consider legislation that would have provided NOAA an organic act, one Member noted that NOAA, as a part of DOC, does not "have the same kind of clout in Congress that other independent agencies have."¹²⁷

In the 118^th Congress, during a 2023 House SST Committee hearing on draft legislation that would have established NOAA as an independent agency, some Members argued that an independent NOAA would "elevate NOAA within the executive branch to an appropriate level alongside similar science agencies like NASA and National Science Foundation."¹²⁸ Other Members argued that removing NOAA from DOC could "diminish its ability to direct and influence critical policy decisions" and its ability to maintain reliable funding.¹²⁹ One witness, former Acting NOAA Administrator Rear Admiral Tim Gallaudet, at the same hearing asserted that establishing NOAA as an independent agency would eliminate "chronic conflict" between NOAA and DOC in terms of budget and management and could improve some relationships between NOAA and stakeholders.¹³⁰

Footnotes

1.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), "About our agency," https://www.noaa.gov/about-our-agency.

2.

NOAA, "Foundations-The Early Years," https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/welcome.html.

3.

Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, P.L. 89-454.

4.

P.L. 89-454, §5. The commission was also known as the Stratton Commission as it was led by Chairman Julius A. Stratton.

5.

Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources, Our Nation and The Sea: A Plan for National Action, January 1969, pp. 231-232.

6.

For more information about the President's authority to reorganize federal agencies, see CRS Report R44909, Executive Branch Reorganization, by Henry B. Hogue.

7.

U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970, "Message from the President of the United States Relative to Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970," 91^st Cong., 2^nd sess., July 9, 1970, No. 91-366, p. 6. In the message, the President stated, "In formulating these reorganization plans, I have been greatly aided by the work of the President's Advisory Council on Executive Organization (the Ash Council), the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (the Stratton Commission, appointed by President [Lyndon] Johnson), my special task force on oceanography headed by Dr. James Wakelin and by the information developed during both House and Senate hearings on proposed NOAA legislation."

8.

Some Members did not support the reorganization plan. For example, according to the CQ Almanac, Rep. John D. Dingell noted that the plan "would put the fox in charge of the chicken coop….I do not believe that we should be so foolish as to expect an agency constituted to serve the polluters, the industrial users and the exploiters is going to be concerned with…programs for long-range management and protection of resources" and that most conservation groups opposed the plan as well (CQ Almanac, "Congress Accepts Four Executive Reorganization Plans," 1971, https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1293675).

9.

84 Stat. 2090; 15 U.S.C. §1511 note. In 1984, Congress passed legislation ratifying and affirming as law all reorganization plans that had gone into effect, including Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970. (P.L. 98-532).

10.

CQ Almanac, "Congress Accepts Four Executive Reorganization Plans," 1971, https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1293675.

11.

Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, §2 (5 U.S.C. Appendix). The Under Secretary rank for the Administrator dates to 1986 (P.L. 99-659; 15 U.S.C. §1503b).

12.

P.L. 99-659; 15 U.S.C. §1507c.

13. Department of Commerce (DOC), Office of Privacy and Open Government, Department Organization Order (DOO) 25-5, Effective May 4, 2015, https://www.commerce.gov/node/5033. 14.

For example, differences include the presence of a Senior Advisor for Climate and Office of Human Capital Services within the FY2025 structure and differences in office or program names under the National Ocean Service, National Weather Service, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, among others.

15.

Email correspondence between CRS and NOAA Office of Legislative Affairs, June 27, 2023.

16.

For example, see NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2025, Congressional Submission, March 2024, p. NOAA-15, https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/NOAA_FY25_Congressional_Justification.pdf.. Hereinafter, NOAA, Budget Estimate FY2025.

17.

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, "Regional Climate Services," https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/regional.

18.

NOAA Fisheries, "Regional Offices," at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact-directory/regional-offices and NOAA Fisheries, "Science Centers," https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact-directory/science-centers.

19.

U.S. Census Bureau, "NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs), https://www.census.gov/topics/preparedness/related-sites/nws.html.

20.

For a definition of federal employee, see 5 U.S.C. §2105.

21.

U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), FedScope database, Employment cube, https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp. FedScope provides individual head counts at a particular time, rather than full-time equivalent position amounts.

22. Valeria Volcovici, Rich McKay, and Leah Douglas, "Trump's Firings at U.S. Weather Agency Will Put Lives at Risk, Scientists Say," Reuters, February 28, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-firings-us-weather-agency-will-put-lives-risk-scientists-say-2025-02-28/; and Christopher Flavelle, Austyn Gaffney, and Camille Baker, "Hundreds Are Said to Quit NOAA in a New Round of Departures," February 28, 2025, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/28/climate/noaa-trump-staff-cuts.html. 23.

Email correspondence with NOAA Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs, August 12, 2022. More recent information was not available as of the date of this report.

24.

According to OPM's Fedscope database, NOAA does not have a federal employee in Delaware as of September 2024. The territories include American Samoa, Guam, and Puerto Rico (OPM, FedScope database, Employment cube, Location parameter set at "Location-All" and "U.S. Territories," https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp and OPM, "FedScope Data Definitions – Employment," https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/datadefn/index.asp.

25.

NOAA Cooperative Institutes, "Locations," https://ci.noaa.gov/Locations; and NOAA Cooperative Institutes, "NOAA Research Laboratories," https://ci.noaa.gov/research-themes/noaa-research-laboratories/.

26. NOAA Sea Grant, "Sea Grant Programs," https://seagrant.noaa.gov/ and NOAA Office of Coastal Management National Estuarine Research Reserves, "About National Estuarine Research Reserves," https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/. 27.

Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher Jr., NOAA Administrator, Written Statement for Legislative Hearing on H.R. 50, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act, May 19, 2005, https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t39.d40.bd22fb19000204d4. Hereinafter Lautenbacher, Written Statement, 2005.

28. DOC Office of Privacy and Open Government, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, DOO 10-15, Effective December 12, 2011, https://www.commerce.gov/node/4830. Hereinafter DOC, DOO 10-15, December 12, 2011. For example, DOC, DOO 10-15, §3 identifies 16 statutes where the NOAA Administrator has been directed to perform certain functions. 29.

For example, DOO 10-15, §3 identifies over 75 statutes where the Secretary of Commerce has delegated authority to the NOAA Administrator (DOC, DOO 10-15, December 12, 2011).

30.

For example, NOAA's FY2025 budget request identified the Grant Reporting Efficiency and Agreements Transparency Act of 2019 (P.L. 116-103) which applies to federal programs broadly (NOAA, Budget Estimate FY2025, p. AM-13).

31.

Congressional reports and explanatory statements accompanying appropriations law do not hold the force of law.

32. Sources listing NOAA authorities include DOO 10-15, appropriation language and code citations included as a part of NOAA's annual budget request (e.g., NOAA, Budget Estimates FY2025, p. AM-1), the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) periodically released report on expired or expiring authorization of appropriations (e.g., CBO, Expired and Expiring Authorizations of Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2024, July 25, 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60390), and various documents posted on the website for NOAA's Office of General Counsel (e.g., NOAA, Legal Authorities for GCW, https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/authorities-gcw07.pdf). Some of the listed sources include authorities that other listed sources do not include. 33.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-568).

34.

U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (COP), An Ocean Blueprint for the 21^st Century, 2004, p. 10, https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf (hereinafter U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint). President George W. Bush released his U.S. Ocean Action Plan as a "response" to the commission in 2004; the plan encouraged the passage of a NOAA organic act (U.S. Ocean Action Plan, The Bush Administration's Response to the U.S. COP, December 2004, https://cdn.ioos.noaa.gov/media/2017/12/US_ocean_action_plan.pdf.). For more information about the commission and George W. Bush Administration's plan, see CRS Report RL33603, Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook, by Harold F. Upton and Eugene H. Buck. For more information, congressional staff may contact the author of this report.

35.

Lautenbacher, Written Statement, 2005.

36.

Holly Doremus, "Time to Make NOAA Official," February 3, 2010, progressivereform.org/cpr-blog/time-to-make-noaa-official/.

37.

For some of these bills, see U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, pp. 116-118, and Tim Hall and Mary Kicza, "An Organic Act for NOAA to Formalize Its Purpose and Authorities," Aerospace Center for Space Policy & Strategy, August 2018, https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Hall-Kicza_Organic%20Act_08082018.pdf.

38.

H.R. 50 and H.R. 5450 in the 109^th Congress.

39.

H.R. 50, §3(b) and H.R. 5450, §3(b).

40.

Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, "Introducing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act," Extension of Remarks, Congressional Record, daily edition, January 4, 2005, p. E12. Hereinafter Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, "Introducing NOAA Act," January 2005.

41.

Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, "Introducing NOAA Act," January 2005. The House Science Committee was renamed the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee in the 112^th Congress. The House Resources Committee was renamed the House Natural Resources Committee in the 110^th Congress.

42.

Mary Claire Jalonick and Liriel Higa, "NOAA, Manufacturing, Meth Lab Bills Win Subcommittee's Nod," CQ Quarterly, March 15, 2005, http://www.cq.com/doc/committees-2005031500170472.

43.

Lautenbaucher, Written Statement, 2005.

44.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act: Report Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 5450, 109^th Cong., 2^nd sess., June 29, 2006, H.Rept. 109-545, p. 197. Hereinafter H.Rept. 109-545.

45.

For example, H.Rept. 109-545, pp. 49-53 and Rep. Frank Pallone, "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act," House Debate, Congressional Record, daily edition, September 20, 2006, p. H6764.

46.

H.R. 3980 in the 118^th Congress.

47. Maxine Joselow, "This Republican Wants to Make NOAA an Independent Agency," January 27, 2023, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/01/27/this-republican-wants-make-noaa-an-independent-agency/. 48.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, "Chairman Lucas Opening Statement at Full Committee Hearing on Establishing an Independent NOAA," April 18, 2023, https://science.house.gov/2023/4/chairman-lucas-opening-statement-at-full-committee-hearing. Hereinafter House SST Committee, Chairman Lucas Opening Statement, April 2023.

49. U.S. Congress, House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, "House Science, Space and Technology Committee Holds Hearing on Establishing an Independent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration," hearing transcript, April 18, 2023, https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t39.d40.tr04180123.o18?. Hereinafter House SST Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023. 50.

House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.

51.

Verbal exchanges between Sen. Maria Cantwell and Mr. Howard Lutnick, Nomination Hearing – U.S. Secretary of Commerce, transcript, January 29, 2025, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t39.d40.tr01290125.o04?accountid=12084.

52.

For a discussion of NOAA's authorizations of appropriations, see CRS Report R48157, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget and Funding: Overview and Issues for Congress, by Eva Lipiec and Natalie Paris.

53.

U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 111.

54.

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, From Sea to Shining Sea: Priorities for Ocean Policy Reform, Report to the United States Senate, June 2006, p. 18, https://jointoceancommission.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/09/2006-06-13_Sea_to_Shining_Sea_Report_to_Senate.pdf.

55.

15 U.S.C. §1538. The House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries was abolished and its jurisdiction was transferred to other committees by H.Res. 6 (104^th Congress). P.L. 104-14, §1(b)(3) provides for the treatment of references to this and other committees abolished at that time.

56.

For example, P.L. 118-42, Division C, Title V, §505; 138 Stat. 167.

57.

S. 2647, Title II, in the 108^th Congress. See also S.Rept. 108-407.

58.

For example, H.R. 21 in the 110^th Congress and H.R. 2685 in the 111^th Congress.

59.

See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Oceans, Ocean Policy Priorities in the United States; and H.R. 21, Oceans Conservation, Education, and National Strategy for the 21^st Century Act, Oversight and Legislative Hearings, committee print, 110^th Cong., 1^st sess., March 29, 2007, Serial No. 110-10, pp. 29, 74.

60.

For example, see H.R. 4, §1345, or S. 1766, §1345, in the 107^th Congress.

61.

NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2012, Congressional Submission, 2011, p. xviv.

62.

U.S. Congress, House Science and Technology Committee, Energy and Environment Subcommittee, Expanding Climate Services at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Developing the National Climate Service, committee print, prepared by U.S. Government Printing Office, 111^th Cong., 1^st sess., May 5, 2009, Serial No. 111-24, p. 63.

63. For example, E.L. Miles et al., "An Approach to Designing a National Climate Service," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 52 (October 2006), pp. 19616-19623; and National Research Council (now known as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine), Restructuring Federal Climate Research to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change, 2009, p. 116, https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12595/ restructuring-federal-climate-research-to-meet-the-challenges-of-climate-change. 64.

P.L. 112-10, §1348.

65.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2012, and for Other Purposes, conference report to accompany H.R. 2112, 112^th Cong., 1^st sess., November 11, 2011, H.Rept. 112-284, p. 218.

66. For example, Chelsea Harvey, "A National Climate Service? Interest Builds Under Biden," July 6, 2021, at https://www.eenews.net/articles/a-national-climate-service-interest-builds-under-biden/; and Marshall Shepherd, "Is It Time for a National Climate Service?," Forbes, June 11, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2021/06/11/is-it-time-for-a-national-climate-service. 67.

U.S. Congress, House Select Committee on Climate Crisis, Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risk and Costs, 116^th Cong., 1^st sess., November 20, 2019; and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment, Working Towards Climate Equity: The Case for a Federal Climate Service, 117^th Cong., 1^st sess., April 21, 2021.

68.

National Science and Technology Council Fast Track Action Committee on Climate Services, A Federal Framework and Action Plan for Climate Services, March 2023, pp. 26, 33, https://www.bidenwhitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/FTAC_Report_03222023_508.pdf.

69.

Competitive Enterprise Institute, Shrinking Government Bureaucracy: Proposals for Reorganizing the Executive Branch to Boost Economic Growth and Freedom, September 2017, pp. 11-13, https://cei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Shrinking-Government-Bureaucracy.pdf.

70.

Heritage Foundation, Project 2025, 2024, p. 676.

71.

Heritage Foundation, Project 2025, 2024, pp. 676-677.

72.

Rick Spinrad, Ph.D., "Opinion: Save a Nickel, Kill a Thousand – The Pennies-Wise, Lives-Foolish Effort to Eliminate NOAA," February 20, 2025, Offshore Engineer, https://www.oedigital.com/news/522607-opinion-save-a-nickel-kill-a-thousand-the-pennies-wise-lives-foolish-effort-to-eliminate-noaa.

73.

AccuWeather, "AccuWeather Does Not Support Project 2025 Plan to Fully Commercializing NWS Operations; NOAA has Critical Role in American Weather Enterprise," July 10, 2024, Special Weather Statement, https://www.accuweather.com/en/press/accuweather-does-not-support-project-2025-plan-to-fully-commercializing-nws-operations-noaa-has-critical-role-in-american-weather-enterprise/1670156.

74.

For example, H.R. 1756 in the 104^th Congress; H.R. 2667, S. 1226, and S. 1316 in the 105^th Congress; and H.R. 2452 in the 106^th Congress.

75.

H.R. 1756 in the 104^th Congress.

76.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, H.R. 1756, The Department of Commerce Dismantling Act, committee print, Markup Before the Committee on Science, 104^th Cong., 1^st sess., September 14, 1995, p. 1. Hereinafter House Committee on Science, H.R. 1756 Markup, September 1995.

77.

House Committee on Science, H.R. 1756 Markup, September 1995., p. 2.

78.

See S. 1226 in the 105^th Congress.

79.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Resources, Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans, H.R. 4368, A Bill to Transfer the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the Department of the Interior, Legislative Hearing, committee print, 108^th Cong., 2^nd sess., September 30, 2004, Serial No. 108-108, p. 41. Hereinafter House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004.

80.

Verbal exchanges between Sen. Maria Cantwell and Mr. Howard Lutnick, and Senator Brian Schatz and Mr. Howard Lutnick, Nomination Hearing – U.S. Secretary of Commerce, transcript, January 29, 2025, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, https://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t39.d40.tr01290125.o04?accountid=12084.

81.

Questions 76 and 92 from Sen. Maria Cantwell and question 26 from Sen. Edward Markey and responses from Mr. Howard Lutnick, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Full Committee Nomination Heating, Democratic Questions for the Record, Mr. Howard Lutnick, January 29, 2025, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25514926-senate-commerce-committee-democratic-questions-for-the-record-for-commerce-secretary-nominee-howard-lutnick/?q=NOAA&mode=document.

82.

Letter from Rep. Jamie Raskin, Sen. Chris Van Hollen, and Sen. Angela D. Alsobrooks et al. to Secretary-Designate Howard Lutnick and Acting Secretary Jeremy Pelter, February 6, 2025, https://raskin.house.gov/_cache/files/3/b/3bd3f0bc-1617-4a8f-b149-c2d8e8b409be/80E47262DC105E84435EA242619F0094.md-congressional-letter-to-sec-designate-lutnick-re-doge-at-noaa-2.6.25.pdf.

83.

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Government Reorganization: Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Merging the National Marine Fisheries Service into the Fish and Wildlife Service, GAO-13-248, February 2013, p. 1. Hereinafter GAO-13-248.

84.

GAO-13-248, p. 29.

85.

GAO-13-248, pp. 30-31.

86.

Executive Office of the President, Trump Administration, Delivering Government Solutions in the 21^st Century: Reform Plan and Reorganization Recommendations, undated, p. 37, https://trumpadministration.archives.performance.gov/GovReform/Reform-and-Reorg-Plan-Final.pdf.

87.

Heritage Foundation, Project 2025, 2024, p. 676.

88.

See H.R. 4335 introduced the 105^th Congress. The bill was not considered in committee or the House floor.

89.

House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, draft bill, §208, 2022, https://republicans-science.house.gov/_cache/files/3/c/3ced2fd1-25b8-471f-8a2e-22ce0356053c/01402C7A6DA94B9FDD8180671D243289.discussion-draft-noaa-organic-act.pdf.

90.

House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.

91.

House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.

92.

House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, unnumbered bill, §207, introduced June 9, 2023.

93.

Questions 81 and 83 from Sen. Maria Cantwell and responses from Mr. Howard Lutnick, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Full Committee Nomination Heating, Democratic Questions for the Record, Mr. Howard Lutnick, January 29, 2025, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25514926-senate-commerce-committee-democratic-questions-for-the-record-for-commerce-secretary-nominee-howard-lutnick/?q=NOAA&mode=document.

94.

U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 109. The U.S. COP expired in December 2004, as provided under the terms of the Oceans Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-256).

95.

GAO-13-248, p. 41. Interviewed heads of departments and agencies included the Secretaries of DOC and DOI, the NOAA Administrators, the FWS Directors, and the NOAA Assistant Administrators for Fisheries for the George W. Bush and Obama Administrations (GAO-13-248, p. 44).

96.

For example, S. 2224 and H.R. 9708 in the 95^th Congress; H.R. 5347 in the 96^th Congress; H.R. 4966 in the 107^th Congress; S. 2647, H.R. 984, H.R. 4546, H.R. 4607 and H.R. 4900 in the 108^th Congress; H.R. 50, H.R. 2939, H.R. 5450 in the 109^th Congress; H.R. 21 and H.R. 250 in the 110^th Congress; and H.R. 21 and H.R. 300 in the 111^th Congress.

97.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, p. 59.

98.

Juliet Eilperin, "NOAA's Proposed Move Raises Questions About Its Role, January 22, 2012, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/noaas-proposed-move-raises-questions-about-its-role/2012/01/20/gIQANNPYJQ_story.html.

99.

David Goldston, "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Why NOAA Shouldn't Be Moved to the Interior Department," NRDC, Expert Blog, January 15, 2012, https://www.nrdc.org/bio/david-goldston/between-devil-and-deep-blue-sea-why-noaa-shouldnt-be-moved-interior-department.

100.

For example, see U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, pp. 116-117, and Pew Oceans Commission, America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change, A Report to the Nation Recommendations for a New Ocean Policy, May 2003, https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2003/06/02/full_report.pdf (hereinafter Pew, Recommendations for New Ocean Policy).

101.

For example, S. 27, S. 2135, H.R. 3249, H.R. 9090, and H.R. 12733 in the 93^rd Congress; S. 27, S. 2726, S. 3339, and S. 3889 in the 94^th Congress; and S. 591 and S. 1481 in the 95^th Congress.

102.

Pew, Recommendations for New Ocean Policy, p. 54, and U.S. COP, Ocean Blueprint, p. 115.

103.

H.R. 4900 in the 108^th Congress.

104.

Mark Schaefer, D. James Baker, John H. Gibbons et al., "An Earth Systems Science Agency," Science eLetters, Vol. 321, Issue 5885, July 4, 2008, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1160192.

105.

Ronald Kline, "The U.S. Needs a Federal Department of Science and Technology," February 20, 2021, Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-u-s-needs-a-federal-department-of-science-and-technology/.

106.

Congress last held hearings regarding moving NOAA into DOI in its consideration of H.R. 4368 in the 108^th Congress.

107.

For example, House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, pp. 5-7.

108.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, p. 10.

109.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, p. 14.

110.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, pp. 54 and59.

111.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, p. 37.

112.

House Science Committee, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 4368, September 2004, pp. 42 and51

113.

White House, "Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Jay Carney and OMB Deputy Director for Management Jeff Zients," press release, January 13, 2012, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/13/press-gaggle-press-secretary-jay-carney-and-omb-deputy-director-manageme.

114.

Charles S. Clark, "NOAA Grapples with Uncertainty over Obama Reorganization Plan," February 7, 2012, Government Executive, https://www.govexec.com/management/2012/02/noaa-grapples-uncertainty-over-obama-reorganization-plan/41118/. Hereinafter, Clark, "NOAA Grapples," February 2012.

115. Dan Flynn, "OMB says Food Agency Merger Is Next," January 14, 2012, https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/01/omb-says-food-agency-consolidation-is-next/. 116.

NRDC, "Obama's Reorganization Plan Could Erode NOAA's Capabilities," January 13, 2012, press release, https://www.nrdc.org/press-releases/obamas-reorganization-plan-could-erode-noaas-capabilities.

117.

Senator Lisa Murkowski, "Op-Ed: NOAA: A Fish out of Water in U.S. Commerce Department," May 1, 2012, https://www.murkowski.senate.gov/press/op-ed/op-ed-noaa-a-fish-out-of-water-in-us-commerce-department; "Fish Wraps," Alaska Journal of Commerce, January 19, 2012, https://research.ebsco.com/c/cncs2l/viewer/html/wcmhakzqbf; and Clark, "NOAA Grapples," February 2012.

118.

S. 1116, §202, in the 112^th Congress. Senator Burr introduced the measure again as S. 1836, §202, in the 113^th Congress.

119.

Sen. Richard Burr, "Burr Cuts Wasteful Spending, Improves Efficiency by Combining Dept. of Labor and Commerce," press release, May 26, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110601222933/http://burr.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=2dfd03e6-802a-23ad-4a5f-ca3cc92a21ea&Region_id=&Issue_id=

120.

GAO-13-248, pp. 36-38 and 41.

121.

For example, Titles III in H.R. 3833 and S. 1978 in the 101^st Congress. See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Trade and Technology Promotion Act, Hearing on S. 1978, 101^st Cong., 2^nd sess., June 12, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-913, pp. 9-10, 55, and 207 for a discussion of the potential concerns with moving NOAA to the Environmental Protection Agency.

122. Robert G. Fleagle, "The Case for a New NOAA Charter," November 1987, November 1987, Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, vol. 68, no. 11, p. 1422, , vol. 68, no. 11, p. 1422, at https://www.jstor.org/stable/26226088.
108 Ibid.
109https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<1417:TCFANN>2.0.CO;2. Hereinafter Robert G. Fleagle, "New NOAA Charter," November 1987. 123.

Robert G. Fleagle, "New NOAA Charter," November 1987.

124. For example, S. 121 For example, S. 121, , H.R. 3355H.R. 3355, , H.R. 3381, and H.R. 4862 in the H.R. 3381, and H.R. 4862 in the 98th98^th Congress; S. 1365 and H.R. 1928 in the Congress; S. 1365 and H.R. 1928 in the 99th
99^th Congress; S. 330Congress; S. 330, , S. 821S. 821, , H.R. 2135, and H.R. 5070 in the H.R. 2135, and H.R. 5070 in the 100th100^th Congress; H.R. 1274 and H.R. 3833 in the Congress; H.R. 1274 and H.R. 3833 in the 101st
101^st Congress; S. 3329 in the Congress; S. 3329 in the 102nd102^nd Congress; S. 580 and H.R. 2973 in the Congress; S. 580 and H.R. 2973 in the 103rd103^rd Congress; S. 929 in the Congress; S. 929 in the 104th104^th Congress; S. Congress; S.
12261226, , S. 131, and H.R. 2667 in the S. 131, and H.R. 2667 in the 105th105^th Congress; H.R. 2452 in the Congress; H.R. 2452 in the 106th106^th Congress; H.R. 375 in the Congress; H.R. 375 in the 107th107^th Congress; S. Congress; S.
1224 in the 1224 in the 109th109^th Congress; S. 3314 in the Congress; S. 3314 in the 110th110^th Congress; S. 858 in the Congress; S. 858 in the 111th111^th Congress; and H.R. 3980 Congress; and H.R. 3980 in the 118^th Congress. 125. in the 118th
Congress.
110 S. 929, §302, the version reported to the Senate, in the S. 929, §302, the version reported to the Senate, in the 104th104^th Congress. The version introduced in the Senate would Congress. The version introduced in the Senate would
have eliminated DOC and NOAA and transferred its functions to other agencies.have eliminated DOC and NOAA and transferred its functions to other agencies.
111 126. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Commerce Department Termination and Government
Reorganization Act of 1995, Report Together with Additional and Minority Views to accompany S. 929, 104^th, 104th Cong., Cong., 1st
1^st sess., October 20, 1995, S.Rept. 104-164, p. 14. The Senate Committee maintained that NOAA should become an sess., October 20, 1995, S.Rept. 104-164, p. 14. The Senate Committee maintained that NOAA should become an
independent agency independent agency “"pending broader restructuring of the governmentpending broader restructuring of the government’'s natural resources functions.s natural resources functions.”
112" 127. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act, , Report
together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 5450, , 109th109^th Cong., Cong., 2nd2^nd sess., June 29, 2006, H.Rept. 109-545, Part 1, sess., June 29, 2006, H.Rept. 109-545, Part 1,
p. 212.p. 212.
113 House Science, Space, and Technology 128. House SST Committee, Chairman Lucas Opening Statement, April 2023. The draft Committee, Chairman Lucas Opening Statement, April 2023. The draft
legislation was introduced as H.R. 3980 in 2023.legislation was introduced as H.R. 3980 in 2023.
114 House Science, Space, and Technology 129. House SST Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023. Committee, Independent NOAA hearing, April 2023.
115 Written testimony by Rear Admiral Tim Gallaudet, CEO, Ocean STL Consulting, LLC, and Former Acting NOAA
Administrator, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, and Deputy Administrator of NOAA, in
130. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Hearing on the Future of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as an Independent Scientific Agency in Statute, hearing, April 18, 2023.
Congressional Research Service

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Overview and Issues for Congress


Author Information

Eva Lipiec

Analyst in Natural Resources Policy



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and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as an Independent Scientific Agency in Statute, hearing, April 18, 2023.

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