Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

Changes from May 11, 2023 to September 5, 2023

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Energy and Water Development:
~~May 11~~September 5, 2023 , 2023
FY2024 Appropriations
Mark Holt
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill funds civil bill funds civil ~~works~~
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defense; activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defense; ~~the~~

the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project
Anna E. Normand
(CUP); the Department of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the (CUP); the Department of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the
Analyst in Natural Analyst in Natural
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE
Resources Policy Resources Policy
typically accounts for about 80% of the bill’s funding. typically accounts for about 80% of the bill’s funding.

Overall Funding Totals

President Biden submitted his FY2024 budget request on March 9, 2023. The Administration President Biden submitted his FY2024 budget request on March 9, 2023. The Administration
request included $request included $~~61.387~~62,012 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of $ billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of $~~4.909~~2.809 billion ( billion (95%) above the %) above the
FY2023 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriationsFY2023 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations, offsets, and adjustments. The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2024 E&W bill on June 22, 2023 (H.Rept. 118-126) and the Senate Appropriations Committee approved its version on July 20, 2023 (S.Rept. 118-72). FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was . FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was
included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress on December 22, 2022, and signed into law December 22, 2022, and signed into law
on December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328).
Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2023 and FY2024
dollars in millions (and % change dollars in millions (and % change from FY2023 enacted) )
Agency
FY2023
FY2024 Request (% ~~Change~~
~~Enacted~~
~~from FY2023 Enacted~~ FY2024 House FY2024 Senate Enacted Change) Comm. (% Change) Comm. (% Change)
Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
8,310 8,310
7,413 (-11%) 7,413 (-11%)
9,570 (+15%) 8,837 (+6%) Bureau of Reclamation/CUP Bureau of Reclamation/CUP
1,954 1,954
1,469 (-25%) 1,469 (-25%)
1,863 (-5%) 1,941 (-1%) Department of Energy Department of Energy
~~46,374~~48,445
52, 52,~~000 (+12~~571 (+9%) 49,029 (+1%) 50,269 (+4%) %)
Independent Agencies Independent Agencies
494 494
~~554 (+12%)~~
~~Adjustments~~
~~-655~~
~~-49~~
~~Total~~
~~56,478~~
~~61,387 (+9%)~~
~~Sources:~~559 (+13%) 523 (+6%) 499 (+1%) Total appropriations 59,204 62,012 (+5%) 60,985 (+3%) 61,547 (+4%) Rescissions and other adjustments -2,202 -4 -8,607 -3,452 Adjusted total 57,002 62,008 (+9) 52,378 (-8%) 58,095 (+2%) Sources: S.Rept. 118-72, H.Rept. 118-126, Administration FY2024 Budget Request, explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.Administration FY2024 Budget Request, explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.
Notes: CUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not include emergency supplemental appropriations. CUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not include emergency supplemental appropriations.
~~Major Issues~~
~~Congressional debate on Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2024 could include the following initiatives~~
~~and issues:~~
• Adjusted total for House committee bil includes $2.877 bil ion in scorekeeping adjustments. Potential Major Issues Recent Supplemental Funding. From FY2018 through FY2023, Congress provided supplemental . From FY2018 through FY2023, Congress provided supplemental
appropriations for appropriations for ~~Energy and Water Development Act~~ E&W agencies. These additional appropriations are noted agencies. These additional appropriations are noted
in the Administration FY2024 budget justifications and in the Administration FY2024 budget justifications and ~~could be a~~ factor factor ininto this year’s congressional debate this year’s congressional debate
~~on the President’s request.~~
• on FY2024 E&W appropriations, including possible rescissions of certain funding provided in P.L. 117-169. Congressionally Directed Funding (Earmarks). For FY2024, the House Appropriations Committee . For FY2024, the House Appropriations Committee is
~~allowing~~allowed earmark requests within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate earmark requests within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate
Appropriations Committee Appropriations Committee ~~is allowing~~allowed earmark requests for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy- earmark requests for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy-
related accounts. This related accounts. This ~~may set up a conflict between the chambers that would~~difference may need to be resolved before need to be resolved before
FY2024 appropriations can be enacted. FY2024 appropriations can be enacted.
• Energy Efficiency Standards for Gas Stoves. A DOE-proposed rule on efficiency of natural gas cooking A DOE-proposed rule on efficiency of natural gas cooking
products (e.g., gas stoves) has raised products (e.g., gas stoves) has raised ~~congressional~~ controversy over its potential effects on gas stove controversy over its potential effects on gas stove
~~availability and cost. This issue has raised questions during FY2024 appropriations hearings. Several bills~~
~~have been introduced in the 118th Congress (for example, H.R. 1640, S. 244, and H.R. 263) that~~availability and cost. The House committee FY2024 E&W bill would would
~~block or limit the effect of any such DOE efficiency standards on gas stoves~~block DOE funds from being used to implement the proposed rule. .
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

Introduction and Overview
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill includes funding bill includes funding
for civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of for civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of
Defense, in Title I; the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Defense, in Title I; the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and
Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a
number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), in Title IV.Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the major components compares the major components
of the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill from FY2021 through the of the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill from FY2021 through the most recent action on the FY2024 FY2024
request. request.
Figure 1. Funding for Major Components of Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Bill, FY2021 Through FY2024 Request
(excluding supplementals) (excluding supplementals)

Sources: S.Rept. 118-72; H.Rept. 118-126; FY2024 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2024 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2023. Includes some adjustments; see 2023. Includes some adjustments; see ~~tables~~Tables 4-7 for details. 4-7 for details.
Notes: Enacted amounts do not include supplemental appropriations or certain adjustments and rescissions. Enacted amounts do not include supplemental appropriations or certain adjustments and rescissions.
CUP = Central Utah Project Completion Account. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion Account.
President Biden submitted his FY2024 budget request on March 9, 2023. The Administration President Biden submitted his FY2024 budget request on March 9, 2023. The Administration
request included $request included $~~61.387~~62.012 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of
$$~~4.909~~2.809 billion ( billion (95%) above the FY2023 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations%) above the FY2023 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations, adjustments, and offsets. .
DOE funding would rise by $DOE funding would rise by $~~5.625~~4.126 billion ( billion (129%), to $52.%), to $52.~~000~~571 billion, and independent agencies billion, and independent agencies
by $by $5965 million ( million (1213%), to $%), to $~~554~~559 million. USACE would be reduced by $897 million (-11%), to million. USACE would be reduced by $897 million (-11%), to
$7.413 billion, and Reclamation and CUP would decline by $485 million (-25%), to $1.469 $7.413 billion, and Reclamation and CUP would decline by $485 million (-25%), to $1.469
billion, excluding billion, excluding adjustments and offsets.1 The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2024 E&W bill on June 22, 2023 (H.R. 4394, H.Rept. 118-126), with a total of $60.985 billion, excluding emergency appropriations, adjustments, and offsets. That amount is $1.781 billion (3%) above the FY2023 enacted level and $1.028 billion (-2%) below the Administration request. DOE would receive $49.029 billion, $583 million (1%) above the FY2023 enacted amount and $3.543 billion (-7%) below the request.~~offsets.1~~
~~FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was included in Division D of the Consolidated~~
~~Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress December 22, 2022, and signed into law~~
~~December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). Excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions, the~~
~~Consolidated Appropriations Act provided a total of $57.133 billion, 3% above the FY2022~~

1 Unless otherwise noted, appropriations numbers in this report for FY2023 and FY2024 are taken from the FY2024 1 Unless otherwise noted, appropriations numbers in this report for FY2023 and FY2024 are taken from the FY2024
agency budget justificationsagency budget justifications and from H.Rept. 118-126 and S.Rept. 118-61. Some appropriations totals for FY2023 have changed from previously calculated amounts . Some appropriations totals for FY2023 have changed from previously calculated amounts
because of re-estimates of revenue offsets and other adjustments. because of re-estimates of revenue offsets and other adjustments.
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

USACE would receive $9.570 billion, $1.260 billion (15%) above the FY2023 enacted amount and $2.157 billion (29%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.863 billion, a decrease of $91 million (-5%) from the FY2023 enacted level and an increase of $394 million (27%) over the request. Independent agencies would receive $523 million, an increase of $29 million (6%) over the FY2023 level and $36 million (-6%) below the request. The House committee-passed bill also includes rescissions from DOE energy efficiency programs totaling $5.700 billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved its version on July 20, 2023 (S. 2443, S.Rept. 118-72), with a total of $61.547 billion, excluding emergency appropriations, adjustments, and offsets. That amount is $2.343 billion (4%) above the FY2023 enacted level and $466 million (-1%) below the request. DOE would receive $50.269 million, an increase of $1.824 billion (4%) from the FY2023 enacted amount and a reduction of $2.302 billion (-4%) from the request. USACE would receive $8.837 billion, an increase of $527 million (6%) over the FY2023 enacted amount and $1.424 billion (19%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.941 billion, $13 million (-1%) below the FY2023 enacted amount and $472 million (32%) above the request. Independent agencies would receive $499 million, an increase of $4 million (1%) over the FY2023 enacted level and a decrease of $61 million (-11%) from the request. FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was included in Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress on December 22, 2022, and signed into law on December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). Excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions, the Consolidated Appropriations Act provided a total of $57.133 billion, 3% above the FY2022 enacted level. Division M of the act included emergency additional FY2023 appropriations of enacted level. Division M of the act included emergency additional FY2023 appropriations of
$300 million for Nuclear Energy and $125 million for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation. $300 million for Nuclear Energy and $125 million for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation.
Division N also provided supplemental appropriations of $1.480 billion for USACE, $1.000 Division N also provided supplemental appropriations of $1.480 billion for USACE, $1.000
billion for DOE’s Electricity account to improve Puerto Rico’s electricity grid, and $520 million billion for DOE’s Electricity account to improve Puerto Rico’s electricity grid, and $520 million
for the Western Area Power Administration. for the Western Area Power Administration.
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) and the budget reconciliation The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) and the budget reconciliation
measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169)
provided additional appropriations for energy and water development agencies above the enacted provided additional appropriations for energy and water development agencies above the enacted
amounts in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2023 and the FY2024 request. IIJA amounts in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2023 and the FY2024 request. IIJA
appropriated an additional $16.040 billion for FY2023 and $13.688 billion for FY2024. IRA appropriated an additional $16.040 billion for FY2023 and $13.688 billion for FY2024. IRA
appropriated $4.588 billion for Reclamation and $35.067 billion for DOE for FY2022, to remain appropriated $4.588 billion for Reclamation and $35.067 billion for DOE for FY2022, to remain
available for as long as through FY2031. available for as long as through FY2031.
Administration Request
DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management. DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management.
The Administration’s largest proposed increase in the energy programs area is for Energy The Administration’s largest proposed increase in the energy programs area is for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), which would rise by $1.332 billion (28%) over the Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), which would rise by $1.332 billion (28%) over the
equivalent FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes several large programs equivalent FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes several large programs
currently under the EERE appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program currently under the EERE appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program
(FEMP), Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization (FEMP), Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization
and state planning grants in the Office of State and Community Programs—for which the and state planning grants in the Office of State and Community Programs—for which the
Administration is proposing to have separate accounts in FY2024. Administration is proposing to have separate accounts in FY2024.
Other energy programs with notably large proposed percentage increases are the Office of Other energy programs with notably large proposed percentage increases are the Office of
Technology Transitions, which facilitates the commercialization of new energy technologies, Technology Transitions, which facilitates the commercialization of new energy technologies,
proposed to increase by 156% in FY2024 to $57 million, and the Office of Clean Energy proposed to increase by 156% in FY2024 to $57 million, and the Office of Clean Energy
Demonstrations, which would rise by 142% to $215 million. The Office of Indian Energy Policy Demonstrations, which would rise by 142% to $215 million. The Office of Indian Energy Policy
Congressional Research Service 2 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations and Programs would increase by 47% to $and Programs would increase by 47% to $~~100~~110 million, and the Advanced Research Projects million, and the Advanced Research Projects
Agency—Energy (ARPA-E) would increase by 38% to $650 million. Agency—Energy (ARPA-E) would increase by 38% to $650 million.
Funding for DOE’s Office of Science would increase by $700 million (9%), to $8.800 billion, Funding for DOE’s Office of Science would increase by $700 million (9%), to $8.800 billion,
under the Administration budget request, with the largest percentage increases proposed for under the Administration budget request, with the largest percentage increases proposed for
Isotope R&D and Production (58%), to $173 million, and Fusion Energy Sciences (32%), to Isotope R&D and Production (58%), to $173 million, and Fusion Energy Sciences (32%), to
$1.010 billion. Funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is $1.010 billion. Funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is
responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research
and development (R&D), would increase by $1.682 billion (8%), to $23.845 billion. and development (R&D), would increase by $1.682 billion (8%), to $23.845 billion.
Environmental Management (waste management and cleanup) would increase by $17 million Environmental Management (waste management and cleanup) would increase by $17 million
(less than 1%), to $8.280 billion. (less than 1%), to $8.280 billion.
The water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill are proposed for The water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill are proposed for
funding reductions under the FY2024 budget request. Discretionary funding reductions under the FY2024 budget request. Discretionary ~~appropriations in the Energy~~
~~and Water bill~~E&W appropriations for USACE would decline from their FY2023 enacted level by $897 million for USACE would decline from their FY2023 enacted level by $897 million
(-11%), to $7.413 billion. Reclamation (separately from CUP) would be reduced by $482 million (-11%), to $7.413 billion. Reclamation (separately from CUP) would be reduced by $482 million
(-25%), to $1.449 billion. (-25%), to $1.449 billion.
Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
would receive an increase in total appropriations from $927 million in FY2023 to $979 million in would receive an increase in total appropriations from $927 million in FY2023 to $979 million in
FY2024 (up $52 million, or 6%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which FY2024 (up $52 million, or 6%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which
may vary from year to year; the Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net may vary from year to year; the Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net
appropriation from $137 million in FY2023 to $156 million in FY2024 (up $19 million, or 14%). appropriation from $137 million in FY2023 to $156 million in FY2024 (up $19 million, or 14%).
Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would increase from $200 million in FY2023 Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would increase from $200 million in FY2023
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to $235 million in FY2024 (up $35 million, or 18%). The request includes $5 million in initial to $235 million in FY2024 (up $35 million, or 18%). The request includes $5 million in initial
funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority. Funding for the other regional funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority. Funding for the other regional
authorities in the bill would be unchanged in FY2024. authorities in the bill would be unchanged in FY2024.
~~FY2023 Enacted Funding~~
~~DOE received $46.374 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, excluding~~
~~emergency supplementals and rescissions. This was $1.519 billion (3%) above the FY2022~~
~~enacted level, $2.630 billion (5%) below the Administration request, $105 million (0%) below the~~
~~House-passed level (H.R. 2617), and $3.121 billion (6%) below the amount in S. 4660 as~~
~~introduced but not considered in the Senate~~House Appropriations Committee DOE would receive FY2024 appropriations of $49.029 billion, offset by $5.730 billion in rescissions. Excluding the rescissions, the DOE appropriation would be an increase of $583 billion (1%) from the FY2023 enacted amount and a decrease of $3.543 billion (-7%) from the request. According to the Minority Views in the committee report, “the nondefense allocation in this bill is $5.4 billion, or 22 percent, lower than last year’s effective level.” EERE would receive $2.994 billion for FY2024, including several programs that the Administration proposes to fund separately. The House committee level would constitute a decrease of $466 million (-13%) from the FY2023 amount and $1.798 billion (-38%) below the equivalent request. The House committee bill would rescind $5.700 billion in previous EERE energy efficiency appropriations in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169). DOE nuclear energy research would receive $1.783 billion, an increase of $160 million (10%) over the FY2023 level and $220 million (14%) above the request. The DOE Office of Science would receive $8.100 billion, the same as the FY2023 amount and $700 million (-8%) below the request. NNSA would receive $23.959 billion, an increase of $1.797 billion (8%) over FY2023 and $114 million (less than 1%) above the request. USACE would receive $9.570 billion, an increase of $1.260 billion (15%) over the FY2023 amount and $2.157 billion (29%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.863 billion, a decrease of $91 million (-5%) from the FY2023 level and an increase of $394 million (27%) above the request. NRC would receive a net appropriation of $156 million, the amount requested. Other independent agencies would also receive mostly the requested amounts, with the Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 11 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations main exception being the Appalachian Regional Commission, which would receive $200 million, the same amount as in FY2023 and $35 million (-15%) below the request. Senate Appropriations Committee DOE would receive appropriations of $50.269 million, including rescissions, adjustments, and offsets, an increase of $1.824 billion (4%) over the FY2023 enacted amount and a decrease of $2.302 billion (-4%) from the request. EERE, including programs that the Administration proposes to fund under separate accounts, would receive $3.687 billion, an increase of $227 million (7%) over the FY2023 amount and a decrease of $1.105 billion (23%) from the equivalent request. Science would receive $8.430 billion, an increase of $330 million (4%) over the FY2023 enacted level and $370 million (-4%) below the request. DOE appropriations would be offset by a $401 million rescission from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and $95 million estimated from the sale of the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve. USACE would receive $8.837 billion, an increase of $527 million (6%) above the FY2023 enacted amount and $1.424 billion (19%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.941 billion, a decrease of $13 million (-1%) from the FY2023 amount and $472 million (32%) above the request. NRC would receive the same amount as the request, although more prior-year carryover would be used to reduce the net appropriation. The Appalachian Regional Commission would receive $200 million, the same as in FY2023 and $35 million (-15%) below the request. Requested first-time funding of $5 million for the Great Lakes Authority would be cut in half, while the other regional authorities and commissions would receive all or nearly the amounts requested. FY2023 Enacted Funding DOE received $48.445 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions. This was $3.590 billion (8%) above the FY2022 enacted level. USACE received $8.310 billion, which was slightly . USACE received $8.310 billion, which was slightly
below (less than 1%) the FY2022 enacted level, and Reclamation received $1.931 billion, an below (less than 1%) the FY2022 enacted level, and Reclamation received $1.931 billion, an
increase of $30 million (2%) over the FY2022 enacted amount. increase of $30 million (2%) over the FY2022 enacted amount.
In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2023, many of the agencies funded by the act received emergency supplemental and additional 2023, many of the agencies funded by the act received emergency supplemental and additional
appropriations for FY2023. IIJA was the primary source of the additional funding, along with P.L. appropriations for FY2023. IIJA was the primary source of the additional funding, along with P.L.
117-328 Divisions M and N and P.L. 117-180 (se117-328 Divisions M and N and P.L. 117-180 (see Table 1). .
For more details, see For more details, see
• CRS Report R47293, • CRS Report R47293, Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations, ,
by Mark Holt and Anna E. Normand. by Mark Holt and Anna E. Normand.
• CRS In Focus IF12090, • CRS In Focus IF12090, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2023 Appropriations, ,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
• CRS In Focus IF12127, • CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. , by Charles V. Stern.
FY2024 Budgetary Limits
Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is
affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist
primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual
Congressional Research Service 4 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and
allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations
subcommittee. subcommittee.
The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, establishes enforceable discretionary spending limits (caps) for FY2024 and FY2025. For FY2024, the limits are $886.349 billion for defense and $703.651 billion for non-defense. Spending designated as an emergency requirement would be exempt up to any amount, while funding for certain purposes—such as program integrity initiatives, disaster funding, and reemployment services—would be exempt up to specified amounts. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved FY2024 funding allocations to its subcommittees based on the FRA limits on June 22, 2023. The Energy and Water Development Subcommittee received an allocation of $33.422 billion for defense and $23.308 billion for non-defense, totaling $56.730 billion.2 The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2024 subcommittee allocations on June 15, 2023, reducing the total non-defense ceiling below the FRA level by calling for more than $115 billion in rescissions of previous appropriations. The Committee’s allocation report said that “the net impact of this effort is to limit the total amount of new discretionary spending to fiscal year 2022 levels.” As a result, the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee allocation is $52.378 billion.3 For more information, see CRS Report R46468, For more information, see CRS Report R46468, A Brief Overview of the Congressional Budget
Process, by James V. Saturno, by James V. Saturno, and CRS Insight IN12168, Discretionary Spending Caps in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, by Grant A. Driessen and Megan S. Lynch. .
Funding Issues and Initiatives
Several issues Several issues ~~may draw~~have drawn particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and
Water Development appropriations for FY2024. The issues described in this section—listed Water Development appropriations for FY2024. The issues described in this section—listed
approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development
bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or
decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public
policy considerations. policy considerations.
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Congressionally Directed Funding
The 118th Congress, largely continuing the policies of the 117th Congress, is allowing earmarks The 118th Congress, largely continuing the policies of the 117th Congress, is allowing earmarks
for site-specific projects and other activities in the FY2024 appropriations process. These are for site-specific projects and other activities in the FY2024 appropriations process. These are
referred to as “community project funding” (CPF) in the House and “congressionally directed referred to as “community project funding” (CPF) in the House and “congressionally directed
spending” (CDS) in the Senate. From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies spending” (CDS) in the Senate. From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies
largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for specific water projects constitutes the largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for specific water projects constitutes the
majority of the annual budget request for USACE and Reclamation; during the moratorium, majority of the annual budget request for USACE and Reclamation; during the moratorium,
Congress appropriated funding above the requested amounts for categories of work without Congress appropriated funding above the requested amounts for categories of work without
identifying specific projects. identifying specific projects.
~~For FY2024, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to~~
~~request CPF/CDS items, respectively. The House Appropriations Committee allowed CPF~~
~~requests within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate Appropriations~~
~~Committee allowed CDS requests for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy-related~~
~~accounts.2 Those differences~~ 2 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Chair’s Proposal: Allocation to Subcommittees for Fiscal Year 2024,” June 22, 2023, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fy24_302b_allocations.pdf. 3 House Appropriations Committee, “Report on the Suballocation of Budget Allocations for Fiscal Year 2024,” June 15, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/republicans.appropriations.house.gov/files/documents/FY24%20House%20Subcommittee%20Allocations%206.13.23_0.pdf. Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 11 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations For FY2024, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to request CPF/CDS items, respectively. The House Appropriations Committee allowed CPF requests within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate Appropriations Committee allowed CDS requests for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy-related accounts.4 The House committee report recommends funding 86 CPF items totaling $930 million for USACE activities and 3 CPF items totaling $14 million for Reclamation activities. The largest of these CPF items are for USACE construction of Chickamauga Lock, TN ($237 million); the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, AR ($103 million); and the Sabine-Neches Waterway, TX ($100 million). The Senate committee report recommends funding 153 CDS items totaling $829 million for USACE activities, 7 CDS items totaling $35 million for Reclamation activities, and 51 CDS items totaling $88 million funded by DOE energy-related accounts. The largest of these CDS items are for USACE construction of the Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway System, IL, IA, MN, MO, and WI ($120 million) and the Locks and Dams 2, 3, and 4, Monongahela River, PA ($41 million), and USACE operation and maintenance of the J. Bennett Johnston Waterway, LA ($37 million). Differences could lead to a conflict over which CPF/CDS items to include in the could lead to a conflict over which CPF/CDS items to include in the
final appropriations act, including whether to fund those under DOE energy-related accounts. final appropriations act, including whether to fund those under DOE energy-related accounts.
The explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, included 339 energy The explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, included 339 energy
and water development CPF/CDS projects totaling about $1.289 billion.and water development CPF/CDS projects totaling about $1.289 billion.35 This included 175 This included 175
projects for USACE, totaling about $1.020 billion, 12 projects for Reclamation, totaling about projects for USACE, totaling about $1.020 billion, 12 projects for Reclamation, totaling about
$47 million, and 152 projects for DOE, totaling about $222 million. DOE earmarks were $47 million, and 152 projects for DOE, totaling about $222 million. DOE earmarks were
provided under the Energy Projects appropriations account. provided under the Energy Projects appropriations account.
Recent Supplemental Funding
From FY2018 through FY2023, Congress provided supplemental appropriations for USACE and From FY2018 through FY2023, Congress provided supplemental appropriations for USACE and
Reclamation for disaster response and mitigation (e.g., drought, flood); study, construction, Reclamation for disaster response and mitigation (e.g., drought, flood); study, construction,
maintenance, and repair of projects; new authorities that expand the agencies’ activities; and maintenance, and repair of projects; new authorities that expand the agencies’ activities; and
COVID-19 precautions, among other purposes.COVID-19 precautions, among other purposes.46 In the same time period, Congress provided In the same time period, Congress provided
supplemental appropriations to DOE for clean energy demonstration projects, science facilities supplemental appropriations to DOE for clean energy demonstration projects, science facilities
and infrastructure, hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, and renewable energy and infrastructure, hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, and renewable energy
research and development, among other purposes. In addition, in some years, other agencies research and development, among other purposes. In addition, in some years, other agencies
funded under Energy and Water Appropriations Acts received supplemental fundifunded under Energy and Water Appropriations Acts received supplemental funding. Table 1
details in nominal dollars supplemental appropriations based on the fiscal year when funds are details in nominal dollars supplemental appropriations based on the fiscal year when funds are
first available (in some cases, FY2024-FY2026). All of these funds are available until expended first available (in some cases, FY2024-FY2026). All of these funds are available until expended

24 For House CPF details, see “Fiscal Year 2024 Member Request Guidance,” https://appropriations.house.gov/fiscal- For House CPF details, see “Fiscal Year 2024 Member Request Guidance,” https://appropriations.house.gov/fiscal-
year-2024-member-request-guidance; for the Senate, see “FY 2024 Appropriations Requests and Congressionally year-2024-member-request-guidance; for the Senate, see “FY 2024 Appropriations Requests and Congressionally
Directed Spending,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/fy-2024-appropriations-requests-and-congressionally-Directed Spending,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/fy-2024-appropriations-requests-and-congressionally-
directed-spending. directed-spending.
35 Compiled from PDF copies of combined Community Project Funding and Congressionally Directed Spending Compiled from PDF copies of combined Community Project Funding and Congressionally Directed Spending
provision data tables that appeared in the FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act Explanatory Statement reprinted in provision data tables that appeared in the FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act Explanatory Statement reprinted in
the December 20, 2022, Congressional Record. Amounts given are the totals above the Administration request for each the December 20, 2022, Congressional Record. Amounts given are the totals above the Administration request for each
earmark. Amounts over the presidential budget request level are considered Community Project Funding and earmark. Amounts over the presidential budget request level are considered Community Project Funding and
Congressionally Directed Spending for purposes of House and Senate rules. Congressionally Directed Spending for purposes of House and Senate rules.
46 For CRS water resource products on these acts, see CRS In Focus IF11945, For CRS water resource products on these acts, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Insight IN11723, , by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy Primer, by , by
Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Report R47032, Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand; and CRS , by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand; and CRS ~~Report R47262,~~ ~~Inflation~~
~~Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions Related to Climate Change, coordinated by Jane A. Leggett and Jonathan L.~~
~~Ramseur~~In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand. .
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

except for funds from the IRA, which are available through various years from FY2026 to except for funds from the IRA, which are available through various years from FY2026 to
FY2031.FY2031.57
Table 1.Enacted Supplemental Appropriations for Agencies Funded by Energy and
Water Development Acts
(FY2018-FY2026 dollars in millions) (FY2018-FY2026 dollars in millions)
Title I:
Title II:
FY Funds
U.S. Army
Bureau of
Title III:
Title IV:
First
Corps of
Reclamation
Department
Independent
Available
Act
Engineers
and CUP
of Energy
Agencies
FY2018
P.L. 115-123 P.L. 115-123
17,398 17,398
— —
22 22
— —
FY2019
P.L. 116-20 P.L. 116-20
3,258 3,258
16 16
— —
— —
FY2020
P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-136
70 70
21 21
128 128
3 3
FY2021
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
FY2022
P.L. 117-43 P.L. 117-43
5,711 5,711
220 220
43 43
— —
P.L. 117-58 P.L. 117-58
14,969 14,969
1,710 1,710
18,687 18,687
581 581
P.L. 117-169 P.L. 117-169
— —
4,588 4,588
35,067 35,067
— —
FY2023
P.L. 117-58 P.L. 117-58
1,080 1,080
1,660 1,660
13,100 13,100
200 200
P.L. 117-180 P.L. 117-180
20 20
— —
— —
— —
P.L. 117-328 P.L. 117-328
1,480 1,480
— —
1,945 1,945
— —
FY2024
P.L. 117-58 P.L. 117-58
1,050 1,050
1,660 1,660
10,778 10,778
200 200
FY2025
P.L. 117-58 P.L. 117-58
— —
1,660 1,660
10,831 10,831
200 200
FY2026
P.L. 117-58 P.L. 117-58
— —
1,660 1,660
9,072 9,072
200 200
Source: CRS using public laws enacted in FY2018-FY2023. CRS using public laws enacted in FY2018-FY2023.
Notes: Fiscal year shown is when funds are first available.Fiscal year shown is when funds are first available. All funds are available until expended except for funds All funds are available until expended except for funds
from P.L. 117-169, which are available through various fiscal years from FY2026 to FY2031.from P.L. 117-169, which are available through various fiscal years from FY2026 to FY2031.
In addition to conducting oversight on these agencies’ use of the appropriated supplemental In addition to conducting oversight on these agencies’ use of the appropriated supplemental
funds, Congress may consider the sufficient amount of funding to provide Energy and Water funds, Congress may consider the sufficient amount of funding to provide Energy and Water
Development Act agencies for FY2024 given the amount of supplemental funding provided to Development Act agencies for FY2024 given the amount of supplemental funding provided to
agencies in recent fiscal years and agencies in recent fiscal years and ~~are~~ to be made available in FY2024. For example, the Biden to be made available in FY2024. For example, the Biden
Administration did not request funding for inland waterway construction in FY2024. The Administration did not request funding for inland waterway construction in FY2024. The
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works stated that at the time of budget development Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works stated that at the time of budget development
USACE did not have the capability to execute more funding given recent appropriations, USACE did not have the capability to execute more funding given recent appropriations,
including $2.5 billion made available by the IIJA for inland waterway projects.including $2.5 billion made available by the IIJA for inland waterway projects.~~6 As another~~
~~example, DOE cited IIJA funding for two advanced reactor demonstration projects as the reason~~
~~that no funding for those projects is included in the FY2024 request. In contrast, the~~
~~Administration has requested more funding for some agency functions due to the increase in~~
~~supplemental funding. For example DOE’s Office of the Inspector General stated it needed more~~

58 Nonetheless, the House committee report recommends $456 million for construction of inland waterway projects. The Senate committee report stated that “the Committee is disappointed and perplexed by the budget request’s proposal to not spend any of the estimated deposits in the IWTF [Inland Waterway Trust Fund].” As another example, DOE cited IIJA funding for two advanced reactor demonstration projects as the reason that no funding for those projects is included in the FY2024 7 §§50233 and 80004 of P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2026. §§50231 and 50232 of §§50233 and 80004 of P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2026. §§50231 and 50232 of
P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2031. P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2031.
68 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and Related U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and Related
Agencies, Agencies, Fiscal Year 2024 Request for the Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, 118th Cong., 1st , 118th Cong., 1st
sess., March 29, 2023. sess., March 29, 2023.
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

~~funding to perform oversight functions of recent supplemental funding.7~~ request. The House and Senate committee reports recommended funding for the two projects. In contrast, the Administration has requested more funding for some agency functions due to the increase in supplemental funding. For example, DOE’s Office of the Inspector General stated it needed more funding to perform oversight functions of recent supplemental funding.9 The House committee report recommended $92 million, which is less funding than the $165 million requested, but more than the $86 million enacted in FY2023 annual appropriations. The Senate committee report recommended the same funding as FY2023 annual appropriations. Further, Congress may Further, Congress may
consider the status of unobligated funding from recent supplemental appropriations. For example, consider the status of unobligated funding from recent supplemental appropriations. For example,
the House passed the Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023 (H.R. 2811) which would rescind any the House passed the Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023 (H.R. 2811) which would rescind any
unobligated funding provided by P.L. 116-136 and certain unobligated IRA funding provided to unobligated funding provided by P.L. 116-136 and certain unobligated IRA funding provided to
~~DOE.8~~
DOE.10 In the House committee E&W bill, unobligated USACE construction funding from the IIJA that has not been allocated to a project would be made available for projects that have previously received USACE construction funds from the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123).11 The House committee E&W bill (Section 312) would also would rescind $5.7 billion in IRA appropriations for DOE. For more details on selected supplemental funding, see For more details on selected supplemental funding, see
• CRS In Focus IF11945, • CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental
Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. , by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
• CRS Insight IN11723, • CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funding for
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy Primer, by Nicole , by Nicole
T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
• CRS Report R47032, • CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. , by Charles V. Stern and Anna E.
Normand. Normand.
• CRS • CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand • CRS Report R47034, Report R47034, Energy and Minerals Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), coordinated by Brent D. Yacobucci. , coordinated by Brent D. Yacobucci.
• CRS Report R47262, • CRS Report R47262, Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions ~~Related~~
Related to Climate Change, coordinated by Jane A. Leggett and Jonathan L. Ramseur. , coordinated by Jane A. Leggett and Jonathan L. Ramseur.
Water Resources Agency Funding
The Administration’s FY2024 budget requests for USACE and Reclamation are lower than the The Administration’s FY2024 budget requests for USACE and Reclamation are lower than the
enacted FY2023 regular appropriations ($897 million enacted FY2023 regular appropriations ($897 million less or 11% lower for USACE and $482 million or 11% lower for USACE and $482 million
less or 25% lower for Reclamation). The Administration notes in its request that the IIJA provided advance appropriations for these agencies, including funding that is first made available 9 DOE, Office of the Inspector General, FY2024 Congressional Justification, at https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-2-ig-v2.pdf. 10 Section 201 of H.R. 2811 would rescind unobligated funding from P.L. 116-136 and Section 202 would rescind unobligated funding from Sections 50131 and 50144 of the IRA. 11 Section 112 of H.R. 4394. Congressional Research Service 8 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations in FY2024.12~~or 25% lower for Reclamation). Although USACE and Reclamation are proposed to receive less~~
~~regular appropriations under the FY2024 request, the Administration notes in its request that the~~
~~IIJA provided advance appropriations for these agencies, including funding that is first made~~
~~available in FY2024.9~~ The IRA also provided $4.588 billion in FY2022 for certain Reclamation The IRA also provided $4.588 billion in FY2022 for certain Reclamation
activities; this funding remains available through FY2026 or FY2031.activities; this funding remains available through FY2026 or FY2031.10
~~As with previous budget requests, a majority of President Biden’s FY2024 USACE request would~~
~~fund maintenance of existing infrastructure, as reflected by the share of funds requested for the~~
~~Operation and Maintenance account (58%). After funding at least 48 new studies and 50 new~~
~~construction projects in FY2022 and FY2023, the~~13 For USACE civil works, the House committee bill would provide $9.570 billion and the Senate committee bill would provide $8.837 billion, compared with the $7.413 billion budget request from the Administration. The Senate committee bill would designate $1.065 billion from the Construction and Operation and Maintenance accounts as emergency spending. The Senate committee bill also includes rescissions totaling $98 million in the Investigations, Construction, Mississippi River and Tributaries, and Operation and Maintenance accounts. The House committee bill does not include emergency spending or rescissions. In addition, the Senate committee bill would create a new USACE account—Planning, Engineering, and Design—with $47 million for “plans and specifications prior to construction and related activities for water resources development projects.” The Senate committee report states that the committee “created this new account to combat some of the challenges facing the Corps and non-Federal sponsors,” which may include providing “more assurance of project scope, challenges, and cost estimates” before authorizing construction and providing new start funding for a project. The Administration is requesting funding in Administration is requesting funding in
FY2024 for five new studies and one new construction start—Cape Cod Canal Bridges, MA.FY2024 for five new studies and one new construction start—Cape Cod Canal Bridges, MA.~~11 In~~

~~7 DOE, Office of the Inspector General, FY2024 Congressional Justification, at https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-2-ig-v2.pdf.~~
~~8 Section 201 of H.R. 2811 would rescind unobligated funding from P.L. 116-136 and section 202 would rescind~~
~~unobligated funding from Sections 50131 and 50144 of the IRA.~~
914 The House and Senate committee reports recommend the new study starts requested by the Administration. While both the House and Senate committee reports rejected a legislative proposal regarding the transfer of the Cape Cod Canal Bridges, MA, the Senate committee report recommended funding the project, while the House did not. The House committee report recommends “a limited number of additional new starts in the Investigation and Construction accounts,” and no further new starts. The Senate committee report recommends in addition to the budget request, four new study starts, and one new construction start.15 Consistent with prior years, President Biden’s FY2024 request for Reclamation is less than the previous year’s enacted amount. Reclamation’s largest account, the Water and Related Resources Account, would receive $1.301 billion in the Administration request, or $486 million (27%) less than the FY2023 enacted amount. Reclamation’s WaterSMART program (which funds several different water conservation activities) would be reduced by 68% in the request, and accounts for $129 million of the reduction. Also, for the first time in decades, the budget request proposed no discretionary funding for construction in connection with individual Indian water rights settlements. Compared with the Administration’s total budget request of $1.449 billion, the House committee bill would provide $1.840 billion and the Senate committee bill would provide $1.922 billion for 12 The IIJA provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations to USACE for FY2024—$1.000 billion for O&M The IIJA provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations to USACE for FY2024—$1.000 billion for O&M
activities and $50 million for coastal flood damage reduction construction. The Administration allocated these activities and $50 million for coastal flood damage reduction construction. The Administration allocated these
supplemental funds toward eligible USACE activities in FY2024 IIJA spend plans available at supplemental funds toward eligible USACE activities in FY2024 IIJA spend plans available at
https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/BIL/. The IIJA provided $1.660 billion in https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/BIL/. The IIJA provided $1.660 billion in
advance appropriations to Reclamation for FY2024. Reclamation describes allocation of these funds in its FY2024 IIJA advance appropriations to Reclamation for FY2024. Reclamation describes allocation of these funds in its FY2024 IIJA
spend plan available at https://www.usbr.gov/bil/2022-spendplan.html. spend plan available at https://www.usbr.gov/bil/2022-spendplan.html.
1013 For more information, see section “Bureau of Reclamation” below. For more information, see section “Bureau of Reclamation” below.
~~11 CRS correspondence with USACE on July 12, 2022, October 25, 2022, and March 29, 2023.~~
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6

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~addition, the Administration for the first time is requesting funding for environmental~~
~~infrastructure (EI) assistance at $5 million.12~~
~~Consistent with prior years, President Biden’s FY2024 request for Reclamation is less than the~~
~~previous year’s enacted amount. Reclamation’s largest account, the Water and Related Resources~~
~~Account, would receive $1.301 billion in the Administration request, or $486 million (27%) less~~
~~than the FY2023 enacted amount. Reclamation’s WaterSMART program (which funds several~~
~~different water conservation activities) would be reduced by 68% in the request, and accounts for~~
~~$129 million of the reduction. For the first time in decades, the FY2024 budget request for~~
~~Reclamation includes no discretionary funding for construction of Indian water rights settlements,~~
~~and notes that funding needs for these settlements could be met by existing mandatory funds~~
~~available for these settlements. In addition to the existing funds, President Biden proposed two~~
~~new mandatory funds for these settlements in the FY2024 budget request.~~
14 Annual and supplemental appropriations in FY2022 and FY2023 funded at least 48 new studies and 50 new construction projects, CRS correspondence with USACE on July 12, 2022, October 25, 2022, and March 29, 2023. 15 H.Rept. 118-72 states: “Of the new starts in Investigations, three shall be for flood and storm damage reduction studies that were authorized in WRDA 2022 and are in States that had a Federal Disaster Emergency declared in 2022; and one shall be for a Section 216 navigation study. The new construction start shall be for flood and storm damage reduction.” Congressional Research Service 9 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Reclamation. Within these amounts, the House and Senate committee bills would approve additional funding amounts of $361 million and $335 million, respectively, to be allocated by Reclamation after enactment. The House committee bill language would also release previously appropriated funding for a project recommended during the Trump Administration (the Shasta Dam and Reservoir Enlargement Project) that was not agreed to by Congress or recommended by the Biden Administration; the Senate committee bill would bar any funding provided by the bill to be used for the project. For the WaterSMART program, both committee reports recommend increases over the Administration budget request, with the House report recommending $88 million and the Senate report recommending $141 million. The House committee bill included a number of policy provisions related to USACE, such as • Section 109, which would provide that the USACE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s rule on “Revised Definition of ‘Waters of the United States’” shall have no force or effect;16 • Section 110, which would require that the Secretary of the Army neither promulgate nor enforce regulations prohibiting individuals from possessing a firearm (including assembled or functional firearms) at a USACE water resource project; and • Section 111, which would prohibit the bill’s funds from being used to alter eligibility requirements for assistance under the USACE emergency response to natural disasters authority. For more information, see • CRS In Focus IF12370, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2024 ~~For more information, see~~
~~• CRS In Focus IF12370, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2024 Appropriations,~~
Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carterby Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.;
• CRS In Focus IF12369, • CRS In Focus IF12369, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern, by Charles V. Stern.; and
• CRS Report R44148, • CRS Report R44148, Indian Water Rights Settlements, by Charles V. Stern. , by Charles V. Stern.
Proposed Increases for Energy Efficiency and Renewables and New
Appropriations Accounts
The Administration’s FY2024 request would increase EERE funding by $1.332 billion (The Administration’s FY2024 request would increase EERE funding by $1.332 billion (2839%) %)
over the FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes separate appropriations over the FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes separate appropriations
accounts that the request would establish for several large programs currently under the EERE accounts that the request would establish for several large programs currently under the EERE
appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), Office of appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), Office of
Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization and state planning Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization and state planning
grants in the Office of State and Community Programs. The Administration proposed the same grants in the Office of State and Community Programs. The Administration proposed the same
new appropriations accounts in FY2023new appropriations accounts in FY2023, but Congress did not approve them ~~but they were not approved~~. .
EERE programs with the largest requested EERE programs with the largest requested percentage increases were Wind Energy Technologies (up $253 increases were Wind Energy Technologies (up $253
~~million, or 192%), Geothermal Technologies (up $98 million, or 83%), Industrial~~ million, or 192%), Geothermal Technologies (up $98 million, or 83%), Industrial 16 The definition of “waters of the United States” determines which waters are federally regulated under the Clean Water Act, and therefore are subject to its Section 404 permitting requirements. USACE has various roles in administering the Section 404 permitting program, including issuing permitting decisions and making determinations as to whether waters are jurisdictional. For more information on waters of the United States, see CRS Report R47408, Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Frequently Asked Questions About the Scope of the Clean Water Act, by Kate R. Bowers and Laura Gatz. Congressional Research Service 10 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Efficiency and Efficiency and
Decarbonization (up $128 million, or 48%),Decarbonization (up $128 million, or 48%),1317 Renewable Energy Grid Integration (up $14 Renewable Energy Grid Integration (up $14
million, or 31%), and Vehicle Technologies (up $72 million, or 16%). million, or 31%), and Vehicle Technologies (up $72 million, or 16%).
These increases do not include those efficiency programs that the Administration proposes These increases do not include those efficiency programs that the Administration proposes
moving to separate DOE appropriations accounts. For example, FEMP would receive $82 million moving to separate DOE appropriations accounts. For example, FEMP would receive $82 million
in FY2024 under the request, and the Office of State and Community Energy Programs, which in FY2024 under the request, and the Office of State and Community Energy Programs, which
handles state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would handles state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would
receive $705 million. receive $705 million.

~~12 FY2023 annual and supplemental appropriations for environmental infrastructure assistance totaled $169 million. For~~
~~more information, seeCRS Report R47162,~~ ~~Overview of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Infrastructure~~
~~(EI) Assistance, by Anna E. Normand.~~
~~13 Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization has been part of Advanced Manufacturing. In the FY2024 request, DOE~~
~~proposes dividing Advanced Manufacturing into two programs: (1) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing~~
~~Technologies and (2) Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

7

~~link to page 13~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~
The House and Senate appropriations committees did not approve the separate accounts proposed by the Administration and recommended substantially lower funding levels than requested for most EERE programs. The House committee bill includes $674 million for renewable energy, a reduction of $118 million (-15%) from the FY2023 enacted amount and $595 million (-47%) below the request. The bill would provide $690 million for energy efficiency, a reduction of $92 million from FY2023 (-12%) and $294 million (-30%) below the request. Grants for energy efficiency and state planning (state and community energy programs) would receive $344 million, a reduction of $127 million (-27%) from FY2023 and $361 million (-51%) below the request. The Senate committee bill includes $912 million for renewable energy, an increase of $120 million (15%) over the FY2023 enacted amount and a decrease of $357 million (-28%) from the request. The bill would provide $827 million for energy efficiency, an increase of $45 million (6%) over FY2023 and a decrease of $157 million (-16%) from the request. State and community energy program grants total $493 million in the Senate committee bill, an increase of $22 million (5%) over FY2023 and a decrease of $212 million (-30%) from the request.
IIJA appropriated $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending IIJA appropriated $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending
for programs in the EERE account, of which $1.for programs in the EERE account, of which $1.~~560~~940 billion was for FY2024. billion was for FY2024.1418 EERE programs EERE programs
received $12.received $12.~~000~~150 billion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through FY2026, billion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through FY2026,
FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision. FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision.
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12376, For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12376, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy FY2024 Appropriations, by Martin C. Offutt and Corrie E. Clark. , by Martin C. Offutt and Corrie E. Clark.
Proposed Energy Efficiency Rescissions The House committee bill (Sec. 312) would rescind $5.7 billion in energy efficiency appropriations provided by IRA. The bill would rescind $1 billion in IRA appropriations for two programs that support work by state energy offices on energy efficient building codes. The IRA appropriated $330 million for grants to assist states and any local governments in adopting updates to building codes from national and international organizations and $670 million to assist state and local entities in adopting so-called “zero energy” code provisions that meet more stringent efficiency requirements and require greater renewable energy production. Also included in the $5.7 billion rescission is $4.5 billion for the High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program created in the IRA to provide rebates for replacing common home appliances 17 Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization has been part of Advanced Manufacturing. In the FY2024 request, DOE proposes dividing Advanced Manufacturing into two programs: (1) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies and (2) Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization. 18 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, March 2023, p. 8, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf. Includes all programs funded by the EERE appropriations account in the House and Senate committee bills. Congressional Research Service 11 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations with those using electricity. The rescissions also include $200 million in funding for state energy offices to train and educate contractors to work in support of this program and in support of another IRA program of rebates, Home Energy Performance-Based, Whole House Rebates, also known as a HOMES (Home Owner Managing Energy Savings). The House Appropriations Committee report contended that the bill “addresses some of the causes of inflation by rescinding more than $5.5 billion in excess spending from prior years.” The report’s Minority Views criticized the proposed rescissions of “over $5 billion for critical energy programs from the Inflation Reduction Act that would have helped American families save money on their monthly energy bills.”19 Controversy over Energy Efficiency Standards for Gas Stoves
A DOE-proposed rule on efficiency of natural gas cooking products (e.g., gas stoves) has raised A DOE-proposed rule on efficiency of natural gas cooking products (e.g., gas stoves) has raised
congressional controversy over its potential effects on gas stove availability and cost.congressional controversy over its potential effects on gas stove availability and cost.1520 Energy Energy
Secretary Jennifer Granholm was questioned about the issue during the House Appropriations Secretary Jennifer Granholm was questioned about the issue during the House Appropriations
Committee’s hearing on the FY2024 DOE budget request.Committee’s hearing on the FY2024 DOE budget request.~~16 Several bills have~~ 21 Section 317 of the House committee E&W bill would block DOE funds from being used to implement the February 1, 2023, proposed rule “or any substantially similar rule, including any rule that would directly or indirectly limit consumer access to gas kitchen ranges or ovens.” Several other bills have also been introduced in been introduced in
the 118th Congress (for example, H.R. 1640, S. 244, and H.R. 263) that would block or limit the the 118th Congress (for example, H.R. 1640, S. 244, and H.R. 263) that would block or limit the
effect of any such DOE efficiency standards on gas stoves. For more information, see CRS effect of any such DOE efficiency standards on gas stoves. For more information, see CRS
Insight IN12115, Insight IN12115, Proposed Regulation of Gas Stoves, , by Martin C. Offutt. Proposed Increases for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Fuel The House Appropriations Committee bill (Sec. 316) includes $2.400 billion for FY2024 though FY2026 to procure a DOE stockpile of advanced nuclear reactor fuel. The funds would come from the unobligated balance of $6 billion appropriated by IIJA for the Civil Nuclear Credit program to prevent the closure of existing nuclear power plants. DOE has conditionally approved $1.1 billion of Civil Nuclear Credits for one plant, Diablo Canyon in California.22 The House committee bill specifies that the nuclear fuel funding would be contingent on further congressional authorizations. Such an authorization is included in a FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA, S. 2226) passed by the Senate on July 27, 2023. On the same day, the Senate inserted the text of S. 2226 as passed into a House-passed FY2024 NDAA (H.R. 2670). The House Appropriations Committee bill also includes $156 million in FY2024 for advanced nuclear fuel programs authorized by the Energy Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260). Many proposed designs for advanced nuclear reactors would require fuel with higher enrichment of the fissile isotope uranium 235 than used by existing nuclear plants. Such high-assay low- 19 House Appropriations Committee, H.Rept. 118-126, pp. 7, 250. 20~~by Martin C. Offutt.~~
~~Full Funding of Gasoline Reserve; No Request for Crude Oil~~
~~Purchases~~
~~The FY2024 DOE budget request includes $16 million to fully fund the operation of the~~
~~Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR). Established in 2014 as a subprogram of the~~
~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), the NGSR holds 1 million barrels of gasoline and related fuel~~
~~in storage facilities in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Jersey to address regional supply~~
~~disruptions, such as from major storms.~~
~~No funds are requested in FY2024 for the SPR Petroleum Account, which is used to fund oil~~
~~acquisition, transportation, and movement of crude oil into and out of the SPR. The SPR~~
~~Petroleum Account has a current balance of more than $4.5 billion from emergency oil sales in~~
~~FY2022 and early FY2023, so additional funds may not be necessary at this time.~~
~~Proposed Increase for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations~~
~~The Administration is requesting $215 million in FY2024 for the DOE Office of Clean Energy~~
~~Demonstrations (OCED). This would be a 142% increase from OCED’s FY2023 regular annual~~
~~appropriation, but the program’s regular appropriations are overshadowed by $21.456 billion~~
~~appropriated for OCED through FY2026 by IIJA (see Table 2). In addition, IRA appropriated~~
~~$5.812 billion for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-~~
~~FY2026. At congressional hearings on the FY2024 DOE budget request, some Members have~~

~~14 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, March 2023, p. 8,~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf.~~
15 DOE, “Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Conventional Cooking Products,” Proposed Rule, DOE, “Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Conventional Cooking Products,” Proposed Rule, Federal
Register, February 1, 2023, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023-00610/energy-conservation-, February 1, 2023, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023-00610/energy-conservation-
program-energy-conservation-standards-for-consumer-conventional-cooking-products. program-energy-conservation-standards-for-consumer-conventional-cooking-products.
1621 House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, “Budget Hearing – Fiscal House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, “Budget Hearing – Fiscal
Year 2024 Request for the Department of Energy,” March 23, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/legislation/Year 2024 Request for the Department of Energy,” March 23, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/legislation/
hearings/budget-hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-department-energy. hearings/budget-hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-department-energy.
22 DOE Grid Deployment Office, “Civil Nuclear Credit Program,” https://www.energy.gov/gdo/civil-nuclear-credit-program. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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~~questioned the need for increased annual appropriations for OCED given the program’s available~~
~~funding from previous years.17~~enriched uranium (HALEU) is not available in commercial quantities, and the nuclear industry contends that government action is needed to prevent a “choke point” in advanced reactor development.23 DOE is currently supporting the establishment of a HALEU supply chain with $700 million appropriated by IRA. Proposed Strategic Petroleum Reserve Rescissions, Sales, and Closing of Gasoline Reserve The House and Senate appropriations committees approved several notable provisions for the SPR and other petroleum reserves. Both bills would require DOE to close the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR) and sell its entire inventory, resulting in an estimated revenue offset of $95 million. The FY2024 DOE budget request includes $16 million to fully fund the operation of NGSR. Established in 2014 as an SPR subprogram, the NGSR holds 1 million barrels of gasoline and related fuel in leased commercial storage facilities in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Jersey to address regional supply disruptions, such as from major storms. The House bill would prohibit DOE from establishing any new regional petroleum product reserves unless specific appropriations are provided in the future, a prohibition also included in the Senate Appropriations Committee report. The House committee bill also prohibits the use of funds in the bill for SPR sales to Chinese entities and the export of SPR petroleum products to China. The House passed a bill with similar provisions on January 12, 2023 (H.R. 22). The Senate committee bill would rescind $401 million from the SPR Petroleum Account. Following rescissions of more than $12 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the Petroleum Account currently holds approximately $4 billion from FY2022 and early FY2023 emergency sales; such sales proceeds are used to purchase oil to refill the SPR. The Senate Appropriations Committee report directs DOE to provide the committee with an SPR refill plan within 90 days, and quarterly thereafter. It also directs DOE to immediately provide a report about the SPR modernization program. Both bills would provide full funding for the operation of the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, as requested by the Administration. Proposed Increase for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations The Administration is requesting $215 million in FY2024 for the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED). This would be a 142% increase from OCED’s FY2023 regular annual appropriation, but the program’s regular appropriations are overshadowed by $21.456 billion appropriated for OCED through FY2026 by IIJA (see Table 2). In addition, IRA appropriated $5.812 billion for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-FY2026. The House Appropriations Committee bill would provide $35 million for OCED program direction but none for new demonstrations, which should use previously appropriated funds, according to the committee report.
OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential
commercialization. OCED took over DOE support for two advanced nuclear reactor commercialization. OCED took over DOE support for two advanced nuclear reactor
demonstration projects previously overseen by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energydemonstration projects previously overseen by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), but no 23 Siri Hedreen and Andrea Jenetta, “Advanced Nuclear Developers Cite Fuel Supply as ‘Choke Point’ to Deployment,” Platts Nuclear Fuel, August 4, 2023. Congressional Research Service 13 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations funding is requested for those projects in FY2024, because “funding is not required at this time,” according to the DOE budget justification. The justification added that the advanced reactor demonstration program has “a gap of approximately $400 million.”24 The House Appropriations Committee bill (Sec. 316) would transfer $1.197 billion from the Civil Nuclear Credit program for FY2024 through FY2026 to support NE’s NuScale small modular reactor demonstration planned at Idaho National Laboratory. The Senate Appropriations Committee bill includes $89 million for OCED, the same as the FY2023 enacted amount and $126 million (-59%) below the request.~~, but no funding~~
~~is requested for those projects in FY2024, because “funding is not required at this time,”~~
~~according to the DOE budget justification. The justification added that the advanced reactor~~
~~demonstration program has “a gap of approximately $400 million.”18~~
Table 2. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58)
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)

Program
FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026
Total
Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
— —
355.0 355.0
Grants Program Grants Program
Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
— —
150.0 150.0
and Joint Program and Joint Program
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Advanced Reactor Demonstration
677.0 677.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
— —
2,477.0 2,477.0
Program Program
Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot
387.0 387.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
150.0 150.0
— —
937.0 937.0
Projects Projects
Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects
937.0 937.0
500.0 500.0
500.0 500.0
600.0 600.0
— —
2,537.0 2,537.0
Industrial Emission Demonstration Industrial Emission Demonstration
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
150.0 150.0
150.0 150.0
— —
500.0 500.0
Projects Projects
Clean Energy Demonstration Program Clean Energy Demonstration Program
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
500.0 500.0
on Current and Former Mine Land on Current and Former Mine Land
Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs
1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0
8,000.0 8,000.0
Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid
1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0
5,000.0 5,000.0
and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency
Energy improvement in rural and remote Energy improvement in rural and remote
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
1,000.0 1,000.0
areas areas
Total
5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0
3% set-aside for program administration 3% set-aside for program administration
153.8 153.8
132.8 132.8
134.3 134.3
135.8 135.8
87.0 87.0
643.7 643.7
Source: P.L. 117-58, Division J. P.L. 117-58, Division J.
Note: Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.

~~17 See, for example, comments by Sen. Bill Cassidy at Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Hearing to~~
~~Examine the President’s Budget Request for the U.S. Department of Energy for Fiscal Year 2024, April 20, 2023,~~
~~https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2023/4/full-committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-budget-request-for-~~
~~the-u-s-department-of-energy-for-fiscal-year-2024.~~
18 Proposed Reduction in Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding The DOE hydrogen program includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2024 request for crosscutting hydrogen appropriations totals $382 million, a decrease of $36 million (-9%) from the FY2023 24 DOE, DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, March 2023, p. 3, , Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, March 2023, p. 3,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-3-oced.pdf. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-3-oced.pdf.
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~~Proposed Reduction in Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding~~
~~The DOE hydrogen program includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen~~
~~work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of~~
~~end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2024 request for crosscutting~~
~~hydrogen appropriations totals $382 million, a decrease of $36 million (-9%) from the FY2023~~
~~enacted level.19~~enacted level.25 Most of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and Most of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and ~~FECM~~Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), with smaller , with smaller
amounts from Nuclear Energy and Science. DOE launched a “Hydrogen Shot” initiative in June amounts from Nuclear Energy and Science. DOE launched a “Hydrogen Shot” initiative in June
2021—one of its “Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-up of emerging clean energy 2021—one of its “Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-up of emerging clean energy
technologies—with a goal of making hydrogen, produced through electrolysis, commercially technologies—with a goal of making hydrogen, produced through electrolysis, commercially
available at a cost of $1 for 1 kilogram in 1 decade, not including delivery and dispensing. available at a cost of $1 for 1 kilogram in 1 decade, not including delivery and dispensing.
In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill, IIJA In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill, IIJA
appropriated $9.500 billion for three hydrogen- and fuel cell-related DOE programs from FY2022 appropriated $9.500 billion for three hydrogen- and fuel cell-related DOE programs from FY2022
to FY2026 ($1.900 billion in FY2024). The largest of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs to FY2026 ($1.900 billion in FY2024). The largest of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs
in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was appropriated $8.000 billion to support in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was appropriated $8.000 billion to support
demonstration projects involving networks of clean hydrogen producers and consumers and the demonstration projects involving networks of clean hydrogen producers and consumers and the
connecting infrastructure. connecting infrastructure.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022, by Martin C. Offutt. , by Martin C. Offutt.
Title 17 Loan Guarantee Program Authority and Funding The House Appropriations Committee bill would rescind $15 billion of authority for DOE loan guarantees under Title 17 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) that had been provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 116-328). Under budget scoring rules, that reduction in loan guaranteed authority would result in a $150 million appropriations offset in the bill. The Senate Appropriations Committee report includes the same offset. The Senate committee report requires DOE to provide recommendations to the committee for supporting loan guarantees for Alaska natural gas projects, including pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities, under 15 U.S.C. 720n(f). The report also directs DOE to be fuel and technology neutral, including for additional emission controls to existing coal and natural gas power plants, when considering projects under the Sec. 1706 Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Program. Proposed Increase for Weapons Activities, Decrease for Naval
Reactors
The FY2024 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities is $18.833 billion—$1.717 billion The FY2024 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities is $18.833 billion—$1.717 billion
(10%) higher than the FY2023 enacted level. However, funding for Naval Reactors would be (10%) higher than the FY2023 enacted level. However, funding for Naval Reactors would be
$1.964 billion in FY2024—$117 million (-6%) below the FY2023 amount. Both programs are $1.964 billion in FY2024—$117 million (-6%) below the FY2023 amount. Both programs are
carried out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency carried out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency
within DOE. within DOE.
The House committee bill would increase Weapons Activities by $281 million over the requested amount and further reduce Naval Reactors by $18 million from the request. The Senate committee bill would provide the requested amounts for both accounts. Under Weapons Activities, concern was raised during congressional hearings on the FY2024 Under Weapons Activities, concern was raised during congressional hearings on the FY2024
budget request about delays in the W80-4 warhead modernization for the planned Long Range budget request about delays in the W80-4 warhead modernization for the planned Long Range
Standoff cruise missile. After problems with several components, the first production unit of the Standoff cruise missile. After problems with several components, the first production unit of the
warhead is now expected to be delivered in FY2027 after a two-year delay, according to NNSA. warhead is now expected to be delivered in FY2027 after a two-year delay, according to NNSA.
25 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Crosscutting Activities, Hydrogen, March 2023, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy2024-budget-volume-2-crosscutting-v3.pdf. Congressional Research Service 15 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations The FY2024 request for the program is $1.010 billion, a decrease of $113 million from the The FY2024 request for the program is $1.010 billion, a decrease of $113 million from the
FY2023 amount, which NNSA says is “due to completion of some development activities.”FY2023 amount, which NNSA says is “due to completion of some development activities.”2026
Several other warhead modernization programs are also funded in Weapons Activities budget Several other warhead modernization programs are also funded in Weapons Activities budget
request: request:
• NNSA is requesting $450 million for the B61-12 Life Extension Program • NNSA is requesting $450 million for the B61-12 Life Extension Program (LEP) (LEP)
for FY2024, a decrease of $222 million (-33%) from the FY2023 enacted for FY2024, a decrease of $222 million (-33%) from the FY2023 enacted
amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine four existing variants of the B61 gravity amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine four existing variants of the B61 gravity
~~bomb and be completed in FY2026.~~

~~19 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Crosscutting Activities, Hydrogen, March 2023,~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy2024-budget-volume-2-crosscutting-v3.pdf.~~
~~20 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, vol. 1, March 2023, p. 124, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/~~
~~2023-04/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-1-nnsa-v4.pdf. Descriptions of other warhead modernization programs begin on p.~~
~~131.~~
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bomb and be completed in FY2026. • NNSA proposes $179 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2024, an increase • NNSA proposes $179 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2024, an increase of
of $17 million (10%) from the FY2023 amount. The program is to upgrade the $17 million (10%) from the FY2023 amount. The program is to upgrade the
arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s
conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5 conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5
(Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). (Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
• NNSA is requesting $1.069 billion for the W87-1 warhead modification • NNSA is requesting $1.069 billion for the W87-1 warhead modification ~~program~~
program for FY2024, an increase of $389 million (57%) from FY2023. The Air Force for FY2024, an increase of $389 million (57%) from FY2023. The Air Force
plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based intercontinental ballistic plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based intercontinental ballistic
missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD). This would missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD). This would
provide the Air Force with an alternative warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed. provide the Air Force with an alternative warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed.
According to NNSA, the additional funding is needed for increased component According to NNSA, the additional funding is needed for increased component
testing and environmental flight tests. testing and environmental flight tests.
• NNSA is requesting $390 million for the W93 warhead, which is a new • NNSA is requesting $390 million for the W93 warhead, which is a new ~~design~~
design intended for deployment on ballistic missile submarines by 2040.intended for deployment on ballistic missile submarines by 2040.21 27 The proposed The proposed
increase of $149 million (62%) from the FY2023 enacted amount represents the increase of $149 million (62%) from the FY2023 enacted amount represents the
program’s planned acceleration to include prototype construction and testing of program’s planned acceleration to include prototype construction and testing of
non-nuclear hardware. non-nuclear hardware.
Congressional concern has also been raised about NNSA’s schedule for developing production Congressional concern has also been raised about NNSA’s schedule for developing production
capacity for plutonium pits, a central component of nuclear warheads. NNSA plans to develop pit capacity for plutonium pits, a central component of nuclear warheads. NNSA plans to develop pit
production capacity at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Savannah River production capacity at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Savannah River
Site in South Carolina.Site in South Carolina.2228 Pit production is included under Primary Capability Modernization, for Pit production is included under Primary Capability Modernization, for
which NNSA is requesting $2.964 billion for FY2024, a decrease of $180 million (-6%) from the which NNSA is requesting $2.964 billion for FY2024, a decrease of $180 million (-6%) from the
FY2023 enacted level. FY2023 enacted level.
Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs typically Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs typically
closely track the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs). closely track the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs).
For more information, see CRS Report R47657, Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief, by Alexandra G. Neenan and Mary Beth D. Nikitin. 26 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, vol. 1, March 2023, p. 124, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-1-nnsa-v4.pdf. Descriptions of other warhead modernization programs begin on p. 131. 27 Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, “Fact Sheet: The W93 Warhead,” January 28, 2021, https://armscontrolcenter.org/the-w93-warhead. 28 NNSA, “NNSA Approves Start of Construction for Plutonium Pit Production Subproject at Los Alamos National Laboratory,” February 9, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-approves-start-construction-plutonium-pit-production-subproject-los-alamos. Congressional Research Service 16 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Startup of Surplus Plutonium Disposition
The FY2024 budget request provides for plutonium disposition related activities in the Material The FY2024 budget request provides for plutonium disposition related activities in the Material
Management and Minimization (Material Disposition subprogram) and the Nonproliferation Management and Minimization (Material Disposition subprogram) and the Nonproliferation
Construction accounts. The budget request says the Construction accounts. The budget request says the ~~SPD~~Surplus Plutonium Disposition (SPD) project “will add glovebox capacity at project “will add glovebox capacity at
the Savannah River Site to accelerate plutonium dilution and aid in the removal of plutonium the Savannah River Site to accelerate plutonium dilution and aid in the removal of plutonium
from the state of South Carolina.” In the coming years, NNSA plans to expand capability to from the state of South Carolina.” In the coming years, NNSA plans to expand capability to
disassemble and convert plutonium cores or “pits” for disposal. The FY2024 request says NNSA disassemble and convert plutonium cores or “pits” for disposal. The FY2024 request says NNSA
is completing the final design review to request approval and start full construction on the SPD is completing the final design review to request approval and start full construction on the SPD
project in FY2024, which represents a delay and cost increase. The request says the NNSA is project in FY2024, which represents a delay and cost increase. The request says the NNSA is
“increasing the total project cost by $155 million resulting in a corresponding increase to the “increasing the total project cost by $155 million resulting in a corresponding increase to the
high-end of the cost range which is $775 million”; and extending the completion date to the high-end of the cost range which is $775 million”; and extending the completion date to the
fourth quarter of FY2030. The budget request says that these changes are necessary due to design, fourth quarter of FY2030. The budget request says that these changes are necessary due to design,
safety, and construction challenges “of integrating the new mission into the existing facility and safety, and construction challenges “of integrating the new mission into the existing facility and
operations.” It also cites a lack of skilled professional and craft labor, which is also an issue for operations.” It also cites a lack of skilled professional and craft labor, which is also an issue for
~~other NNSA construction projects.~~

~~21 Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, “Fact Sheet: The W93 Warhead,” January 28, 2021,~~
~~https://armscontrolcenter.org/the-w93-warhead.~~
~~22 NNSA, “NNSA Approves Start of Construction for Plutonium Pit Production Subproject at Los Alamos National~~
~~Laboratory,” February 9, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-approves-start-construction-plutonium-pit-~~
~~production-subproject-los-alamos.~~
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other NNSA construction projects. Both the House and Senate committee reports recommend the full Administration request of $77 million for the SPD project.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding
DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and
waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.280 billion request for EM waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.280 billion request for EM
activities for FY2024 is $17 million (less than 1%) above the FY2023 enacted level of $8.263 activities for FY2024 is $17 million (less than 1%) above the FY2023 enacted level of $8.263
billion, including billion, including ~~offsets~~adjustments and offsets. The House committee bill includes a slight increase (less than 1%) over the requested amount, while the Senate committee bill would increase total EM funding from the request by $233 million (3%). .
The primary appropriations component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental The primary appropriations component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental
Cleanup account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For Cleanup account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For
FY2024, the Administration is requesting $7.074 billion, 1% above the FY2023 enacted amount. FY2024, the Administration is requesting $7.074 billion, 1% above the FY2023 enacted amount.
For the Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear For the Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear
energy research sites, the request was $349 million, 3% below the FY2023 enacted level. The energy research sites, the request was $349 million, 3% below the FY2023 enacted level. The
third component of the EM budget is the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and third component of the EM budget is the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and
Decommissioning Fund, for which the FY2024 request was $857 million, a decrease of 2% from Decommissioning Fund, for which the FY2024 request was $857 million, a decrease of 2% from
the FY2023 enacted amount. This fund was established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of the FY2023 enacted amount. This fund was established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of
1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of three federal facilities that enriched uranium for 1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of three federal facilities that enriched uranium for
national defense and civilian purposes, located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth national defense and civilian purposes, located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth
plant); and Oak Ridge, TN. plant); and Oak Ridge, TN.
The largest requested EM increase in FY2024 is for the Office of River Protection at the Hanford The largest requested EM increase in FY2024 is for the Office of River Protection at the Hanford
(WA) Site, which would increase by $245 million (14%) from the FY2023 enacted level. (WA) Site, which would increase by $245 million (14%) from the FY2023 enacted level.
According to the DOE request, the increase reflects startup of direct-feed low-activity waste According to the DOE request, the increase reflects startup of direct-feed low-activity waste
treatment and design and construction of other waste treatment facilities at the site. treatment and design and construction of other waste treatment facilities at the site.
The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup
milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are
enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the
completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites. completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites.
~~Proposed Initial Funding for Newly Authorized Great Lakes~~
~~Authority~~Congressional Research Service 17 link to page 23 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Initial Funding for Great Lakes Authority, Denali Commission Cost-Sharing, and Authorizations of Appropriations
The President’s FY2024 budget includes $5 million in initial funding for the Great Lakes The President’s FY2024 budget includes $5 million in initial funding for the Great Lakes
Authority (GLA), a new federal regional authority authorized by the Consolidated Appropriations Authority (GLA), a new federal regional authority authorized by the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401). The Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401). The House committee FY2024 bill (H.R. 4394) included the requested amount for the GLA; the Senate committee FY2024 bill (S. 2443) included $2.5 million for the GLA. The GLA service region is defined as areas GLA service region is defined as areas
in the watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, in the watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.2329
The authorizing legislation requires that before the GLA may convene, the President must The authorizing legislation requires that before the GLA may convene, the President must
nominate and the Senate must confirm a federal co-chairperson. As of nominate and the Senate must confirm a federal co-chairperson. As of ~~May~~August 2023, President Biden 2023, President Biden
had not nominated a federal co-chairperson for the GLA. had not nominated a federal co-chairperson for the GLA.
~~For more information, see CRS Insight IN12089,~~ ~~Federal Regional Commissions: Great Lakes~~
~~Authority Established and Other Updates, by Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS Report R45997,~~

23The Senate committee bill includes new cost-share provisions for Denali Commission-funded construction projects in distressed communities, and extends those provisions to projects for federally recognized tribes and Alaska Native Corporations. The new provisions would increase the non-federal cost-share maximum from 80% to 90%. The authorization of appropriations will expire after FY2023 for five of the independent agencies that receive appropriations in the E&W bills, and the authorization of appropriations expired after FY2021 for one of the independent agencies.30 For more information, see CRS Insight IN12089, Federal Regional Commissions: Great Lakes Authority Established and Other Updates, by Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS Report R45997, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by Julie M. Lawhorn. Bill Status and Recent Funding History Table 3 indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2024 Energy and Water Development appropriations. Dates will be filled in as action is completed. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.) 29 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401) amended 40 U.S.C. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401) amended 40 U.S.C.
§15301(a) to establish the Great Lakes Authority (GLA). The structure and functions of the GLA are based on the §15301(a) to establish the Great Lakes Authority (GLA). The structure and functions of the GLA are based on the
model of the Northern Border Regional Commission, the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, and the Southwest model of the Northern Border Regional Commission, the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, and the Southwest
Border Regional Commission, which were established in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (i.e., 2008 Border Regional Commission, which were established in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (i.e., 2008
farm bill). The watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System is defined in Section 118(a)(3) of the Federal farm bill). The watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System is defined in Section 118(a)(3) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1268(a)(3)). Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1268(a)(3)).
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by Julie M.
~~Lawhorn.~~
~~Bill Status and Recent Funding History~~
~~Table 3~~ ~~indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2024 Energy and Water Development~~
~~appropriations. Dates will be filled in as action is completed. (For more details, see the CRS~~
~~Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.)~~30 The authorization of appropriations ends after FY2023 for the Delta Regional Authority (see 7 U.S.C. §2009aa-12); Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC); Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC); Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC); and Great Lakes Authority (GLA) (see 40 U.S.C. §15751 for the authorization of appropriations for SCRC SBRC, NBRC, and GLA). The authorization of appropriations for the Denali Commission was provided through FY2021 (see 42 U.S.C. §3121 note, Sec. 312). The IIJA (P.L. 117-58) provided the authorization of appropriations for the Appalachian Regional Commission through FY2026 (see 40 U.S.C. §14703). Congressional Research Service 18 link to page 23 link to page 11 link to page 24 link to page 9 link to page 9 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations
Table 3. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2024
Subcommittee
Markup

Final Approval

House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Public
House
Senate Comm.
Passed
Comm.
Passed
Report
House
Senate
Law

6/15/23 none 6/22/23 7/20/23

Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table. CRS Appropriations Status Table.
Table 4 includes budget totals for regular (excluding supplementals) energy and water includes budget totals for regular (excluding supplementals) energy and water
development appropriations enacted for FY2018 through actions in FY2024. development appropriations enacted for FY2018 through actions in FY2024.
Table 4. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2018-FY2024
(budget authority in billions of current dollars) (budget authority in billions of current dollars)
FY2024 FY2024 FY2024 FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021 FY2022
FY2023
~~FY2024~~
~~Request~~Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
43.3 43.3
44.7 44.7
48.4 48.4
49.5 49.5
55.6 55.6
~~57.1~~
~~61.4~~59.2 62.0 61.0 61.5
Source: Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents. Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents.
Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities, scorekeeping adjustments, rescissions, and emergency Figures exclude permanent budget authorities, scorekeeping adjustments, rescissions, and emergency
funding. Sfunding. See Table ~~1Table~~ 1 for emergency funding for these fiscal years. for emergency funding for these fiscal years.
Description of Major Energy and Water Programs
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps
of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central
Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown
iin Table 5. Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they
appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during
the major stages of the FY2024 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables, the major stages of the FY2024 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables,
and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as
indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, seeindicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding
Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by ” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by
contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James , by James
M. Specht and Justin Murray. M. Specht and Justin Murray.
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Table 5. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019 FY2020
FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
FY2024 FY2024 Title
Approp Approp Approp Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Title 1: USACE Title 1: USACE
6,999 6,999
7,650 7,650
7,795 7,795
8,343 8,343
8,310 8,310
7,413 7,413
9,570 8,837 Title II: CUP and Title II: CUP and
1,565 1,565
1,680 1,680
1,691 1,691
1,924 1,924
1,954 1,954
1,469 1,469
1,863 1,941 Reclamation Reclamation
Title III: Title III:
35,709 35,709
38,657 38,657
39,625 39,625
44,856 44,856
~~46,374~~48,445
52, 52,~~000~~
571 49,029 50,269 Department of Department of
Energy Energy
Title IV: Title IV:
390 390
407 407
414 414
454 454
494 494
~~554~~
559 523 499 Independent Independent
Agencies Agencies
General provisions General provisions
21 21
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
~~Subtotal~~
~~44,684~~
~~48,395~~
— — Subtotal 44,684 48,395 49,525
55,576
~~57,133~~
~~61,435~~
59,204 62,012 60,985 61,547 Rescissions and Rescissions and
-24 -24
-71 -71
-73 -73
-2,704 -2,704
- -~~655~~
~~-49~~2,202 -4 -5,730 -3,452
Scorekeeping Scorekeeping
Adjustmentsa Adjustmentsa
E&W Total
44,660
~~48,324~~
48,324 49,452
52,872
~~56,478~~
~~61,387~~
~~Sources:~~ ~~FY2024 agency budget justifications~~57,002 62,008 55,255 58,095 Additional House -2,877 committee bill scorekeeping adjustment House committee 52,378 bil total Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72;; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; FY2022 agency budget P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; FY2022 agency budget
justifications; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 agency budget justifications; justifications; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 agency budget justifications;
explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Excludes emergency appropriations. explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Excludes emergency appropriations.
Subtotals may include other adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments. Subtotals may include other adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments.
a. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to a. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to ~~official~~ determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget
enforcement enforcement purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues
from various sources. from various sources.
Agency Budget Justifications
FY2024 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water FY2024 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide
detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the
agencies’ jurisdiction. agencies’ jurisdiction.
• Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, • Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works,
https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll6/id/2317 https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll6/id/2317 ~~(see~~(see
Table 6)
• Title II (se • Title II (see Table 7)
• Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget • Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget
• Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2024-• Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2024-~~cupca-~~
cupca-greenbook.pdf-508.pdf Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 29 link to page 43 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations ~~greenbook.pdf-508.pdf~~
• Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2024-• Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2024-
budget-justification (se budget-justification (see Table 8)
• Title IV, Independent Agencies (see • Title IV, Independent Agencies (see Table 12)
• Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget- • Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-
performance-and-policy performance-and-policy
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• Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-• Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/ collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/
• Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/ • Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/
congressional-budget-requests congressional-budget-requests
• Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/ • Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/
plans plans
Army Corps of Engineers
USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian
responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains
water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk
reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.2431
In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and
other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources
Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent
Congresses enacted omnibus water resources authorization acts in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and Congresses enacted omnibus water resources authorization acts in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and
2022. (The latest WRDA was Title LXXXI of Division H of the James M. Inhofe National 2022. (The latest WRDA was Title LXXXI of Division H of the James M. Inhofe National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, P.L. 117-263.) These acts consisted largely of Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, P.L. 117-263.) These acts consisted largely of
authorizations for new USACE studies and projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies authorizations for new USACE studies and projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies
and procedures.and procedures.2532
Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE
are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants. are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants.
Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the
construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors. construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors.
Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of site- Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of site-
specific projects (i.e., specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to ). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to
specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-
FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without
identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the
appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for
use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the
studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2) studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2)
the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022 and FY2023, Congress the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022 and FY2023, Congress
approved earmarks in specified categories, in addition to providing additional funding for specific approved earmarks in specified categories, in addition to providing additional funding for specific
~~categories for USACE to allocate in work plans.26 A similar process is being followed for~~
~~FY2024. For more information, see CRS Report R46320,~~ ~~U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual~~
~~Appropriations Process, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.~~

24 31 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill. appropriations bill.
2532 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources
Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, , by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of
Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
~~26 USACE work plans are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at~~
~~https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans~~. .
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categories for USACE to allocate in work plans.33 A similar process is being followed for FY2024. For more information, see CRS Report R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual Appropriations Process, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Table 6 shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the requested shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the requested
amounts for FY2024. amounts for FY2024.
Table 6. Army Corps of Engineers
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022 ~~FY2023~~
FY2023 FY2024
~~Program~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp Approp Request~~FY2024 FY2024 Program Approp Approp Approp Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Investigations Investigations
125.0 125.0
151.0 151.0
153.0 153.0
143.0 143.0
172.5 172.5
129.8 129.8
136.1 82.9 Planning, 47.0 Engineering, and Design Construction Construction
2,183.0 2,183.0
2,681.0 2,681.0
2,692.6 2,692.6
2,492.8 2,492.8
1,808.8 1,808.8
2,014.6 2,014.6
2,889.9 1,945.9 Mississippi Mississippi
River 368.0 368.0
375.0 375.0
380.0 380.0
370.0 370.0
370.0 370.0
226.5 226.5
~~River~~ 364.4 352.0 and and
Tributaries Tributaries
(MR&T) (MR&T)
Operation and Operation and
3,739.5 3,739.5
3,790.0 3,790.0
3,849.7 3,849.7
4,570.0 4,570.0
5,078.5 5,078.5
2,629.9 2,629.9
5,496.6 5,529.3 Maintenance Maintenance
(O&M) (O&M)
Regulatory Regulatory
200.0 200.0
210.0 210.0
210.0 210.0
212.0 212.0
218.0 218.0
221.0 221.0
218.0 221.0 General General
193.0 193.0
203.0 203.0
206.0 206.0
208.0 208.0
215.0 215.0
212.0 212.0 215.0 212.0
Expenses Expenses
FUSRAP FUSRAP
150.0 150.0
200.0 200.0
250.0 250.0
300.0 300.0
400.0 400.0
200.0 200.0 200.0 400.0
Flood Control Flood Control
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
40.0 40.0
40.0 35.0 and Coastal and Coastal
Emergencies Emergencies
(FCCE) (FCCE)
Office of the Office of the
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0 Asst. Secretary Asst. Secretary
of the Army of the Army
WIFIA WIFIA
Programa — —
— —
14.2 14.2
7.2 7.2
7.2 7.2
7.2 7.2
~~Programa~~
5.0 7.2 Harbor Harbor
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
1,726.0 1,726.0 — —
Maintenance Maintenance
Trust Fundb Trust Fundb
Inland Inland
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
0.0 0.0 — —
Waterways Waterways
Trust Fundb Trust Fundb
Rescissions Rescissions
— —
— —
-0.5 -0.5
— —
— —
-4.5 — —
Total Title I
6,998.5
7,650.0
7,795.0 8,343.0
8,310.0
7,~~413.0~~
~~Sources:~~408.5 9,570.0 8,837.3 Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; USACE Civil Works FY2024 Budget and USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget at USACE Civil Works FY2024 Budget and USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget at
https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/; FY2024 Budget Appendix for Corps of Engineers—https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/; FY2024 Budget Appendix for Corps of Engineers—
Civil Works at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/coe_fy2024.pdf; Civil Works at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/coe_fy2024.pdf; 33 USACE work plans are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. Congressional Research Service 22 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Division D of P.L. 117-Division D of P.L. 117-
328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244. 328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
a. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for a. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for
the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
(WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). (WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121).
b. In the Administration’s FY2024 request, as with previous requests, some activities that are funded in the b. In the Administration’s FY2024 request, as with previous requests, some activities that are funded in the
O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts are proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts are proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance
Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

proposes funding eligible USACE activities directly from the trust funds. This would replace the current proposes funding eligible USACE activities directly from the trust funds. This would replace the current
practice of having USACE’s O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and practice of having USACE’s O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and
IWTF-eligible activities, and for these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For IWTF-eligible activities, and for these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For
example, HMTF-eligible maintenance dredging would no longer be funded by the O&M account and example, HMTF-eligible maintenance dredging would no longer be funded by the O&M account and
reimbursed by the HMTF; instead the dredging would reimbursed by the HMTF; instead the dredging would ~~have been~~be funded directly from the HMTF account. funded directly from the HMTF account.
Similar proposals were not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, FY2021, FY2022, and FY2023. Similar proposals were not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, FY2021, FY2022, and FY2023.
Additional Funding
In addition to the regular appropriations for FY2022 and FY2023, USACE received the following In addition to the regular appropriations for FY2022 and FY2023, USACE received the following
supplemental appropriations: supplemental appropriations:
• $5.711 billion in Division B of P.L. 117-43; • $5.711 billion in Division B of P.L. 117-43;
• $14.969 billion for FY2022 and $1.080 billion for FY2023 in IIJA (P.L. 117-• $14.969 billion for FY2022 and $1.080 billion for FY2023 in IIJA (P.L. 117- 58); 58);
• $1.480 billion in Division N of P.L. 117-328;• $1.480 billion in Division N of P.L. 117-328;2734 and and
• $20 million in the FY2023 continuing resolution (P.L. 117-180). • $20 million in the FY2023 continuing resolution (P.L. 117-180).
The IIJA also provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations for FY2024. For more The IIJA also provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations for FY2024. For more
information on USACE supplemental funding, see CRS In Focus IF11945, information on USACE supplemental funding, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. , by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project
Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the
assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACE built hundreds of flood control and assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACE built hundreds of flood control and
navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for
irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved
into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the
environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal
and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970. and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970.
Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300 Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300
storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million
acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in
the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation. the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation.
Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits. Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits.
34 Of the $1.480 billion in emergency supplemental funds provided by the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division N of P.L. 117-328), $350 million was made available for USACE to allocate in a work plan for construction and O&M of certain categories of projects (i.e., similar to additional funding provided through annual appropriations in FY2014-FY2022). USACE allocated the $350 million from Division N along with additional funding provided by Division D in its FY2023 work plans. Congressional Research Service 23 link to page 28 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and
wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions. wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions.
As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project funding lines, As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project funding lines,
rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements. rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements.
Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark
disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering
of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 through FY2024, the rules of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 through FY2024, the rules
again allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects. again allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects.
Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s
traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam

~~27 Of the $1.480 billion in emergency supplemental funds provided by the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations~~
~~Act, 2023 (Division N of P.L. 117-328), $350 million was made available for USACE to allocate in a work plan for~~
~~construction and O&M of certain categories of projects (i.e., similar to additional funding provided through annual~~
~~appropriations in FY2014-FY2022). USACE allocated the $350 million from Division N along with additional funding~~
~~provided by Division D in its FY2023 work plans.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 22~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.28~~safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.35 Reclamation also typically requests funds in a Reclamation also typically requests funds in a
number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years. number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years.
Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by
a separate office within the Department of the Interior.a separate office within the Department of the Interior.2936
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern, by Charles V. Stern. Table 7 shows Reclamation and CUP appropriations shows Reclamation and CUP appropriations
accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the FY2024 requested amounts. accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the FY2024 requested amounts.
Table 7. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023 FY2024
~~Program~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~FY2024 FY2024 Program
Approp Approp
Approp ~~Request~~Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Water and Water and
1,392.0 1,392.0
1,512.2 1,512.2
1,521.1 1,521.1
1,747.1 1,747.1
1,787.2 1,787.2
1,301.0 1,301.0
1,693.4 1,773.5 Related Related
Resources Resources
Policy and Policy and
61.0 61.0
60.0 60.0
60.0 60.0
64.4 64.4
65.1 65.1
66.8 66.8
65.1 66.8 Administration Administration
CVP CVP Restoration
62.0 62.0
54.8 54.8
55.9 55.9
56.5 56.5
45.8 45.8
48.5 48.5
~~Restoration~~
48.5 48.5 Fund (CVPRF) Fund (CVPRF)
Calif. Bay-Delta Calif. Bay-Delta
35.0 35.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
(CALFED) (CALFED)
Gross Current
1,550.0
1,660.0
1,670.0 1,901.0 1,931.0 1,449.3
1,840.0 1,921.8 Reclamation
Authority
Central Utah Central Utah
15.0 15.0
20.0 20.0
21.0 21.0
23.0 23.0
23.0 23.0
19.6 19.6
~~Project (CUP)~~
~~Completion~~
~~Reclamation~~
~~1,565.0~~
~~1,680.0~~
~~1,691.0 1,924.0 1,954.0 1,468.9~~
~~and CUP~~
~~Rescissions and~~

~~-45.8~~
~~-48.5~~
~~adustments~~
~~Total~~
~~1,565.0~~
~~1,680.0~~
~~1,691.0 1,924.0 1,908.2 1,420.4~~
Sources: Reclamation and CUP FY2024 congressional budget justifications; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division
~~D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244.~~
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project.

28 23.0 19.6 Project (CUP) Completion 35 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and
distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on
federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The
Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern. , by Charles V. Stern.
2936 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the
Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For
more information, see the CUP website at https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=498. more information, see the CUP website at https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=498.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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link to page link to page 2329 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2024 FY2024 Program Approp Approp Approp Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm. Reclamation 1,565.0 1,680.0 1,691.0 1,924.0 1,954.0 1,468.9 1,863.0 1,941.4 and CUP Offsets and -45.8 -48.5 adjustments Total 1,565.0 1,680.0 1,691.0 1,924.0 1,908.2 1,420.4 1,863.0 1,941.4 Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; Reclamation and CUP FY2024 congressional budget justifications; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244. Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project. ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

Additional Funding
For each of FY2022 through FY2026, IIJA provided $1.660 billion for Reclamation’s Water and For each of FY2022 through FY2026, IIJA provided $1.660 billion for Reclamation’s Water and
Related Resources account. (For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Related Resources account. (For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Bureau of
Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. , by Charles V.
Stern and Anna E. Normand.) IRA also appropriated additional funds in FY2022 for Reclamation: Stern and Anna E. Normand.) IRA also appropriated additional funds in FY2022 for Reclamation:
$4.000 billion for drought mitigation, available through FY2026; $550 million for disadvantaged $4.000 billion for drought mitigation, available through FY2026; $550 million for disadvantaged
communities, available through FY2031; $25 million for projects to cover water conveyance communities, available through FY2031; $25 million for projects to cover water conveyance
facilities with solar panels, available through FY2031; and $13 million for drought relief actions facilities with solar panels, available through FY2031; and $13 million for drought relief actions
to mitigate drought impacts for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project, to mitigate drought impacts for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project,
available through FY2031. available through FY2031.
Department of Energy
The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since
FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1) FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1)
R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science; Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science;
(5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation (5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation
programs.programs. Table 8 provides the recent funding history and the FY2024 budget request for DOE provides the recent funding history and the FY2024 budget request for DOE
programs, most of which are briefly described further below. programs, most of which are briefly described further below.
Table 8. Department of Energy
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024 FY2024
Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Energy Programs

Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency and
2,848.0 2,848.0
2,861.8 2,861.8
3,200.0 3,200.0
3,460.0 3,460.0
3,826.1 3,826.1
~~Renewable Energy~~
2,994.0 3,686.8 Renewable Energy Industrial Emissions 3.5 and Technology Coordination Electricity Delivery Electricity Delivery
190.0 190.0
211.7 211.7
277.0 277.0
350.0 350.0
297.5 297.5
315.6 290.0 Cybersecurity, Energy Cybersecurity, Energy
156.0 156.0
156.0 156.0
185.8 185.8
200.0 200.0
245.5 245.5 200.0 200.0 Security, and Emergency Response Congressional Research Service 25 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2024 FY2024 Approp Approp Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
~~Security, and~~
~~Emergency Response~~
Nuclear Energya Nuclear Energya
1,493.4 1,493.4
1,507.6 1,507.6
1,654.8 1,654.8
1, 1,~~773~~473.0 .0
1,562.6 1,562.6
1,783.0 1,550.9 Fossil Energy and Fossil Energy and
750.0 750.0
750.0 750.0
825.0 825.0
890.0 890.0
905.5 905.5
857.9 892.0 Carbon Management Carbon Management
Energy Projects Energy Projects

222.0 222.0

87.9 Naval Petroleum and Naval Petroleum and
14.0 14.0
13.0 13.0
13.7 13.7
13.0 13.0
13.0 13.0
13.0 13.0 Oil Shale Reserves Oil Shale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum Strategic Petroleum
205.0 205.0
189.0 189.0
226.4 226.4
~~-1,844.7~~
207.3 281.0 281.0 -281.0 281.0
Reserveb Reserveb
Northeast Home Northeast Home
10.0 10.0
6.5 6.5
6.5 6.5
7.0 7.0
7.2 7.2
7.2 7.2 Heating Oil Reserve Heating Oil Reserve
Energy Information Energy Information
126.8 126.8
126.8 126.8
129.1 129.1
135.0 135.0
156.6 156.6 135.0 135.0
Administration Administration
Non-Defense Non-Defense
319.2 319.2
319.2 319.2
333.9 333.9
358.6 358.6
348.7 348.7
~~Environmental~~
~~Cleanup~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2024~~

~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Request~~341.7 354.0 Environmental Cleanup
Uranium Enrichment Uranium Enrichment
881.0 881.0
841.0 841.0
860.0 860.0
879.1 879.1
857.5 857.5
865.2 862.0 Decontamination and Decontamination and
Decommissioning Decommissioning
Fund Fund
Science Science
7,000.0 7,000.0
7,026.0 7,026.0
7,475.0 7,475.0
8,100.0 8,100.0
8,800.4 8,800.4
8,100.0 8,430.0 Office of Technology Office of Technology

19.5 19.5
22.1 22.1
56.6 56.6
22.1 20.0 Transitions Transitions
Office of Clean Energy Office of Clean Energy

20.0 20.0
89.0 89.0
215.3 215.3 35.0 89.0
Demonstrations Demonstrations
Federal Energy Federal Energy

82.2 82.2
Management Program Management Program
Grid Deployment Grid Deployment

106.6 106.6 60.0
Office Office
Office of Office of

179.5 179.5
Manufacturing and Manufacturing and
Energy Supply Chains Energy Supply Chains
Office of State and Office of State and

705.0 705.0
Community Programs Community Programs
Advanced Research Advanced Research
425.0 425.0
427.0 427.0
450.0 450.0
470.0 470.0
650.2 650.2
470.0 450.0 Projects Agency— Projects Agency—
Energy (ARPA-E) Energy (ARPA-E)
Nuclear Waste Nuclear Waste

27.5 27.5
27.5 27.5
10.2 10.2
12.0 12.0
12.0 12.0 Disposal Disposal
Departmental Admin. Departmental Admin.
161.0 161.0
166.0 166.0
240.0 240.0
283.0 283.0
433.5 433.5 283.0 283.0
(net) (net)
Office of Inspector Office of Inspector
54.2 54.2
57.7 57.7
78.0 78.0
86.0 86.0
165.2 165.2
92.0 86.0 General General
Office of Indian Energy Office of Indian Energy
22.0 22.0
22.0 22.0
58.0 58.0
75.0 75.0
110.1 110.1
75.0 75.0 Congressional Research Service 26 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2024 FY2024 Approp Approp Approp Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm. Advanced Technology Advanced Technology
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
9.8 9.8
13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0
Vehicles Manufacturing Vehicles Manufacturing
(ATVM) Loans (ATVM) Loans
ATVM Rescission of ATVM Rescission of

-1,908.0 -1,908.0

Emergency Funding Emergency Funding
Title 17 Loan Title 17 Loan
29.0 29.0
29.0 29.0
29.0 29.0
~~-135.8~~
~~-126.6~~
181.2 Guarantee Guarantee
Title 17 Rescission of Title 17 Rescission of

-392.0 -392.0

Emergency Funding Emergency Funding
Tribal Energy Loan Tribal Energy Loan
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
4.0 4.0
6.3 6.3
~~Guarantee~~
~~NNSA~~6.3 6.3 Guarantee Total, Energy 14,691.6 12,444.8 16,116.0 17,525.2 20,036.8 16,902.0 17,325.5 Programs c NNSA
Weapons Activities Weapons Activities
12,457.1 12,457.1
15,345.0 15,345.0
15,920.0 15,920.0
17,116.1 17,116.1
18,832.9 18,832.9
19,114.2 18,833.0 Nuclear Nuclear
2,164.4 2,164.4
2,260.0 2,260.0
2,354.0 2,354.0
2,490.0 2,490.0
2,509.0 2,509.0
2,380.0 2,596.5 Nonproliferation Nonproliferation
Naval Reactors Naval Reactors
1,648.4 1,648.4
1,684.0 1,684.0
1,918.0 1,918.0
2,081.5 2,081.5
1,964.1 1,964.1
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~~link to page 23 link to page 25 link to page 26 link to page 27~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2024~~

~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Approp~~
~~Request~~
1,946.1 1,964.1 Office of Office of
434.7 434.7
443.2 443.2
464.0 464.0
475.0 475.0
539.0 539.0
519.0 485.0 Admin./Salaries and Admin./Salaries and
Expenses Expenses
Total, NNSA
16,704.6
19,732.2
20,656.0
22,162.6
~~23,845.0~~
23,845.0 23,959.3 23,878.6 Defense Defense
6,255.0 6,255.0
6,426.0 6,426.0
6,710.0 6,710.0
7,025.0 7,025.0
7,073 7,073.6 7,073.6 7,296.6 .6
Environmental Environmental
Cleanup Cleanup
Defense Uranium Defense Uranium

573.3 573.3
586.0 586.0
427.0 427.0 575.0
Enrichment D&D Enrichment D&D
Other Defense Other Defense
906.0 906.0
920.0 920.0
985.0 985.0
1,035.0 1,035.0
1,075.2 1,075.2
1,075.2 1,079.9 Activities Activities
Power Marketing Administrations
Southwestern Southwestern
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.6 10.6
11.4 11.4
11.4 11.4 Western Western
89.2 89.2
89.4 89.4
90.8 90.8
98.7 98.7
99.9 99.9
99.9 99.9 Falcon and Amistad Falcon and Amistad
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2 O&M O&M
Total, PMAs
99.8
100.0
101.4
109.6
111.5
111.5 111.5 General provisions General provisions

-2.0 2.0
-286.1 -286.1

2.0 2.0 -93.0 2.0 DOE Total
38,657.2
39,625.0 44,855.6
~~46,374.4~~
~~52,442.6~~48,445.4 52,571.1 49,028.5 50,269.1
Appropriations
Offsets and Offsets and
-70.9 -70.9

- -~~609.0~~
~~-443.0~~
2,202.0 -5,730 adjustments adjustments
Total, DOE
38,586.3
39,625.0 44,855.6
~~45,765.3~~
~~51,999.6~~
~~Sources:~~46,243.4 52,571.1c 43,298.5 50,269.1 Congressional Research Service 27 link to page 29 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 33 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; DOE FY2024 budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-98; DOE DOE FY2024 budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-98; DOE
FY2022 congressional budget justification, explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; H.Rept. 116-449; FY2022 congressional budget justification, explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; H.Rept. 116-449;
explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Table includes some category adjustments for Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Table includes some category adjustments for
comparability. comparability.
a. Includes $178 mil ion from defense budget function. a. Includes $178 mil ion from defense budget function.
b. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and rescissions.b. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and rescissions.
c. Senate report includes net appropriations of -$126.5 mil ion for Title 17 loan guarantees in the Administration request, resulting in a requested total of $19,910.3 mil ion for energy programs and total requested DOE appropriations of $52,444.6 mil ion. d. FY2023 enacted figures are from H.Rept. 118-126. As well as the regular annual appropriations shown i As well as the regular annual appropriations shown in Table 8, DOE received additional DOE received additional
appropriations from IIJA; the additional amounts for FY2023 and FY2024 are shown iappropriations from IIJA; the additional amounts for FY2023 and FY2024 are shown in Table 9.
Additional appropriations are also available to DOE from IRA, beginning in FY2022 as shown in Additional appropriations are also available to DOE from IRA, beginning in FY2022 as shown in
Table 10. Additional amounts for FY2023 were appropriated by Division M and N of P.L. 117-Additional amounts for FY2023 were appropriated by Division M and N of P.L. 117-
328, as shown i328, as shown in Table 11.
Table 9. Additional FY2023 and FY2024 DOE Funding Under IIJA
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
IIJA FY2023
IIJA FY2024
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
2,221.8 2,221.8
1,945 1,945
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
Electricity Electricity
1,610.0 1,610.0
1,610.0 1,610.0
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~Program~~
~~IIJA FY2023~~
~~IIJA FY2024~~
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy
1,200.0 1,200.0
1,200.0 1,200.0
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
1,444.5 1,444.5
1,447.0 1,447.0
Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program
2,097.0 2,097.0
0 0
Account Account
Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations
4,426.3 4,426.3
4,476.3 4,476.3
Total
13,099.6
10,778.3
Source: H.Rept. 117-394, DOE FY2024 congressional budget justification. H.Rept. 117-394, DOE FY2024 congressional budget justification.
Table 10. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IRA
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
IRA section
Approp.
Fiscal years
Home Energy Efficiency Rebates Home Energy Efficiency Rebates
50121 50121
4,300 FY2022-FY2031 4,300 FY2022-FY2031
Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, States Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, States
50122 50122
4,275 FY2022-FY2031 4,275 FY2022-FY2031
Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes
50122 50122
225 FY2022-FY2031 225 FY2022-FY2031
Home Efficiency Contractor Training Grants Home Efficiency Contractor Training Grants
50123 50123
200 FY2022-FY2031 200 FY2022-FY2031
Building Energy Code Adoption Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(b) 50131(b)
330 FY2022-FY2029 330 FY2022-FY2029
Building Energy Code Adoption Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(c) 50131(c)
670 FY2022-FY2029 670 FY2022-FY2029
Title 17 Loan Guarantees Title 17 Loan Guarantees
50141 50141
3,600 FY2022-FY2026 3,600 FY2022-FY2026
ATVM Loans ATVM Loans
50142 50142
3,000 FY2022-FY2028 3,000 FY2022-FY2028
Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grants Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grants
50143 50143
2,000 FY2022-FY2031 2,000 FY2022-FY2031 Congressional Research Service 28 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Program IRA section Approp. Fiscal years
Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment
50144 50144
5,000 FY2022-FY2026 5,000 FY2022-FY2026
Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees
50145 50145
75 FY2022-FY2028 75 FY2022-FY2028
Electric Transmission Facility Financing Electric Transmission Facility Financing
50151 50151
2,000 FY2022-FY2030 2,000 FY2022-FY2030
Transmission Line Siting Grants Transmission Line Siting Grants
50152 50152
760 FY2022-FY2029 760 FY2022-FY2029
Offshore Wind Planning Offshore Wind Planning
50153 50153
100 FY2022-FY2031 100 FY2022-FY2031
Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment
50161 50161
5,812 FY2022-FY2026 5,812 FY2022-FY2026
Inspector General Inspector General
50171 50171
20 FY2022-FY2031 20 FY2022-FY2031
National Laboratory Infrastructure National Laboratory Infrastructure
50172 50172
FY2022-FY2027 FY2022-FY2027
Office of Science Office of Science
50172(a) 50172(a)

Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects

133 133.2
High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment

~~303.7~~304
Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment

280 280.0
Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment

217 217.0
Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities

~~163.8~~164
Basic Energy Sciences Projects Basic Energy Sciences Projects

~~294.5~~295
Isotope Research and Development Facilities Isotope Research and Development Facilities

~~157.8~~158
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
50172(b) 50172(b)
150 150
Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Nuclear Energy
50172(c) 50172(c)
150 150
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~~Program~~
~~IRA section~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Fiscal years~~
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
50172(d) 50172(d)
150 150
Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium
50173 50173
700 FY2022-FY2026 700 FY2022-FY2026
DOE Total

35,067
Source: P.L. 117-169. P.L. 117-169.
Appropriations for items in Section 50172 are for the same fiscal year period. Table 11. Additional FY2023 Funding for DOE in Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
Division M
Division N
Total
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy

Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability
100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program
60.0 60.0

60.0 60.0
National Reactor Innovation Center National Reactor Innovation Center
20.0 20.0

20.0 20.0
Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations
120.0 120.0

120.0 120.0
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Ukraine-related activities) Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Ukraine-related activities)
125.3 125.3

125.3 125.3
Electricity (Puerto Rico electricity grid resilience) Electricity (Puerto Rico electricity grid resilience)

1,000.0 1,000.0
1,000.0 1,000.0
Western Area Power Administration Western Area Power Administration

520.0 520.0
520.0 520.0
Total
425.3
1,520.0
1,945.3
Source: P.L. 117-328, Divisions M and N. P.L. 117-328, Divisions M and N.
Congressional Research Service 29 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and
development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and
manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable
energy. energy.
The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency, The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency,
hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several
goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal
combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and
graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks, graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks,
according to the FY2023 DOE budget justification.according to the FY2023 DOE budget justification.3037
Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and
geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-
temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial
processes. processes.
In the energy efficiency program area, advanced materials and manufacturing technologies In the energy efficiency program area, advanced materials and manufacturing technologies
focuses on next-generation materials and processes, secure and sustainable materials, and energy focuses on next-generation materials and processes, secure and sustainable materials, and energy
technology manufacturing and its workforce.technology manufacturing and its workforce.3138 Industrial efficiency and decarbonization focuses Industrial efficiency and decarbonization focuses

~~30 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, EERE, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/~~
~~2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf.~~
~~31 Ibid., p. 141.~~
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on sector-specific technology innovation, cross-sector decarbonization technologies, and on sector-specific technology innovation, cross-sector decarbonization technologies, and
technical assistance and workforce development.technical assistance and workforce development.3239 The building technologies program includes The building technologies program includes
R&D on lighting, space conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building R&D on lighting, space conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building
energy-use intensity. energy-use intensity.
In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses on In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses on
improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of energy-improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of energy-
related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space
conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity.
The Biden Administration has split several EERE programs into separate offices The Biden Administration has split several EERE programs into separate offices, although the House and Senate appropriations committees would continue funding them under the EERE appropriations account: :
• • State and Community Energy Programs, which provides two types of , which provides two types of ~~formula~~
formula grants to states: weatherization grants for improving the energy efficiency of low-grants to states: weatherization grants for improving the energy efficiency of low-
income housing units and state energy planning grants. For more details on income housing units and state energy planning grants. For more details on
energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, The Weatherization Assistance
Program Formula, by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham. , by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham.
• • Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, which provides support for , which provides support for ~~increasing~~
increasing U.S. manufacturing capacity for critical energy technologies and for increasing U.S. manufacturing capacity for critical energy technologies and for increasing
~~industrial energy efficiency.~~
industrial energy efficiency. 37 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, EERE, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf. 38 Ibid., p. 141. 39 Ibid., p. 155. Congressional Research Service 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations • • Federal Energy Management Program, which provides guidance and , which provides guidance and expertise to expertise to
federal agencies to meet federal goals on energy use and emissions. federal agencies to meet federal goals on energy use and emissions.
Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability
The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal
government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—
whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office
conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security
guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency
preparedness and response. preparedness and response.
The Office of Electricity (OE) The Office of Electricity (OE)
leads the Department’s efforts in developing new technologies to strengthen, transform, leads the Department’s efforts in developing new technologies to strengthen, transform,
and improve electricity delivery infrastructure so new generation and loads can be fully and improve electricity delivery infrastructure so new generation and loads can be fully
integrated into the energy ecosystem and consumers have access to resilient, secure, and integrated into the energy ecosystem and consumers have access to resilient, secure, and
clean sources of electricity.clean sources of electricity.3340
OE uses a model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other OE uses a model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other
energy infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage, energy infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage,
integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy
issues. The Administration has established a separate Grid Deployment Office to support issues. The Administration has established a separate Grid Deployment Office to support
modernization of the nation’s electricity transmission system and critical generating facilities modernization of the nation’s electricity transmission system and critical generating facilities
through planning and financial assistance. through planning and financial assistance.

~~32 Ibid., p. 155.~~
~~33 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, Electricity, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-oe-v3.pdf.~~
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Nuclear Energy
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency
and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of
advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies.advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. ~~The FY2024 DOE~~
~~budget justification says that nuclear energy “helps mitigate the worst impacts of the climate~~
~~crisis by providing half of the nation’s carbon-free electricity with firm power that complements~~
~~renewables.”34~~
The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including
advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing
commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors, commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors,
as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified
as as ~~generations~~Generations II and III. II and III.
The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste
management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of
technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into
stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the
development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle
options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for
weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU), weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU),
in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential
use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-
shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see
40 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, Electricity, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-oe-v3.pdf. Congressional Research Service 31 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations CRS Report R45706, CRS Report R45706, Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues, by , by
Mark Holt. Mark Holt.
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Deployment program (FECM) was formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and Deployment program (FECM) was formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and
Development program. It has historically supported research related to coal, natural gas, and Development program. It has historically supported research related to coal, natural gas, and
petroleum,petroleum,3541 including a major focus area on the development of carbon capture and storage including a major focus area on the development of carbon capture and storage
technologies for use on coal-fired power plants. The program also supports operations at the technologies for use on coal-fired power plants. The program also supports operations at the
National Energy Technology Laboratory. National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Under the Biden Administration, FECM has shifted its focus to what it calls carbon management. Under the Biden Administration, FECM has shifted its focus to what it calls carbon management.
This includes a focus on development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) This includes a focus on development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
technologies, hydrogen technologies, and options to reduce methane emissions from fossil fuel technologies, hydrogen technologies, and options to reduce methane emissions from fossil fuel
infrastructure. FECM also leads DOE’s activities related to critical minerals and rare earth infrastructure. FECM also leads DOE’s activities related to critical minerals and rare earth
elements.elements. Additionally, FECM is involved in a number of programs funded by IIJA, either Additionally, FECM is involved in a number of programs funded by IIJA, either
managing the programs directly or consulting with other DOE offices that have the lead managing the programs directly or consulting with other DOE offices that have the lead
management role. These programs include Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs, Carbon Storage management role. These programs include Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs, Carbon Storage
Validation and Testing, Critical Mineral Innovation Efficiency, and Alternatives, and the Carbon Validation and Testing, Critical Mineral Innovation Efficiency, and Alternatives, and the Carbon
Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA). Total IIJA appropriations Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA). Total IIJA appropriations

~~34 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2024, Nuclear Energy, https://www.energy.gov/sites/~~
~~default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-ne-v3.pdf.~~
~~35 The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon~~
~~Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations~~
~~process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-~~
~~name-also-new-vision.~~
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~~for all~~ for all programs in which FECM is involved is $1.447 billion for FY2024. Additionally, CIFIA in programs in which FECM is involved is $1.447 billion for FY2024. Additionally, CIFIA in
FY2023 was appropriated $2.097 billion, which remains available to support CO2 transportation FY2023 was appropriated $2.097 billion, which remains available to support CO2 transportation
projects.projects. FECM’s current carbon capture research focuses on natural gas-fired power plants and FECM’s current carbon capture research focuses on natural gas-fired power plants and
applications outside the power sector, in line with congressional direction provided in the Energy applications outside the power sector, in line with congressional direction provided in the Energy
Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) and other recent laws. FECM also focuses on research Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) and other recent laws. FECM also focuses on research
into producing hydrogen from fossil fuels and using hydrogen in the power sector. into producing hydrogen from fossil fuels and using hydrogen in the power sector.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
and Carbon Removal Programs, by Ashley J. Lawson, by Ashley J. Lawson,; CRS In Focus IF12163, CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of
Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022, by Martin C. Offutt, by Martin C. Offutt,
; and CRS Report R44902, CRS Report R44902, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States, by Angela , by Angela
C. Jones and Ashley J. LawsonC. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson~~, and CRS Report R46618,~~ ~~An Overview of Rare Earth Elements~~
~~and Related Issues for Congress, by Brandon S. Tracy~~. .
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)
Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42 Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42
U.S.C. §§6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic U.S.C. §§6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic
impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an
International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral, voluntary agreement subject to international International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral, voluntary agreement subject to international
law. Currently, the SPR consists of a government-owned crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana law. Currently, the SPR consists of a government-owned crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana
and a smaller gasoline reserve in several northeastern states leased from commercial storage and a smaller gasoline reserve in several northeastern states leased from commercial storage
operators. operators.
41 The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-name-also-new-vision. Congressional Research Service 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Since the SPR was established, various administrations directed crude oil drawdowns on four Since the SPR was established, various administrations directed crude oil drawdowns on four
occasions in response to emergency oil supply disruptions. During FY2022, emergency SPR occasions in response to emergency oil supply disruptions. During FY2022, emergency SPR
authorities aimed to address anticipated oil supply disruptions following Russia’s military authorities aimed to address anticipated oil supply disruptions following Russia’s military
invasion of Ukraine. The Biden Administration released 180 million barrels during FY2022, the invasion of Ukraine. The Biden Administration released 180 million barrels during FY2022, the
largest ever emergency SPR release.largest ever emergency SPR release.3642 More frequently, DOE uses SPR authorities to exchange More frequently, DOE uses SPR authorities to exchange
crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional supply crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional supply
disruption events.disruption events.3743 The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has never The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has never
been utilized. been utilized.
Because of limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions prior to the 2022 Because of limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions prior to the 2022
Ukraine war, growing U.S. crude oil production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—Ukraine war, growing U.S. crude oil production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—
one key metric used to determine IEP emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring one key metric used to determine IEP emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring
DOE to draw down and sell SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Between 2015 DOE to draw down and sell SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Between 2015
and 2021, Congress enacted eight laws mandating the sale of 358.6 million barrels of crude oil. and 2021, Congress enacted eight laws mandating the sale of 358.6 million barrels of crude oil.
Congress cancelled 140 million barrels of these mandated sales in the Consolidated Congress cancelled 140 million barrels of these mandated sales in the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023. Additionally, Congress required DOE to sell approximately $1.5 Appropriations Act, 2023. Additionally, Congress required DOE to sell approximately $1.5
billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.38

~~36 CRS Insight IN11916, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022, by Phillip~~
~~Brown; DOE, “SPR Quick Facts,” https://www.energy.gov/ceser/spr-quick-facts.~~
~~37 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed~~
~~February 27, 2023.~~
~~38 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see~~ ~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated~~
~~and Modernization~~44 (For further policy changes proposed for FY2024, see section on “Strategic Petroleum Reserve Rescissions, Sales~~, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by~~
~~request from the author.~~
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, and Closing of Gasoline Reserve.”)
Science
The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific
computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy
sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2024 budget sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2024 budget
justification, the Office of Science “is the Nation’s largest Federal sponsor of basic research in the justification, the Office of Science “is the Nation’s largest Federal sponsor of basic research in the
physical sciences and the lead Federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for our physical sciences and the lead Federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for our
Nation’s energy future.”Nation’s energy future.”3945
DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and
maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied
mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the
DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, with the first exascale DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, with the first exascale
system starting operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in May 2022.system starting operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in May 2022.4046
Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on
understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic,
42 CRS Insight IN11916, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022, by Phillip Brown; DOE, “SPR Quick Facts,” https://www.energy.gov/ceser/spr-quick-facts. 43 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed February 27, 2023. 44 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memorandum available to congressional clients by request from the author. 45 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, vol. 5, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-5-science-v3.pdf. 46 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Frontier Supercomputer Debuts as World’s Fastest, Breaking Exascale Barrier,” May 30, 2022, https://www.ornl.gov/news/frontier-supercomputer-debuts-worlds-fastest-breaking-exascale-barrier. An exascale computer can perform one quintillion floating point operations per second. See Tim Greene, “World’s First Exascale Supercomputer Is the World’s Fastest,” Network World, May 31, 2022, https://www.networkworld.com/article/3662040/worlds-first-exascale-supercomputer-is-the-worlds-fastest.html. Congressional Research Service 33 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user
facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-
II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as
the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs). the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs).
Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex
biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g., biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g.,
genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems
Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research
supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and
centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science
Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very
high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES
provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental
fusion reactor. fusion reactor.
The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of
matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear
Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their
interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for
Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University. Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University.
Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas: Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas:
quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and
artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react
in ways commonly thought to require intelligence. in ways commonly thought to require intelligence.

~~39 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, vol. 5, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-5-science-v3.pdf.~~
~~40 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Frontier Supercomputer Debuts as World’s Fastest, Breaking Exascale Barrier,”~~
~~May 30, 2022, https://www.ornl.gov/news/frontier-supercomputer-debuts-worlds-fastest-breaking-exascale-barrier. An~~
~~exascale computer can perform one quintillion floating point operations per second. See Tim Greene, “World’s First~~
~~Exascale Supercomputer Is the World’s Fastest,” Network World, May 31, 2022, https://www.networkworld.com/~~
~~article/3662040/worlds-first-exascale-supercomputer-is-the-worlds-fastest.html.~~
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~~For more details, see CRS Report R47161~~ For more details, see CRS Report R47564, , Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding:
~~FY2023~~FY2024, coordinated by , coordinated by ~~Laurie A. Harris.~~
John F. Sargent Jr. Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
ARPA-E is a DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to support ARPA-E is a DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to support
transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe ARPA-transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe ARPA-
E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development of E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development of
energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $3.43 billion in R&D energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $3.43 billion in R&D
funding to 1,503 projects, and 204 project teams have raised more than $11.4 billion in private funding to 1,503 projects, and 204 project teams have raised more than $11.4 billion in private
sector follow-on funding.sector follow-on funding.4147
Loan Guarantees and Direct Loans
DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees and direct loans under several authorities: DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees and direct loans under several authorities:
Title 17 (XVII), Tribal, and ATVM for projects that deploy innovative energy technologies, as Title 17 (XVII), Tribal, and ATVM for projects that deploy innovative energy technologies, as
authorized by Title XVII of EPACT05, as amended at 43 U.S.C. §§16511 et seq., direct loans for authorized by Title XVII of EPACT05, as amended at 43 U.S.C. §§16511 et seq., direct loans for
advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal energy projects. advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal energy projects.
Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy technologies that Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy technologies that
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary program through reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary program through
47 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed May 4, 2023, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact. Congressional Research Service 34 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Loans and guarantees for tribal FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Loans and guarantees for tribal
energy projects are authorized under section 503 of EPACT05. energy projects are authorized under section 503 of EPACT05.
Title XVII allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible Title XVII allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible
energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to
cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. IRA appropriated $3.600 billion for cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. IRA appropriated $3.600 billion for
Section 1703 subsidy costs. IRA also established a time-limited (available through FY2026), Section 1703 subsidy costs. IRA also established a time-limited (available through FY2026),
$250 billion Title 17 loan guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy $250 billion Title 17 loan guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy
Infrastructure Reinvestment Financing.” IRA appropriated $5.000 billion to carry out the Section Infrastructure Reinvestment Financing.” IRA appropriated $5.000 billion to carry out the Section
1706 program. 1706 program.
Under the loan guarantee agreements, the federal government would repay all covered loans if the Under the loan guarantee agreements, the federal government would repay all covered loans if the
borrower defaulted. Such guarantees would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide borrower defaulted. Such guarantees would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide
financing at below-market interest rates. DOE currently has more than approximately $60 billion financing at below-market interest rates. DOE currently has more than approximately $60 billion
in authority available to make direct loans and loan guarantees. in authority available to make direct loans and loan guarantees.
To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 awarded have been to the consortium building two have been to the consortium building two
new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion, and for a Utah new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion, and for a Utah
hydrogen storage project, with a guarantee of $500 million.hydrogen storage project, with a guarantee of $500 million.4248 As of April 2023, applications for As of April 2023, applications for
141 additional loan guarantees totaling approximately $121.1 billion were under consideration by 141 additional loan guarantees totaling approximately $121.1 billion were under consideration by
~~the DOE Loan Programs Office.43~~

~~41 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed May 4, 2023, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact.~~
~~42 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced~~
~~Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-~~
~~financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle; and DOE, “DOE Announces First Loan Guarantee for a~~
~~Clean Energy Project in Nearly a Decade,” June 8, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-first-loan-~~
~~guarantee-clean-energy-project-nearly-decade.~~
~~43 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Monthly Application Activity Report,” April 2023, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/~~
~~monthly-application-activity-report. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs~~
~~Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office.~~
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the DOE Loan Programs Office.49
For more information on tribal loans and guarantees, see CRS In Focus IF11793, For more information on tribal loans and guarantees, see CRS In Focus IF11793, Indian Energy
Programs at the Department of Energy, by Corrie E. Clark, Mark Holt, and Lexie Ryan. , by Corrie E. Clark, Mark Holt, and Lexie Ryan.
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) was established within DOE as the lead The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) was established within DOE as the lead
federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply
and consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to and consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to
consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some
(e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). Recent areas of congressional (e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). Recent areas of congressional
interest include improvements to EIA’s computer models used to project U.S. energy supply and interest include improvements to EIA’s computer models used to project U.S. energy supply and
demand over time, and EIA’s data collection related to energy consumption in residential and demand over time, and EIA’s data collection related to energy consumption in residential and
commercial buildings and by cryptocurrency miners. For more details, see CRS Report R46524, commercial buildings and by cryptocurrency miners. For more details, see CRS Report R46524,
The U.S. Energy Information Administration, coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson. , coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson.
Nuclear Weapons Activities
In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science- In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science-
based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile.
Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the
nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear
48 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle; and DOE, “DOE Announces First Loan Guarantee for a Clean Energy Project in Nearly a Decade,” June 8, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-first-loan-guarantee-clean-energy-project-nearly-decade. 49 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Monthly Application Activity Report,” April 2023, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/monthly-application-activity-report. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office. Congressional Research Service 35 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE
established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title
XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by
the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget. the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget.
Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of
three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas
City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12 City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12
National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada
Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA
operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and
recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV
of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill. of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill.
NNSA’s budget has four major Weapons Activities program areas: NNSA’s budget has four major Weapons Activities program areas:
• • Stockpile Management supports work directly on nuclear weapons. These supports work directly on nuclear weapons. These ~~include~~
include life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and other activities. life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and other activities.
• • Production Modernization programs focus on maintaining and expanding the programs focus on maintaining and expanding the
production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to
weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned
subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components. subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components.
• • Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering provides the scientific and provides the scientific and
technical foundation for science-based stockpile decisions. technical foundation for science-based stockpile decisions.
• • Infrastructure and Operations maintains, operates, and modernizes the maintains, operates, and modernizes the ~~NNSA~~
NNSA infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred
maintenance in older facilities. maintenance in older facilities.
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Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following: Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following:
• • Secure Transportation Asset, providing for safe and secure transport of providing for safe and secure transport of ~~nuclear~~
nuclear weapons, components, and materials; weapons, components, and materials;
• • Defense Nuclear Security, providing operations, maintenance, and providing operations, maintenance, and ~~construction~~
construction funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and
related activities; and related activities; and
• • Information Technology and Cybersecurity, whose elements include whose elements include
cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information
~~Technology.~~
~~For more information, see CRS Report R45306,~~ ~~The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview~~
~~of Department of Energy Sites, by Amy F. Woolf and James D. Werner~~Technology. .
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support
U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These
programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN). programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN).
• The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to • The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to
minimize and, where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material minimize and, where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material
around the world, such as conversion of reactors that use highly enriched around the world, such as conversion of reactors that use highly enriched
uranium (useable for weapons) to low-enriched uranium. uranium (useable for weapons) to low-enriched uranium.
Congressional Research Service 36 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations • Global Materials Security works to increase the security of vulnerable • Global Materials Security works to increase the security of vulnerable ~~stockpiles~~
stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries, promotes the worldwide removal, of nuclear material in other countries, promotes the worldwide removal,
reduction, and security of radioactive sources (typically used in medical and reduction, and security of radioactive sources (typically used in medical and
industrial devices), and improves the capability of other countries to halt illicit industrial devices), and improves the capability of other countries to halt illicit
trafficking of nuclear materials. trafficking of nuclear materials.
• The Nonproliferation and Arms Control program conducts reviews of nuclear • The Nonproliferation and Arms Control program conducts reviews of nuclear
export applications and technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty export applications and technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty
obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation policies and proposals. obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation policies and proposals.
• The Bioassurance Program, established in FY2023, aims to expand DOE’s • The Bioassurance Program, established in FY2023, aims to expand DOE’s role in role in
biodefense and develop national laboratory capabilities “to anticipate, detect, biodefense and develop national laboratory capabilities “to anticipate, detect,
assess, and mitigate emerging biothreats.” assess, and mitigate emerging biothreats.”
• Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D) • Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D)
advances U.S. capabilities to detect and characterize threats such as foreign advances U.S. capabilities to detect and characterize threats such as foreign
nuclear material and weapons production, diversion of special nuclear material, nuclear material and weapons production, diversion of special nuclear material,
and nuclear detonations. and nuclear detonations.
• The Nonproliferation Construction program disposes of excess U.S. weapons • The Nonproliferation Construction program disposes of excess U.S. weapons
plutonium through a “dilute and dispose” strategy. plutonium through a “dilute and dispose” strategy.
This account also includes the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response Program This account also includes the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response Program
(NCTIR), which evaluates nuclear and radiological threats and develops emergency preparedness (NCTIR), which evaluates nuclear and radiological threats and develops emergency preparedness
plans, including organizing scientific teams to provide rapid response to nuclear or radiological plans, including organizing scientific teams to provide rapid response to nuclear or radiological
incidents or accidents worldwide. incidents or accidents worldwide.
For more information, see CRS Report R44413, For more information, see CRS Report R44413, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief, by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. , by Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
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Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites
The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan
~~Project44~~Project50 during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that
continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental
contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office
of Environmental Management primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of of Environmental Management primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of
former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.4551
DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved
in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.4652
Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are
in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) and in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) and
50 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website, https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm. 51 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the Office of Environmental Management. 52 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites. Congressional Research Service 37 link to page 43 link to page 9 link to page 43 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations other offices within DOE.53~~other offices within DOE.47~~ Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible
were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it
is transferred back to LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense is transferred back to LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense
Activities. Activities.
Power Marketing Administrations
DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) were established to sell the power DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) were established to sell the power
generated by various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily generated by various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily
of transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission of transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission
lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program
expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the
PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for
spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending
authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and
Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress. Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress.
~~For background, see CRS Report R45548,~~ ~~The Power Marketing Administrations: Background~~
~~and Current Issues, by Richard J. Campbell.~~
Independent Agencies
Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill
include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of these (ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of these

~~44 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret~~
~~national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable~~
~~atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in~~
~~numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now~~
~~the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website,~~
~~https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm.~~
~~45 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the~~
~~Office of Environmental Management.~~
~~46 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at~~
~~http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites.~~
~~47 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing~~
~~mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that~~
~~administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship.~~
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~~link to page 36 link to page 7 link to page 36~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the
description of NRC below, about 85% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net description of NRC below, about 85% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net
appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in
more detail below. The recent appropriations history and FY2024 budget request for all the Title more detail below. The recent appropriations history and FY2024 budget request for all the Title
IV agencies, including proposed initial funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority, is IV agencies, including proposed initial funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority, is
shown inshown in Table 12. (For more about the GLA, see the (For more about the GLA, see the “Funding Issues and Initiatives” section.) section.)
Additional FY2024 appropriations were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional Additional FY2024 appropriations were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional
commissions and authorities as shown icommissions and authorities as shown in Table 12.
53 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship. Congressional Research Service 38 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Table 12. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development
Appropriations
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
~~Program~~
~~Approp~~FY2024 FY2024 Program
Approp
Approp
Approp
~~Request~~Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Appalachian Regional Appalachian Regional
175.0 175.0
180.0 180.0
195.0 195.0
200.0 200.0
235.0 235.0 200.0 200.0
Commission Commission
Nuclear Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory
855.6
844.4
887.7
927.2
979.2
979.2 957.5 Commission Commission
(Revenues) (Revenues)
-728.1
-721.4
-756.7
-790.2
-823.2
-823.2 -820.4 Net NRC (including Net NRC (including
127.5 127.5
123.0 123.0
131.0 131.0
137.0 137.0
156.0 156.0
156.0 137.1 Inspector General) Inspector General)
Defense Nuclear Facilities Defense Nuclear Facilities
31.0 31.0
31.0 31.0
36.0 36.0
41.4 41.4
~~41.4~~47.2 45.0 42.0
Safety Board Safety Board
Nuclear Waste Technical Nuclear Waste Technical
3.6 3.6
3.6 3.6
3.8 3.8
3.9 3.9
4.1 4.1
4.1 4.1 Review Board Review Board
Denali Commission Denali Commission
15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0
15.1 15.1
17.0 17.0
17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0
Delta Regional Authority Delta Regional Authority
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.1 30.1
30.1 30.1
30.1 30.1
31.1 30.1 Great Lakes Authority Great Lakes Authority

5.0 5.0
5.0 2.5 Northern Border Regional Northern Border Regional
25.0 25.0
30.0 30.0
35.0 35.0
40.0 40.0
40.0 40.0 40.0 41.0
Commission Commission
Southeast Crescent Southeast Crescent Regional
0.3 0.3
1.0 1.0
5.0 5.0
20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0
~~Regional~~ 20.0 20.0 Commission Commission
Southwest Border Regional Southwest Border Regional

0.3 0.3
2.5 2.5
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Commission Commission
Total
407.3
413.9
453.5
494.4
~~553.6~~
~~Sources:~~559.4 523.2 498.8 Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; President’s FY2024 budget; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; President’s FY2022 budget; President’s FY2024 budget; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; President’s FY2022 budget;
explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; President’s explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; President’s ~~FY2021budget;~~ FY2021 budget; explanatory statement for explanatory statement for
Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress.
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
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Table 13. Additional Appropriations in IIJA for Regional Commissions and
Authorities
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
IIJA
IIJA
IIJA
IIJA
FY2025-
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2026
Regional Commission or Authority
Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Appalachian Regional Commission Appalachian Regional Commission
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
400.0 400.0
Delta Regional Authority (DRA) Delta Regional Authority (DRA)
150.0 150.0

Denali Commission Denali Commission
75.0 75.0

Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC) Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC)
150.0 150.0

Southeast Crescent Regional Commission Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
5.0 5.0

(SCRC) (SCRC)
Congressional Research Service 39 link to page 45 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations IIJA IIJA IIJA IIJA FY2025- FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2026 Regional Commission or Authority Approp Approp Approp Approp Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC) Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC)
1.3 1.3

Source: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.Rept. 117-394.H.Rept. 117-394.
Notes: Funding for the federal regional commissions and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability. Funding for the federal regional commissions and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability.
Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting
in FY2022 and continuing through FY2026. Appropriations for the DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and in FY2022 and continuing through FY2026. Appropriations for the DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and
SBRC are available until expended.SBRC are available until expended.
Appalachian Regional Commission
Established in 1965, Established in 1965,4854 the Appalachian Regional Commission is a regional economic the Appalachian Regional Commission is a regional economic
development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit
organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical
infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in
the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West
Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million
people currently live in the region as defined. people currently live in the region as defined.
ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s
most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband
communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported
~~development~~establishment of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile
system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC, system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC,
91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”4955
Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for
ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic
Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In
FY2023, Congress directed ARC to allocate $65 million to the POWER Initiative. The POWER FY2023, Congress directed ARC to allocate $65 million to the POWER Initiative. The POWER
Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects to Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects to
stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities. stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities.
For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS ~~Report~~
~~R45997, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by~~

~~48 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4.~~
~~49 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

33

~~link to page 38~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

~~Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS~~ In Focus IF11140, In Focus IF11140, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities:
Overview of Structure and Activities, by Julie M. Lawhorn. For more background on the POWER , by Julie M. Lawhorn. For more background on the POWER
Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic
Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn. , by Julie M. Lawhorn.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is an independent agency that establishes and enforces The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is an independent agency that establishes and enforces
safety and security standards for nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major safety and security standards for nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major
appropriations and budget request categories for NRC are shown iappropriations and budget request categories for NRC are shown in Table 14. Nuclear Reactor Nuclear Reactor
Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of
93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is also responsible for licensing and 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is also responsible for licensing and
54 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4. 55 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov. Congressional Research Service 40 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed underground nuclear waste repository at regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed underground nuclear waste repository at
Yucca Mountain, NV (which has received no new appropriations since FY2010). Yucca Mountain, NV (which has received no new appropriations since FY2010).
NRC is required by law to offset its total annual appropriation, excluding specified items, through NRC is required by law to offset its total annual appropriation, excluding specified items, through
fees charged to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. NRC does not retain fees charged to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. NRC does not retain
the fee revenue, but instead sends it to the U.S. Treasury. Budget items excluded from fee the fee revenue, but instead sends it to the U.S. Treasury. Budget items excluded from fee
recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international
activities, and nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation is about activities, and nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation is about
15% of the agency’s total budget. 15% of the agency’s total budget.
Table 14. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
~~Funding Category~~
~~Approp~~FY2024 FY2024 Funding Category
Approp
Approp
Approp
~~Request~~Approp Request H.Comm. S.Comm.
Nuclear Reactor Safety Nuclear Reactor Safety
433.4 433.4
452.8 452.8
477.4 477.4
490.7 490.7
530.8 530.8
530.8 530.8 Nuclear Materials and Nuclear Materials and
103.2 103.2
102.9 102.9
107.3 107.3
111.6 111.6
~~125.9~~126.0 126.0 126.0
Waste Safety Waste Safety
Decommissioning and Decommissioning and
21.4 21.4
22.8 22.8
22.9 22.9
23.9 23.9
27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0
Low-Level Waste Low-Level Waste
Corporate Support Corporate Support
289.1 289.1
271.4 271.4
266.3 266.3
285.3 285.3
304.0 304.0
304.0 304.0 Integrated University Integrated University
2.5 2.5
16.0 16.0
16.0 16.0
16.0 16.0

16.0 Program Program
Prior-Year Balances Prior-Year Balances
-38.4 -38.4
-35.0 -35.0
-16.0 -16.0
-16.0 -16.0

Inspector General Inspector General
12.1 12.1
13.5 13.5
13.8 13.8
15.8 15.8
18.6 18.6
18.6 15.8 Total
823.1
844.4
887.7
927.2
1,006.4
1,006.4 1,019.5 Carryover Carryover

-27.1 -27.1 -27.1 -62.0
Net

979.2
~~Sources:~~979.2 957.5 Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; NRC FY2024 congressional budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; NRC FY2022 NRC FY2024 congressional budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; NRC FY2022
congressional budget justification; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; NRC FY2021 Budget congressional budget justification; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; NRC FY2021 Budget
Justification; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Justification; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress.
Note: Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded. Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

Congressional Hearings
The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2024 budget request. Testimony and House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2024 budget request. Testimony and
opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with
webcasts in many cases. webcasts in many cases.
House
• • Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, March 29, 2023, , March 29, 2023,
https://appropriations.house.gov/legislation/business-meetings/budget-hearing- https://appropriations.house.gov/legislation/business-meetings/budget-hearing-
fiscal-year-2024-request-army-corps-engineers-and fiscal-year-2024-request-army-corps-engineers-and
Congressional Research Service 41 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations • • Department of Energy, March 23, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/, March 23, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/
legislation/hearings/budget-hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-department-energy legislation/hearings/budget-hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-department-energy
Senate
• • Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, April 26, 2023, , April 26, 2023,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year- https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2024-budget-request-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-2024-budget-request-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-
reclamation reclamation
• • Department of Energy, May 3, 2023, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/, May 3, 2023, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/
hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2024-budget-request-for-the-us-department- hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2024-budget-request-for-the-us-department-
of-energy-including-the-national-nuclear-security-administration of-energy-including-the-national-nuclear-security-administration

Author Information

Mark Holt Mark Holt
Anna E. Normand Anna E. Normand
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Analyst in Natural Resources Policy

Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
General (Coordinators) General (Coordinators)
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Anna Normand Anna Normand
Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
Anna Normand Anna Normand
Nicole Carter Nicole Carter
Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Renewable energy Renewable energy
Corrie E. Clark Corrie E. Clark
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency
Corrie E. Clark Corrie E. Clark
Fossil energy research Fossil energy research
Ashley Lawson Ashley Lawson
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Martin Offutt Martin Offutt
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Phil ip Brown Phil ip Brown
~~Congressional Research Service~~

35

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations~~

Nuclear energy Nuclear energy
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Science and ARPA-E Science and ARPA-E
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Quantum Information Science Quantum Information Science
Patricia Moloney Figliola Patricia Moloney Figliola
Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence
Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris
Loan programs Loan programs
Phil ip Brown Phil ip Brown
Nuclear weapons stewardship Nuclear weapons stewardship
Alexandra Neenan Alexandra Neenan
Nonproliferation Nonproliferation
Mary Beth Nikitin Mary Beth Nikitin
DOE Environmental Management DOE Environmental Management
David Bearden David Bearden
Lance Larson Lance Larson
Congressional Research Service 42 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Power Marketing Administrations Power Marketing Administrations
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Bonneville Power Administration Bonneville Power Administration
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Federal regional authorities and Federal regional authorities and
Julie Lawhorn Julie Lawhorn
commissions commissions

Appropriations legislative procedures Appropriations legislative procedures
James V. Saturno James V. Saturno
Bil Heniff Bil Heniff
Megan Lynch Megan Lynch

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
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