Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts

Changes from May 9, 2023 to June 18, 2024

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and
~~May 9, 2023~~June 18, 2024
Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to
Cory R. Gill
Component Accounts
Analyst in Foreign Affairs Analyst in Foreign Affairs

The annual Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) The annual Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS)
Emily M. McCabe
appropriations legislation funds many U.S. nondefense international affairs activities. appropriations legislation funds many U.S. nondefense international affairs activities.
The State Analyst in Foreign Analyst in Foreign
~~The State~~ Department portion makes up about one-third of the funding, and the Foreign Department portion makes up about one-third of the funding, and the Foreign
Operations Assistance and Foreign Assistance and Foreign
~~Operations~~ accounts comprise the remainder. SFOPS is one of 12 annual appropriations accounts comprise the remainder. SFOPS is one of 12 annual appropriations
~~Policy~~
acts that fund the acts that fund the Policy federal government each fiscal year. federal government each fiscal year.

Congress appropriated SFOPS funds for Congress appropriated SFOPS funds for ~~FY2023~~FY2024 in the in the Further Consolidated Consolidated ~~Appropriations~~

~~Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328~~ Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-47), under Division ), under Division KF, “Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs , “Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, Appropriations Act, ~~2023~~2024.” That act is divided into seven titles. Each title funds a variety of government activities, .” That act is divided into seven titles. Each title funds a variety of government activities,
ranging from government agencies’ operational and administrative costs to direct grant funds for private nonprofit ranging from government agencies’ operational and administrative costs to direct grant funds for private nonprofit
or multilateral organizations. By title, SFOPS provisions set out activities as follows: or multilateral organizations. By title, SFOPS provisions set out activities as follows:
• Title I—Department of State and Related Agency funds State Department diplomatic funds State Department diplomatic
programs and programs and general operations, including Foreign and Civil Service personnel salaries and general operations, including Foreign and Civil Service personnel salaries and
training, public diplomacy and cultural exchange programs, information technology maintenance training, public diplomacy and cultural exchange programs, information technology maintenance
and modernization, dues to the United Nations (U.N.) and other international organizations, and modernization, dues to the United Nations (U.N.) and other international organizations,
international broadcasting, and embassy construction and diplomatic security. It also provides international broadcasting, and embassy construction and diplomatic security. It also provides
funding to U.S. diplomacy-focused nongovernmental organizations and legislative commissions. funding to U.S. diplomacy-focused nongovernmental organizations and legislative commissions.
• Title II—United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funds USAID funds USAID
general general operations but not USAID foreign assistance programs (see Title III). operations but not USAID foreign assistance programs (see Title III).
• Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance is the primary funding source for the U.S. is the primary funding source for the U.S.
government’s government’s humanitarian and international development programs. It includes bilateral humanitarian and international development programs. It includes bilateral
assistance for disaster relief, global health, and economic development activities, as well as assistance for disaster relief, global health, and economic development activities, as well as
funding for several independent development-oriented agencies, notably the Millennium funding for several independent development-oriented agencies, notably the Millennium
Challenge Corporation and Peace Corps. Challenge Corporation and Peace Corps.
• Title IV—International Security Assistance is the primary title for U.S. security cooperation is the primary title for U.S. security cooperation
programs programs abroad outside of the National Defense appropriations bill. It includes antinarcotics and abroad outside of the National Defense appropriations bill. It includes antinarcotics and
rule of law strengthening programs; nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, and demining programs; rule of law strengthening programs; nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, and demining programs;
some assistance to foreign militaries; and some funding for international peacekeeping efforts. some assistance to foreign militaries; and some funding for international peacekeeping efforts.
• Title V—Multilateral Assistance contributes funds to several multilateral finance and grant- contributes funds to several multilateral finance and grant-
making making institutions. institutions.
• Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance funds the three U.S. government independent funds the three U.S. government independent
export export promotion agencies: the Export-Import Bank, the U.S. International Development Finance promotion agencies: the Export-Import Bank, the U.S. International Development Finance
Corporation (DFC), and the Trade and Development Agency. Corporation (DFC), and the Trade and Development Agency.
• Title VII—General Provisions guides the allocation of funds appropriated in other titles and guides the allocation of funds appropriated in other titles and
lays out lays out restrictions and priorities for programming. restrictions and priorities for programming.
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Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations

Introduction
The annual Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations The annual Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations
legislation (SFOPS) is one of 12 appropriations bills that Congress considers annually to fund legislation (SFOPS) is one of 12 appropriations bills that Congress considers annually to fund
U.S. government discretionary activities. 1 SFOPS funds many U.S. government nondefense U.S. government discretionary activities. 1 SFOPS funds many U.S. government nondefense
international affairs activities and programs. Congress structures SFOPS into several titles, which international affairs activities and programs. Congress structures SFOPS into several titles, which
consist of broad spending categories. These titles are subdivided into paragraphs that each address consist of broad spending categories. These titles are subdivided into paragraphs that each address
one component account, a funding line item that includes one or several activities of the one component account, a funding line item that includes one or several activities of the
government. A single component account may cover one agency’s entire annual budget, grant government. A single component account may cover one agency’s entire annual budget, grant
funds to an independent organization, or fund multiple activities associated with statutory funds to an independent organization, or fund multiple activities associated with statutory
authorities, among other things. authorities, among other things.
In the In the ~~FY2023~~FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. ~~117-328~~118-47), the Department of State, Foreign ), the Department of State, Foreign
Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act (Division Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act (Division KF) is divided into seven titles, ) is divided into seven titles,
each associated with the following activities: each associated with the following activities:
Table 1. ~~FY2023~~FY2024 SFOPS Appropriations, by Title
Title
Title Name
Activities
I I
Department of State and Department of State and
State Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs, State Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs,
Related Agency Related Agency
general operations, information technology programs, public diplomacy and general operations, information technology programs, public diplomacy and
cultural exchanges, dues to international organizationscultural exchanges, dues to international organizations and peacekeeping missions, international , international
broadcasting, embassy construction and security, and direct funding to broadcasting, embassy construction and security, and direct funding to
foreign affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations and legislative foreign affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations and legislative
commissions. commissions.
II II
United States Agency for United States Agency for
USAID personnel and administration activities worldwide. Excludes USAID personnel and administration activities worldwide. Excludes
International Development International Development
program implementation, which Title III funds. program implementation, which Title III funds.
(USAID) (USAID)
III III
Bilateral Economic Bilateral Economic
U.S. foreign assistance programs for economic development, global health, U.S. foreign assistance programs for economic development, global health,
Assistance Assistance
international disaster assistance, democracy programs, and several international disaster assistance, democracy programs, and several
development-focused independent agencies. development-focused independent agencies.
IV IV
International Security International Security
U.S. foreign assistance for international narcotics control and law U.S. foreign assistance for international narcotics control and law
Assistance Assistance
enforcement (INCLE); nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, and demining enforcement (INCLE); nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, and demining
(NADR); peacekeeping operations; international military education and (NADR); peacekeeping operations; international military education and
training (IMET); and foreign military financing (FMF). training (IMET); and foreign military financing (FMF).
V V
Multilateral Assistance Multilateral Assistance
Funding to several multilateral development banks and U.N.-system Funding to several multilateral development banks and U.N.-system
organizations. organizations.
VI VI
Export and Investment Export and Investment
Funding for U.S. agencies promoting export and investment abroad. Funding for U.S. agencies promoting export and investment abroad.
Assistance Assistance
VII VII
General Provisions General Provisions
Cross-cutting guidance on programmatic priorities, use of funds, funding to Cross-cutting guidance on programmatic priorities, use of funds, funding to
specific regions and countries, and restrictions on funding. specific regions and countries, and restrictions on funding.
Source: Division F of P.L. 118-47~~P.L. 117-328~~. .
Many of the component accounts within these titles correspond to one or several authorities in Many of the component accounts within these titles correspond to one or several authorities in
statute. Title 22 of the statute. Title 22 of the U.S. Code contains many of these authorities. Major acts in Title 22 contains many of these authorities. Major acts in Title 22
include the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885; hereinafter the Basic include the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885; hereinafter the Basic

1 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assigns three-digit codes to the various functions of the government. 1 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assigns three-digit codes to the various functions of the government.
International affairs, designated “the 150 Account,” also contains several subfunctions. For example, subfunction 151 International affairs, designated “the 150 Account,” also contains several subfunctions. For example, subfunction 151
encompasses international development and humanitarian assistance. International Commissions accounts are the only encompasses international development and humanitarian assistance. International Commissions accounts are the only
SFOPS appropriations outside the 150 Account—they are part of the 300 Natural Resources Budget Function. SFOPS appropriations outside the 150 Account—they are part of the 300 Natural Resources Budget Function.
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Authorities Act), the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), and the Foreign Assistance Act Authorities Act), the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), and the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; hereinafter the FAA), among others. This report identifies the statutory of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; hereinafter the FAA), among others. This report identifies the statutory
authorities that correspond with each component account. A list of these major acts, and cross-authorities that correspond with each component account. A list of these major acts, and cross-
references to their location in the references to their location in the U.S. Code, are in the, are in the Appendix. ~~For information~~For information on SFOPS on SFOPS
funding levels, trends, and congressional action, see CRS Report funding levels, trends, and congressional action, see CRS Report ~~R47070~~R47579, , Department of State,
Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: ~~FY2023~~FY2024 Budget and Appropriations~~, by Emily M.~~
~~McCabe and Cory R. Gill.~~
~~FY2023~~. FY2024 SFOPS Appropriations: Key Considerations2
Several issues should be taken into account when reviewing this report: Several issues should be taken into account when reviewing this report:
•
Congress may create, eliminate, or consolidate component accounts and has made adjustments to account Congress may create, eliminate, or consolidate component accounts and has made adjustments to account
structure over the years. This report profiles component accounts only as they appear in the structure over the years. This report profiles component accounts only as they appear in the ~~FY2023~~FY2024 Further
Consolidated Appropriations Act.3 Consolidated Appropriations Act.3
•
Several activities that may be considered international affairs activities are included in other appropriations Several activities that may be considered international affairs activities are included in other appropriations
bil s. Food assistance,4 some global epidemic prevention activities,5 and various security assistance and bil s. Food assistance,4 some global epidemic prevention activities,5 and various security assistance and
international energy activities are examples. international energy activities are examples.
•
Figures in the President’s Budget include estimated revenues from government-col ected fees.6 These Figures in the President’s Budget include estimated revenues from government-col ected fees.6 These
revenues need not be appropriated if Congress has previously authorized their use for an activity. Congress revenues need not be appropriated if Congress has previously authorized their use for an activity. Congress
often sets a ceiling for total expenditures to such a component account, however. often sets a ceiling for total expenditures to such a component account, however.
•
Public law requires that most SFOPS funding be authorized prior to receiving appropriations. If Congress Public law requires that most SFOPS funding be authorized prior to receiving appropriations. If Congress
does not enact an SFOPS authorization of appropriations, it must enact a waiver to this requirement, which it does not enact an SFOPS authorization of appropriations, it must enact a waiver to this requirement, which it
does routinely.7 does routinely.7
Account Descriptions
Title I—Department of State and Related Agency
Title I, which Title I, which ~~totals approximately one-third of annual SFOPS funding, funds~~typically totals about 30% of annual SFOPS funding (excluding supplemental funding, which is often weighed toward other Titles), funds priorities including (1) State (1) State
Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs, and general operations; (2) public Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs, and general operations; (2) public
diplomacy and cultural exchange programs; (3) embassy construction and diplomatic security diplomacy and cultural exchange programs; (3) embassy construction and diplomatic security
activities; (4) information technology modernization and maintenance; (5) activities; (4) information technology modernization and maintenance; (5) ~~U.S. participation in~~
~~international organizations and~~dues payments to international organizations and peacekeeping missions; (6) participation in international commissions; ( international commissions; (67) U.S. government, nonmilitary ) U.S. government, nonmilitary
international broadcasting; and (international broadcasting; and (78) several foreign affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations ) several foreign affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations
and legislative commissions. and legislative commissions.

2 For a general overview of the appropriations process, see CRS Report R42388, 2 For a general overview of the appropriations process, see CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations
Process: An Introduction, coordinated by James V. Saturno. , coordinated by James V. Saturno.
3 Congress may make these changes at its own initiative or at the President’s request. Recent changes have affected the 3 Congress may make these changes at its own initiative or at the President’s request. Recent changes have affected the
Assistance to Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia; International Disaster Assistance; and Global Health Programs Assistance to Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia; International Disaster Assistance; and Global Health Programs
accounts, among others.accounts, among others. ~~The Democracy Fund account was established in FY2006~~. .
4 On food aid, see CRS Report R45422, U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview, by Alyssa R. Casey and 4 On food aid, see CRS Report R45422, U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview, by Alyssa R. Casey and
Emily M. McCabe. Emily M. McCabe.
5 Many of these activities are managed by the Department of Health and Human Services, in particular the Centers for 5 Many of these activities are managed by the Department of Health and Human Services, in particular the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. Disease Control and Prevention.
6 See below, for example, the Consular and Border Security Programs under Title I; contributions to international 6 See below, for example, the Consular and Border Security Programs under Title I; contributions to international
financial institutions under Title V; and the Export-Import Bank and Overseas Private Investment Corporation under financial institutions under Title V; and the Export-Import Bank and Overseas Private Investment Corporation under
Title VI. Title VI.
7 For example, see §7022 of the 7 For example, see §7022 of the ~~FY2023~~FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, Division Consolidated Appropriations Act, Division KF (P.L. (P.L. ~~117-328~~118-47). ).
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Administration of Foreign Affairs
The Administration of Foreign Affairs heading provides funding for the State Department’s The Administration of Foreign Affairs heading provides funding for the State Department’s
diplomatic engagement programs, personnel, and operations. It is composed of the following diplomatic engagement programs, personnel, and operations. It is composed of the following
component accounts. component accounts.
Diplomatic Programs (DP)
DP, the principal operating account of the State Department, includes four funding categories: DP, the principal operating account of the State Department, includes four funding categories:
• Human Resources funds the salaries of domestic and overseas Foreign and Civil funds the salaries of domestic and overseas Foreign and Civil
Service employees, Foreign Service Institute training programs, Bureau of Service employees, Foreign Service Institute training programs, Bureau of
Global Talent Management operating costs, and many of the State Department’s Global Talent Management operating costs, and many of the State Department’s
diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility programs. diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility programs.
• Overseas Programs funds operations and management costs at the State funds operations and management costs at the State
Department’s overseas posts, along with diplomatic engagement and public Department’s overseas posts, along with diplomatic engagement and public
diplomacy programs to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy diplomacy programs to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy
interests. interests.
• Diplomatic Policy and Support funds the State Department’s strategic and funds the State Department’s strategic and
managerial units, such as the Office of the Secretary and the Bureaus of managerial units, such as the Office of the Secretary and the Bureaus of
Administration, Budget and Planning, Information Resource Management, and Administration, Budget and Planning, Information Resource Management, and
Intelligence and Research, among others. Intelligence and Research, among others.
• Security Programs serves as the primary funding source for the Worldwide serves as the primary funding source for the Worldwide
Security Protection item of Diplomatic Programs, which funds the Bureau of Security Protection item of Diplomatic Programs, which funds the Bureau of
Diplomatic Security and other bureaus implementing programs to protect the Diplomatic Security and other bureaus implementing programs to protect the
State Department’s staff, property, and information. State Department’s staff, property, and information. ~~This~~Among other operating units, this category also funds the category also funds the
Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, which is tasked with securing the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, which is tasked with securing the
~~freedom of U.S. national hostages and wrongful detainees abroad.~~
~~Capital Investment Fund (CIF)~~
~~Congress authorized the CIF in 1994 to provide for “the procurement of information technology~~
~~(IT) and other related capital investments” at the State Department and ensure the efficient~~
~~management of such resources.8 In recent years, the State Department has utilized the CIF to~~
~~modernize its IT infrastructure and strengthen cybersecurity.~~
~~Office of Inspector General (OIG)~~
~~This account funds the State Department’s Office of Inspector General (OIG). The OIG conducts~~
~~independent audits, inspections, evaluations, and investigations of the programs and operations of~~
~~the State Department and the U.S. Agency for Global Media. Congress also directly funds the~~
~~Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) through this account.~~
~~Congress has authorized both the OIG and SIGAR in statute.9~~

~~8 Title I, §135 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY1994-1995 (P.L. 103-236), as amended (22 U.S.C.~~
~~§2684a).~~
~~9 Title I, §209 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (22 U.S.C. §3929) and Division A, Title~~
~~XII, §1229 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (P.L. 110-181), as amended (5 U.S.C. §415~~
~~note).~~
freedom of U.S. nationals held hostage or wrongfully detained abroad. Consular and Border Security Programs (CBSP) Congress established CBSP in 2017 and directed the State Department to deposit several consular fees and surcharges into this account that it is authorized by various laws to collect and expend on consular services, including passport and visa processing.8 While fees the State Department deposits into CBSP primarily fund the Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA), some fees are allocated to other bureaus that support CA’s operations. As it is almost entirely fee-funded, Congress does not usually provide an annual appropriation for CBSP. Capital Investment Fund (CIF) Congress authorized the CIF in 1994 to provide for “the procurement and enhancement of information technology [IT] and other related capital investments” at the State Department and ensure the efficient management of such resources.9 In recent years, the State Department has utilized the CIF to modernize its IT infrastructure and strengthen cybersecurity. 8 Title VII, §7081 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2017 (Division J of P.L. 115-31), codified at 8 U.S.C. §1715. 9 Title I, §135 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY1994-1995 (P.L. 103-236), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2684a). Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 3 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Office of Inspector General (OIG) This account funds the State Department’s Office of Inspector General (OIG). The OIG conducts independent audits, inspections, evaluations, and investigations of the programs and operations of the State Department and the U.S. Agency for Global Media. Congress also directly funds the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) through this account. Congress has authorized both the OIG and SIGAR in statute.10 ~~Congressional Research Service~~
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Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs (ECE)
ECE funds the State Department’s management of U.S. educational, professional, and cultural ECE funds the State Department’s management of U.S. educational, professional, and cultural
exchanges, such as the Fulbright Program, the International Visitor Leadership Program, and the exchanges, such as the Fulbright Program, the International Visitor Leadership Program, and the
Citizen Citizen ~~Exchanges Program~~Exchange Programs. Authority for these programs derives from the Mutual . Authority for these programs derives from the Mutual ~~Education~~ Educational and and
Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (also referred to as the Fulbright-Hays Act; P.L. 87-256). Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (also referred to as the Fulbright-Hays Act; P.L. 87-256).
Representation Expenses
The Representation Expenses account The Representation Expenses account ~~reimburses~~provides for expenses involved with establishing and expenses involved with establishing and
maintaining maintaining ~~relationships of value to the United States abroad, including hosting foreign officials~~
~~and citizens at embassy events~~U.S. diplomatic relationships abroad, including U.S. government representation at cultural and traditional events such as national holidays. .
Protection of Foreign Missions and Officials
As authorized in law, this account funds reimbursable expenses to municipal, state, and federal As authorized in law, this account funds reimbursable expenses to municipal, state, and federal
law enforcement agencies throughout the United States, along with qualified security law enforcement agencies throughout the United States, along with qualified security
professionals, for “extraordinary” protective services provided to foreign missions and officials.professionals, for “extraordinary” protective services provided to foreign missions and officials.1011
Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM)
ESCM provides for the acquiring, designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, leasing, and ESCM provides for the acquiring, designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, leasing, and
disposing of U.S. embassies and other diplomatic properties around the world. Congress disposing of U.S. embassies and other diplomatic properties around the world. Congress ~~allocates~~
designates a share of the ESCM appropriation a share of the ESCM appropriation ~~to the Capital Security Cost Sharing and Maintenance Cost~~
~~Sharing Programs~~for Worldwide Security Upgrades, which, along with contributions from other agencies with personnel assigned , which, along with contributions from other agencies with personnel assigned
to U.S. overseas posts, to U.S. overseas posts, ~~fund~~ funds much of the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of such much of the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of such
posts. posts.
Emergencies in the Diplomatic and Consular Service (EDCS)
Congress authorized the EDCS account to meet several requirements, including emergency Congress authorized the EDCS account to meet several requirements, including emergency
evacuations of U.S. diplomats and their families or, in some circumstances, private U.S. citizens evacuations of U.S. diplomats and their families or, in some circumstances, private U.S. citizens
or third-country nationals. It also funds some travel costs of senior Administration officials or third-country nationals. It also funds some travel costs of senior Administration officials ~~for~~
~~certain engagements, such as G-20 Summits and United Nations events.11~~and expenses involved with the hosting of international summits and conferences in the United States.12 Additionally, this Additionally, this
account funds the State Department’s Rewards Program, through which rewards are transmitted account funds the State Department’s Rewards Program, through which rewards are transmitted
to individuals for information on matters including international to individuals for information on matters including international ~~terrorism, narcotics-related~~
~~activities, transnational organized crime, foreign election interference, and war crimes.12~~
~~Repatriation Loans Program Account~~
~~As authorized in law, the Repatriation Loans Program Account subsidizes small loans to destitute~~
~~U.S. citizens abroad who are unable to fund their return to the United States.13~~

~~10 Title II, §214 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §4314)~~
~~and §605(a) of the Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005 (Title VI of P.L. 109-177),~~
~~codified at 18 U.S.C. §3056A(d).~~
~~11 §4(a) and (b)~~ 10 Title I, §209 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (22 U.S.C. §3929); Title IV, §413 of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-399), as amended (22 U.S.C. §4861); and Division A, Title XII, §1229 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (P.L. 110-181), as amended (5 U.S.C. §415 note). 11 Title II, §214 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. § of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §~~2671).~~
~~12 The Rewards Program is authorized pursuant to §36 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-~~
~~885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2708).~~
~~13 See §4(b) and (d~~4314) and §605(a) of the Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005 (Title VI of P.L. 109-177), codified at 18 U.S.C. §3056A(d). 12 §4(a) and (b) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. ) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C.
§2671). §2671).
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terrorism, international narcotics-related activities, transnational organized crime, foreign election interference, and war crimes.13 Repatriation Loans Program Account As authorized in law, the Repatriation Loans Program account subsidizes small loans to destitute U.S. citizens abroad who are unable to fund their return to the United States.14 Payment to the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT)
The Taiwan Relations Act (P.L. 96-8) provides that U.S. relations with Taiwan shall be carried out The Taiwan Relations Act (P.L. 96-8) provides that U.S. relations with Taiwan shall be carried out
through the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a nonprofit, private corporation created shortly through the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a nonprofit, private corporation created shortly
after the United States changed its diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1979.after the United States changed its diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1979.15 AIT’s AIT’s
Taipei office performs many of the same functions as U.S. embassies elsewhere. This account Taipei office performs many of the same functions as U.S. embassies elsewhere. This account
funds AIT costs and core activities that AIT implements on behalf of the U.S. government. funds AIT costs and core activities that AIT implements on behalf of the U.S. government.
International Center, Washington, DC
The International Center, or International Chancery Center (ICC), is a diplomatic enclave sited on The International Center, or International Chancery Center (ICC), is a diplomatic enclave sited on
a 47-acre lot located in Washington, DC.a 47-acre lot located in Washington, DC.1416 The International Center Act (P.L. 90-553) authorizes The International Center Act (P.L. 90-553) authorizes
the State Department to use fees paid by executive agencies and foreign governments for use of the State Department to use fees paid by executive agencies and foreign governments for use of
the ICC to fund ICC operations and maintenance, subject to congressional appropriations. the ICC to fund ICC operations and maintenance, subject to congressional appropriations.
Payment to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability Fund
This account provides mandatory funding comprising State Department and USAID contributions This account provides mandatory funding comprising State Department and USAID contributions
to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System and the Foreign Service Pension System, to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System and the Foreign Service Pension System,
as authorized in the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465).as authorized in the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465).1517
International Organizations
The State Department uses funds provided in the following two accounts under the International The State Department uses funds provided in the following two accounts under the International
Organizations heading to pay the United States’ assessed contributions (membership dues) to Organizations heading to pay the United States’ assessed contributions (membership dues) to
many international organizations and peacekeeping efforts that it supports. The State Department many international organizations and peacekeeping efforts that it supports. The State Department
provides these assessed contributions pursuant to various treaties and laws. For example, the provides these assessed contributions pursuant to various treaties and laws. For example, the
United Nations Participation Act authorizes United States participation in and funding of the United Nations Participation Act authorizes United States participation in and funding of the
United Nations (U.N.).United Nations (U.N.).1618 Title V of SFOPS appropriates voluntary contributions to multilateral Title V of SFOPS appropriates voluntary contributions to multilateral
organizations. organizations.
~~Contributions to International Organizations (CIO)~~
~~CIO funds the United States’ assessed contributions to the budget of the United Nations, U.N.~~
~~affiliated agencies, inter-American organizations, and other international organizations.~~
~~Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA)~~
~~CIPA funds the United States’ assessed contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations worldwide,~~
~~as well as contributions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.~~
~~International Commissions~~
~~Accounts under the International Commissions heading fund U.S. obligations under law or treaty~~
~~to several bilateral and multilateral commissions, including~~

14 13 The Rewards Program is authorized pursuant to §36 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2708). 14 See §4(b) and (d) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2671). 15 §6 of the Taiwan Relations Act (P.L. 96-8), codified at 22 U.S.C. §3305. 16 International Center Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-553), as amended. International Center Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-553), as amended.
1517 Title I, Chapter 8 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 52, Subchapter Title I, Chapter 8 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 52, Subchapter
VIII of the VIII of the U.S. Code). ).
1618 U.N. Participation Act (P.L. 79-264), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 7, Subchapter XVI of the U.N. Participation Act (P.L. 79-264), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 7, Subchapter XVI of the U.S. Code). ).
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Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) CIO funds the United States’ assessed contributions to the budget of the United Nations, U.N. affiliated agencies, inter-American organizations, and other international organizations. Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) CIPA funds the United States’ assessed contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations worldwide, as well as contributions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. International Commissions Accounts under the International Commissions heading fund U.S. obligations under law or treaty to several bilateral and multilateral commissions, including • the International Boundary and Water Commission (between the United States the International Boundary and Water Commission (between the United States
and Mexico) and the Community Assistance Program of the North American and Mexico) and the Community Assistance Program of the North American
Development Bank (formerly the Border Environment Cooperation Commission Development Bank (formerly the Border Environment Cooperation Commission
between the United States and Mexico); between the United States and Mexico);
• the International Joint Commission and the International Boundary Commission the International Joint Commission and the International Boundary Commission
(both between the United States and Canada); and (both between the United States and Canada); and
• several international fisheries commissions, such as the Great Lakes Fishery several international fisheries commissions, such as the Great Lakes Fishery
Commission and the International Pacific Halibut Commission. Commission and the International Pacific Halibut Commission.
U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM)
The sole listing under the “Related Agency” heading, USAGM is the independent federal agency The sole listing under the “Related Agency” heading, USAGM is the independent federal agency
supervising civilian U.S. government-funded international broadcasting to foreign publics. Led supervising civilian U.S. government-funded international broadcasting to foreign publics. Led
by USAGM’s Chief Executive Officer, the agency supervises and supports six distinct entities: by USAGM’s Chief Executive Officer, the agency supervises and supports six distinct entities:
two federal two federal ~~broadcasters~~organizations, the Voice of America and the Office of Cuba Broadcasting, the Voice of America and the Office of Cuba Broadcasting~~; three~~
~~independent nonprofit broadcast entities~~, and four nonprofit organizations receiving federal grants from USAGM, receiving federal grants from USAGM, which are Radio Free Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, ~~and~~ the Middle East Broadcasting Networksthe Middle East Broadcasting Networks~~; and one~~
~~independent nonprofit corporation tasked with improving access to news and information through~~
~~developing and supporting censorship-circumvention and anti-surveillance tools,~~, and the Open the Open
Technology Fund.Technology Fund.1719 The heading is divided into two accounts, as follows. The heading is divided into two accounts, as follows.
International Broadcasting Operations (IBO)
IBO is the USAGM core operating account. USAGM uses IBO resources to operate all of its IBO is the USAGM core operating account. USAGM uses IBO resources to operate all of its
aforementioned media organizations, while also meeting related program delivery and support aforementioned media organizations, while also meeting related program delivery and support
costs. costs.
Broadcasting Capital Improvements (BCI)
BCI funds major capital projects, improvements, and maintenance of both USAGM’s global BCI funds major capital projects, improvements, and maintenance of both USAGM’s global
transmission network and its digital multimedia infrastructure. transmission network and its digital multimedia infrastructure.
19 USAGM, “Structure,” at https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/organizational-chart/. For more information, see CRS Report R46968, U.S. Agency for Global Media: Background, Governance, and Issues for Congress, by Matthew C. Weed. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 6 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Related Programs
Through the Related Programs heading, Congress funds several nongovernmental entities that Through the Related Programs heading, Congress funds several nongovernmental entities that
pursue objectives aligned with U.S. foreign policy goals. Many of these organizations were pursue objectives aligned with U.S. foreign policy goals. Many of these organizations were
created by acts of Congress. Congress funds several of these organizations by providing them created by acts of Congress. Congress funds several of these organizations by providing them
authority to use interest and earnings generated from trust funds Congress established to fund authority to use interest and earnings generated from trust funds Congress established to fund
their operations. their operations.
The Asia Foundation
The Asia Foundation is a nonprofit, international development-focused organization based in San The Asia Foundation is a nonprofit, international development-focused organization based in San
Francisco that implements programming in the Indo-Pacific focused on matters including good Francisco that implements programming in the Indo-Pacific focused on matters including good
governance, women’s empowerment and gender equality, inclusive economic growth, and governance, women’s empowerment and gender equality, inclusive economic growth, and
environment and climate. The annual appropriation Congress provides the Asia Foundation is environment and climate. The annual appropriation Congress provides the Asia Foundation is

~~17 For more information, see CRS Report R46968,~~ ~~U.S. Agency for Global Media: Background, Governance, and~~
~~Issues for Congress, by Matthew C. Weed.~~
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authorized pursuant to the Asia Foundation Act of 1983.authorized pursuant to the Asia Foundation Act of 1983.1820 In addition to the U.S. government, In addition to the U.S. government,
~~bilateral~~foreign governments and multilateral and multilateral ~~development agencies~~institutions, foundations, corporations, and individuals fund , foundations, corporations, and individuals fund
the Asia Foundation’s work.the Asia Foundation’s work.21
United States Institute of Peace (USIP)
Congress established USIP in 1984 to promote international peace and the nonviolent resolution Congress established USIP in 1984 to promote international peace and the nonviolent resolution
of conflict around the world.of conflict around the world.~~19 USIP researches policy options for the U.S. government to avert or~~
~~end violence and applies its research through working with governments and civil society actors~~
~~worldwide to build their capacities to manage conflict peacefully.~~
22 Among other efforts, USIP serves as an intermediary among foreign governments, civil society, and U.S. government officials; works in conflict zones with national, regional, and community level stakeholders to connect top-down and bottom-up initiatives; and convenes audiences to exchange views on solving the most pressing peace and security challenges.23 Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund
Congress created the Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue (Hollings Center) in 2004 and Congress created the Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue (Hollings Center) in 2004 and
provided it with a dedicated trust fund.provided it with a dedicated trust fund.2024 Based in Istanbul, the Hollings Center promotes Based in Istanbul, the Hollings Center promotes
dialogue between the United States and nations with predominantly Muslim populations to dialogue between the United States and nations with predominantly Muslim populations to
generate new thinking on key international issues and expand people-to-people contacts.generate new thinking on key international issues and expand people-to-people contacts.25
Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program
The Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program brings professionals who are rising leaders in The Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program brings professionals who are rising leaders in
their countries to the United States and sends their U.S. counterparts abroad for learning and their countries to the United States and sends their U.S. counterparts abroad for learning and
networking opportunities.networking opportunities.26 In 1990, Congress created a dedicated trust fund for the Eisenhower 20 The Asia Foundation Act (Title IV of P.L. 98-164), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 54, Subchapter I of the U.S. Code). 21 Asia Foundation, “About the Asia Foundation,” at https://asiafoundation.org/about/ and Asia Foundation, “Our Donors,” at https://asiafoundation.org/support/our-donors/. 22 ~~In 1990, Congress created a dedicated trust fund for the Eisenhower~~
~~Program to ensure it remained well resourced in providing career development opportunities to~~
~~prepare participants for increasingly senior positions in government, business, and~~
~~nongovernmental organizations.21~~
~~Israeli Arab Scholarship Program (IASP)~~
~~Congress authorized the IASP in 1991, providing the program with an endowment enabling it to~~
~~fund scholarships for Israeli Arabs to attend institutions of higher education in the United States.22~~
~~East-West Center~~
~~Congress authorized the establishment of the East-West Center in 1960.23 Based in Hawaii, the~~
~~East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding between the United States and~~
~~Asia-Pacific nations through cooperative study, training, and research. In addition to U.S.~~

~~18 The Asia Foundation Act (Title IV of P.L. 98-164), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 54, Subchapter I of the~~ ~~U.S.~~
~~Code~~).
19 United States Institute of Peace Act (Title XVII of P.L. 98-525), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 56 of the United States Institute of Peace Act (Title XVII of P.L. 98-525), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 56 of the U.S. Code). ).
20 23 United States Institute of Peace, “About USIP,” at https://www.usip.org/about. 24 “International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund” subheading and §633 of the “International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund” subheading and §633 of the ~~Department of~~
~~State and Related Agency~~Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004 (Division B, Titles IV Appropriations Act, 2004 (Division B, Titles IV- and VI of P.L. 108-199), codified at 22 U.S.C. VI of P.L. 108-199), codified at 22 U.S.C.
~~§2078.~~
~~21 Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-454), as amended (20 U.S.C. Chapter 63).~~
~~22 Title II, §214 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (P.L. 102-138), codified at 22~~
~~U.S.C. §2452 note.~~
~~23 Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West Act of 1960 (Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472), as~~
~~amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 29, Subchapter I).~~
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§2078. 25 Hollings Center, “Our History,” at https://hollingscenter.org/who-we-are/. 26 Eisenhower Fellowships, “About Us,” at https://www.efworld.org/about-us/. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 7 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Program to ensure it remained well resourced in providing career development opportunities to prepare participants for increasingly senior positions in government, business, and nongovernmental organizations.27 Israeli Arab Scholarship Program (IASP) Congress authorized the IASP in 1991, providing the program with an endowment enabling it to fund scholarships for Israeli Arabs to attend institutions of higher education in the United States.28 East-West Center Congress authorized the establishment of the East-West Center in 1960.29 Based in Hawaii, the East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding between the United States and Asia-Pacific nations through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. In addition to U.S. government funding, it receives support from foreign governments, private agencies, individuals, government funding, it receives support from foreign governments, private agencies, individuals,
foundations, and corporations.foundations, and corporations.30
National Endowment for Democracy (NED)
Congress authorized federal funding for the NED in 1983. Congress authorized federal funding for the NED in 1983.2431 NED is an independent, nonprofit NED is an independent, nonprofit
organization dedicated to fostering the growth of democratic institutions abroad, including organization dedicated to fostering the growth of democratic institutions abroad, including
political parties, trade unions, free political parties, trade unions, free ~~markets~~market think tanks, and business organizations., and business organizations.32 NED maintains four NED maintains four
“core institutes,” each affiliated with a U.S. domestic organization. The National Democratic “core institutes,” each affiliated with a U.S. domestic organization. The National Democratic
Institute (NDI) and the International Republican Institute (IRI)Institute (NDI) and the International Republican Institute (IRI), which represent the two major American political parties, are nonpartisan entities that are nonpartisan entities that
promote and bolster electoral democracy.promote and bolster electoral democracy.33 The Center for International Private Enterprise, The Center for International Private Enterprise,
affiliated with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, works to strengthen democratic institutions to affiliated with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, works to strengthen democratic institutions to
enable the private sector to flourish, while the Solidarity Center, enable the private sector to flourish, while the Solidarity Center, ~~associated~~allied with the AFL-CIO, with the AFL-CIO,
supports labor rights in workplaces abroad.supports labor rights in workplaces abroad.34 NED also receives funding from the Democracy Fund NED also receives funding from the Democracy Fund
in Title III of SFOPS. in Title III of SFOPS.
Other Commissions
Congress has established several commissions to advance selected U.S. foreign policy objectives. Congress has established several commissions to advance selected U.S. foreign policy objectives.
Most of these commissions are listed under the Legislative Branch Boards and Commissions in Most of these commissions are listed under the Legislative Branch Boards and Commissions in
the President’s budget request to Congress. However, Congress funds these commissions through the President’s budget request to Congress. However, Congress funds these commissions through
SFOPS given their international affairs focus. SFOPS given their international affairs focus.
27 Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-454), as amended (20 U.S.C. Chapter 63). 28 Title II, §214 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (P.L. 102-138), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2452 note. 29 Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West Act of 1960 (Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 29, Subchapter I). 30 East-West Center, “Mission,” at https://www.eastwestcenter.org/about/mission. 31 National Endowment for Democracy Act (Title V of P.L. 98-164), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 54, Subchapter II). 32 National Endowment for Democracy, “About the National Endowment for Democracy,” at https://www.ned.org/about/. 33 National Democratic Institute, “Who We Are,” at https://www.ndi.org/who-we-are and International Republican Institute, “About IRI,” at https://www.iri.org/about-iri/. 34 Center for International Private Enterprise, “Who We Are,” at https://www.cipe.org/who-we-are/ and Solidary Center, “Who We Are,” at https://www.solidaritycenter.org/who-we-are/. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 8 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad
Congress created the Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad in 1985. Congress created the Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad in 1985.2535
This 21-member independent executive agency seeks to identify cemeteries, monuments, and This 21-member independent executive agency seeks to identify cemeteries, monuments, and
historic buildings in Eastern and Central Europe that are associated with the heritage of U.S. historic buildings in Eastern and Central Europe that are associated with the heritage of U.S.
citizens (especially American Jews) and works to obtain assurances from the governments of the citizens (especially American Jews) and works to obtain assurances from the governments of the
region that they will be protected and preserved. The commission also facilitates private and region that they will be protected and preserved. The commission also facilitates private and
foreign government site restoration, preservation, and memorialization projects.foreign government site restoration, preservation, and memorialization projects.36
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)
Congress created USCIRF in 1998 and has tasked it with reviewing the facts and circumstances Congress created USCIRF in 1998 and has tasked it with reviewing the facts and circumstances
of violations of religious freedom around the world and providing policy recommendations and of violations of religious freedom around the world and providing policy recommendations and
options to the President, the Secretary of State, and Congress on matters involving international options to the President, the Secretary of State, and Congress on matters involving international
religious freedom.religious freedom.2637 Of USCIRF’s nine commissioners, three are appointed by the President and Of USCIRF’s nine commissioners, three are appointed by the President and
six are appointed by congressional leadership.six are appointed by congressional leadership.38 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Congress established the CSCE (also known as the U.S. Helsinki Commission) in 1976.39 The

~~24 National Endowment for Democracy Act (Title V of P.L. 98-164), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 54, Subchapter~~
~~II).~~
~~25 Title XIII, §1303 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-83), as amended~~
~~(54 U.S.C. Chapter 3123).~~
~~26 Title II of the Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-292) as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 73 Subchapter II).~~
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~~Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)~~
~~Congress authorized the CSCE in 1976.27 The~~ CSCE monitors and promotes human rights, CSCE monitors and promotes human rights,
democracy, and economic, environmental, and military cooperation in the 57-country democracy, and economic, environmental, and military cooperation in the 57-country
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).40 Members of Congress Members of Congress ~~lead the~~
~~commission jointly~~serve on the commission with executive branch officials. with executive branch officials.
Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China
(CECC)
Congress created the CECC in 2000, providing it with a mandate to monitor human rights and the Congress created the CECC in 2000, providing it with a mandate to monitor human rights and the
development of the rule of law in the People’s Republic of China and issue annual reports to development of the rule of law in the People’s Republic of China and issue annual reports to
Congress that outline its findings and provide recommendations for legislative or executive Congress that outline its findings and provide recommendations for legislative or executive
action.action.2841 Members of Congress Members of Congress ~~lead~~serve on the CECC the CECC ~~jointly~~ with executive branch officials.with executive branch officials.42
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Congress created the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission in 2000, Congress created the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission in 2000,
tasking it with monitoring, investigating, and reporting to Congress on the national security tasking it with monitoring, investigating, and reporting to Congress on the national security
implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the
~~People’s Republic of China, while also providing recommendations for legislative and executive~~
~~action.29 Congressional leadership appoint the commission’s members.~~
~~Title II—United States Agency for International~~
~~Development (USAID)~~
~~This title provides operational funds for USAID, an independent agency under the foreign policy~~
~~guidance of the Department of State directly responsible for implementing most bilateral~~
~~development assistance and disaster relief programs, many of which are funded in Title III of~~
~~SFOPS.30~~
~~Operating Expenses (OE)~~
~~The OE account funds USAID’s overseas and domestic operational expenses, including salaries~~
~~and benefits, overseas mission activities, staff training, physical security, and information~~
~~technology maintenance.~~

~~27 A bill to establish a Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (P.L. 94-304), as amended (22 U.S.C.~~
~~Chapter 45). CSCE is also known as the Helsinki Commission.~~
28 35 Title XIII, §1303 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-83), as amended (54 U.S.C. Chapter 3123). 36 Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, “About,” at https://www.heritageabroad.gov/about. 37 Title II of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-292) as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 73 Subchapter II). 38 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, “Frequently Asked Questions,” at https://www.uscirf.gov/about-uscirf/frequently-asked-questions. 39 A bill to establish a Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (P.L. 94-304), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 45). 40 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, “About the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe,” at https://www.csce.gov/about-commission-security-and-cooperation-europe/. 41 Title III of the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 (Division B of P.L. 106-286), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 77 Subchapter II). 42 Congressional-Executive Commission on China, “About,” at https://www.cecc.gov/about. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 9 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations People’s Republic of China, while also providing recommendations for legislative and executive action.43 Congressional leadership appoint the commission’s members.44 Commission on Reform and Modernization of the Department of State The Commission on Reform and Modernization of the Department of State, established by Congress in 2022, has a statutory mandate to examine “the changing nature of diplomacy” and offer recommendations to the President and Congress for modernizing the State Department’s structure and operational practices to best advance U.S. interests.45 The commission’s authorizing statute provides that up to 4 of its 16 members may be Members of Congress and the remainder shall be private citizens. This commission is scheduled to terminate 60 days after it issues a final report detailing its findings, conclusions, and recommendations. Title II—United States Agency for International Development (USAID) This title provides operational funds for USAID, an independent agency under the foreign policy guidance of the Department of State directly responsible for implementing most bilateral development assistance and disaster relief programs, many of which are funded in Title III of SFOPS.46 Operating Expenses (OE) The OE account funds USAID’s overseas and domestic operational expenses, including salaries and benefits, overseas mission activities, staff training, physical security, and information technology maintenance. Capital Investment Fund (CIF) Established in FY2003, the CIF supports the modernization of USAID’s information technology systems. Unlike the State Department’s Capital Investment Fund, USAID’s CIF also funds the construction of facilities overseas in lieu of a separate component account. Office of Inspector General This account supports operational costs of USAID’s Office of the Inspector General, which conducts audits and investigations of USAID programs, as well as of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the Inter-American Foundation, and the United States African Development Foundation. USAID’s OIG also conducts limited oversight of the Development Finance Corporation. 43 Division A, Title XII, §1238 of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (P.L. 106-398), as amended (22 U.S.C. §7002). 44 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “About Us,” at https://www.uscc.gov/about-us. 45 The Commission on Reform and Modernization of the Department of State Act (Division I, Title XCVIII, §9803 of P.L. 117-263). 46 For more on USAID, see CRS In Focus IF10261, U.S. Agency for International Development: An Overview, by Emily M. McCabe. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 10 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations ~~Title III of the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 (Division B of P.L. 106-286), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 77~~
~~Subchapter II).~~
~~29 Division A, Title XII, §1238 of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (P.L.~~
~~106-398), as amended (22 U.S.C §7002).~~
~~30 For more on USAID, see CRS In Focus IF10261, U.S. Agency for International Development: An Overview, by~~
~~Emily M. McCabe.~~
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~~Capital Investment Fund (CIF)~~
~~Established in FY2003, the CIF supports the modernization of USAID’s information technology~~
~~systems. Unlike the State Department’s Capital Investment Fund, USAID’s CIF also funds the~~
~~construction of facilities overseas in lieu of a separate component account.~~
~~Office of Inspector General~~
~~This account supports operational costs of USAID’s Office of the Inspector General, which~~
~~conducts audits and investigations of USAID programs, as well as of the Millennium Challenge~~
~~Corporation, the Inter-American Foundation, and the United States African Development~~
~~Foundation. USAID’s OIG also conducts limited oversight of the Development Finance~~
~~Corporation.~~
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Under this title, funds are appropriated in support of U.S. government departments and Under this title, funds are appropriated in support of U.S. government departments and
independent agencies conducting humanitarian, development, and other programs meeting U.S. independent agencies conducting humanitarian, development, and other programs meeting U.S.
foreign policy objectives throughout the world. foreign policy objectives throughout the world.
Global Health Programs (GHP)
GHP GHP ~~is made up of~~comprises two accounts supporting multiple health activities conducted by USAID and two accounts supporting multiple health activities conducted by USAID and
by the State Department (Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended [FAA], §by the State Department (Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended [FAA], §~~10431).32~~10447).48
Global Health-USAID
Managed by USAID, appropriations in this account fund programs focused on combating Managed by USAID, appropriations in this account fund programs focused on combating
infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Programs also focus on infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Programs also focus on
immunization, oral rehydration, maternal and child health, vulnerable children, and family immunization, oral rehydration, maternal and child health, vulnerable children, and family
planning and reproductive health. planning and reproductive health.
Global Health-State
Managed by the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) in the Department of State, this Managed by the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) in the Department of State, this
account is the largest source of funding for the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief account is the largest source of funding for the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR). Funds from this account are transferred to programs implemented by USAID, the (PEPFAR). Funds from this account are transferred to programs implemented by USAID, the
Department of Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Peace Corps, Department of Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Peace Corps,
among others. A specified amount from the Global Health-State account supports the U.S. among others. A specified amount from the Global Health-State account supports the U.S.
contribution to the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. contribution to the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
Development Assistance (DA)
Managed by USAID, the Development Assistance account funds programs aligned with priorities Managed by USAID, the Development Assistance account funds programs aligned with priorities
in Part I of the FAA, including sectors referenced in Chapters 1 and 2 targeting in Part I of the FAA, including sectors referenced in Chapters 1 and 2 targeting

~~31 An annotated version of the FAA can be found at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1071/pdf/COMPS-~~
~~1071.pdf.~~
~~32 For more on GHP appropriations, see CRS In Focus IF11758,~~ ~~U.S. Global Health Funding: FY2020-FY2023~~
~~Appropriations, by Tiaji Salaam-Blyther and Catherine L. Able-Thomas.~~
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 • agriculture and rural development (§103); agriculture and rural development (§103);
• education and human capital (§105); education and human capital (§105);
• energy (§106(b)); energy (§106(b));
• urban economic and social development (§106(d)); urban economic and social development (§106(d));
• technical cooperation and development (§106(d)(1)); technical cooperation and development (§106(d)(1));
• economic development research and evaluation (§106(d)(2)); economic development research and evaluation (§106(d)(2));
• disaster preparedness and reconstruction (§106(d)(3)); disaster preparedness and reconstruction (§106(d)(3));
• U.S. citizen-sponsored schools and hospitals overseas (§214); and U.S. citizen-sponsored schools and hospitals overseas (§214); and
• micro-, small-, and medium-enterprise development programs (including credit micro-, small-, and medium-enterprise development programs (including credit
access) (§252). access) (§252).
47 An annotated version of the FAA can be found at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1071/pdf/COMPS-1071.pdf. 48 For more on GHP appropriations, see CRS In Focus IF11758, U.S. Global Health Funding: FY2020-FY2023 Appropriations, by Tiaji Salaam-Blyther and Catherine L. Able-Thomas. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 11 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Through the FAA’s general authorities, DA also funds environment, democracy and governance, Through the FAA’s general authorities, DA also funds environment, democracy and governance,
water and sanitation, and human rights programs, among others. In sub-Saharan Africa water and sanitation, and human rights programs, among others. In sub-Saharan Africa
specifically, DA funds particular priorities for that region described in FAA Chapter 10, including specifically, DA funds particular priorities for that region described in FAA Chapter 10, including
agricultural production and natural resources, health, voluntary family planning services, agricultural production and natural resources, health, voluntary family planning services,
education, and income-generating activities (§496). education, and income-generating activities (§496).
International Disaster Assistance (IDA)
Managed by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, this account provides relief and Managed by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, this account provides relief and
rehabilitation to nations struck by natural and manmade disasters and emergencies (FAA, rehabilitation to nations struck by natural and manmade disasters and emergencies (FAA,
§491[b]). The account also provides emergency food assistance using what USAID refers to as §491[b]). The account also provides emergency food assistance using what USAID refers to as
“market-based approaches” (i.e., cash transfers, food vouchers, and food sourced either in the “market-based approaches” (i.e., cash transfers, food vouchers, and food sourced either in the
country or region in which it will be provided) to country or region in which it will be provided) to ~~supplement~~complement commodity food aid provided commodity food aid provided
through the through the ~~P.L. 480~~Food for Peace Act, Title II Title II Grants account in the agriculture appropriation (FAA, §491[c]). account in the agriculture appropriation (FAA, §491[c]).
Transition Initiatives
The Transition Initiatives account supports USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), an The Transition Initiatives account supports USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), an
entity established in 1994 to bridge the gap between stabilization and sustainable development. It entity established in 1994 to bridge the gap between stabilization and sustainable development. It
supports flexible, short-term assistance projects in political transition countries that are moving supports flexible, short-term assistance projects in political transition countries that are moving
from war to peace, civil conflict to national reconciliation, or where political instability has not from war to peace, civil conflict to national reconciliation, or where political instability has not
yet erupted into violence and where conflict mitigation might prevent the outbreak of such yet erupted into violence and where conflict mitigation might prevent the outbreak of such
violence. Although both Transition Initiatives and IDA operate under disaster response authority violence. Although both Transition Initiatives and IDA operate under disaster response authority
of the FAA (§491), IDA focuses on humanitarian needs, while Transition Initiatives targets of the FAA (§491), IDA focuses on humanitarian needs, while Transition Initiatives targets
political factors to build peaceful and democratic societies. political factors to build peaceful and democratic societies.
Complex Crises Fund (CCF)
The fund supports USAID responses to emerging or unforeseen crises with projects aimed at The fund supports USAID responses to emerging or unforeseen crises with projects aimed at
addressing the root causes of conflict or instability. Previously funded through Defense addressing the root causes of conflict or instability. Previously funded through Defense
appropriations (as authorized in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2006, Section 1207, appropriations (as authorized in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2006, Section 1207,
P.L. 109-163), today USAID administers CCF under Section 509(b) of the Global Fragility Act of P.L. 109-163), today USAID administers CCF under Section 509(b) of the Global Fragility Act of
2019 (Title V of Division J of P.L. 116-94). 2019 (Title V of Division J of P.L. 116-94).
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Economic Support Fund (ESF)
The Economic Support Fund, authorized under Part II, Chapter 4 of the FAA (§531), supports The Economic Support Fund, authorized under Part II, Chapter 4 of the FAA (§531), supports
economic assistance, in part to advance U.S. political and strategic goals in countries of special economic assistance, in part to advance U.S. political and strategic goals in countries of special
importance to U.S. foreign policy. Once used primarily in support of the Middle East peace importance to U.S. foreign policy. Once used primarily in support of the Middle East peace
process (in FY1997, for example, 87% of ESF went to Israel, Egypt, the West Bank and Jordan), process (in FY1997, for example, 87% of ESF went to Israel, Egypt, the West Bank and Jordan),
the use of ESF funds has expanded in recent years to support a broader range of countries.the use of ESF funds has expanded in recent years to support a broader range of countries.33 ESF ESF
supports development projects that may be indistinguishable from those supported by other supports development projects that may be indistinguishable from those supported by other
accounts, but is also used for accounts, but is also used for ~~occasional~~ direct budget support aid and sovereign loan guarantees. direct budget support aid and sovereign loan guarantees.
The majority of direct budget support the United States has provided to the Government of Ukraine since FY2022, for example, has been drawn from ESF. The State Department makes ESF policy and program decisions; USAID, in large part, The State Department makes ESF policy and program decisions; USAID, in large part,
administers the programs. administers the programs.
Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 12 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Democracy Fund
This account supports democracy promotion programs overseen by the State Department’s This account supports democracy promotion programs overseen by the State Department’s
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL) and USAID’s Bureau for Development, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL) and USAID’s Bureau for Development,
Democracy, and Innovation (DDI). Congress directs a portion of the appropriation to each Democracy, and Innovation (DDI). Congress directs a portion of the appropriation to each
Bureau. Authorities for this account are found throughout the FAA, but specific reference to the Bureau. Authorities for this account are found throughout the FAA, but specific reference to the
Democracy Fund was added in 2002 (§664, P.L. 107-228Democracy Fund was added in 2002 (§664, P.L. 107-228). The account is also meant to carry out the purposes of Sections 502(b)(3) and (5) of the National Endowment for Democracy Act (P.L. 98-164). ).
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (AEECA)
This account provides economic assistance to once-Communist states of the former Soviet Union This account provides economic assistance to once-Communist states of the former Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe, and is the successor to two earlier accounts that channeled aid to the region and Eastern Europe, and is the successor to two earlier accounts that channeled aid to the region
after the Cold War.after the Cold War.3449 AEECA was discontinued at the Obama Administration’s request between AEECA was discontinued at the Obama Administration’s request between
FY2013 and FY2015, during which time these activities were funded through the ESF, GHP, and FY2013 and FY2015, during which time these activities were funded through the ESF, GHP, and
INCLE accounts, and reinstated in FY2016. Authorities under this account are found in the FAA INCLE accounts, and reinstated in FY2016. Authorities under this account are found in the FAA
(§498-499), the FREEDOM Support Act (P.L. 102-511), and the Support for Eastern European (§498-499), the FREEDOM Support Act (P.L. 102-511), and the Support for Eastern European
Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179). The State Department makes AEECA policy Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179). The State Department makes AEECA policy
program decisions; USAID, in large part, administers AEECA-funded programs. program decisions; USAID, in large part, administers AEECA-funded programs.
Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA)
The Migration and Refugee Assistance account, administered by the State Department’s Bureau The Migration and Refugee Assistance account, administered by the State Department’s Bureau
of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM), supports refugee assistance and protection of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM), supports refugee assistance and protection
activities worldwide. The MRA account supports U.S. contributions to U.N. entities such as the activities worldwide. The MRA account supports U.S. contributions to U.N. entities such as the
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for
Migration (IOM), as well as organizations such as the International Committee for the Red Cross. Migration (IOM), as well as organizations such as the International Committee for the Red Cross.
It also funds resettlement of refugees to other countries as well as processing and initial It also funds resettlement of refugees to other countries as well as processing and initial

~~33 For FY2021, the most recent year for which data are available, ESF was obligated for projects in more than 130~~
~~countries. The highest proportion of such funds were for global efforts (40%), followed by those in the Middle East and~~
~~North Africa (26%), sub-Saharan Africa (11%), and South and Central Asia (10%) regions. CRS calculations based on~~
~~data compiled from Foreignassistance.gov on May 9, 2023.~~
34placement of refugees to the United States.50 The Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, as amended, sets out these authorities (P.L. 87-510). United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance (ERMA) Fund ERMA is a humanitarian contingency fund for rapid deployment in unanticipated urgent refugee and migrant emergencies. Appropriations typically replenish this account up to a congressionally authorized level, and the executive branch must notify Congress when funds are used. Independent Agencies Several agencies operate independently and report directly to the Executive Office of the President, unlike USAID, which operates under guidance from the Secretary of State. 49 The accounts were commonly known as the SEED Act account (Support for East European Democracy), after its The accounts were commonly known as the SEED Act account (Support for East European Democracy), after its
authorizing legislation (P.L. 101-179), and the FREEDOM Support Act account (Freedom for Russia and Emerging authorizing legislation (P.L. 101-179), and the FREEDOM Support Act account (Freedom for Russia and Emerging
Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act), after its authorizing legislation (P.L. 102-511). The FAA also Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act), after its authorizing legislation (P.L. 102-511). The FAA also
includes certain priorities under this account for this region. includes certain priorities under this account for this region.
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~~placement of refugees to the United States.35 The Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962,~~
~~as amended, sets out these authorities (P.L. 87-510).~~
~~United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance~~
~~(ERMA) Fund~~
~~ERMA is a humanitarian contingency fund for rapid deployment in unanticipated urgent refugee~~
~~and migrant emergencies. Appropriations typically replenish this account up to a congressionally~~
~~authorized level, and the executive branch must notify Congress when funds are used.~~
~~Independent Agencies~~
~~Several agencies operate independently and report directly to the Executive Office of the~~
~~President, unlike USAID, which operates under guidance from the Secretary of State.~~
~~Peace Corps36~~50 Congress funds refugee expenses after initial settlement in the United States under the Department of Health and Human Services’ Refugee and Entrant Assistance account. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 13 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Peace Corps51
The Peace Corps sends U.S. volunteers to developing countries to provide technical aid and to The Peace Corps sends U.S. volunteers to developing countries to provide technical aid and to
promote mutual understanding on a people-to-people basis between the United States and citizens promote mutual understanding on a people-to-people basis between the United States and citizens
of foreign nations (Peace Corps Act of 1961, P.L. 87-293). of foreign nations (Peace Corps Act of 1961, P.L. 87-293).
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)3752
The MCC provides large-scale, five-year development grants to foreign governments. Known as The MCC provides large-scale, five-year development grants to foreign governments. Known as
“compacts” and underpinned by bilateral agreements, these grants are intended to promote “compacts” and underpinned by bilateral agreements, these grants are intended to promote
economic growth and to eliminate extreme poverty in countries chosen and determined to be economic growth and to eliminate extreme poverty in countries chosen and determined to be
eligible, in part, based on their demonstrated commitment to just and democratic governance; eligible, in part, based on their demonstrated commitment to just and democratic governance;
investment in health, education, and the environment; and support for economic freedom. investment in health, education, and the environment; and support for economic freedom.
Congress established and authorized the MCC in the Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 (Title VI Congress established and authorized the MCC in the Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 (Title VI
of P.L. 108-199). of P.L. 108-199).
Inter-American Foundation (IAF)
The IAF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots community The IAF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots community
self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of poor people in Latin self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of poor people in Latin
America, as originally set out in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-179), which America, as originally set out in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-179), which
established it as an independent entity. established it as an independent entity.
United States African Development Foundation (USADF)
The USADF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots The USADF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots
community self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of marginalized community self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of marginalized
populations and communities in Africa. Modeled after the IAF, it was established by the African populations and communities in Africa. Modeled after the IAF, it was established by the African
Development Foundation Act in 1980 (Title V of P.L. 96-533). Development Foundation Act in 1980 (Title V of P.L. 96-533).

~~35 Congress funds refugee expenses after initial settlement in the United States under the Department of Health and~~
~~Human Services’ Refugee and Entrant Assistance account.~~
~~36 For further information on the Peace Corps, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues, by~~
~~Nick M. Brown.~~
~~37 For further information on the Millennium Challenge Corporation, see CRS Report RL32427,~~ ~~Millennium Challenge~~
~~Corporation: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown.~~
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Department of the Treasury
International Affairs Technical Assistance
This program deploys financial advisors to provide technical assistance to developing or This program deploys financial advisors to provide technical assistance to developing or
transitional countries in support of economic reforms, with a focus on banking and financial transitional countries in support of economic reforms, with a focus on banking and financial
institutions, financial crimes, government debt, revenue policy, and budget and financial institutions, financial crimes, government debt, revenue policy, and budget and financial
accountability (FAA §129, added in 1998 by P.L. 105-277). accountability (FAA §129, added in 1998 by P.L. 105-277).
Debt Restructuring
Appropriations for this account seek to help some of the world’s poorest countries achieve Appropriations for this account seek to help some of the world’s poorest countries achieve
economic stability and growth, and reduce poverty. Certain restructuring and relief may be economic stability and growth, and reduce poverty. Certain restructuring and relief may be
pursuant to multilateral debt restructurings such as the Paris Club debt restructurings and the pursuant to multilateral debt restructurings such as the Paris Club debt restructurings and the
“Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative.” Such “Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative.” Such
amounts may also be provided notwithstanding any other provision of law. amounts may also be provided notwithstanding any other provision of law.
51 For further information on the Peace Corps, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown. 52 For further information on the Millennium Challenge Corporation, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge Corporation: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 14 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation
This account provides for the costs of modifying loans and loan guarantees to eligible countries This account provides for the costs of modifying loans and loan guarantees to eligible countries
subject to the Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998 (Part V of the FAA [§801 subject to the Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998 (Part V of the FAA [§801
et seq.]). In order to be eligible, a country must be a developing country with a tropical forest or et seq.]). In order to be eligible, a country must be a developing country with a tropical forest or
coral reef that has also met other criteria (e.g., has a democratic government, cooperates on coral reef that has also met other criteria (e.g., has a democratic government, cooperates on
international narcotics control matters, and has put in place investment reforms, among others). international narcotics control matters, and has put in place investment reforms, among others).
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Department of State
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE)
INCLE funds international counternarcotics activities; programs to combat transnational crime INCLE funds international counternarcotics activities; programs to combat transnational crime
and corruption, including combating human and wildlife trafficking; and rule of law activities and corruption, including combating human and wildlife trafficking; and rule of law activities
focused on strengthening criminal justice institutions and law enforcement capacity building (e.g., focused on strengthening criminal justice institutions and law enforcement capacity building (e.g.,
foreign police assistance). The State Department’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law foreign police assistance). The State Department’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs (INL) coordinates and oversees the majority of INCLE activities. INCLE Enforcement Affairs (INL) coordinates and oversees the majority of INCLE activities. INCLE
authorities primarily derive from the FAA (§481-490). authorities primarily derive from the FAA (§481-490).
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs (NADR)
This account funds a variety of State Department-managed activities aimed at countering This account funds a variety of State Department-managed activities aimed at countering
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (FAA, §581-586), supporting antiterrorism training proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (FAA, §581-586), supporting antiterrorism training
and related activities (FAA, §571-575), and promoting demining operations in developing nations and related activities (FAA, §571-575), and promoting demining operations in developing nations
(FAA, §301). It also funds voluntary contributions to certain nonproliferation-focused (FAA, §301). It also funds voluntary contributions to certain nonproliferation-focused
international organizations (FAA, §301). Programs also finance certain defense articles related to international organizations (FAA, §301). Programs also finance certain defense articles related to
nonproliferation, demining, and antiterrorism to friendly governments (Arms Export Control Act, nonproliferation, demining, and antiterrorism to friendly governments (Arms Export Control Act,
§23, P.L. 90-629), and disarmament in the former Soviet Union (FREEDOM Support Act, §504, §23, P.L. 90-629), and disarmament in the former Soviet Union (FREEDOM Support Act, §504,
P.L. 102-511). P.L. 102-511).
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Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
Unlike the Title I Contributions to Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account, which provides Unlike the Title I Contributions to Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account, which provides
assessed funds for U.N. peacekeeping operations, the PKO account provides voluntary support assessed funds for U.N. peacekeeping operations, the PKO account provides voluntary support
for multilateral efforts in conflict resolution, such as the training of African peacekeepers and for multilateral efforts in conflict resolution, such as the training of African peacekeepers and
funding operations of the Multinational Force and Observers mission in the Sinai. The State funding operations of the Multinational Force and Observers mission in the Sinai. The State
Department controls the funds and sets PKO program policies (FAA, §551-563). The Department Department controls the funds and sets PKO program policies (FAA, §551-563). The Department
of Defense implements the activities. of Defense implements the activities.
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Military Education and Training (IMET)
Through IMET, the United States provides training and education to selected foreign military and Through IMET, the United States provides training and education to selected foreign military and
civilian personnel on U.S. military practices and standards, including democratic values like civilian personnel on U.S. military practices and standards, including democratic values like
civilian control of the military. Participants take courses at military education facilities in the civilian control of the military. Participants take courses at military education facilities in the
United States or receive instruction from U.S. training teams abroad. The State Department United States or receive instruction from U.S. training teams abroad. The State Department
Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 15 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations controls the funds and has policy authority over the program (FAA, §541-549), which the controls the funds and has policy authority over the program (FAA, §541-549), which the
Department of Defense implements. Department of Defense implements.
Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF)
The Foreign Military Financing Program supports U.S. overseas arms transfers on a loan and The Foreign Military Financing Program supports U.S. overseas arms transfers on a loan and
grant basis. Funding generally may be used by recipient countries only to purchase U.S. weapons, grant basis. Funding generally may be used by recipient countries only to purchase U.S. weapons,
equipment and training, though a portion of FMF to Israel may be used to support purchases from equipment and training, though a portion of FMF to Israel may be used to support purchases from
Israeli defense firms.Israeli defense firms.3853 The State Department controls the funds and has policy authority (Arms The State Department controls the funds and has policy authority (Arms
Export Control Act, §23). The Department of Defense implements this program. Export Control Act, §23). The Department of Defense implements this program.
Title V—Multilateral Assistance
International Organizations and Programs (IO&P)
This State Department-administered account provides voluntary U.S. contributions to support This State Department-administered account provides voluntary U.S. contributions to support
international organizations and entities involved in a range of development, humanitarian, and international organizations and entities involved in a range of development, humanitarian, and
scientific activities, including the U.N. Development Program (UNDP), U.N. Environment scientific activities, including the U.N. Development Program (UNDP), U.N. Environment
Program (UNEP), U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA). IO&P Program (UNEP), U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA). IO&P
is distinct from the CIO account under Title I, which funds assessed contributions (dues) to is distinct from the CIO account under Title I, which funds assessed contributions (dues) to
international organizations. Authority is derived from the FAA (§301-307 on International international organizations. Authority is derived from the FAA (§301-307 on International
Organizations and Programs). Organizations and Programs).
International Financial ~~Institutions39~~Institutions54
Under this category, funds are provided through the Department of the Treasury to a wide range Under this category, funds are provided through the Department of the Treasury to a wide range
of multilateral financial institutions, which offer loans—both “soft” (i.e., concessional) and of multilateral financial institutions, which offer loans—both “soft” (i.e., concessional) and
“hard” (i.e., near-market rate)—and some grants to developing countries and private sector “hard” (i.e., near-market rate)—and some grants to developing countries and private sector

38entities in those countries. Not all international financial institutions require or receive U.S. contributions from year to year; some receive funding under multiyear “replenishments.”55 53 For more on FMF for Israel, see CRS Report RL33222, For more on FMF for Israel, see CRS Report RL33222, U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel, by Jeremy M. Sharp. , by Jeremy M. Sharp.
3954 For an overview of these institutions, see CRS Report R41170, For an overview of these institutions, see CRS Report R41170, Multilateral Development Banks: Overview and
Issues for Congress, by Rebecca M. Nelson. , by Rebecca M. Nelson.
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~~entities in those countries. Not all international financial institutions require or receive U.S.~~
~~contributions from year to year; some receive funding under multiyear “replenishments.”40~~
55 Among entities that sometimes receive funding but for which there was no appropriation in FY2024 are the following: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The IDB promotes economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean by providing near-market rate loans through its ordinary capital account and concessional loans to the poorest nations through its Fund for Special Operations (FSO). Appropriated funds support the “general capital increase” at the IDB. The International Finance Corporation (IFC). IFC, another World Bank window, makes loans and equity investments to promote growth of productive private enterprise in developing nations. World Bank Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency (MIGA). MIGA encourages private investment in developing countries by offering insurance against noncommercial risks such as expropriation. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The EBRD lends at near-market rates to help East European and former Soviet states adopt market economies. Private sector and privatizing public sector firms receive substantial amounts of EBRD lending. Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). The IIC is an IADB facility that makes loans and equity investments to promote the growth of small and medium-sized private enterprise in Latin America and the Caribbean. Enterprise for the Americas Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF). The MIF, a multidonor trust fund residing within (continued...) Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 16 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations Authorizations for these contributions have historically been provided in appropriations acts of Authorizations for these contributions have historically been provided in appropriations acts of
the relevant year. the relevant year.
In the case of concessional lending or grant-making institutions, U.S. appropriations contribute In the case of concessional lending or grant-making institutions, U.S. appropriations contribute
through annual installments toward periodically-agreed donor replenishments as capital is drawn through annual installments toward periodically-agreed donor replenishments as capital is drawn
down. Nonconcessional bank institutions typically require new financial commitments only in down. Nonconcessional bank institutions typically require new financial commitments only in
order to increase the institution’s capitalization, as in the ongoing capital increase for the African order to increase the institution’s capitalization, as in the ongoing capital increase for the African
Development Bank (see below).Development Bank (see below).~~41 In FY2023~~56 For FY2024, funds were appropriated for the entities below. , funds were appropriated for the entities below.
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Established by the UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank, the GEF, administered by the World Bank, Established by the UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank, the GEF, administered by the World Bank,
makes grants to help developing countries deal with global environmental problems. makes grants to help developing countries deal with global environmental problems.
Clean Technology Fund (CTF)
CTF is a multilateral fund, for which the World Bank is trustee. It seeks to reduce the growth of CTF is a multilateral fund, for which the World Bank is trustee. It seeks to reduce the growth of
greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries by financing the extra costs of commercially greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries by financing the extra costs of commercially
available cleaner technologies over dirtier, conventional alternatives. available cleaner technologies over dirtier, conventional alternatives.

~~40 Among those that sometimes receive funding but for which there was no appropriation in FY2023 are the following:~~
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The IDB promotes economic and social development in Latin America
~~and the Caribbean by providing near-market rate loans through its ordinary capital account and concessional loans to~~
~~the poorest nations through its Fund for Special Operations (FSO)~~ World Bank: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)57 The IBRD is the World Bank “window” or “facility” that provides loans on near-market terms to promote economic development primarily in middle-income countries, based largely on bond sales. Appropriated funds support the “general capital . Appropriated funds support the “general capital
~~increase” at the IDB.~~
The International Finance Corporation (IFC). IFC, another World Bank window, makes loans and equity
~~investments to promote growth of productive private enterprise in developing nations.~~
World Bank Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency (MIGA). MIGA encourages private investment in
~~developing countries by offering insurance against noncommercial risks such as expropriation.~~
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The EBRD lends at near-market rates to help East
~~European and former Soviet states adopt market economies. Private sector and privatizing public sector firms receive~~
~~substantial amounts of EBRD lending.~~
Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). The IIC is an IADB facility that makes loans and equity investments
~~to promote the growth of small and medium-sized private enterprise in Latin America and the Caribbean.~~
Enterprise for the Americas Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF). The MIF, a multidonor trust fund residing within
increase” at the IBRD. World Bank: International Development Association (IDA) As the World Bank’s “soft loan” window, IDA provides concessional loans, grants, and debt relief to the lowest-income countries in the world. the Inter-American Development Bank, provides technical and financial assistance to help countries in Latin America the Inter-American Development Bank, provides technical and financial assistance to help countries in Latin America
and the Caribbean to reform their investment policies in order to attract foreign investment. and the Caribbean to reform their investment policies in order to attract foreign investment.
Strategic Climate Fund (SCF). Another multidonor fund seeking to address climate change under the auspices of the Another multidonor fund seeking to address climate change under the auspices of the
World Bank, the SCF supports three targeted programs: the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, the Forest World Bank, the SCF supports three targeted programs: the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, the Forest
Investment Program, and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low-Income Countries. Each program Investment Program, and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low-Income Countries. Each program
seeks to pilot new approaches and scaled-up activities to address climate change challenges in developing countries. seeks to pilot new approaches and scaled-up activities to address climate change challenges in developing countries.
Asian Development Bank (AsDB). The Asian Development Bank provides loans on near-market terms to promote The Asian Development Bank provides loans on near-market terms to promote
economic development. When Congress appropriates funds to AsDB, it is for a general capital increase to expand economic development. When Congress appropriates funds to AsDB, it is for a general capital increase to expand
lending. AsDF appropriations, by contrast, contribute to AsDB grant-making. lending. AsDF appropriations, by contrast, contribute to AsDB grant-making.
North American Development Bank (NADBank). The NADBank is governed by the United States and Mexico as The NADBank is governed by the United States and Mexico as
part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It began lending in 1996 to finance environmental part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It began lending in 1996 to finance environmental
infrastructure projects along the U.S./Mexico border, as well as community adjustment and investment activities in infrastructure projects along the U.S./Mexico border, as well as community adjustment and investment activities in
both nations. both nations.
~~41 A 2010 agreement to increase the IBRD’s capitalization similarly resulted in five corresponding appropriation~~
~~installments from 2012 to 2016. A similar IBRD agreement in 2018 resulted in an appropriations request for FY2020 in~~
~~the President’s Budget.~~
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~~World Bank: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)42~~
~~The IBRD is the World Bank “window” or “facility” that provides loans on near-market terms to~~
~~promote economic development primarily in middle-income countries, based largely on bond~~
~~sales. Appropriated funds support the “general capital increase” at the IBRD.~~
~~World Bank: International Development Association (IDA)~~
~~As the World Bank’s “soft loan” window, IDA provides concessional loans, grants, and debt relief~~
~~to the lowest-income countries in the world.~~International Monetary Fund (IMF) Facilities and Trust Funds. For FY2023, Congress made funds available for the IMF’s Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) or the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST). PGRT financing provides concessional support for low-income countries and may vary in duration; RST focuses on longer-term challenges such as climate change and pandemic preparedness. 56 A 2010 agreement to increase the IBRD’s capitalization similarly resulted in five corresponding appropriation installments from 2012 to 2016. A similar IBRD agreement in 2018 resulted in an appropriations request for FY2020 in the President’s Budget. 57 For more on both IBRD and IDA, see CRS In Focus IF11361, The World Bank, by Rebecca M. Nelson. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 17 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
The AsDF is the grants-only window of the Asian Development Bank (AsDB), which finances The AsDF is the grants-only window of the Asian Development Bank (AsDB), which finances
economic development programs in lower-income countries in Asia and the Pacific. AsDF ceased economic development programs in lower-income countries in Asia and the Pacific. AsDF ceased
issuing concessional loans in 2017. AsDB now finances and issues all concessional loans directly issuing concessional loans in 2017. AsDB now finances and issues all concessional loans directly
through its capital reserves. through its capital reserves.
African Development Bank (AfDB)
The AfDB lends at near-market rates to public and private entities, with special emphasis on The AfDB lends at near-market rates to public and private entities, with special emphasis on
agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial development. To support a general capital increase, agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial development. To support a general capital increase,
legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.4358
African Development Fund (AfDF)
Part of the African Development Bank, the AfDF provides concessional loans and grants to low- Part of the African Development Bank, the AfDF provides concessional loans and grants to low-
income African countries. income African countries.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
IFAD is a U.N.-system financial institution that issues grants and low-interest loans to developing IFAD is a U.N.-system financial institution that issues grants and low-interest loans to developing
countries to increase rural incomes, improve nutritional levels, and advance food security. countries to increase rural incomes, improve nutritional levels, and advance food security.
Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP)
GAFSP is a multilateral financial institution focused on food and nutrition security. Program GAFSP is a multilateral financial institution focused on food and nutrition security. Program
funding supports grants, technical assistance, concessional loans, blended finance, and advisory funding supports grants, technical assistance, concessional loans, blended finance, and advisory
services in partnership with development agencies. The United States chairs this fund’s Steering services in partnership with development agencies. The United States chairs this fund’s Steering
Committee. Committee.
~~Contributions to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Facilities and Trust~~
~~Funds~~
~~Such funds are to be made available for the IMF’s Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT)~~
~~or the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST). PGRT financing provides concessional support~~

~~42 For more on both IBRD and IDA, see CRS In Focus IF11361, The World Bank, by Rebecca M. Nelson.~~
43Treasury International Assistance Programs Funds made available for this account may be used for loan guarantees to the IBRD and Asian Development Bank (AsDB). Funds may also be transferred to the Contributions to the International Development Association account and Department of the Treasury accounts found in Title III. Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance Export-Import Bank of the United States59 Ex-Im Bank issues direct loans, loan guarantees, and export credit insurance to support U.S. exports of goods and services. It aims to support U.S. jobs by providing such financing and insurance when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so alone and/or to counter financing offered by foreign countries through their export credit agencies. Ex-Im Bank program 58 U.S. financial commitments to the general capital increases include “paid-in” capital (money paid directly to the U.S. financial commitments to the general capital increases include “paid-in” capital (money paid directly to the
multilateral development bank) and “callable capital” (money that is a guarantee, but only paid in the event of a multilateral development bank) and “callable capital” (money that is a guarantee, but only paid in the event of a
default). Callable capital is denoted in legislation as a “Limitation on Callable Capital Subscriptions.” default). Callable capital is denoted in legislation as a “Limitation on Callable Capital Subscriptions.”
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~~for low-income countries and may vary in duration; RST focuses on longer-term challenges such~~
~~as climate change and pandemic preparedness.~~
~~Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance~~
59 For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10017, Export-Import Bank of the United ~~States44~~
~~Ex-Im Bank issues direct loans, loan guarantees, and export credit insurance to support U.S.~~
~~exports of goods and services. It aims to support U.S. jobs by providing such financing and~~
~~insurance when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so alone and/or to counter~~
~~financing offered by foreign countries through their export credit agencies. Ex-Im Bank program~~
States (Ex-Im Bank), by Shayerah I. Akhtar. Congressional Research Service R40482 · VERSION 32 · UPDATED 18 Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations and administrative expenses are financed by collections such as loan interest, risk premia, and and administrative expenses are financed by collections such as loan interest, risk premia, and
other fees, for which congressional appropriations establish a ceiling. Congress also provides an other fees, for which congressional appropriations establish a ceiling. Congress also provides an
appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. Ex-Im Bank’s enabling legislation is appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. Ex-Im Bank’s enabling legislation is
the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (P.L. 79-173). the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (P.L. 79-173).
U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC)4560
Launched in 2019, DFC assumed the functions of and replaced the Overseas Private Investment Launched in 2019, DFC assumed the functions of and replaced the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation and USAID’s Development Credit Authority (DCA). It uses financial tools to Corporation and USAID’s Development Credit Authority (DCA). It uses financial tools to
promote private investment in less-developed countries and seeks to support economic promote private investment in less-developed countries and seeks to support economic
development as well as U.S. economic interests and foreign policy aims. Congress also provides development as well as U.S. economic interests and foreign policy aims. Congress also provides
an appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. DFC derives authority from the an appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. DFC derives authority from the
Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act, Division F Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act, Division F
of P.L. 115-254). of P.L. 115-254).
Trade and Development Agency (TDA)4661
TDA funds project preparation services such as feasibility studies and other activities to link U.S. TDA funds project preparation services such as feasibility studies and other activities to link U.S.
businesses to export opportunities in emerging markets for infrastructure and other development businesses to export opportunities in emerging markets for infrastructure and other development
projects (FAA, §611). For example, TDA funds reverse trade missions that bring foreign projects (FAA, §611). For example, TDA funds reverse trade missions that bring foreign ~~decision-~~
~~makers~~decisionmakers to the United States. to the United States.
Title VII—General Provisions
General Provisions set out limitations and prohibitions on assistance; administrative, notification, General Provisions set out limitations and prohibitions on assistance; administrative, notification,
and reporting requirements; and more detailed funding requirements for specific accounts in other and reporting requirements; and more detailed funding requirements for specific accounts in other
titles of the legislation. This title also specifies allocations for various aid sectors, including titles of the legislation. This title also specifies allocations for various aid sectors, including
education, democracy promotion, water and sanitation, and food security, as well as cross-cutting education, democracy promotion, water and sanitation, and food security, as well as cross-cutting
issues such as gender equality. In addition, Title VII provides more detail about aid to certain issues such as gender equality. In addition, Title VII provides more detail about aid to certain
countries and regions. Certain general provisions are countries and regions. Certain general provisions are ~~longstanding~~long-standing—for example Section 7008, which restricts foreign assistance following a country’s coup d’état,62 has been included in some form every year since FY1985—while others may only appear in the bill for one appropriations cycle. 60~~—for example Section 7008,~~

~~44 For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10017, Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), by~~
~~Shayerah I. Akhtar.~~
45 For more on the DFC, see CRS Report R47006, For more on the DFC, see CRS Report R47006, U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview
and Issues, by Shayerah I. Akhtar and Nick M. Brown. , by Shayerah I. Akhtar and Nick M. Brown.
4661 For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10673, For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10673, U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), by Shayerah Ilias , by Shayerah Ilias
Akhtar. Akhtar.
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~~which restricts foreign assistance following a country’s coup d’état,47 has been included in some~~
~~form every year since FY1985—while others may only appear in the bill for one appropriations~~
~~cycle.~~

4762 For more, see CRS In Focus IF11267, For more, see CRS In Focus IF11267, Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations, by Alexis , by Alexis
Arieff, Nick M. Brown, and Travis A. Ferrell. Arieff, Nick M. Brown, and Travis A. Ferrell.
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Appendix. State, Foreign Operations Authorizing
Legislation and U.S. Code References
Table A-1. List of Acts for SFOPS Accounts, by Date of Enactment
Act Name
Public Law
U.S. Code
Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 Export-Import Bank Act of 1945
P.L. 79-173 P.L. 79-173
12 U.S.C. 635 et seq. 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.
United Nations Participation Act of 1945 United Nations Participation Act of 1945
P.L. 79-264 P.L. 79-264
22 U.S.C. 287 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 287 et seq.
State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956
P.L. 84-885 P.L. 84-885
22 U.S.C. 2651a et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2651a et seq.
Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between
Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472 22 U.S.C. 2051 et seq. Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472 22 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.
East and West Act of 1960 East and West Act of 1960
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
P.L. 87-195 P.L. 87-195
22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.
Mutual Education and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 Mutual Education and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
P.L. 87-256 P.L. 87-256
22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.
Peace Corps Act of 1961 Peace Corps Act of 1961
P.L. 87-293 P.L. 87-293
22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962
P.L. 87-510 P.L. 87-510
22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.
International Center Act of 1968 International Center Act of 1968
P.L. 90-553 P.L. 90-553
None, see 82 Stat. 958. None, see 82 Stat. 958.
Arms Export Control Act of 1968 Arms Export Control Act of 1968
P.L. 90-629 P.L. 90-629
22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.
Inter-American Foundation Act of 1969 Inter-American Foundation Act of 1969
Part IV of P.L. 91-175 Part IV of P.L. 91-175
22 U.S.C. 290f et seq. 22 U.S.C. 290f et seq.
A bil to establish a Commission on Security and A bil to establish a Commission on Security and
P.L. 94-304 P.L. 94-304
22 U.S.C. 3001 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 3001 et seq.
Cooperation in Europe Cooperation in Europe
Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 Taiwan Relations Act of 1979
P.L. 96-8 P.L. 96-8
22 U.S.C. 3301 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 3301 et seq.
Foreign Service Act of 1980 Foreign Service Act of 1980
P.L. 96-465 P.L. 96-465
22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.
African Development Foundation Act of 1980 African Development Foundation Act of 1980
Title V of P.L. 96-533 Title V of P.L. 96-533
22 U.S.C. 290h et seq. 22 U.S.C. 290h et seq.
Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Act Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Act
P.L. 98-111 P.L. 98-111
22 U.S.C. 1465 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 1465 et seq.
The Asia Foundation Act of 1983 The Asia Foundation Act of 1983
Title IV of P.L. 98-164 Title IV of P.L. 98-164
22 U.S.C. 4401 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 4401 et seq.
National Endowment for Democracy Act of 1983 National Endowment for Democracy Act of 1983
Title V of P.L. 98-164 Title V of P.L. 98-164
22 U.S.C. 4411 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 4411 et seq.
United States Institute of Peace Act of 1984 United States Institute of Peace Act of 1984
Title XVII of P.L. 98-525 Title XVII of P.L. 98-525
22 U.S.C. 4601 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.
Television Broadcasting to Cuba Act Television Broadcasting to Cuba Act
Part D of Title II of P.L. Part D of Title II of P.L.
22 U.S.C. 1465aa et 22 U.S.C. 1465aa et
101-246 101-246
seq. seq.
Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990
P.L. 101-454 P.L. 101-454
20 U.S.C. 5201 et. seq. 20 U.S.C. 5201 et. seq.
Support for Eastern European Democracy Act of 1989 Support for Eastern European Democracy Act of 1989
P.L. 101-179 P.L. 101-179
22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.
Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992
Title II, Section 214 of P.L. 22 U.S.C. 2452 note Title II, Section 214 of P.L. 22 U.S.C. 2452 note
and 1993 and 1993
102-138 102-138
Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies
P.L. 102-511 P.L. 102-511
22 U.S.C. 5801 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.
and Open Markets Support (FREEDOM Support) Act of and Open Markets Support (FREEDOM Support) Act of
1992 1992
Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994
Title I, Section 135 of P.L. Title I, Section 135 of P.L.
22 U.S.C. 2684a. 22 U.S.C. 2684a.
and 1995 and 1995
103-236 103-236
United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994 United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994
Title III of P.L. 103-236 Title III of P.L. 103-236
22 U.S.C. 6201 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.
International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
P.L. 105-292 P.L. 105-292
22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.
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Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act
Title VI of P.L. 106-113 Title VI of P.L. 106-113
22 U.S.C. 4865 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 4865 et seq.
of 1999 of 1999
U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000
Division B, Title III of P.L. Division B, Title III of P.L.
22 U.S.C. 6911 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 6911 et seq.
106-286 106-286
Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for
Division A, Title XII, Division A, Title XII,
22 U.S.C. 7002. 22 U.S.C. 7002.
Fiscal Year 2001 Fiscal Year 2001
Section 1238 of P.L. 106- Section 1238 of P.L. 106-
398 398
Department of State and Related Agency Appropriations Department of State and Related Agency Appropriations
Division B, Titles IV-VI of Division B, Titles IV-VI of
22 U.S.C. 2078. 22 U.S.C. 2078.
Act, 2004 Act, 2004
P.L. 108-199 P.L. 108-199
Mil ennium Challenge Act of 2003 Mil ennium Challenge Act of 2003
Division D, Title VI of P.L. Division D, Title VI of P.L.
22 U.S.C. 7701 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.
108-199 108-199
Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification
Title VI, Section 605(a) of Title VI, Section 605(a) of
18 U.S.C. 3056A(d)). 18 U.S.C. 3056A(d)).
Act of 2005 Act of 2005
P.L. 109-177 P.L. 109-177
To enact title 54, United States Code, “National Park To enact title 54, United States Code, “National Park
Section 3 of P.L. 113-287 Section 3 of P.L. 113-287
54 U.S.C. 312301 et 54 U.S.C. 312301 et
Service and Related Programs,” as positive law Service and Related Programs,” as positive law
seq. seq.
Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development
Division F of P.L. 115-254 Division F of P.L. 115-254
22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq. 22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.
(BUILD) Act of 2018 (BUILD) Act of 2018
Source: Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives.
Note: Many of these acts have been amended multiple times. For the most up-to-date status of these acts, see Many of these acts have been amended multiple times. For the most up-to-date status of these acts, see
the the U.S. Code, at http://uscode.house.gov/browse.xhtml. , at http://uscode.house.gov/browse.xhtml.

Author Information

Cory R. Gill Cory R. Gill
Emily M. McCabe Emily M. McCabe
Analyst in Foreign Affairs Analyst in Foreign Affairs
Analyst in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Policy Analyst in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Policy

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