Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation

Changes from November 1, 2022 to November 7, 2023

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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges
November November ~~1, 2022~~7, 2023
by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined
Kezee Procita
Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation
Head Research and Library Head Research and Library
Services Section Services Section
Human-related Human-related ~~emission~~emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) of greenhouse gases (GHG) ~~has~~have increased globally over time. increased globally over time. ~~These~~

These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate. Many governments are increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate. Many governments are ~~taking steps to~~
~~reduce~~ Claire M. Jordan taking steps to reduce, or mitigate, GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential Research Librarian impacts of climate change. impacts of climate change. ~~National~~

~~governments are guiding efforts to reduce GHG emissions in two general ways: (1) by setting~~
~~emission reduction targets in updated~~Governments commonly pair these mitigation efforts with broad executive or parliamentary guidance setting future emissions targets or trajectories. This report analyzes two types of such guidance: (1) emission reduction targets reported in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement (PA), and (2) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement (PA), and (2) by
~~enacting~~ domestic legislation aimed at achieving net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Net-zero emissions or domestic legislation aimed at achieving net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Net-zero emissions or
net-zero refers to situations where human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere, net-zero refers to situations where human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere,
including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems and technological removal and storage. including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems and technological removal and storage.
NDCs are the primary communication of how Parties to the PA are seeking to achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs reflect NDCs are the primary communication of how Parties to the PA are seeking to achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs reflect
countries’ own national climate objectives and plans, including emission reduction goals, climate change adaptation plans, countries’ own national climate objectives and plans, including emission reduction goals, climate change adaptation plans,
and other elements. All NDCs must address GHG emissions reductions and list quantifiable GHG emission reduction targets, and other elements. All NDCs must address GHG emissions reductions and list quantifiable GHG emission reduction targets,
with flexibility for some countries as to when. Many countries requesting financial assistance include two sets of targets: with flexibility for some countries as to when. Many countries requesting financial assistance include two sets of targets:
unconditional targets using a country’s own resources, and additional, more ambitious targets that are conditional on unconditional targets using a country’s own resources, and additional, more ambitious targets that are conditional on
international support.international support. Under the PA, Parties must submit subsequent NDCs every five years, with the next due in 2025 Parties must submit subsequent NDCs every five years, with the next due in 2025~~; these~~ . These submissions submissions
are to reflect a progression to collectively increased ambition over time. Many countries submitted updated NDCs in 2020 are to reflect a progression to collectively increased ambition over time. Many countries submitted updated NDCs in 2020
and 2021 in advance of the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in Glasgow, and 2021 in advance of the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in Glasgow,
UK. Increased ambition is reflected in some of the UK. Increased ambition is reflected in some of the ~~NDCs submitted~~updated NDCs, which, in many instances, identify countries’ actions by , which, in many instances, identify countries’ actions by
the year 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26 Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties asserted based on then-current NDCs that “the the year 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26 Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties asserted based on then-current NDCs that “the
aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted nationally determined aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted nationally determined
contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in 2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in 2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting
global warming to 1.5global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including
reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-
century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact consequently requested century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact consequently requested
Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions as necessary to align with the Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions as necessary to align with the
Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.” Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.”
The Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS) selected to track herein the NDCs of selected to track herein the NDCs of 5153 countries, including the United States countries, including the United States;. CRS identified the the
countries countries ~~were identified~~ using various criteria (e.g., G20 members, top 20 GHG emitters, countries with enacted or using various criteria (e.g., G20 members, top 20 GHG emitters, countries with enacted or
introduced net-zero legislation). As of September introduced net-zero legislation). As of September ~~30 2022~~6, 2023, of the , of the 5153 countries, countries, 4447 have submitted updated or second NDCs, have submitted updated or second NDCs,
~~39 of these~~ 46 of these (including EU member states) clearly stated more ambitious GHG emission reduction targets than their country’s first NDC. More generally, the clearly stated more ambitious GHG emission reduction targets than their country’s first NDC. More generally, the
PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and encourages countries to submit long-term PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and encourages countries to submit long-term
low GHG emission development strategies. These strategies do not necessarily translate into clear pathways or concrete low GHG emission development strategies. These strategies do not necessarily translate into clear pathways or concrete
domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries have proposed or enacted legislation aiming to achieve net-zero domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries have proposed or enacted legislation aiming to achieve net-zero
emissions domestically, in addition to pledges in their NDCs. Other countries, like the United States, have references to net-emissions domestically, in addition to pledges in their NDCs. Other countries, like the United States, have references to net-
zero emissions in policy documents without having enacted legislation. zero emissions in policy documents without having enacted legislation.
Congressional Research Service Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries Research by the Law Library of Congress indicates the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted Research by the Law Library of Congress indicates the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted
net-zero legislation and 3 countries have proposed net-zero legislation. Most countries or regions with enacted legislation net-zero legislation and 3 countries have proposed net-zero legislation. Most countries or regions with enacted legislation
have set a date have set a date offor net-zero emissions, carbon neutrality, or climate neutrality by 2050. net-zero emissions, carbon neutrality, or climate neutrality by 2050. ~~The most ambitious deadline is set by~~
~~Iceland, which has enacted legislation requiring~~Iceland set the most ambitious deadline; its legislation requires carbon neutrality by 2040. Germany and Sweden both have set deadlines of carbon neutrality by 2040. Germany and Sweden both have set deadlines of
net-zero emissions by 2045. Several bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in net-zero emissions by 2045. Several bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in
recent Congresses. Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis. recent Congresses. Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Introduction
Human-related Human-related ~~emission~~emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) of greenhouse gases (GHG) ~~has~~have increased globally over time. These increased globally over time. These
increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern to governments, increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern to governments,
organizations, and others. Many governments are taking steps to reduceorganizations, and others. Many governments are taking steps to reduce, or mitigate, GHG emissions in an GHG emissions in an
effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Such efforts are occurring on multiple effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Such efforts are occurring on multiple
levels, including globally, nationally, and sub-nationally, as well as by civil society and levels, including globally, nationally, and sub-nationally, as well as by civil society and
individuals. On the global and national scale, many countries are working toward the goals laid individuals. On the global and national scale, many countries are working toward the goals laid
out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement (PA), which commits collectively to, “Holding the out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement (PA), which commits collectively to, “Holding the
increase in the global average temperature to well below 2⁰C above pre-industrial levels and increase in the global average temperature to well below 2⁰C above pre-industrial levels and
pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5⁰C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5⁰C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing
that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.”1 that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.”1
This report presents information about Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which This report presents information about Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which
communicate the primary targets and actions communicate the primary targets and actions ~~to 2030~~ by which Parties to the PA are seeking to by which Parties to the PA are seeking to
achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs report countries’ own national climate plans and include achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs report countries’ own national climate plans and include
emission reduction goals, climate change adaptation plans, and financing needsemission reduction goals, climate change adaptation plans, and financing needs and provisions, among other , among other
elements. Each country’s NDC is to reflect its capacity to contribute to the collective reduction of elements. Each country’s NDC is to reflect its capacity to contribute to the collective reduction of
global emissions, a principle described in the PA as “common but differentiated responsibilities global emissions, a principle described in the PA as “common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”2 and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”2
This report also lists selected countries’ enacted or proposed net-zero emissions legislation. This report also lists selected countries’ enacted or proposed net-zero emissions legislation. Net-
zero emissions refers to a situation where human-caused GHG emissions are fully balanced by refers to a situation where human-caused GHG emissions are fully balanced by
removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other
ecosystems as well as by technological removal and storage.3 ecosystems as well as by technological removal and storage.3
Background and Context
NDCs and legislation focused on achieving net-zero emissions are the main tools countries use to NDCs and legislation focused on achieving net-zero emissions are the main tools countries use to
guide their contributions to meeting the temperature goals of the PA and the broader objective of guide their contributions to meeting the temperature goals of the PA and the broader objective of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was
adopted in 1992 with the objective of achievingadopted in 1992 with the objective of achieving:
[S]tabilization of [S]tabilization of ~~greenhouse~~ greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level thatgas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should
be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate
change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner.4 development to proceed in a sustainable manner.4

The PA is a subsidiary agreement under the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the PA expands on the objectives of the UNFCCC: 1 United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter XXVII Environment, 7.d. Paris Agreement, Paris, December 12, 2015, at 1 United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter XXVII Environment, 7.d. Paris Agreement, Paris, December 12, 2015, at
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. (Hereinafter, Paris Agreement.) For more https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. (Hereinafter, Paris Agreement.) For more
information, see CRS Report R44609, information, see CRS Report R44609, Climate Change: Frequently Asked Questions About the 2015 Paris Agreement, ,
by Jane A. Leggett and Richard K. Lattanzio. by Jane A. Leggett and Richard K. Lattanzio.
2 Paris Agreement, Article 2. 2 Paris Agreement, Article 2.
3 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, 3 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), agreed on May 9, 1992, entered into force 4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), agreed on May 9, 1992, entered into force
March 21, 1994, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, United Nations, March 21, 1994, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, p. 107; and U.S. depositary notifications Series, vol. 1771, p. 107; and U.S. depositary notifications
C.N.148.1993, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1993/CN.148.1993-Eng.pdf. C.N.148.1993, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1993/CN.148.1993-Eng.pdf.
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~~The PA is a subsidiary agreement under the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the PA expands on the~~
~~objectives of the UNFCCC:~~
In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach
global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking
will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter
in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the
second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable
development and efforts to eradicate poverty.5 development and efforts to eradicate poverty.5
Other ways in which countries individually and collectively work toward these goals include Other ways in which countries individually and collectively work toward these goals include
developing long-term low emissions development scenarios (LT-LEDS)6 and implementing the developing long-term low emissions development scenarios (LT-LEDS)6 and implementing the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 13, Climate Action.7 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 13, Climate Action.7
These latter efforts are outside of the scope of this report. These latter efforts are outside of the scope of this report.
Congress has expressed interest in collective global efforts to reduce net GHG emissions for Congress has expressed interest in collective global efforts to reduce net GHG emissions for
numerous reasons. The potential impacts from a warming climate pose already-detected risks numerous reasons. The potential impacts from a warming climate pose already-detected risks
globally, to varying degrees across countries and regions.8 The United States is vulnerable to globally, to varying degrees across countries and regions.8 The United States is vulnerable to
many potential impacts of climate change, including more variable water supplies, more extreme many potential impacts of climate change, including more variable water supplies, more extreme
weather events, shifting crop yields and declining livestock productivity, rising energy costsweather events, shifting crop yields and declining livestock productivity, rising energy costs,
~~higher levels of air pollution~~, and coastal effects of sea level rise. The ability to stabilize climate , and coastal effects of sea level rise. The ability to stabilize climate
change and avoid potential global and domestic effects depends on the participation of change and avoid potential global and domestic effects depends on the participation of ~~significant~~
~~GHG emitters~~countries that emit the highest amounts of GHG.9 .9
As a Party to the PA, the United States submitted an NDC in 2016 and again when it rejoined the As a Party to the PA, the United States submitted an NDC in 2016 and again when it rejoined the
agreement in 2021.10 Members of Congress have expressed interest in countries’ relative agreement in 2021.10 Members of Congress have expressed interest in countries’ relative
emissions reductions efforts, including how they compare with U.S. efforts. They have expressed emissions reductions efforts, including how they compare with U.S. efforts. They have expressed
concerns about the relationships between efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, their fairness, and concerns about the relationships between efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, their fairness, and
effects on economic competitiveness. Members and their staff meet with representatives from effects on economic competitiveness. Members and their staff meet with representatives from
other nations to discuss potential needs and actions to address climate change; for example, they other nations to discuss potential needs and actions to address climate change; for example, they
may meet at the annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP) meetings and other bilateral and may meet at the annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP) meetings and other bilateral and
multilateral meetings. The United States helps build governance capacities and funds, including multilateral meetings. The United States helps build governance capacities and funds, including
via multilateral funding mechanisms and overseas climate mitigation and adaptation programs via multilateral funding mechanisms and overseas climate mitigation and adaptation programs
that may be identified in NDCs. that may be identified in NDCs.
Whereas most NDCs aim at the 2030 time frame, this report also lists a mid-century perspective Whereas most NDCs aim at the 2030 time frame, this report also lists a mid-century perspective
of countries’ enacted and proposed domestic laws that aim to reduce GHG emissions to net-zero of countries’ enacted and proposed domestic laws that aim to reduce GHG emissions to net-zero
(Table 3). This report presents a series of tables and visualizations to facilitate comparison of . This report presents a series of tables and visualizations to facilitate comparison of

countries’ emission reduction targets, where available. Countries were selected for inclusion because they meet one or more of the following criteria: • among the top 20 emitters of GHGs globally; 5 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 5 Paris Agreement, Article 4.
6 UNFCCC, Communication of long-term strategies, at https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-6 UNFCCC, Communication of long-term strategies, at https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-
strategies. strategies.
7 United Nations 7 United Nations ~~(U.N.)~~, The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, at https://sdgs.un.org/goals. , The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, at https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
8 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis - 8 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis -
Summary for Policy Makers,” August 9, 2021Summary for Policy Makers,” August 9, 2021., at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.
9 In 9 In ~~2019~~2020, the top 10 greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters , the top 10 greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters ~~are~~were (from highest to lowest): China, the (from highest to lowest): China, the ~~U.S., India, Indonesia,~~
~~Russia,~~ United States, India, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, Japan, Iran, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical Brazil, Japan, Iran, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical
GHG Emissions,” GHG Emissions,” ~~2022~~2023, available at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. , available at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.
10 See CRS In Focus IF11746, 10 See CRS In Focus IF11746, United States Rejoins the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Options for Congress, ,
by Jane A. Leggett. by Jane A. Leggett.
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~~countries’ emission reduction targets, where available. Countries were selected for inclusion~~
~~because they meet one or more of the following criteria:~~
~~ among the top 20 emitters of GHGs globally;~~
 a member of the Group of Seven (G7) or Group of 20 (G20) largest countries a member of the Group of Seven (G7) or Group of 20 (G20) largest countries
plus the European Union plus the European Union (EU); •;
 among the top 50 emitters of GHGs globally and received over $10 million in among the top 50 emitters of GHGs globally and received over $10 million in
economic assistance from the U.S. Agency for International Development economic assistance from the U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) in (USAID) in ~~2019 or 2020;11~~
2020 or 2021;11 • among the top 50 emitters of GHGs globally and have received funding from the among the top 50 emitters of GHGs globally and have received funding from the
Green Climate Fund;12 Green Climate Fund;12
• have been of interest to Members of Congress engaging in international have been of interest to Members of Congress engaging in international
congressional delegations; or congressional delegations; or
• introduced or enacted net-zero legislation. introduced or enacted net-zero legislation.
This report is not comprehensive of data for all countries globally or all Parties to the This report is not comprehensive of data for all countries globally or all Parties to the ~~Paris~~
~~Agreement~~PA. The data in this report are current as of September . The data in this report are current as of September ~~30, 2022~~6, 2023, unless otherwise noted. , unless otherwise noted.
Nationally Determined Contributions
NDCs present countries’ own efforts, dependent on their circumstances, to reduce emissions and NDCs present countries’ own efforts, dependent on their circumstances, to reduce emissions and
adapt to the effects of climate change. Per Article 4 of the PA, “Each Party shall prepare, adapt to the effects of climate change. Per Article 4 of the PA, “Each Party shall prepare,
communicate and maintain successive communicate and maintain successive
nationally determined contributions that it nationally determined contributions that it
NDCs Timeline13
intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue
domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of
2015 – COP21: Signatories to the PA were required to 2015 – COP21: Signatories to the PA were required to
submit an Intended NDC (INDC); INDC becomes First submit an Intended NDC (INDC); INDC becomes First
achieving the objectives of such achieving the objectives of such
NDC upon ratification of PA. NDC upon ratification of PA.
contributions.”14 contributions.”14
2020 (2021) – COP26: Parties to the PA are required 2020 (2021) – COP26: Parties to the PA are required
~~Each Party that signed the PA was required to~~The UNFCCC divides Parties into three broad
to submit a new or updated NDC that includes the to submit a new or updated NDC that includes the
time frame to 2025 and 2030. COP26, which was time frame to 2025 and 2030. COP26, which was
~~submit an Intended NDC at that time, and that~~groups with differing emissions reduction
scheduled to be held in 2020, was postponed until 2021 scheduled to be held in 2020, was postponed until 2021
~~document became its First NDC upon~~capacities and expectations. Annex I Parties
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
~~ratification of the PA; otherwise, Parties must~~(listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) are
2025 – Next round of NDCs expected. 2025 – Next round of NDCs expected.
~~communicate their NDCs upon joining the~~
~~agreement.15 Parties are required to submit subsequent NDCs every five years, with the next due~~

generally those countries that were considered developed in 1992; non-Annex I Parties are all the others. The United Nations considers 49 Parties to be least developed countries; the UNFCCC recognizes these countries to have limited capacity to respond and adapt to climate change, and therefore provides different treatment in some provisions.15 The UNFCCC also refers to developed country Parties and developing country Parties, but these categories are not defined. 11 These countries were identified using the foreignassistance.gov database to search for all 11 These countries were identified using the foreignassistance.gov database to search for all ~~USAID~~U.S. Agency for International Development economic (not economic (not
military) obligations in military) obligations in ~~2019~~2020 and and ~~2020~~2021 and totaling each countries’ obligations to identify those that received more than and totaling each countries’ obligations to identify those that received more than
$10 million in either year and Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters of GHG in $10 million in either year and Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters of GHG in ~~2019~~2020. Countries meeting . Countries meeting
both criteria were included inboth criteria were included in Table 1. This list is not comprehensive of all aid recipients. It does not include aid This list is not comprehensive of all aid recipients. It does not include aid
awarded regionally or to multiple countries. awarded regionally or to multiple countries.
12 These countries were identified using the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Projects & Programs Countries website 12 These countries were identified using the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Projects & Programs Countries website
available at https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries and Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters. GCF available at https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries and Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters. GCF
recipient countries that were also among the top 50 emitters of GHG in recipient countries that were also among the top 50 emitters of GHG in ~~2019~~2020 are included are included inin Table 1. ~~This~~This list should list should
not be considered comprehensive of all GCF recipients. not be considered comprehensive of all GCF recipients.
13 For more information, see UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process- 13 For more information, see UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process-
and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs. and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs.
14 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 14 Paris Agreement, Article 4.
15 15 ~~UN Treaty Collection, “7.d Paris Agreement,” Status as at 26-8-2021, at https://treaties.un.org/pages/~~
UNFCCC, Parties & Observers, at https://unfccc.int/parties-observers. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries The PA largely erased the bifurcation of responsibilities between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties, such that all share the same mandatory requirements. It retains the UNFCCC principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and sometimes acknowledges that the pace of implementation may vary by development status. Article 4 of the PA states the following: Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances.16 All NDCs must address GHG emission reductions. Most NDCs list quantifiable GHG emission reduction targets. These targets appear in a variety of formats and include measurable reductions for specific sectors or GHGs and a specified year to reach peak emissions prior to reducing emissions. All Parties are required to include in their NDCs, “information necessary for clarity, transparency, and understanding,”17 including a reference point (base year or scenario), implementation time frame and sectors and GHGs included, among other details. Many countries requesting financial assistance include two sets of targets: targets unconditional on international support, and additional, more ambitious, targets that are conditional on international support.18 Countries’ NDCs may include additional goals; for example, efforts to improve adaptation measures, increase forest coverage, or improve access to water. Each Party that signed the PA was required to submit an Intended NDC at that time, and that document became its First NDC upon ratification of the PA; otherwise, Parties must communicate their NDCs upon joining the agreement.19 Parties are required to submit subsequent NDCs every five years, with the next due in 2025. Subsequent NDCs are to reflect a progression of contributions to collectively increase ambition20 over time. Article 4 of the PA states, “Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”21 Parties decided that those who submitted first NDCs that did not include 2030 goals were required to submit new (second) NDCs by 2020. Others were asked to submit updated NDCs by 2020 that reflect increasing ambitions. The majority of countries met this deadline in advance of the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in 16 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 17 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 18 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat, October 26, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/documents/619180 (Hereinafter, Synthesis Report, 2022); Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Q&A: Understanding Paris Agreement NDCs, at https://www.c2es.org/content/q-and-a-understanding-paris-agreement-ndcs/. 19 UN Treaty Collection, “7.d Paris Agreement,” Status as at 26-8-2021, at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en. 20 Article 4 of the Paris Agreement uses the term “ambition” to describe countries’ emission reduction plans. The use of “ambition” throughout this report reflects this language and does not imply judgment by CRS. 21 Paris Agreement, Article 4. Congressional Research Service 4 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries Glasgow, UK.22 As of September 6, 2023, 176 of 195 Parties to the PA have submitted new, updated, or second NDCs.23 Increased ambition is reflected in some of the new NDCs or updates submitted in 2020 or 2021, which, in many instances, identify countries’ actions by the year 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26 Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties noted analysis of then-current NDCs, finding that “the aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted nationally determined contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in 2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact consequently requested Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.”24 Twenty-nine Parties submitted new or updated NDCs in calendar year 2022.25 The October 2022 Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement Synthesis Report by the Secretariat (Synthesis Report) ~~by Selected Countries~~

~~in 2025. Subsequent NDCs are to reflect a progression of contributions to collectively increase~~
~~ambition over time. Article 4 of the PA states that, “Each Party’s successive nationally determined~~
~~contribution will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined~~
~~contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated~~
~~responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”16~~
~~Parties decided that those who submitted first NDCs that did not include 2030 goals were~~
~~required to submit new (second) NDCs by 2020. Others were asked to submit updated NDCs by~~
~~2020 that reflect increasing ambitions. The majority of countries met this deadline in advance of~~
~~the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in~~
~~Glasgow, UK. As of September 30, 2022, of 192 Parties to the PA, 165 have submitted new,~~
~~updated, or second NDCs.17~~
~~Increased ambition is reflected in some of the new NDCs or updates submitted in 2020 or 2021,~~
~~which, in many instances, identify countries’ actions by the year 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26~~
~~Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties noted analysis of then-current NDCs, finding that “the~~
~~aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted~~
~~nationally determined contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in~~
~~2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep~~
~~and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon~~
~~dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-~~
~~century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact~~
~~consequently requested Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally~~
~~determined contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the~~
~~end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.”18~~
~~The UNFCCC divides Parties into three broad groups with differing emissions reduction~~
~~capacities and expectations. Annex I Parties (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) are generally~~
~~those countries that were considered developed in 1992; non-Annex I Parties are all the others.~~
~~The United Nations considers 49 Parties to be least developed countries; the UNFCCC~~
~~recognizes these countries to have limited capacity to respond and adapt to climate change, and~~
~~therefore provides different treatment in some provisions.19 The UNFCCC also refers to~~
~~developed country Parties and developing country Parties, but these categories are not defined.~~
~~The PA largely erased the bifurcation of responsibilities between Annex I and non-Annex I~~
~~Parties, such that all share the same mandatory requirements. It retains the UNFCCC principle of~~
~~common but differentiated responsibilities, and sometimes acknowledges that the pace of~~
~~implementation may vary by development status. Article 4 of the PA states the following:~~
~~Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide~~
~~absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing~~
~~their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide~~
~~emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.~~

~~ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en.~~
~~16 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
~~17 Climate Watch Data, NDC Enhancement Tracker, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker.~~
~~18 UNFCCC,~~ ~~Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on its~~
~~third session, held in Glasgow from 31 October to 13 November 2021, March 8, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/~~
~~files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf.~~
~~19 UNFCCC, Parties & Observers, at https://unfccc.int/parties-observers.~~
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~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and~~
~~communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development~~
~~reflecting their special circumstances.20~~
~~All NDCs must address GHG emission reductions. Most NDCs list quantifiable GHG emission~~
~~reduction targets. These targets appear in a variety of formats and include measurable reductions~~
~~for specific sectors or GHGs and a specified year to reach peak emissions prior to reducing~~
~~emissions. All Parties are required to include in their NDCs, “information necessary for clarity,~~
~~transparency, and understanding,”21 including a reference point (base year or scenario),~~
~~implementation timeframe and sectors and gases included, among other details. Many countries~~
~~requesting financial assistance include two sets of targets: targets unconditional on international~~
~~support and additional, more ambitious, targets that are conditional on international support.22~~
~~Countries’ NDCs may include additional goals, for example, efforts to improve adaptation~~
~~measures, increase forest coverage, or improve access to water.~~
~~The October 2022~~ ~~Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement Synthesis~~
~~Report by the Secretariat~~ reviewed 166 NDCs, including 142 new or updated NDCs reviewed 166 NDCs, including 142 new or updated NDCs
communicated by communicated by ~~193~~195 Parties that were available in the NDC registry as of September 23, 2022. Parties that were available in the NDC registry as of September 23, 2022.23
26 The Synthesis Report estimates the Parties included in this review account for approximately The Synthesis Report estimates the Parties included in this review account for approximately
95% of total global emissions in 2019.95% of total global emissions in 2019.2427 Selected observations in the Selected observations in the Synthesis Report include the Synthesis Report include the
following: following:
• “Most Parties (90 percent) provided quantified mitigation targets, expressed as “Most Parties (90 percent) provided quantified mitigation targets, expressed as
clear numerical targets, while the rest (10 per cent) included strategies, policies, clear numerical targets, while the rest (10 per cent) included strategies, policies,
plans and actions for which there is no quantifiable information as components of plans and actions for which there is no quantifiable information as components of
their NDCS”; their NDCS”;
• “Most Parties (80 percent) communicated economy-wide targets, covering all or “Most Parties (80 percent) communicated economy-wide targets, covering all or
almost all sectors defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with an increasing almost all sectors defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with an increasing
number of Parties moving to absolute emission reduction targets in their new or number of Parties moving to absolute emission reduction targets in their new or
updated NDCs”; updated NDCs”;
• “In terms of GHGs, all NDCs cover CO2 [carbon dioxide] emissions; most cover “In terms of GHGs, all NDCs cover CO2 [carbon dioxide] emissions; most cover
CH4 [methane] (91 percent), and N2O [nitrous oxide] ( CH4 [methane] (91 percent), and N2O [nitrous oxide] (89 per cent) emissions, many per cent) emissions, many
(53 per cent) cover HFC [hydrofluorocarbons] emissions and some cover PFC (53 per cent) cover HFC [hydrofluorocarbons] emissions and some cover PFC
[perfluorocarbons], SF6 [sulfur hexafluoride] (36 percent) and NF3 [nitrogen [perfluorocarbons], SF6 [sulfur hexafluoride] (36 percent) and NF3 [nitrogen
trifluoride] (26 percent) emissions”; trifluoride] (26 percent) emissions”;
• “Most of the Parties (74 percent) that submitted new or updated NDCs have “Most of the Parties (74 percent) that submitted new or updated NDCs have
strengthened their commitment to reducing or limiting GHG emissions by 2025 strengthened their commitment to reducing or limiting GHG emissions by 2025
and/or 2030”; and and/or 2030”; and
~~ “Almost all Parties (93 percent) provided quantified information on their~~
~~mitigation targets and reference points. Of the Parties that submitted new or~~
~~updated NDCs, most (84 percent) updated the basis for defining their targets,~~

~~20 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
~~21 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
~~22 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat,~~
~~October 26, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/documents/619180 (Hereinafter, Synthesis Report, 2022); Center for Climate~~
~~and Energy Solutions, Q&A: Understanding Paris Agreement NDCs, at https://www.c2es.org/content/q-and-a-~~
~~understanding-paris-agreement-ndcs/.~~
~~23 Synthesis Report, 2022.~~
~~24 Synthesis Report, 2022.~~
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22 COP26, which was scheduled to be held in 2020, was postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 23 Climate Watch Data, NDC Enhancement Tracker, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker. 24 UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on its third session, held in Glasgow from 31 October to 13 November 2021, March 8, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf. 25 UNFCCC, NDC Registry, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG. 26 Synthesis Report, 2022. 27 Synthesis Report, 2022. Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 11 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries • “Almost all Parties (93 percent) provided quantified information on their mitigation targets and reference points. Of the Parties that submitted new or updated NDCs, most (84 percent) updated the basis for defining their targets, including reference points and/or ‘business as usual’ scenarios. Such updates lead including reference points and/or ‘business as usual’ scenarios. Such updates lead
to higher-quality NDCs and, for some Parties, to significant changes in the to higher-quality NDCs and, for some Parties, to significant changes in the
estimated emission levels for 2025 and 2030.”estimated emission levels for 2025 and 2030.”25
~~Observations of Selected NDCs~~
~~NDC Submission Status~~
Table 1 contains the NDC submission status for the 51 countries selected for inclusion in this
~~report. Of the top 20 GHG emitters,26 16 submitted updated NDCs in 2020, 2021, or 2022 (as of~~
~~September 30, 2022). Russia and Turkey submitted first NDCs in 2020 and 2021, respectively.~~
~~The United States submitted its new first NDC after rejoining the PA in 2021~~28 The September 2023 UNFCCC Technical Dialogue of the First Global Stocktake Synthesis Report (Technical Dialogue) provides an “assessment of the collective progress towards achieving the purpose and long-term goals of the Paris Agreement”29 and includes among its findings observations on Parties’ NDC pledges and the potential collective effects of their implementation.30 The Technical Dialogue posits that both NDC pledges and the implementation of measures by which to achieve these pledges are insufficient to meet the goals of the PA. It states that “new and updated NDCs submitted before COP26 indicate an increase in mitigation ambition compared with previous INDCs; however, this increase only partly offsets emissions growth.”31 The global stocktake is intended to “inform Parties in updating and enhancing, in a nationally determined manner, their actions and support in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Agreement.”32 The Technical Dialogue also notes, regarding the anticipated 2025 NDC updates: Although mitigation measures communicated in current NDCs are not collectively sufficiently ambitious, the Paris Agreement provides for progression, including by stating the expectation that each Party’s successive NDCs will represent its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances, and will be informed by the outcomes of the GST [global stocktake].33 Observations of Selected NDCs NDC Submission Status Table 1 contains the NDC submission status for the 53 countries selected for inclusion in this report. All of the top 20 GHG emitters submitted updated NDCs in 2021, 2022, or 2023 (as of September 6, 2023).34 The United States submitted its new first NDC after rejoining the PA in 2021. The United Kingdom submitted its own First NDC in 2020, reflecting an increased ambition over the European Union’s 2016 First NDC. Of the countries selected for inclusion in this report, Algeria, Iraq, the Philippines, Russia, and Turkmenistan have not submitted second or updated NDCs. Iran has not . Iran has not
~~submitted an NDC.~~
submitted an NDC. 28 Synthesis Report, 2022. 29 The “global stocktake” is described in Article 14 of the PA which states that “Parties to this Agreement shall periodically take stock of the implementation of this Agreement to assess the collective progress towards achieving the purpose of this Agreement and its long-term goals (referred to as the ‘global stocktake’).” 30 UNFCCC, Technical Dialogue of the First Global Stocktake – Synthesis Report, September 8, 2023, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sb2023_09_adv.pdf. (Hereinafter, Technical Dialogue, 2023.) 31 Technical Dialogue, 2023. 32 Paris Agreement, Article 14. 33 Technical Dialogue, 2023. 34 Based on 2020 Climate Watch Data. Congressional Research Service 6 link to page 11 link to page 15 link to page 11 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries Table 1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Submission Status for Selected
Countries
(as of September (as of September ~~30, 2022~~6, 2023) )
Most Recent NDC
Countries
No. of Countries
First NDC First NDC
Algeria, Iraq, Algeria, Iraq, ~~Kazakhstan,~~ Philippines, Russia, Philippines, Russia, ~~Turkey~~
6Turkmenistan 5
First NDC, updated First NDC, updated
Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon,
4344
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, European Union, France, Germany, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, European Union, France, Germany,
Ghana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico,
Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Saudi Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania,
~~Thailand~~Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, United , Ukraine, Uzbekistan, United ~~Kingdom,a United~~
~~States,b~~ Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam Venezuela, Vietnam
Second NDC Second NDC, updated Argentina, Thailand, United Arab Emirates 3
~~Argentina~~
1
No NDC No NDC
Iran Iran
1 1
Source: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Nationally Determined United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) Registry, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG. Contributions (NDCs) Registry, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG.
~~a. The United Kingdom submitted its own First NDC on December 12, 2020, reflecting an increased ambition~~
~~over the European Union’s First NDC from 2016.~~
~~b. The United States submitted its First NDC on April 22, 2021, after rejoining the PA, reflecting an increased~~
~~ambition over its First NDC from 2016.~~
Comparison of First NDCs to Updated or Second NDCs
In most instances, countries’ updated or second NDCs reflect greater emissions reduction In most instances, countries’ updated or second NDCs reflect greater emissions reduction
intentions—often referred to as intentions—often referred to as “enhanced ambitionenhanced ambition”—when compared with their first NDCs. —when compared with their first NDCs.
Additionally, many updated NDCs include specific emission reduction targets for 2030Additionally, many updated NDCs include specific emission reduction targets for 2030~~.27~~. Table 2
compares GHG mitigation targets between each country’s first and updated or second NDC, compares GHG mitigation targets between each country’s first and updated or second NDC,
where available.where available.

~~25 Synthesis Report, 2022.~~
~~26 Based on 2019 Climate Watch Data.~~
~~27 Article 4 of the Paris Agreement uses the term “ambition” to describe countries’ emission reduction plans. The use of~~
~~“ambition” throughout this report reflects this language and does not imply judgment by CRS.~~
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~~Figure 1~~ ~~shows a map of the selected countries and whether their updated or second~~ 35 Table 2. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Targets in First and Updated or Second NDCs from Selected Countries Mitigation commitments are extracted from NDC text and expressed as either percent reductions from “business-as-usual” (BAU) as defined by each country, where available, or as GHG emissions estimates expressed in million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2e), including land use and forestry changes, unless otherwise noted. (as of September 6, 2023 ~~NDCs~~
~~include enhanced ambition. Figure 1 distinguishes between G20 and non-G20 countries and~~
~~includes the percentage of global GHG emissions estimates for each G20 member country in~~
~~2019. Collectively, G20 member countries accounted for approximately 75% of global GHG~~
~~emissions in 2019.28~~
~~Countries without updated NDCs are excluded from Table 2 and Figure 1.~~

~~28 Climate Watch Data, Global Historical Emissions, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.~~
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~~Table 2. Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Targets in Updated or Second~~
~~NDCs from Selected Countries~~
~~GHG emissions estimates are in million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2e) and~~
~~include net of removals by land uses and forestry. BAU is “business-as-usual” scenario.~~
~~(as of September 30, 2022~~) )
First NDC (INDC) Mitigation
Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation
Country
Commitments
Commitments
Algeria 7% reduction from BAU (BAU not available) Not submitted (unconditional); 22% reduction from BAU (conditional) Angola Angola
35% reduction from BAU (BAU = 193 in 35% reduction from BAU (BAU = 193 in
1514% reduction from BAU (BAU = 108 in % reduction from BAU (BAU = 108 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
2025) by 2025 (unconditional); 2025) by 2025 (unconditional);
50% reduction from BAU (BAU = 193 in 50% reduction from BAU (BAU = 193 in
2524% reduction from BAU (BAU = 108 in % reduction from BAU (BAU = 108 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
2025) by 2025 (unconditional + conditional) 2025) by 2025 (unconditional + conditional)
Argentina Argentina
Shall not exceed 483 in 2030 Shall not exceed 483 in 2030
Shall not exceed 359 in 2030 Shall not exceed 359 in 2030
Australia Australia
26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2030 26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2030
43% below 2005 levels by 2030 43% below 2005 levels by 2030; Net zero emissions by 2030 35 Table 2 includes a subset of countries from those selected for inclusion in this report. Congressional Research Service 7 link to page 15 link to page 15 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries First NDC (INDC) Mitigation Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation Country Commitments Commitments
Bangladesh Bangladesh
5% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the 5% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the
6.73% reduction from BAU (BAU = 409 in 6.73% reduction from BAU (BAU = 409 in
power, transport, and industry sectors power, transport, and industry sectors
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
(unconditional); (unconditional);
21.85% reduction from BAU (BAU = 409 in 21.85% reduction from BAU (BAU = 409 in
20% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
power, transport, and industry sectors power, transport, and industry sectors
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Brazil Brazil
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37%
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37%
below 2005 levels in 2025; below 2005 levels in 2025;
below 2005 levels in 2025; below 2005 levels in 2025;
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43%
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50%
below 2005 levels in 2030 below 2005 levels in 2030
below 2005 levels in 2030 below 2005 levels in 2030
Cameroon Cameroon
32% reduction from baseline (104) in 2035 32% reduction from baseline (104) in 2035
12% reduction from 2010 levels by 2030 12% reduction from 2010 levels by 2030
(conditional) (conditional)
(unconditional) (unconditional)
35% reduction from 2010 levels by 2030 35% reduction from 2010 levels by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Canada Canada
30% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030 30% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030
40%-45% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030 40%-45% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030
Chile Chile
30% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP from 30% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP from
Peak emissions by 2025; Peak emissions by 2025;
2007 levels by 2030; 2007 levels by 2030;
Maximum annual emissions up to 95 by 2030; Maximum annual emissions up to 95 by 2030;
35%-45% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP 35%-45% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP
Accumulated emissions between 2020 and Accumulated emissions between 2020 and
from 2007 levels by 2030 from 2007 levels by 2030, (conditional and conditional and
2030 shall not exceed 1,100 2030 shall not exceed 1,100
considering economic growth considering economic growth)
China China
Peak CO2 emissions around 2030; Peak CO2 emissions around 2030;
Peak CO2 emissions before 2030; Peak CO2 emissions before 2030;
Reduce CO2 emissions per unit GDP from Reduce CO2 emissions per unit GDP from
Achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; Achieve carbon neutrality before 2060;
2005 levels by 60%-65%; 2005 levels by 60%-65%;
Lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by Lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by
Increase share of nonfossil fuels in primary Increase share of nonfossil fuels in primary
over 65% from the 2005 level; over 65% from the 2005 level;
energy consumption to around 20%; energy consumption to around 20%;
Increase share of non-fossil fuels in primary Increase share of non-fossil fuels in primary
Increase forest stock by 4.5 billion cubic Increase forest stock by 4.5 billion cubic
energy consumption to around 25%; energy consumption to around 25%;
meters from 2005 level meters from 2005 level
Increase the forest stock volume by 6 bil ion Increase the forest stock volume by 6 bil ion
cubic meters from the 2005 level; cubic meters from the 2005 level;
Bring total installed capacity of wind and solar Bring total installed capacity of wind and solar
power to over 1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030 power to over 1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030
Colombia Colombia
20% reduction from BAU by 2030 20% reduction from BAU by 2030
Emit a maximum of 169.44 in 2030 (equivalent Emit a maximum of 169.44 in 2030 (equivalent
(unconditional); (unconditional);
to a 51% reduction compared with emissions to a 51% reduction compared with emissions
30% reduction from BAU by 2030 30% reduction from BAU by 2030
projection in 2030 reference scenario) projection in 2030 reference scenario)
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
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~~First NDC (INDC) Mitigation~~
~~Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation~~
~~Country~~
~~Commitments~~
~~Commitments~~
Democratic Democratic
17% reduction from BAU (BAU = 430) by 17% reduction from BAU (BAU = 430) by
2% reduction from BAU by 2030 2% reduction from BAU by 2030
Republic of the 2030 Republic of the 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
Congo Congo
21% reduction from BAU by 2030 21% reduction from BAU by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Egypt Egypt
~~INDC~~First NDC did not include quantified GHG did not include quantified GHG
Reduction of electricity emissions by Reduction of electricity emissions by 3337%; oil %; oil
reduction targets. reduction targets.
and gas emissions by 65%; and transport and gas emissions by 65%; and transport
emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to BAU emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to BAU
(BAU = 215 in 2030) Ethiopia Ethiopia
64% reduction from BAU by 2030 64% reduction from BAU by 2030
14% reduction from BAU (BAU = 403.5 in 14% reduction from BAU (BAU = 403.5 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
68.8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 403.5 in 68.8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 403.5 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
EUb
At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by
At least a 55% reduction from 1990 levels by At least a 55% reduction from 1990 levels by
2030 2030
2030 2030
Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 15 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries First NDC (INDC) Mitigation Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation Country Commitments Commitments Ghana 15% reduction relative to BAU (BAU = 74 in Reduction of 8.5 total emissions by 2025 and 2030) by 2030 (unconditional) 24.6 total emissions by 2030 (unconditional) 45% reduction relative to BAU (BAU =74 in Reduction of 16.7 total emissions by 2025 and 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 39.4 total emissions by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) India India
33% to 35% reduction in emissions intensity of 45% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 33% to 35% reduction in emissions intensity of 45% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030
GDP by 2030 GDP by 2030
compared to 2005 levels compared to 2005 levels
Indonesia Indonesia
26% reduction from BAU (BAU = 26% reduction from BAU (BAU = ~~2881~~2869 in in
31.89% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in 31.89% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
41% reduction from BAU (BAU = 41% reduction from BAU (BAU = ~~2881~~2869 in in
43.20% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in 43.20% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
Iran Not submitted Not submitted Iraq First NDC did not include quantifiable targets. Not submitted Japan Japan
26% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030; 26% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030;
46% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030; 46% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030;
(25.4% reduction compared with FY2005) (25.4% reduction compared with FY2005)
Net zero by 2050 Net zero by 2050
Kenya Kenya
30% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by 30% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by
32% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by 32% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by
2030 2030
2030 2030
Malaysia Malaysia
35% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of 35% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of
45% reduction of economy-wide carbon 45% reduction of economy-wide carbon
GDP by 2030 (unconditional); GDP by 2030 (unconditional);
intensity (per unit of GDP) from 2005 level by intensity (per unit of GDP) from 2005 level by
45% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of 45% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of
2030 2030
GDP by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) GDP by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
Mexico Mexico
25% reduction of GHG and short 25% reduction of GHG and short -lived climate lived climate 2235% of GHG emissions and 51% reduction of % of GHG emissions and 51% reduction of
pol utants from BAU by 2030 including a 22% pol utants from BAU by 2030 including a 22%
black carbon emissions from BAU (BAU = 991 black carbon emissions from BAU (BAU = 991
reduction of GHG and a 51% reduction of reduction of GHG and a 51% reduction of
in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
black carbon (unconditional); black carbon (unconditional);
3640% reduction of GHG from BAU (BAU = % reduction of GHG from BAU (BAU =
Up to a 40% reduction of GHG and short Up to a 40% reduction of GHG and short
- 991 in 2030) by 2030 including a 70% 991 in 2030) by 2030 including a 70%
lived climate pol utants from BAU by 2030 lived climate pol utants from BAU by 2030
reduction of black carbon by 2030 reduction of black carbon by 2030
including a 70% reduction of black carbon by including a 70% reduction of black carbon by
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
Morocco Morocco
17% reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in 17% reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in
18.3% reduction compared to BAU (BAU = 18.3% reduction compared to BAU (BAU =
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional);
142 in 2030) 142 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); by 2030 (unconditional);
3242% reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in % reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in
45.5% reduction compared to BAU (BAU = 45.5% reduction compared to BAU (BAU =
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
142 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + 142 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
Myanmar Myanmar
~~INDC~~First NDC did not include quantified GHG did not include quantified GHG
244.52 reduction by 2030 (unconditional); 244.52 reduction by 2030 (unconditional);
reduction targets. reduction targets.
414.75 reduction by 2030 (unconditional + 414.75 reduction by 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
Nigeria Nigeria
20% reduction from BAU by 2030 20% reduction from BAU by 2030
20% reduction from BAU by 2030 20% reduction from BAU by 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
(unconditional); (unconditional);
45% reduction from BAU by 2030 45% reduction from BAU by 2030
47% reduction from BAU by 2030 47% reduction from BAU by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Pakistan First NDC did not include quantified GHG 15% reduction from BAU (BAU = 1603 in reduction targets. 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 50% reduction from BAU (BAU = 1603 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Peru 20% reduction from BAU (BAU = 298 in Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); Congressional Research Service 9~~Congressional Research Service~~

12

link to page link to page 1315 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

First NDC (INDC) Mitigation
Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation
Country
Commitments
Commitments
~~Pakistan~~
~~INDC did not include quantified GHG~~
1530% reduction from BAU (BAU = % reduction from BAU (BAU = ~~1603 in~~
~~reduction targets.~~
~~2030) by 2030 (unconditional);~~
~~50% reduction from BAU (BAU = 1603 in~~
298 in Not to exceed 179 in 2030 (unconditional + 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
~~Peru~~
20conditional) Philippines 2.71% reduction from BAU % reduction from BAU ~~by 2030~~
~~Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 (unconditional);~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~Not to exceed 179 in 2030~~ (3.3 Gt cumulative Not submitted emissions) for the period 2020-2030 (unconditional) 75% reduction from BAU (3.3 Gt cumulative emissions) for the period 2020-2030 (unconditional + conditional) Russia 70% reduction relative to 1990 levels by 2030 Not submitted Saudi Arabia First NDC~~(unconditional +~~
~~30% reduction from BAU by 2030~~
~~conditional)~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
~~Saudi Arabia~~
~~INDC~~ did not include quantified GHG did not include quantified GHG
Reduce and avoid GHG emissions by 278 Reduce and avoid GHG emissions by 278
reduction targets. reduction targets.
annually by 2030 annually by 2030
South Africa South Africa
398-614 398-614 total emissions in 2025-2030 in 2025-2030
398-510 398-510 total emissions by 2025, and 350-420 by 2025, and 350-420 total emissions by 2030 by 2030
South Korea South Korea
37% reduction from BAU (BAU = 850.6 in 37% reduction from BAU (BAU = 850.6 in
40% reduction from 2018 emission levels 40% reduction from 2018 emission levels
2030) by 2030 2030) by 2030
(727.6) by 2030 (727.6) by 2030
Sudan First NDC did not include quantified GHG Sector-specific emission reductions in 2030 reduction targets. relative to BAU in 2030, including: 12.5 (energy); 13 (forestry); and 1.3 (waste) Tanzania Tanzania
10%-20% reduction from BAU (BAU =138- 10%-20% reduction from BAU (BAU =138-
30%-35% reduction from BAU by 2030, 30%-35% reduction from BAU by 2030,
153 in 2030) by 2030 153 in 2030) by 2030
whereby about 138-153 whereby about 138-153 ~~MtCO2e~~ gross gross
emissions is emissions is expected to be reduced Thailand 20% reduction from BAU (BAU = 555 in 30% reduction from BAU (BAU = 555 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); Up to a 25% reduction from BAU (BAU = 555 Up to a 40% reduction from BAU (BAU = 555 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Turkey Up to 21% reduction from BAU (BAU = 1175 41% reduction from BAU (BAU = 1175 in in 2030) by 2030 2030) by 2030 Turkmenistan First NDC did not include quantified GHG 20% reduction from BAU (relative to 2010 reduction targets. emissions levels) by 2030 ~~expected to be reduced~~
Ukraine Ukraine
Not to exceed 60% of 1990 levels (883) by Not to exceed 60% of 1990 levels (883) by
65% reduction from 1990 levels (883) by 65% reduction from 1990 levels (883) by
2030 2030
2030; 2030;
“Carbon neutrality” by 2060 “Carbon neutrality” by 2060
United United
Arab First NDC did not include quantified GHG 19% reduction from 2019 levels (225) by Emirates reduction targets. 2030; Net zero by 2050 United At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by
At least 68% reduction compared to reference At least 68% reduction compared to reference
Kingdom Kingdom
2030 (per EU First NDC) 2030 (per EU First NDC)
years by 2030 years by 2030
United States United States
26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2025 26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2025
50%-52% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030 50%-52% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
10% reduction of specific emissions of GHG 10% reduction of specific emissions of GHG
35% reduction of specific GHG emissions per 35% reduction of specific GHG emissions per
per unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030 per unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030
unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030 unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030
Venezuela Venezuela
At least 20% reduction relative to baseline At least 20% reduction relative to baseline
20% reduction compared to BAU by 2030 20% reduction compared to BAU by 2030
scenario by 2030 (conditional) scenario by 2030 (conditional)
(conditional) Vietnam Vietnam
8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 787 in 2030) 8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 787 in 2030)
915.8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 928 in % reduction from BAU (BAU = 928 in ~~2030)~~
by 2030 (unconditional); by 2030 (unconditional);
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); by 2030 (unconditional);
25% reduction from BAU (BAU = 787 in 25% reduction from BAU (BAU = 787 in
2743.5% reduction from BAU (BAU = 928 in % reduction from BAU (BAU = 928 in
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
Congressional Research Service 10 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries Sources: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) using data from UNFCCC, NDCs, at Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) using data from UNFCCC, NDCs, at
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-
determined-contributions-ndcs; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “NDC Enhancement determined-contributions-ndcs; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “NDC Enhancement
Tracker,” Tracker,” ~~2022~~2023, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker. , at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker.
Notes: This table only includes emission reduction targets listed in NDCs and does not include other elements This table only includes emission reduction targets listed in NDCs and does not include other elements
of NDCs, such as supporting information that may have been updated. Please see individual NDC documents for of NDCs, such as supporting information that may have been updated. Please see individual NDC documents for
a complete description of a complete description of ~~gases~~GHGs, sectors, and other data and elements associated with each countries’ targets. , sectors, and other data and elements associated with each countries’ targets.
a. In some instances, countries have submitted multiple updates to their NDCs. This table compares the initial a. In some instances, countries have submitted multiple updates to their NDCs. This table compares the initial
NDC to the most recent NDC. NDC to the most recent NDC.
b. European Union (EU) member states included among the countries CRS selected for review for this report b. European Union (EU) member states included among the countries CRS selected for review for this report
are France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain. are France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain.

Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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~~Figure 1. Selected Countries’ NDC Updates and Percent of Annual Global GHG Emissions in 2019~~
~~as of September 30, 2022~~

Sources: CRS using data from UNFCCC NDCs, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical GHG Emissions,”
~~at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.~~
Note: G20 member countries are shown with a solid color; countries that are not G20 members are shown with stripes.
~~CRS-14~~11

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Emission Reduction Targets and 2030 Projected Emissions
As described above, this report summarizes NDCs from selected countrie As described above, this report summarizes NDCs from selected countries. Table A-1 in the in the
Appendix provides GHG emissions and NDC data—including quantified targets and projected provides GHG emissions and NDC data—including quantified targets and projected
emissions for 2030—for all selected countries, where available. The majority of the selected emissions for 2030—for all selected countries, where available. The majority of the selected
countries’ NDCs contain quantifiable emission reduction targets, but not all of these provide the countries’ NDCs contain quantifiable emission reduction targets, but not all of these provide the
data needed to calculate projected 2030 emissions. Angola, for example, provides a target for data needed to calculate projected 2030 emissions. Angola, for example, provides a target for
2025 but not for 2030. Bolivia and Egypt provide emission reduction targets for specific sectors 2025 but not for 2030. Bolivia and Egypt provide emission reduction targets for specific sectors
only. Myanmar and Algeria provide a percentage of emission reduction but no reference scenario. only. Myanmar and Algeria provide a percentage of emission reduction but no reference scenario.
India and Malaysia provide targets to reduce emissions intensity and carbon intensity, India and Malaysia provide targets to reduce emissions intensity and carbon intensity,
respectively. In addition, China’s updated NDC states that the country pledges to peak emissions respectively. In addition, China’s updated NDC states that the country pledges to peak emissions
before 2030 (versus peak emissions around 2030 from its first NDC), among other sector- and before 2030 (versus peak emissions around 2030 from its first NDC), among other sector- and
gas-specific pledges that do not allow for calculating a projected 2030 emissions target. gas-specific pledges that do not allow for calculating a projected 2030 emissions target.
Countries that provide quantifiable 2030 targets do so in a number of different ways. Some Countries that provide quantifiable 2030 targets do so in a number of different ways. Some
countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and Japan) provide a single target; others (e.g., countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and Japan) provide a single target; others (e.g.,
Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico) list targets conditional upon receiving foreign financial Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico) list targets conditional upon receiving foreign financial
assistance in addition to not conditional targets; the EU and its member states present a “not to assistance in addition to not conditional targets; the EU and its member states present a “not to
exceed” target; and the United States and Canada, for example, present a range of emissions exceed” target; and the United States and Canada, for example, present a range of emissions
reductions for 2030. Additional data presented ireductions for 2030. Additional data presented in Table A-1 include include ~~2019~~2020 emissions, emissions emissions, emissions
per capita, emissions per gross domestic product (GDP), and emissions reductions targets per capita, emissions per gross domestic product (GDP), and emissions reductions targets
included in each country’s NDC, if available. included in each country’s NDC, if available.
G20 Countries
G20 countries are responsible for the majority of annual GHG emissions globally, G20 countries are responsible for the majority of annual GHG emissions globally,2936 and many and many
stakeholders are invested in the emission reduction commitments of G20 members.stakeholders are invested in the emission reduction commitments of G20 members.3037 As of As of
September September ~~30, 2022, 18~~6, 2023, all members of the G20 have submitted new or updated NDCs all of which members of the G20 have submitted new or updated NDCs all of which
include plans for greater emissions reductions beyond their initial NDC (including the EU, Italy, include plans for greater emissions reductions beyond their initial NDC (including the EU, Italy,
Germany, and France). Germany, and France).
Figure 21 shows the percentage of global GHG emissions each G20 member was responsible for shows the percentage of global GHG emissions each G20 member was responsible for
in 1990, 2005, and in 1990, 2005, and ~~2019~~2020 and each member’s 2030 NDC target, where available. China, India, and each member’s 2030 NDC target, where available. China, India,
~~Russia,~~ and Saudi Arabia’s 2030 projections are not quantifiable with the information available in and Saudi Arabia’s 2030 projections are not quantifiable with the information available in
each country’s NDC. each country’s NDC.

29 36 G20 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, India, Indonesia, Italy, G20 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the
European Union. Spain is invited as a permanent guest. See G20, About the G20, European Union. Spain is invited as a permanent guest. See G20, About the G20, at https://www.g20.org/about-the-g20/https://www.g20.org/about-the-g20/
#participants. #participants.
3037 For additional analyses on G20 countries’ NDCs and other climate-related activities as well as analyses on potential For additional analyses on G20 countries’ NDCs and other climate-related activities as well as analyses on potential
progress toward meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals, see Synthesis Report, 2022; World Resources Institute, progress toward meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals, see Synthesis Report, 2022; World Resources Institute, Closing
the Gap: The Impact of G20 Climate Commitments on Limiting Global Temperature Rise to 1.5oC, September 16, , September 16,
2021, at https://www.wri.org/research/closing-the-gap-g20-climate-commitments-limiting-global-temperature-rise; and 2021, at https://www.wri.org/research/closing-the-gap-g20-climate-commitments-limiting-global-temperature-rise; and
Climate Action Tracker, at https://climateactiontracker.org/. Climate Action Tracker, at https://climateactiontracker.org/.
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Figure 21. G20 Countries: Historical GHG Emissions and 2030 Emissions Projections
as of September as of September ~~30, 2022~~6, 2023

Sources: CRS using data from UNFCCC, NDCs, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical GHG Emissions,” CRS using data from UNFCCC, NDCs, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical GHG Emissions,”
at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissionsat https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions~~. China’s NDC does not provide a quantifiable 2030 target~~. Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany, . Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany,
~~Italy, and Spain) are not available as of September 30, 2022. The EU’s~~Italy, Poland, and Spain) were calculated using member state targets adopted in accordance with the EU Effort Sharing Regulation Effort Sharing Regulation ~~(ESR)~~, which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by , which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by
~~Member States, has not yet been aligned with the 55% target level. See, Technical Background Document Accompanying the report, Trends and Projections in Europe 2021,~~
~~at https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2021/technical-background-document/view.~~
~~CRS-16~~

~~link to page 19~~ ~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts~~member states. See https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/effort-sharing-member-states-emission-targets/effort-sharing-2021-2030-targets-and-flexibilities_en. CRS-13 link to page 19 link to page 21 link to page 21 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries

Net-Zero Legislation
In addition to working toward meeting 2030 emission reduction targets identified in their NDCs, In addition to working toward meeting 2030 emission reduction targets identified in their NDCs,
some countries are seeking to achieve net-zero emissions within the next several decades, in some countries are seeking to achieve net-zero emissions within the next several decades, in
conformance with the Article 4 provision to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions conformance with the Article 4 provision to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.” by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.” Net-
zero emissions refers to a situation where any continued human-caused GHG emissions are refers to a situation where any continued human-caused GHG emissions are
balanced by any removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including carbon storage in forests and balanced by any removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including carbon storage in forests and
other ecosystems as well as technological removal and storage.other ecosystems as well as technological removal and storage.3138 Multiple terms can refer to net- Multiple terms can refer to net-
zero emissions, including zero emissions, including climate neutrality or or carbon neutrality, depending on whether the scope , depending on whether the scope
is all GHG or just CO2. is all GHG or just CO2. Carbon neutrality refers specifically to net-zero carbon emissions refers specifically to net-zero carbon emissions
whereas other terms generally include all greenhouse gases. Although they have distinct whereas other terms generally include all greenhouse gases. Although they have distinct
meanings, some stakeholders or observers at times use the terms interchangeably or with meanings, some stakeholders or observers at times use the terms interchangeably or with
ambiguity.ambiguity.32
39 Figure 2 shows countries with enacted net-zero legislation, including the specific terminology used in each law. The PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and The PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and
encourages countries to submit long-term low encourages countries to submit long-term low ~~greenhouse gas~~GHG emission development strategies emission development strategies
(LT-LEDS). Article 4 of the PA states, “All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate (LT-LEDS). Article 4 of the PA states, “All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate
long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into
account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of
different national circumstances.”different national circumstances.”3340
Many countries have submitted LT-LEDS, Many countries have submitted LT-LEDS,3441 but these strategies do not necessarily translate into but these strategies do not necessarily translate into
clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries, clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries,
however, have introduced or enacted legislation aimed at reducing domestic emissions to net however, have introduced or enacted legislation aimed at reducing domestic emissions to net
zero. Other countries may refer to net-zero in policy documents without having enacted zero. Other countries may refer to net-zero in policy documents without having enacted
~~legislation.~~legislation. Table 3 provides a list of countries with enacted or proposed domestic net-zero or provides a list of countries with enacted or proposed domestic net-zero or
climate neutrality legislation, as of climate neutrality legislation, as of ~~October 2022.35~~July 2023 unless otherwise noted.42 The table does not include countries that have The table does not include countries that have
announced net-zero policies or intentions but not taken action to embody them in law. The table is net-zero policies or intentions but not taken action to embody them in law. The table is
not a comprehensive list of enacted legislation. not a comprehensive list of enacted legislation.

31 38 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
3239 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
3340 Paris Agreement, Article 4. Paris Agreement, Article 4.
3441 As of October 18, 2022, 53 countries had submitted long-term low As of October 18, 2022, 53 countries had submitted long-term low ~~greenhouse gas~~GHG emission development strategies emission development strategies
to the UNFCCC, see https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies. As of October 18, 2022, 53 to the UNFCCC, see https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies. As of October 18, 2022, 53
Parties had made submissions. Parties had made submissions.
~~35 Table 2 only includes~~42 Table 3 includes only legislation that explicitly proposes net-zero emissions. Other climate-related legislation is not legislation that explicitly proposes net-zero emissions. Other climate-related legislation is not
included. included.
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Figure 32. Countries with Net-Zero Legislation
as of as of ~~October 2022~~July 2023

Source: CRS using data from Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, CRS using data from Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: 2022 Update, at , at
https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/.
; Kilmaatwet (The Climate Act), at https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0042394/2020-01-01, at https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/climate-policy; at Climate Change Act, 2021, at https://nials.edu.ng/dgs-update-climate-change-act-2021/; and Climate Change Response Act, at https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098. CRS-15 Notes: Multiple terms can refer to net-zero emissions, including Multiple terms can refer to net-zero emissions, including climate neutrality or or carbon neutrality, depending on whether the scope is all GHG or just CO2. The , depending on whether the scope is all GHG or just CO2. The
color-based distinctions in this figure reflect the language in each country’s net-zero legislation. Gabon’s 2021 law allows the country to trade carbon credits and retain color-based distinctions in this figure reflect the language in each country’s net-zero legislation. Gabon’s 2021 law allows the country to trade carbon credits and retain
its status as a “carbon positive” country through 2050. EU member states are shaded on the map only if they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-its status as a “carbon positive” country through 2050. EU member states are shaded on the map only if they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-
wide law included. wide law included.
CRS- CRS-1816

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Observations of Net-Zero Legislation
Table 3 is derived from the 2022 report published by the Global Legal Research Directorate at is derived from the 2022 report published by the Global Legal Research Directorate at
the Law Library of Congress, the Law Library of Congress, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: 2022 Update~~.36~~
, unless otherwise noted.43 The Law Library identified 57 jurisdictions with enacted or proposed net-zero legislation. Of The Law Library identified 57 jurisdictions with enacted or proposed net-zero legislation. Of
these 57, the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted net-zero these 57, the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted net-zero
legislation. Three countries have proposed net-zero legislation. The remaining jurisdictions are legislation. Three countries have proposed net-zero legislation. The remaining jurisdictions are
sub-national. Laws have been enacted and sub-national. Laws have been enacted and legislation has been proposed at the state and regional level in a number of proposed at the state and regional level in a number of
countries and these are outside of the scope of this report. The Law Library of Congress report countries and these are outside of the scope of this report. The Law Library of Congress report
does not include analysis of proposed net-zero emission legislation in the United States. Several does not include analysis of proposed net-zero emission legislation in the United States. Several
bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent
Congresses. Because analysis of U.S. net-zero legislative proposals is beyond the scope of this Congresses. Because analysis of U.S. net-zero legislative proposals is beyond the scope of this
CRS reportCRS report, Table 3 does not include the United States. does not include the United States.
The EU’s European Climate Law, which establishes the framework for achieving climate The EU’s European Climate Law, which establishes the framework for achieving climate
neutrality by 2050, applies to all 27 of its member states. neutrality by 2050, applies to all 27 of its member states. ~~Eleven~~Twelve EU member states (Denmark, EU member states (Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden) Spain, and Sweden)
have enacted net-zero legislation in addition to the EU law. Two member states—Germany and have enacted net-zero legislation in addition to the EU law. Two member states—Germany and
Sweden—have set 2045 target dates, versus the EU’s 2050 target date. Nine of the G20 members Sweden—have set 2045 target dates, versus the EU’s 2050 target date. Nine of the G20 members
(Australia, Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Spain, and the UK) have (Australia, Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Spain, and the UK) have
enacted net-zero legislation. enacted net-zero legislation.
Most jurisdictions with enacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissions, carbon Most jurisdictions with enacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissions, carbon
neutrality, or climate neutrality by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland, which has neutrality, or climate neutrality by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland, which has
enacted legislation requiring carbon neutrality by 2040. Four countries (Ecuador, Slovenia, Malta, enacted legislation requiring carbon neutrality by 2040. Four countries (Ecuador, Slovenia, Malta,
and Finland) do not specify dates, according to the Law Library of Congress report.and Finland) do not specify dates, according to the Law Library of Congress report.3744
Table 3. Net-Zero Emissions Legislation for Selected Countries and Regions
(as of October 2022) (as of October 2022)
Enacted Legislation
Country
(goal and date, if available)
Proposed Legislation
Argentina Argentina

Senate Bil 682/21 Amending Law Senate Bil 682/21 Amending Law
27.520 (on Minimum Standards for 27.520 (on Minimum Standards for
Global Climate Change Adaptation Global Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation), on Carbon Neutrality and Mitigation), on Carbon Neutrality
by 2050, art. 1 by 2050, art. 1
Australia Australia
Climate Change Act 2022 (Cth) s 10(1)(b) Climate Change Act 2022 (Cth) s 10(1)(b)

(came into effect Sept. 13, 2022), (net zero by (came into effect Sept. 13, 2022), (net zero by
2050) 2050)
Canada Canada
Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability

Act, S.C. 2021, c.22, Royal Assent, June 29, Act, S.C. 2021, c.22, Royal Assent, June 29,
2031(net zero by 2050) 2031(net zero by 2050)
Chile Chile
Ley 21445 Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, Ley 21445 Ley Marco de Cambio Climático,

Diario Oficial June 13, 2022, art. 1, (net zero by Diario Oficial June 13, 2022, art. 1, (net zero by
2050) 2050)

36 43 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: :
2022 Update, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. , at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/.
3744 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World:
2022 Update, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. , at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/.
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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Enacted Legislation
Country
(goal and date, if available)
Proposed Legislation
Colombia Colombia
Ley 2169, por Medio de la Cual se Impulsa el Ley 2169, por Medio de la Cual se Impulsa el

Desarrol o Bajo en Carbono del País Mediante el Desarrol o Bajo en Carbono del País Mediante el
Establecimiento de Metas y Medidas Mínimas en Establecimiento de Metas y Medidas Mínimas en
Materia de Carbono Neutralidad y Resiliencia Materia de Carbono Neutralidad y Resiliencia
Climática y se Dictan otras Disposiciones, art. Climática y se Dictan otras Disposiciones, art.
5.2, Diario Oficial Dec. 22, 2021, (carbon 5.2, Diario Oficial Dec. 22, 2021, (carbon
neutrality by 2050) neutrality by 2050)
Denmark Denmark
Climate Act (No. 965 of June 26, 2020) art. Climate Act (No. 965 of June 26, 2020) art.

1(climate neutrality by 2050) 1(climate neutrality by 2050)
Ecuador Ecuador
Acuerdo Ministerial 018-2021 on Ecuador Acuerdo Ministerial 018-2021 on Ecuador

Carbon Neutral Program, Ministerio del Carbon Neutral Program, Ministerio del
Ambiente y Agua, Registro Oficial Aug. 18, 2021, Ambiente y Agua, Registro Oficial Aug. 18, 2021,
(establishes Zero Carbon Ecuador program that (establishes Zero Carbon Ecuador program that
provides incentives to achieve carbon neutrality) provides incentives to achieve carbon neutrality)
European Union European Union
Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 (European Climate Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 (European Climate

(EU) (EU)
Law), art. 2, 2021 O.J. (L 243) 1 (climate Law), art. 2, 2021 O.J. (L 243) 1 (climate
neutrality by 2050) neutrality by 2050)
Fiji Fiji
Climate Change Act 2021(Act No. 43 of 2021) s Climate Change Act 2021(Act No. 43 of 2021) s

6(5), 6(5), (net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Finland Finland
Klimatlag (FFS 609/2015), §6 Klimatlag (FFS 609/2015), §6

France France
Code de l’énergie, art. L100-4, as amended by Code de l’énergie, art. L100-4, as amended by

Loi n° 2019-1147 du 8 novembre 2019 relative à Loi n° 2019-1147 du 8 novembre 2019 relative à
l'énergie et au climat, art. 1, Nov. 8, 2019 l'énergie et au climat, art. 1, Nov. 8, 2019
(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Gabon Gabon
Ordonnance N° 019/2021 du 13 septembre 021 Ordonnance N° 019/2021 du 13 septembre 021

relative aux changements climatiques, Sept. 13, relative aux changements climatiques, Sept. 13,
2021, (Gabon’s status as carbon positive country 2021, (Gabon’s status as carbon positive country
wil be maintained through 2050) wil be maintained through 2050)
Germany Germany
Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz [KSG], Dec. 12, 2019, Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz [KSG], Dec. 12, 2019,
Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2513, as amended, Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2513, as amended,
art. 3, para. 2 (climate neutrality by 2045) art. 3, para. 2 (climate neutrality by 2045)
Gibraltar Gibraltar
Climate Change Act 2019, No. 29/2019, ss 8, 25, Climate Change Act 2019, No. 29/2019, ss 8, 25,
(100% lower net emissions by 2045 from 1990 (100% lower net emissions by 2045 from 1990
or 1995 baselines) or 1995 baselines)
Greece Greece
National Climate Law, Law 4936/2022, E.K.E.D. National Climate Law, Law 4936/2022, E.K.E.D.

2022, A:105, (climate neutrality by 2050) 2022, A:105, (climate neutrality by 2050)
Hungary Hungary
Law on Climate Policy: On the Declaration of a Law on Climate Policy: On the Declaration of a

Climate Emergency, on Climate Protection, Climate Emergency, on Climate Protection,
(T/7021), adopted on May 14, 2020, art. 3, §4 (T/7021), adopted on May 14, 2020, art. 3, §4
(climate neutrality by 2050) (climate neutrality by 2050)
Iceland Iceland
Climate Act (Lög um loftslagsmál, 2012 nr. 70 Climate Act (Lög um loftslagsmál, 2012 nr. 70

29. Júní, (Legally binding emissions reductions 29. Júní, (Legally binding emissions reductions
for 2030; specifies that the government can issue for 2030; specifies that the government can issue
further legally binding targets. Current policy is further legally binding targets. Current policy is
carbon neutrality by 2040.) carbon neutrality by 2040.)
Ireland Ireland
Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Climate Action and Low Carbon Development

Act 2015, No. 46/2015, s 3(1), as amended by Act 2015, No. 46/2015, s 3(1), as amended by
the Climate Action and Low Carbon the Climate Action and Low Carbon
Development (Amendment) Act 2021, No. Development (Amendment) Act 2021, No.
32/2021 (climate neutrality by 2050) 32/2021 (climate neutrality by 2050)
Isle of Man Isle of Man
Climate Change Act 2021, AT 20/2021, s 9(1), Climate Change Act 2021, AT 20/2021, s 9(1),

(net zero emissions by 2050) (net zero emissions by 2050)
Israel Israel

Climate Law Bil 5782-2022 Climate Law Bil 5782-2022
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2018

link to page 24 link to page 24 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Enacted Legislation
Country
(goal and date, if available)
Proposed Legislation
(Government Bil No. 1551, (Government Bil No. 1551,
p. 1042, S48B-M76S (net zero by p. 1042, S48B-M76S (net zero by
2050) 2050)
Japan Japan
Amendment (Act No. 54 of 2021) of Act on Amendment (Act No. 54 of 2021) of Act on

Promotion of Global Warming Promotion of Global Warming
Countermeasures, Act No. 117 of 1998, art. 2-2 Countermeasures, Act No. 117 of 1998, art. 2-2
(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Emissionshandelsgesetz [EHG], Sept. 19, 2012, Emissionshandelsgesetz [EHG], Sept. 19, 2012,

Landesgesetzblatt-Nummer [LGBl.-Nr.] 012.346, Landesgesetzblatt-Nummer [LGBl.-Nr.] 012.346,
as amended, art. 4, para. 4, (climate neutrality by as amended, art. 4, para. 4, (climate neutrality by
2050) 2050)
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Loi du 15 décembre 2020 relative au climat et Loi du 15 décembre 2020 relative au climat et

modifiant la loi modifiée du 31 mai 1999 portant modifiant la loi modifiée du 31 mai 1999 portant
institution d’un fonds pour la protection de institution d’un fonds pour la protection de
l’environnement, art. 4, Dec. 15, 2020 (net zero l’environnement, art. 4, Dec. 15, 2020 (net zero
by 2050) by 2050)
Maldives Maldives
Climate Emergency Act, Law No. 9/2021 (net Climate Emergency Act, Law No. 9/2021 (net

zero by 2030) zero by 2030)
Malta Malta
Climate Action Act, cap. 543 Climate Action Act, cap. 543

The Netherlands Climate Act, May 28, 2019 (carbon neutral electricity production by 2050; reduce emissions by 95% compared with 1990 by 2050)a New Zealand New Zealand
Climate Change Response Act 2002 s 5Q, Climate Change Response Act 2002 s 5Q,

inserted by Climate Change Response (Zero inserted by Climate Change Response (Zero
Carbon) Amendment Act 2019 s 8 (net zero by Carbon) Amendment Act 2019 s 8 (net zero by
2050; except biogenic methane) 2050; except biogenic methane)
Nigeria Climate Change Act, 2021. November 18, 2021, (net-zero emissions by 2050-2070)b Norway Norway
Lov om klimamål (klimaloven) (LOV-2017-06- Lov om klimamål (klimaloven) (LOV-2017-06-

16-60) §4 (reduce emissions by 90%-95% 16-60) §4 (reduce emissions by 90%-95%
compared with 1990 by 2050) compared with 1990 by 2050)
Slovenia Slovenia
Resolution on Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Resolution on Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate

Strategy Until 2050, No. 801-08/21-5/, adopted Strategy Until 2050, No. 801-08/21-5/, adopted
by National Assembly on July 13, 2021 by National Assembly on July 13, 2021
South Korea South Korea
Framework Act on Carbon Neutral and Green Framework Act on Carbon Neutral and Green

Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis, Act No. Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis, Act No.
18469, Sept. 24, 2021, art. 7(1) (carbon 18469, Sept. 24, 2021, art. 7(1) (carbon
neutrality by 2050) neutrality by 2050)
Spain Spain
Ley 7/2021, de 20 de mayo, de cambio climático Ley 7/2021, de 20 de mayo, de cambio climático

y transición energética, art. 3-2, Boletin Oficial y transición energética, art. 3-2, Boletin Oficial
del Estado, May 21, 2021(climate neutrality by del Estado, May 21, 2021(climate neutrality by
2050) 2050)
Sweden Sweden
Klimatlag (SFS 2017:720), §3 (Does not set Klimatlag (SFS 2017:720), §3 (Does not set

specific timelines for emissions reductions, but specific timelines for emissions reductions, but
government must review and set targets every government must review and set targets every
four years. Official policy as of March 2021 is four years. Official policy as of March 2021 is
net-zero emissions by 2045; 85% reduction net-zero emissions by 2045; 85% reduction
compared with 1990.) compared with 1990.)
Switzerland Switzerland
Bundesgesetz über die Ziele im Klimaschutz, die Bundesgesetz über die Ziele im Klimaschutz, die

Innovation und die Stärkung der Innovation und die Stärkung der
Energiesicherheit [KlG], Sept. 30, 2022, Energiesicherheit [KlG], Sept. 30, 2022,
~~Bundesblatt [BBl.] 2022, 2403, art. 3, para. 2,~~
~~(climate neutrality by 2050)~~
~~Taiwan~~

~~On April 21, 2022, the Executive~~
~~Yuan passed the draft revision of the~~
~~Greenhouse Gas Reduction and~~
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2119

link to page 24 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Enacted Legislation
Country
(goal and date, if available)
Proposed Legislation
~~Management Act. The draft revision~~
~~was reviewed by the Legislative Yuan~~
~~committees in May 2022. The revision~~
~~wil rename the act to “Climate~~
~~Change Response Act” and~~
~~incorporate the goal of net-zero~~
~~carbon emissions by 2050. (Change~~
~~from Greenhouse Gas Reduction and~~
~~Management Act to Climate Change~~
~~Response Act Approved,~~
~~Environmental Protection~~
~~Administration (July 19, 2022)~~Bundesblatt [BBl.] 2022, 2403, art. 3, para. 2, (climate neutrality by 2050) Taiwan On February 15, 2023, Presidential Order Hua- Tsung-Yi-Yi-Tzu No. 11200010681 amended and promulgated the revision of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act. The revision renames the act to “Climate Change Response Act” and incorporates the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.c
Ukraine Ukraine
Law of Ukraine on the Principles of Monitoring, Law of Ukraine on the Principles of Monitoring,

Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, No. 377-IX, adopted Dec. 12, 2019, Emissions, No. 377-IX, adopted Dec. 12, 2019,
in force since Jan. 1, 2021, (ВВР), 2020, No. 22, in force since Jan. 1, 2021, (ВВР), 2020, No. 22,
p. 150, pmbl. (harmonizes Ukrainian legislation p. 150, pmbl. (harmonizes Ukrainian legislation
with standards of EU law [an obligation for with standards of EU law [an obligation for
Ukraine under the EU-Ukraine Association Ukraine under the EU-Ukraine Association
Agreement] and implements the provisions of Agreement] and implements the provisions of
Directives No. 2003/87/ЕС and No. 004/101/ЕС) Directives No. 2003/87/ЕС and No. 004/101/ЕС)
United Kingdom of United Kingdom of
United Kingdom: United Kingdom:

Great Britain and Great Britain and
Climate Change Act 2008, c.27, s Climate Change Act 2008, c.27, s
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland
1(1),https://perma.cc/2HJ4-KNRJ, as amended by 1(1),https://perma.cc/2HJ4-KNRJ, as amended by
theClimate Change Act 2008(2050 Target theClimate Change Act 2008(2050 Target
Amendment)Order 2019, SI 2019/1056, (net Amendment)Order 2019, SI 2019/1056, (net
zero by 2050) zero by 2050)
Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland:
Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, c. Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, c.
31, (Northern Ireland to have 100% lower 31, (Northern Ireland to have 100% lower
emissions by 2050 from 1990 or 1995 baselines) emissions by 2050 from 1990 or 1995 baselines)
Scotland: Scotland:
Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, asp 12, Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, asp 12,
https://perma.cc/748L-CXP8, as amended by https://perma.cc/748L-CXP8, as amended by
Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets)
(Scotland) Act 2019, asp 15, (Scotland to achieve (Scotland) Act 2019, asp 15, (Scotland to achieve
net zero by 2045) net zero by 2045)
Source: Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the
World: 2022 Update, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. , at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/.
Notes: This table includes all countries listed in the Law Library of Congress report and is not limited to the set This table includes all countries listed in the Law Library of Congress report and is not limited to the set
of selected countries as described earlier in this report. EU member countries are listed only in their own row if of selected countries as described earlier in this report. EU member countries are listed only in their own row if
they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-wide law included. Links to legislation (including they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-wide law included. Links to legislation (including
links to English translations) available in the referenced Law Library of Congress reportlinks to English translations) available in the referenced Law Library of Congress report. a. Kilmaatwet (The Climate Act), at https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0042394/2020-01-01; https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/climate-policy. b. Climate Change Act, 2021, at https://nials.edu.ng/dgs-update-climate-change-act-2021/. c. Climate Change Response Act, at https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020098. This law was enacted in February, 2023. Congressional Research Service 20.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

22

link to page link to page 2426 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Appendix. Table of GHG Emissions and NDC Data
for Selected Countries
Table A-1 provides GHG emissions data and NDC information for provides GHG emissions data and NDC information for all of the selected countries the selected countries
discussed in this report. The emissions data, including net GHG emissions, emissions per capita, discussed in this report. The emissions data, including net GHG emissions, emissions per capita,
and emissions per GDP are the most recent year available (and emissions per GDP are the most recent year available (~~2019~~2020) from Climate Watch Data.) from Climate Watch Data.3845
NDC targets are as reported in Parties’ NDCs. The Congressional Research Service calculated NDC targets are as reported in Parties’ NDCs. The Congressional Research Service calculated
2030 emissions targets using data available via Climate Watch Data and stated NDC targets (e.g., 2030 emissions targets using data available via Climate Watch Data and stated NDC targets (e.g.,
a percentage reduction from a base year), unless otherwise noted. This table is not comprehensive a percentage reduction from a base year), unless otherwise noted. This table is not comprehensive
of all Parties’ NDC targets, emissions, and projections. of all Parties’ NDC targets, emissions, and projections.

38 45 Climate Watch Data integrates emissions inventories from the UNFCCC and other sources, then it provides access to Climate Watch Data integrates emissions inventories from the UNFCCC and other sources, then it provides access to
the most complete annual emissions data across all countries. Article 12 of the UNFCCC requires that all Parties to the most complete annual emissions data across all countries. Article 12 of the UNFCCC requires that all Parties to
Annex I countries submit annual emissions inventories (the most recent of which is for emissions in Annex I countries submit annual emissions inventories (the most recent of which is for emissions in ~~2019~~2020). Non-Annex ). Non-Annex
I countries submit emissions inventories less frequently. CRS relies on countries’ own emissions inventory data, as I countries submit emissions inventories less frequently. CRS relies on countries’ own emissions inventory data, as
available via Climate Watch Data, wherever possible. In instances where countries have not provided available via Climate Watch Data, wherever possible. In instances where countries have not provided ~~2018~~2020 emissions emissions
data, CRS relies on data from CAIT, as available via Climate Watch Data. (See Climate Watch, “About,” at data, CRS relies on data from CAIT, as available via Climate Watch Data. (See Climate Watch, “About,” at
https://www.climatewatchdata.org/about/faq/ghg). https://www.climatewatchdata.org/about/faq/ghg).
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2321

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Table A-1. GHG Emissions Data and NDC Information for Selected Countries
Emissions data, including Emissions data, including ~~2019~~2020 emissions, NDC targets and references, and 2030 projections are carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) and are shown as million emissions, NDC targets and references, and 2030 projections are carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) and are shown as million
metric tons (Mt) CO2e, unless otherwise noted, and emissions per capita and per million $ GDP are shown as metric tons (t). metric tons (Mt) CO2e, unless otherwise noted, and emissions per capita and per million $ GDP are shown as metric tons (t).
Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020
NDC Targetsa
Targetsb
~~Algeriac~~Algeriac (First (First
~~282~~
~~+161~~
~~+97~~
~~6.56~~
~~1,643~~267 +144 +79 6.09t 1,841t 7% reduction from BAU ( 7% reduction from BAU ( BAU BAU
not available not available
NDC, 2016) NDC, 2016)
not available) by 2030 not available) by 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
Up to 22Up to 22 % reduction from % reduction from
BAU (BAU not available) by BAU (BAU not available) by
2030 (unconditional + 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
Angol Angolac
~~128~~119
+ +6251 +0.5 3.63t 2,227t 14
~~+13~~
~~4.03t~~
~~1,851t 15~~% reduction from BAU (BAU % reduction from BAU (BAU
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
= 108 in 2025) by 2025 = 108 in 2025) by 2025
updated 2021) updated 2021)
(unconditional); (unconditional);
2524% reduction from BAU (BAU % reduction from BAU (BAU
= 108 in 2025) by 2025 = 108 in 2025) by 2025
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Argentin Argentinac
~~399~~
~~+106~~
~~-19~~
~~8.88t~~
~~881t~~395 +98 -29 8.70t 1013t Shall not exceed 359 in 2030 Shall not exceed 359 in 2030
No more than 359 No more than 359
(Second NDC, (Second NDC,
(from NDC) (from NDC)
updated 2021) updated 2021)
Australia Australia
~~519~~488
- -97138
- -93
~~20.46t~~
~~373t~~121 18.99t 368t 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 43% below 2005 levels by 2030
~~349~~347
(First NDC, (First NDC,
updated 2022) updated 2022)
Banglades Bangladeshc
~~238~~
~~+121~~
~~+82~~
~~1.46t~~
~~677t~~224 +114 +77 1.36t 600t 6.73% reduction from BAU 6.73% reduction from BAU
320-381 320-381
(First NDC, (First NDC,
(BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030 (BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030
updated 2021) updated 2021)
(unconditional); (unconditional);
21.85% reduction from BAU 21.85% reduction from BAU
(BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030 (BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~CRS-24~~

~~link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32~~
~~Change in~~
Boliviac (First 131 +18 +29 11.26t 3588t Sector-specific targets for not available NDC, updated energy and forests. 2022) CRS-22 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 Change in Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020
NDC Targetsa
Targetsb
~~Boliviac (First~~
~~139~~
~~+26~~
~~+36~~
~~12.05t~~
~~3392t Sector-specific targets for~~
~~not available~~
~~NDC, updated~~
~~energy and forests.~~
~~2022)~~
~~Brazilc~~
~~1,450~~
~~-190~~
~~-560~~
~~6.88t~~
~~775t~~Brazilc 1,470 -170 -532 6.91t 1015t Reduce greenhouse gas Reduce greenhouse gas
~~1,001~~970 (from NDC)
(First NDC, (First NDC,
emissions by emissions by 3748.4% below % below ~~2005~~
updated updated ~~2022)~~
2023) 2005 levels in 2025; levels in 2025;
Reduce greenhouse gas Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by emissions by 5053.1% below 2005 % below 2005
levels in 2030 levels in 2030
Cameroo Cameroonc
~~125~~128
+ +5152
- -20.48
4. 4.~~82t~~84t
3, 3,~~146t~~147t 12% reduction by 2030 from 12% reduction by 2030 from
~~113~~112
(First NDC, (First NDC,
2010 levels (unconditional) 2010 levels (unconditional)
(unconditional); (unconditional);
updated 2021) updated 2021)
35% reduction by 2030 from 35% reduction by 2030 from
83 (unconditional 83 (unconditional
2010 levels (unconditional + 2010 levels (unconditional +
+ conditional) + conditional)
conditional) conditional)
Canada Canada
~~740~~
~~+195~~
-7
~~19.68t~~
~~425t~~666 +134 -71 17.50t 405t 40%-45% reduction from 2005 40%-45% reduction from 2005
~~411-448~~405-442
(First NDC, (First NDC,
levels by 2030 levels by 2030
updated 2021) updated 2021)
~~Chilec~~
55
~~+27~~
~~+16~~
~~2.92t~~
~~199t~~Chilec 50 +21 +7 2.60t 197t Peak emissions by 2025; Peak emissions by 2025;
No more than 95 No more than 95
(First NDC, (First NDC,
Maximum annual emissions up Maximum annual emissions up
(from NDC) (from NDC)
updated 2020) updated 2020)
to 95 by 2030; to 95 by 2030;
Accumulated emissions Accumulated emissions
between 2020 and 2030 shall between 2020 and 2030 shall
not exceed 1,100 not exceed 1,100
Chin Chinac
12, 12,~~060~~300
+9, +9,~~170~~410
+5, +5,~~130~~370
8. 8.6t
~~844t~~71t 837t Peak CO2 emissions before Peak CO2 emissions before
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
2030; 2030;
updated 2021) updated 2021)
Achieve carbon neutrality Achieve carbon neutrality
before 2060; before 2060;
Lower CO2 emissions per unit Lower CO2 emissions per unit
of GDP by over 65% from the of GDP by over 65% from the
2005 level; 2005 level;
Increase share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%; CRS-23 ~~CRS-25~~

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Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020
NDC Targetsa
Targetsb
Increase Increase ~~share of non-fossil fuels~~
~~in primary energy consumption~~
~~to around 25%;~~
~~Increase~~ the forest stock the forest stock
volume by 6 bil ion cubic meters volume by 6 bil ion cubic meters
from the 2005 level; from the 2005 level;
Bring total installed capacity of Bring total installed capacity of
wind and solar power to over wind and solar power to over
1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030 1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030
~~Colombiac~~
~~271~~
~~+54~~
~~+45~~
~~5.37t~~
~~837t 2% reduction from BAU by~~Colombiac 270 +53 +44 5.31t 1,000t Emit a maximum of 169.44 in
169.44 169.44
(First NDC, (First NDC,
2030 2030 ~~(unconditional);~~; equivalent to a 51%
(from NDC) (from NDC)
updated 2020) updated 2020)
reduction in emissions compared to the projection of emissions in 2030 in the reference scenario Democratic 688 +252 +240 7.68t 14,124t 2~~Democratic~~
~~680~~
~~+249~~
~~+239~~
~~7.83t~~
~~13,125kt 21~~% reduction from BAU % reduction from BAU by
~~1,303~~ not available
Republic of the Republic of the
~~2030 (unconditional +~~
~~(unconditional);~~(unconditional); 21% reduction
Cong Congoc
~~conditional)~~
~~1,050~~from BAU by 2030
(First NDC, (First NDC,
(unconditional + (unconditional +
conditional); updated 2021) updated 2021)
~~conditional)~~
~~Egyptc~~
~~352~~
~~+218~~
~~+108~~
~~3.51t~~
~~1,161t~~equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 650 by 2030 Egyptc 300 +162 +55 2.93t 821t Reduction of electricity Reduction of electricity
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
emissions by emissions by 3337%; oil and gas %; oil and gas
updated updated ~~2022~~2023) )
emissions by 65%; and transport emissions by 65%; and transport
emissions by 7% by 2030 emissions by 7% by 2030
relative to BAU relative to BAU
~~Ethiopiac~~
~~183~~
~~+88~~
~~+61~~
~~1.64t~~
~~1,912t~~for each sector by 2030 Ethiopiac 199 +106 +79 1.73t 1,851t 14% reduction from BAU (BAU 14% reduction from BAU (BAU
347 347
(First NDC, (First NDC,
= 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
updated 2021) updated 2021)
(unconditional); (unconditional);
126 (conditional + 126 (conditional +
68.8% reduction from BAU 68.8% reduction from BAU
unconditional) unconditional)
(BAU = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 (BAU = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~European~~
~~3,370~~
~~-1,270~~
~~-860~~
~~7.53t~~
~~215t At least a 55% reduction from~~
~~No more than~~
~~Union-27d~~
~~1990 levels by 2030~~
~~2,088~~
~~CRS-26~~CRS-24

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Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020 NDC Targetsa Targetsb European Union- 3,083 -1,560 -1,153 6.89t 202t At least a 55% reduction from No more than 27d 1990 levels by 2030 2,088
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Target~~sb
(First NDC, (First NDC,
updated updated ~~2020)~~
~~Franceb~~
~~413~~
~~-113~~
~~-99~~
~~6.14t~~
~~151t~~2023) France 385 -139 -124 5.71t 146t EU target (at least a 55% EU target (at least a 55%
~~not available~~267
(EU First NDC, (EU First NDC,
reduction from 1990 levels by reduction from 1990 levels by
updated 2020) updated 2020)
2030) 2030)
~~Germanyb~~
~~793~~
~~-477~~
~~-199~~
~~9.55t~~
~~204t~~EU Member State targetb is 47.5% reduction compared to 2005 levels (509) Germany 717 -553 -274 8.63t 187t EU target (at least a 55% EU target (at least a 55%
~~not available~~496
(EU First NDC, (EU First NDC,
reduction from 1990 levels by reduction from 1990 levels by
updated 2020) updated 2020)
2030 2030) EU Member State targetb is 50% reduction compared to 2005 levels (991) )
Ghan Ghanac (First (First
1314
- -97
- -5351
. .~~42t~~
~~187t~~46t 206t Implement 34 mitigation Implement 34 mitigation
not available not available
NDC, updated NDC, updated
measures to achieve absolute measures to achieve absolute
2021) 2021)
emission reductions of 64 by emission reductions of 64 by
2030. Nine unconditional 2030. Nine unconditional
measures are expected to lead measures are expected to lead
to a 24.6 reduction. An to a 24.6 reduction. An
additional 25 conditional additional 25 conditional
measures can be implemented measures can be implemented
to further achieve an to further achieve an
additional 39.4 reduction. additional 39.4 reduction.
~~Indiac~~Indiac
3, 3,~~360~~166
+2, +2,~~360~~146
+1, +1,~~410~~196
2. 2.~~46t~~29t
1, 1,~~188t~~187t 45% reduction in emissions 45% reduction in emissions
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
intensity by 2030 compared to intensity by 2030 compared to
updated 2022) updated 2022)
2005 levels 2005 levels
~~Indonesiac~~
~~1,960~~
~~+730~~
~~+710~~
~~7.24t~~
~~1,751t 31.89% reduction from BAU~~
~~1954~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~updated 2022)~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~1,630 (conditional~~
~~43.20% reduction from BAU~~
~~+ unconditional)~~
~~(BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
~~Iranc~~
~~894~~
~~+590~~
~~+269~~
~~10.78t~~
~~3,068t No NDC communicated to~~
~~not available~~
~~UNFCCC~~
~~CRS-27~~

CRS-25 link to page 35 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235
Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020
NDC Targetsa
Targetsb
~~Iraqc (First~~
~~321~~
~~+201~~
~~+176~~
~~8.17t~~
~~1,375t not available~~
~~not available~~
~~NDC, 2021)~~
~~Italyb~~
~~377~~
~~-321~~
~~-177~~
~~6.31t~~
~~187t EU target (at least a 55%~~
~~not available~~Indonesiac 1,476 +336 +286 5.40t 1,394t 31.89% reduction from BAU 1954 (First NDC, (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); updated 2022) (unconditional); 1,630 (conditional 43.20% reduction from BAU + unconditional) (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Iranc 845 +544 +236 10.06t 3,648t No NDC communicated to not available UNFCCC Iraqc (First NDC, 262 +158 +131 6.51t 1,420t not available not available 2021) Italy 349 -167 -207 5.87t 184t EU target (at least a 55% 313
(EU First NDC, (EU First NDC,
reduction from 1990 levels by reduction from 1990 levels by
updated updated
2030) 2030)
12/18/2020) 12/18/2020)
EU Member State targetb is 43.7% reduction compared to 2005 levels (556) Japan 1,100 -52 -190 8.68t 217t~~Japan~~
~~1,160~~
~~-40~~
~~-130~~
~~9.16t~~
~~226t~~ 46% reduction from FY2013 46% reduction from FY2013
~~724~~760 (from NDC)
(First NDC, (First NDC,
levels by FY2030; Net zero by levels by FY2030; Net zero by
updated 2021) updated 2021)
2050 2050
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
~~364~~351
- -9
~~+80~~
~~19.69t~~
~~2,006t~~30 -40 18.73t 2,053t 15% reduction from 1990 levels 15% reduction from 1990 levels
~~290-328~~324
(First NDC, (First NDC,
by 2030 (unconditional); by 2030 (unconditional);
~~2016~~(unconditional); updated 2023) )
25% reduction from 1990 levels 25% reduction from 1990 levels
286 (conditional) by 2030 (unconditional + by 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
~~Kenyac~~Kenyac (First (First
73 73
+ +4342
+ +1918
1. 1.4t
~~731t~~35t 721t 32% reduction from BAU (BAU 32% reduction from BAU (BAU
97 97
NDC, updated NDC, updated
= 143) by 2030 = 143) by 2030
2020) 2020)
~~Malaysiac~~Malaysiac (First (First
~~396~~
~~+199~~
~~+68~~
~~12.4t~~
~~1,084t~~368 +180 +50 11.36t 1,091t 45% reduction of economy-wide 45% reduction of economy-wide
not available not available
NDC, updated NDC, updated
carbon intensity (against GDP) carbon intensity (against GDP)
2021) 2021)
from 2005 level by 2030 from 2005 level by 2030
~~Mexicoc~~
~~671~~
~~+245~~
~~+138~~
~~5.26t~~
~~528t 22% of GHG emissions and 51%~~
~~773~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~reduction of black carbon~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~updated 2020)~~
~~emissions from BAU (BAU =~~
~~634 (conditional +~~
~~991 in 2030) by 2030~~
~~unconditional)~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~36% reduction of GHG from~~
~~BAU (BAU = 991 in 2030) by~~
~~2030 including a 70% reduction~~
~~of black carbon by 2030~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
~~CRS-28~~CRS-26

link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235
Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Mexicoc 609 +175 +66 4.72t 560t 35% of GHG emissions and 51% 644 (First NDC, reduction of black carbon (unconditional); updated 2022) emissions from BAU (BAU = 595 (conditional + 991 in 2030) by 2030 unconditional) (unconditional); 40% reduction of GHG from BAU (BAU = 991 in 2030) by 2030 including a 70% reduction of black carbon by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Targetsb~~
MoroccMoroccoc
9186
+ +5954
+ +3428
2. 2.5t
~~760t~~33t 750t 18.3% reduction compared to 18.3% reduction compared to
7877-116 (from -116 (from
(First NDC, (First NDC,
BAU (BAU = 142 in 2030) by BAU (BAU = 142 in 2030) by
NDC) NDC)
updated 2021) updated 2021)
2030 (unconditional); 2030 (unconditional);
45.5% reduction compared to 45.5% reduction compared to
BAU (BAU = 142 in 2030) by BAU (BAU = 142 in 2030) by
2030 (unconditional + 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
~~Myanmarc~~
~~243~~
~~+35~~
~~+26~~
~~4.5~~
~~3,537t~~Myanmarc 247 +41 +33 4.53t 3,125t 244.5 reduction by 2030 244.5 reduction by 2030
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
(unconditional); (unconditional);
updated 2021) updated 2021)
414.8 reduction by 2030 414.8 reduction by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~Nigeriac~~
~~354~~
~~+86~~
~~+56~~
~~1.76t~~
~~791t~~Nigeriac 369 +87 +49 1.79t 854t 20% reduction from BAU ( 20% reduction from BAU (~~453)~~BAU
362 362
(First NDC, (First NDC,
= 453) by 2030 (unconditional); by 2030 (unconditional);
(unconditional); (unconditional);
updated 2021) updated 2021)
47% reduction from BAU 47% reduction from BAU
(BAU 244 ~~240~~ (conditional + (conditional +
~~(453Mt~~= 453) by 2030 (unconditional ) by 2030 (unconditional
+ unconditional unconditional)
+ ; conditional) conditional)
~~Pakistanc~~
~~439~~
~~+272~~
~~+154~~
~~2.03t~~
~~1,370t~~from NDC) Pakistanc 444 +275 +157 2.01t 1,477t 15% reduction from BAU (BAU 15% reduction from BAU (BAU
1363 1363
(First NDC, (First NDC,
= 1603 in 2030) by 2030 = 1603 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
updated 2021) updated 2021)
(unconditional); (unconditional);
802 (unconditional 802 (unconditional
50% reduction from BAU (BAU 50% reduction from BAU (BAU
+ conditional) + conditional)
= 1603 in 2030) by 2030 = 1603 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~Peruc~~
~~191~~
~~+87~~
~~+58~~
~~5.86t~~
~~835t Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030~~
~~No more than~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~208.8~~
~~updated 2020)~~
~~Not to exceed 179 in 2030~~
~~(unconditional)~~
~~(conditional)~~
~~; no more than~~
~~179~~
~~(conditional)~~
~~(from NDC)~~
~~CRS-29~~CRS-27

link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page ~~32 link to page 32~~35
Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020
NDC Targetsa
Targetsb
~~Philippinesc~~
~~237~~
~~+139~~
~~+87~~
~~2.2t~~
~~628t~~Peruc 180 +76 +47 5.45t 891t Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 No more than (First NDC, (unconditional); 208.8 updated 2020) Not to exceed 179 in 2030 (unconditional) (conditional) ; no more than 179 (conditional) (from NDC) Philippinesc (First 228 +130 +78 2.08t 629t 2.71% reduction from BAU (3.3 2.71% reduction from BAU (3.3
not available not available
~~(First NDC,~~NDC, 2021)
Gt cumulative emissions) for Gt cumulative emissions) for
~~updated 2021)~~
the period 2020-2030 the period 2020-2030
(unconditional) (unconditional)
75% reduction from BAU (3.3 75% reduction from BAU (3.3
Gt cumulative emissions) for Gt cumulative emissions) for
the period 2020-2030 the period 2020-2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~Polandb~~
~~376~~
~~-70~~
~~+21~~
~~9.91t~~
~~641t~~Poland 358 -90 -0.23 9.44t 600t EU target (at least a 55% EU target (at least a 55%
~~not available~~201
(EU First NDC, (EU First NDC,
reduction from 1990 levels by reduction from 1990 levels by
updated 2020) updated 2020)
2030) 2030)
EU Member State targetb is 17.7% reduction compared to 2005 levels (358) Russia 1,482 -1608 +42 10.29t 996t ~~Russia~~
~~1,580~~
~~-1510~~
~~+150~~
~~10.97t~~
~~936t~~ 70% reduction relative to 1990 70% reduction relative to 1990
~~927~~930
(First NDC, (First NDC,
levels by 2030 levels by 2030
2020) 2020)
Saudi Saudi ~~Arabiac~~
~~723~~
~~+482~~
~~+294~~
~~21.1t~~
~~900t~~Arabiac 713 +473 +287 20.47t 1,013t Reduce and avoid GHG Reduce and avoid GHG
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
emissions by 278 annually by emissions by 278 annually by
updated 2021) updated 2021)
2030 2030
South South ~~Africac~~
~~562~~
~~+224~~
~~+80~~
~~9.6t~~
~~1,449t~~Africac 508 +174 +32 8.57t 1,516t 398-510 by 2025, 398-510 by 2025,
350-420 350-420
(First NDC, (First NDC,
implementation period of 2021- implementation period of 2021-
(from NDC) (from NDC)
updated 2021) updated 2021)
2025; 2025;
~~350-420 by 2030,~~
~~implementation period 2026-~~
~~2030~~
~~South Koreac~~
~~653~~
~~+414~~
~~+164~~
~~12.61t~~
~~395t 40% reduction from 2018~~
~~437~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~emission levels (727.6) by 2030~~
~~updated 2021)~~
~~Spainb~~
~~277~~
~~+23~~
~~-127~~
~~5.88t~~
~~199t EU target (at least a 55%~~
~~not available~~
~~(EU First NDC,~~
~~reduction from 1990 levels by~~
~~updated 2020)~~
~~2030)~~
~~CRS-30~~

CRS-28 link to page 35 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235 link to page link to page 3235
Change in
Net Change in
GHG
GHG
Projected 2030
~~2019~~2020 Net
~~Net~~ GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
GHG Emissions
~~Country~~
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million $ GDP
Per NDC
Country (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2019~~2020
2005-~~2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~2020 2020 in 2020 NDC Targetsa Targetsb 350-420 by 2030, implementation period 2026-2030 South Koreac 614 +375 +126 11.841t 375t 40% reduction from 2018 437 (First NDC, emission levels (727.6) by 2030 updated 2021) Carbon neutrality by 2050 Spain 239 -15 -165 5.05t 187t EU target (at least a 55% 246 (EU First NDC, reduction from 1990 levels by updated 2020) 2030) EU Member State targetb is 37.7% reduction compared to 2005 levels (394)
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Targetsb~~
SudSudanc (First (First
~~127~~128
+ +5658
+ +1617
2. 2.97
~~3,929~~92t 4,748t Sector-specific targets for Sector-specific targets for
not available not available
NDC, updated NDC, updated
energy, forests, and waste. energy, forests, and waste.
2021) 2021)
Tanzani Tanzaniac
~~155~~159
+ +5761
+ +3235
2. 2.~~67t~~66t
2, 2,~~533t~~545t 30%-35% reduction from BAU 30%-35% reduction from BAU
not available not available
(First NDC, (First NDC,
by 2030, whereby about 138- by 2030, whereby about 138-
updated 2021) updated 2021)
153 gross emissions is expected 153 gross emissions is expected
to be reduced to be reduced
Thailan Thailandc ((~~First~~
~~437~~
~~+264~~
~~+155~~
~~6.28t~~
~~804t 20~~Second 451 +279 +162 6.47t 903t 30% reduction from BAU (BAU % reduction from BAU (BAU
~~416-444~~333-389
NDC, updated NDC, updated
= 555) by 2030 (unconditional); = 555) by 2030 (unconditional);
~~2020~~2022) )
Up to Up to 2540% reduction from BAU % reduction from BAU
(BAU = 555) by 2030 (BAU = 555) by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero GHG emissions by 2065 Turkey (First 467 +303 +205 5.54t 649t 41% reduction from BAU (BAU 693 NDC, updated ~~Turkey (First~~
~~422~~
~~+258~~
~~+159~~
~~5.06t~~
~~555t Up to 21% reduction from BAU~~
~~929 (from NDC)~~
~~NDC, 2021)~~
~~(BAU = 1,175 in 2030) by 2030~~
~~Ukraine~~
~~332~~
~~-552~~
~~-76~~
~~7.48t~~
~~2,159t 65% reduction from 1990 levels~~
~~309~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(883) by 2030;~~
~~updated 2021)~~
~~“Carbon neutrality” by 2060~~
~~United Kingdom~~
~~459~~
~~-354~~
~~-239~~
~~6.87t~~
~~159t At least 68% reduction from~~
~~No more than 260~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~1990 levels by 2030~~
~~updated 2022)~~
~~United States~~
~~5,770~~
~~+230~~
~~-860~~
~~17.57t~~
~~270t 50%-52% reduction from 2005~~
~~2,984-3,315~~
~~(First NDC~~
~~emissions levels by 2030~~
~~after rejoining~~
~~the Paris~~
~~Agreement,~~
~~2021)~~
~~Uzbekistanc~~
~~185~~
~~+21~~
~~+24~~
~~5.52t~~
~~3,095t 35% reduction of specific GHG~~
~~not available~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~emissions per unit GDP from~~
~~updated 2021)~~
~~2010 levels by 2030~~
~~CRS-31~~

~~link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32~~
~~Change in~~
~~Change in~~
~~GHG~~
~~GHG~~
~~Projected 2030~~
~~2019 Net~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~GHG Emissions~~
~~Country~~
~~GHG~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Capita in~~
~~Million GDP~~
~~Per NDC~~
~~(date)~~
~~Emissions~~
~~1990-2019~~
~~2005-2019~~
~~2019~~
~~in 2019~~
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Targetsb~~
~~Venezuelac~~
~~300~~
~~-97~~
~~-143~~
~~10.51t~~
~~not available 20% reduction compared to~~
~~not available~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~BAU by 2030~~
~~updated 2021)~~
~~Vietnamc~~
~~438~~
~~+436~~
~~+230~~
~~4.54t~~
~~1,326t 9% reduction from BAU (BAU~~
~~677-844~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~= 928 in 2030) by 2030~~
~~updated 2020)~~
~~(unconditional);~~
27= 1,175 in 2030) by 2030 2023) CRS-29 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 Change in Net Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2020 Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million $ GDP Per NDC Country (date) Emissions 1990-2020 2005-2020 2020 in 2020 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Turkmenistan 194 +41 +37 32.18t not available 20% reduction under the BAU not available (First NDC, scenario, relative to 2010 updated 2023) emissions Ukraine 316 -595 -117 7.16t 2,017t 65% reduction from 1990 levels 309 (First NDC, (883) by 2030; updated 2021) Carbon neutrality by 2060 United Arab 250 +171 +94 25.27t 696t 19% reduction from 2019 levels 182 (from NDC) Emiratesc (Second (225) by 2030 NDC, updated Net-zero emissions by 2050 2023) United Kingdom 410 -401 -287 6.10t 149t At least 68% reduction from No more than 262 (First NDC, 1990 levels by 2030 updated 2022) United States 5,222 -368 -1428 15.75t 250t 50%-52% reduction from 2005 3,214-3,348 (First NDC after emissions levels by 2030 rejoining the Paris Agreement, 2021) Uzbekistanc 184 +17 +19 5.38t 3,075t 35% reduction of specific GHG not available (First NDC, emissions per unit GDP from updated 2021) 2010 levels by 2030 Venezuelac 238 -199 -257 8.36t not available 20% reduction compared to not available (First NDC, BAU by 2030 updated 2021) Vietnamc 458 +458 +251 4.71t 1,335t 15.8% reduction from BAU 524-781 (First NDC, (BAU = 928 in 2030) by 2030 updated 2022) (unconditional); 43.5% reduction from BAU (BAU % reduction from BAU (BAU
= 928 in 2030) by 2030 = 928 in 2030) by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
CRS-30 Sources: World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data “Country Profiles,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries; and UNFCCC NDC Registry, at World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data “Country Profiles,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries; and UNFCCC NDC Registry, at
https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx.
Notes: GHG emissions data from 2019, 2005, and 1990 and GHG emissions per capita and per GDP data are from countries’ reported submissions to the UNFCCC as GHG emissions data from 2019, 2005, and 1990 and GHG emissions per capita and per GDP data are from countries’ reported submissions to the UNFCCC as
available from Climate Watch Data, except where noted (see table note c). CO2e is the tons of CO2 that would have the equivalent effect of the GHG on forcing global available from Climate Watch Data, except where noted (see table note c). CO2e is the tons of CO2 that would have the equivalent effect of the GHG on forcing global
average temperature (positive or negative) as one ton of the GHG in question. Emissions data include those emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry average temperature (positive or negative) as one ton of the GHG in question. Emissions data include those emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry
(LULUCF). Also, t = metric tons; and Gt (gigatons) = 1 bil ion metric tons. BAU = “business-as-usual.” (LULUCF). Also, t = metric tons; and Gt (gigatons) = 1 bil ion metric tons. BAU = “business-as-usual.”
a. NDC targets extracted from most recently submitted NDCs available in the UNFCCC NDC Registry. a. NDC targets extracted from most recently submitted NDCs available in the UNFCCC NDC Registry.
b. Year 2030 emissions targets calculated using NDC 2030 target reductions and base year emissions as reported by each country to the UNFCCC, where available. b. Year 2030 emissions targets calculated using NDC 2030 target reductions and base year emissions as reported by each country to the UNFCCC, where available.
Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain) Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain) ~~are not available as of September 30, 2022. The EU’s Effort Sharing Regulation~~
~~(ESR), which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by Member States, has not yet been aligned with the 55% target level. See, Technical~~
~~Background Document Accompanying the report, Trends and Projections in Europe 2021, at https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-~~
~~2021/technical-background-document/view~~were calculated using member state targets adopted in accordance with the EU Effort Sharing Regulation, which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by member states., See https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/effort-sharing-member-states-emission-targets/effort-sharing-2021-2030-targets-and-flexibilities_en. .
c. Because certain countries submitted GHG emissions data to the UNFCCC for intermittent years only, some emissions data are from CAIT (formerly known as the c. Because certain countries submitted GHG emissions data to the UNFCCC for intermittent years only, some emissions data are from CAIT (formerly known as the
Climate Analysis Indicators Tool), as available from Climate Watch Data. CAIT compiles emissions data from nongovernmental sources to supplement countries’ Climate Analysis Indicators Tool), as available from Climate Watch Data. CAIT compiles emissions data from nongovernmental sources to supplement countries’
intermittent emissions reporting (see https://cait.wri.org/faq.html). intermittent emissions reporting (see https://cait.wri.org/faq.html).
d. EU-27 emissions data for all years exclude emissions from the UK. d. EU-27 emissions data for all years exclude emissions from the UK.

CRS- CRS-3231

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ~~Efforts~~Pledges by Selected Countries

Author Information

Kezee Procita Kezee Procita

Claire M. Jordan Head Research and Library Services Section Head Research and Library Services Section

Research Librarian

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R46945 R46945 · VERSION 58 · UPDATED
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