Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations

Changes from October 24, 2022 to March 20, 2023

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Energy and Water Development:
~~October 24, 2022~~March 20, 2023
FY2023 Appropriations
Mark Holt
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill funds civil works The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill funds civil works
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior’s Bureau projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior’s Bureau

of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy
Anna E. Normand
(DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission
Analyst in Natural Analyst in Natural
(ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the
Resources Policy Resources Policy
bill’s funding. bill’s funding.

Overall Funding Totals

President Biden submitted his FY2023 budget request on March 28, 2022. The President Biden submitted his FY2023 budget request on March 28, 2022. The ~~President’s~~Administration
request request ~~includes~~included $57.548 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of $1.972 billion (4%) above the $57.548 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of $1.972 billion (4%) above the
FY2022FY2022 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations and adjustments.enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations and adjustments. ~~DOE funding would rise by $4.149 billion~~
~~(9%) and independent agencies by $55 million (12%), while USACE would be reduced by $1.742 million (-21%), and~~
~~Reclamation and CUP by $490 million (-25%).~~
The House passed the FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill as part of the six-bill Consolidated The House passed the FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill as part of the six-bill Consolidated
Appropriations Act (H.R. 8294) on July 20, 2022, following House Appropriations Committee approval of a stand-alone Appropriations Act (H.R. 8294) on July 20, 2022, following House Appropriations Committee approval of a stand-alone
measure on June 28, 2022 (H.R. 8255, H.Rept. 117-394).measure on June 28, 2022 (H.R. 8255, H.Rept. 117-394). ~~The House-passed bill totaled $59.664 billion, excluding~~
~~rescissions and adjustments, an increase of $4.088 billion (7%) over the enacted FY2022 amount and 4% above the~~
~~President’s request. Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair~~ Senator Dianne Feinstein, chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Energy and of the Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Energy and
Water Development, introduced an FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill July 28, 2022 (S. 4660), and Water Development, introduced an FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill July 28, 2022 (S. 4660), and
posted a draft explanatory statement on the Appropriations Committee posted a draft explanatory statement on the Appropriations Committee website. FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress December 22, 2022, and signed into law December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). Excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions, the Consolidated Appropriations Act provides a total of $59.204 billion, 7% above the FY2022 enacted level, as shown below: ~~website. The bill’s total of $60.685 billion, excluding~~
~~rescissions and adjustments, is 9% above the FY2022 enacted amount and 5% above the President’s request.~~
Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2022 and FY2023
~~Dol ars in mil ions~~dollars in millions (and % change) (and % change)
Agency
FY2022 ~~Enacted~~
FY2023 Request
FY2023 House
FY2023 S. 4660
~~(% Change from~~
~~(% Change from~~
~~(% Change from~~
~~(% Change~~ FY2023 Enacted (% (% Change from (% Change from (% Change from Enacted (% Change from FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 Change from FY2021 ~~from~~
~~FY2021~~ Enacted)
~~FY2022~~ Enacted) Enacted)
FY2022 ~~Enacted) FY2022~~ Enacted) Enacted)
Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
8,343 (+7%) 8,343 (+7%)
6,601 (-21%) 6,601 (-21%)
8,889 (+7%) 8,889 (+7%)
8,758 (+5%) 8,758 (+5%)
8,310 (-%) Bureau of Bureau of
1,924 (+14%) 1,924 (+14%)
1,434 (-25%) 1,434 (-25%)
1,914 (-1%) 1,914 (-1%)
1,950 (+1%) 1,950 (+1%)
1,954 (+2%) Reclamation/CUP Reclamation/CUP
Department of Energy Department of Energy
44,856 (+13%) 44,856 (+13%)
49,004 (+9%) 49,004 (+9%)
48,340 (+8%) 48,340 (+8%)
49,495 (+10%) 49,495 (+10%)
48,445(+8%) Independent Agencies Independent Agencies
454 (+10%) 454 (+10%)
508 (+12%) 508 (+12%)
521 (+15%) 521 (+15%)
482 (+6%) 482 (+6%)
494 (+9%) Total Total
55,576 (+12%) 55,576 (+12%)
57,548 (+4%) 57,548 (+4%)
59,664 (+7%) 59,664 (+7%)
60,685 (+9%) 60,685 (+9%)
~~Sources:~~ 59,204 (+7%) Sources: Explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; S. 4660S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement;and draft explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-394;H.Rept. 117-394; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R. explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R.
8294; FY2023 agency budget requests,8294; FY2023 agency budget requests, S.Rept. 117-36, H.Rept. 117-98, H.R. 4502, explanatory statement of the Consolidated S.Rept. 117-36, H.Rept. 117-98, H.R. 4502, explanatory statement of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2022.Appropriations Act, 2022.
Notes: Totals exclude rescissionsTotals exclude rescissions and budget scorekeepingand budget scorekeeping adjustments.adjustments. CUP=Central Utah Project CompletionCUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted Account. Enacted
amounts do not include emergencyamounts do not include emergency supplemental appropriations. supplemental appropriations.
Major Issues
Congressional debate on Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2023 includes several major initiatives and Congressional debate on Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2023 includes several major initiatives and
issues. Some examplesissues. Some examples follow: Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations  Western Drought:
~~ Western Drought. As of early October 2022, 73% of the western United States was experiencing some~~
~~level of drought~~. The Administration proposed funding for several Reclamation drought response-related . The Administration proposed funding for several Reclamation drought response-related
~~activities~~ activities, which was increased by the enacted appropriations measure. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA, P.L. 117-169). The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA, P.L. 117-169) provided Reclamation with $4.588 billion to provided Reclamation with $4.588 billion to
address drought mitigation and related issues. address drought mitigation and related issues.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

  Increased Funding for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The Administration . The Administration ~~is requesting~~
~~an EERE~~ requested an EERE increase of $819 million (26%) over the FY2022 enacted amount, to $4.019 billion, excluding increase of $819 million (26%) over the FY2022 enacted amount, to $4.019 billion, excluding
several large EERE programs that are proposed to become separate offices. The several large EERE programs that are proposed to become separate offices. The ~~House-passed bill would~~
~~provide $4.016 billion, and S. 4660 $3.799 billion, for EERE.~~ enacted measure provided $3.460 billion for EERE, including funding for the proposed separate offices. These amounts would be in addition to These amounts would be in addition to
$2.222$2.222 billion appropriated by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58) for EEREbillion appropriated by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58) for EERE for FY2023 ~~for~~
~~FY2023~~ and $10.000 billion by IRA for energy efficiency through FY2031. and $10.000 billion by IRA for energy efficiency through FY2031.
  Establishment of Office of Clean Energy ~~Demonstration~~Demonstrations. The Administration The Administration ~~is requesting~~requested $214 million in $214 million in
FY2023 FY2023 to continue the startup of the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED). The to continue the startup of the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED). The ~~House-~~
~~passed bill included $189 million for OCED while S. 4660 would provide $150 million. These amounts~~
~~would be~~enacted measure provided $89 million, although that amount is in addition to $4.426 billion appropriated by IIJA for the new office for FY2023 in addition to $4.426 billion appropriated by IIJA for the new office for FY2023 and $5.812 and $5.812
billion by IRA through FY2026. billion by IRA through FY2026.

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Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations

Introduction and Overview
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations ~~bil~~ bill includes funding includes funding
for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in Title I; the Department for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in Title I; the Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title
II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies, II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies,
including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), in Title IV.(ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the major components of the Energy and Water compares the major components of the Energy and Water
Development appropriations Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill from FY2021 through FY2023. from FY2021 through FY2023.
Figure 1. Funding for Major Components of Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Bill, ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Through FY2023
(excluding supplementals) (excluding supplementals)

Sources: Explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; H.Rept. 117-394;H.Rept. 117-394; S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement;S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO
Estimate for H.R. 8294; S.Rept. 117-36;Estimate for H.R. 8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.R. 4502;H.R. 4502; H.Rept. 117-98;H.Rept. 117-98; Administration budget request for FY2022. Administration budget request for FY2022.
Includes someIncludes some adjustments; see tables 4-7 for details. adjustments; see tables 4-7 for details.
Notes: Enacted amounts do not include Enacted amounts do not include ~~subsequent~~ supplemental appropriationssupplemental appropriations. or rescissions. CUP = Central Utah Project CUP = Central Utah Project
Completion Account. Completion Account.
President Biden submitted his FY2023 budget request on March 28, 2022. The President Biden submitted his FY2023 budget request on March 28, 2022. The ~~President’s~~Administration
request request ~~includes~~included $57.548 $57.548 ~~bil ion~~billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of for energy and water development agencies, an increase of
$1.972 $1.972 ~~bil ion~~ billion (4%) above the FY2022 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations and (4%) above the FY2022 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations and
adjustments. DOE funding would adjustments. DOE funding would ~~rise~~have risen by $4.149 by $4.149 ~~bil ion~~billion (9%) and independent agencies by (9%) and independent agencies by $55 million ~~$55~~
~~mil ion~~ (12%), while USACE (12%), while USACE ~~would~~was to be reduced by $1.742 be reduced by $1.742 ~~mil ion~~million (-21%), and Reclamation and (-21%), and Reclamation and
CUP by $490 CUP by $490 ~~mil ion~~ million (-25%). (-25%).
The House passed the FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations The House passed the FY2023 Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill on July 20, on July 20,
2022, as part of a “minibus” package of six FY2023 appropriations 2022, as part of a “minibus” package of six FY2023 appropriations ~~bil s~~bills (H.R. 8294), by a 220- (H.R. 8294), by a 220-
207 vote. The House Appropriations Committee had approved the stand-alone Energy and Water 207 vote. The House Appropriations Committee had approved the stand-alone Energy and Water
Development appropriations Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill on June 28, 2022, by a vote of 32-26 (H.R. 8255, H.Rept. 117-on June 28, 2022, by a vote of 32-26 (H.R. 8255, H.Rept. 117-
394). The House-passed 394). The House-passed ~~bil totals~~bill totaled $59.664 $59.664 ~~bil ion~~billion, excluding rescissions and scorekeeping , excluding rescissions and scorekeeping
adjustments, an increase of $4.088 adjustments, an increase of $4.088 ~~bil ion~~billion (7%) over the enacted FY2022 amount and 4% above (7%) over the enacted FY2022 amount and 4% above
the the ~~President’s~~Administration request. DOE funding in the request. DOE funding in the ~~bil totals~~bill totaled $48.340 $48.340 ~~bil ion~~billion, an increase of $3.485 , an increase of $3.485
~~bil ion~~ billion (8%) over the FY022 enacted level and a decrease of 1% from the request. The (8%) over the FY022 enacted level and a decrease of 1% from the request. The ~~bil~~ bill would would
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Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations

~~provide $8.889 bil ion~~ have provided $8.889 billion for USACE, $546 for USACE, $546 ~~mil ion~~ million (7%) above FY2022 and 35% above the request. (7%) above FY2022 and 35% above the request.
Reclamation and CUP would Reclamation and CUP would ~~receive $1.914 bil ion, $10 mil ion~~ have received $1.914 billion, $10 million (-1%) below the FY2022 (-1%) below the FY2022
enacted amount but 33% above the request. The enacted amount but 33% above the request. The ~~bil includes $521 mil ion for~~ bill included $521 million for independent independent
agencies, $68 agencies, $68 ~~mil ion~~million (15%) above the FY2022 enacted amount and 3% above the request. (15%) above the FY2022 enacted amount and 3% above the request.
Senator Dianne Feinstein, Senator Dianne Feinstein, ~~Chair~~chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on of the Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on
Energy and Water Development, introduced an FY2023 Energy and Water Development Energy and Water Development, introduced an FY2023 Energy and Water Development
appropriations appropriations ~~bil~~ bill July 28, 2022 (S. 4660), and posted a draft explanatory statement on the July 28, 2022 (S. 4660), and posted a draft explanatory statement on the
Appropriations Committee website.1 The Appropriations Committee website.1 The ~~bil~~ bill’s total of $60.685 ’s total of $60.685 ~~bil ion~~billion, excluding rescissions and , excluding rescissions and
adjustments, adjustments, iswas 9% above the FY2022 enacted amount and 5% above the 9% above the FY2022 enacted amount and 5% above the ~~president’s~~ Administration request. request.
Senator Richard Shelby, the Appropriations Committee’s Republican Senator Richard Shelby, the Appropriations Committee’s Republican ~~Vice Chairman,~~ vice chairman, referred to referred to
S. 4660 and other FY2023 appropriations S. 4660 and other FY2023 appropriations ~~bil s~~bills introduced by Appropriations Committee introduced by Appropriations Committee
Democratic leaders as “partisan appropriations Democratic leaders as “partisan appropriations ~~bil s~~bills that spend that spend ~~bil ions~~billions more than even the more than even the
Administration’s wasteful request.”2 Committee action on the FY2023 appropriations Administration’s wasteful request.”2 Committee action on the FY2023 appropriations ~~bil s has~~
~~not been scheduled.~~
~~Because the FY2023 regular appropriations bil s were not enacted before the start of the fiscal~~
~~year, the federal government currently is being funded primarily by a continuing resolution (P.L.~~
~~117-180) signed by the President on September 30, 2022. The continuing resolution general y~~
~~funds agencies at their rate of operations in FY2022 through December 16, 2022.3~~
~~The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58), the Disaster Relief Supplemental~~
~~Appropriations Act, 2022 (DRSAA,~~bills did not occur. FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was included in Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress December 22, 2022, and signed into law December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). Excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions, the Consolidated Appropriations Act provides a total of $59.204 billion, 7% above the FY2022 enacted level. Division M of the act included emergency additional FY2023 appropriations of $300 million for Nuclear Energy and $126 million for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation. Division N also provided supplemental appropriations of $1.480 billion for USACE, $1.000 billion for DOE’s Electricity account to improve Puerto Rico’s electricity grid, and $520 million for the Western Area Power Administration. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58), the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (DRSAA; P.L. 117-43), and budget reconciliation measure commonly P.L. 117-43), and budget reconciliation measure commonly
referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRAreferred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA,; P.L. 117-169) provided additional P.L. 117-169) provided additional
appropriations for energy and water development agencies, above the enacted amounts in the appropriations for energy and water development agencies, above the enacted amounts in the
Consolidated Appropriations ActConsolidated Appropriations Act~~, 2022, and the FY2023 Administration budget request and~~
~~House and Senate bil s~~ for FY2022 and FY2023. For FY2022, IIJA and DRSAA appropriated an additional $41.923 . For FY2022, IIJA and DRSAA appropriated an additional $41.923 ~~bil ion~~
billion for energy and water agencies, with another $16.040 for energy and water agencies, with another $16.040 ~~bil ion~~billion provided by IIJA for FY2023. IRA provided by IIJA for FY2023. IRA
appropriated $4.588 appropriated $4.588 ~~bil ion~~ billion for Reclamation and $35.067 for Reclamation and $35.067 ~~bil ion~~ billion for DOE for FY2022, to remain for DOE for FY2022, to remain
~~available~~ available for as long as through FY2031.for as long as through FY2031.
Administration Request
DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management. DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management.
The Administration’s largest proposed increase in the energy programs area The Administration’s largest proposed increase in the energy programs area iswas for Energy for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, which would Efficiency and Renewable Energy, which would ~~rise~~have risen by $819 by $819 ~~mil ion~~million (26%) over the FY2022 (26%) over the FY2022
enacted amount, to $4.019 enacted amount, to $4.019 ~~bil ion. This excludes~~billion. This excluded several large Energy Efficiency and Renewable several large Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE) programs, such as the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) and lowEnergy (EERE) programs, such as the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) and low -
-income weatherization and state planning grants, which income weatherization and state planning grants, which ~~are~~were proposed to become separate offices proposed to become separate offices
in FY2023. The Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy would in FY2023. The Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy would be have been increased by $250 increased by $250
~~mil ion~~ million (56%), to $700 (56%), to $700 ~~mil ion~~million. Fossil Energy and Carbon Management would . Fossil Energy and Carbon Management would ~~receive an~~
~~increase of $68 mil ion (8%), to $893 mil ion, including an increase of $110 mil ion (49%) for~~

1 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Explanatory Statement for the Energy and Water Development Appropriations 1 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Explanatory Statement for the Energy and Water Development Appropriations
Bill,Bill, 2023,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/EWFY23RPT.PDF. 2023,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/EWFY23RPT.PDF.
2 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bills 2 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bills ~~T hreaten~~Threaten FY23 Appropriations Process,” FY23 Appropriations Process,”
minority news release, Julyminority news release, July 28, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/minority/shelby-democrats-partisan-28, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/minority/shelby-democrats-partisan-
bills-threaten-fy23-appropriations-process. bills-threaten-fy23-appropriations-process.
~~3 T he continuing resolution includes an additional $20 million for USACE Section 219 assistance. For more~~
~~information, see CRS Report R47283,~~ ~~Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2023 (Division A of P.L. 117-~~
~~180), by Drew C. Aherne and Sarah B. Solomon .~~
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Congressional Research Service 2 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations have received an increase of $68 million (8%), to $893 million, including an increase of $110 million (49%) for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Funding for DOE’s Office of Science would carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Funding for DOE’s Office of Science would be
have been increased by $324 increased by $324 ~~mil ion~~ million (4%), to $7.799 (4%), to $7.799 ~~bil ion~~billion, under the Administration budget request, with , under the Administration budget request, with
~~Biological~~ Biological and Environmental Research rising by $89 and Environmental Research rising by $89 ~~mil ion~~ million (11%). Funding for the National (11%). Funding for the National
Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear
weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research and development (R&D), would weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research and development (R&D), would ~~increase~~have increased by by
~~$754 mil ion~~ $754 million (4%), to $21.410 (4%), to $21.410 ~~bil ion.~~ billion. Environmental Management (waste management and Environmental Management (waste management and
cleanup) would cleanup) would ~~increase~~have increased by $348 by $348 ~~mil ion~~million (4%), to $8.252 (4%), to $8.252 ~~bil ion.4~~billion.3
The water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations The water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil would receive~~
bill would have received funding reductions under the FY2023 budget request. Discretionary appropriations in the Energy funding reductions under the FY2023 budget request. Discretionary appropriations in the Energy
and Water and Water ~~bil~~ bill for USACE would for USACE would ~~decline~~have declined from their FY2022 enacted level by $1.742 from their FY2022 enacted level by $1.742 ~~bil ion~~billion (- (-
21%), to $6,601 21%), to $6,601 ~~bil ion. This~~billion. The FY2023 Administration request Administration request ~~includes~~included no new construction starts and three no new construction starts and three
new project studies. Reclamation (separately from CUP) would new project studies. Reclamation (separately from CUP) would behave been reduced by $487 reduced by $487 ~~mil ion~~million (- (-
26%), to $1.414 26%), to $1.414 ~~bil ion~~billion. .
Among the independent agencies funded by the Among the independent agencies funded by the ~~bil~~ bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
~~would~~was to receive an increase in total appropriations from $888 receive an increase in total appropriations from $888 ~~mil ion~~million in FY2022 to $929 in FY2022 to $929 ~~mil ion~~ million in in
FY2023 (up $42 FY2023 (up $42 ~~mil ion~~million, or 5%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which , or 5%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which
may vary from year to year; the Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net may vary from year to year; the Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net
appropriation from $131 appropriation from $131 ~~mil ion~~million in FY2022 to $137 in FY2022 to $137 ~~mil ion~~ million in FY2023 (up $6 in FY2023 (up $6 ~~mil ion,~~ million, or 5%). or 5%).
Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would ~~increase~~have increased from $195 from $195 ~~mil ion~~million in FY2022 in FY2022
to $235 to $235 ~~mil ion~~ million in FY2023 (up $40 in FY2023 (up $40 ~~mil ion~~million, or 21%). Requested funding for , or 21%). Requested funding for ~~smal er~~ smaller regional regional
authorities in the authorities in the ~~bil~~ bill varied widely: Denali Commission, Delta Regional Authority, and varied widely: Denali Commission, Delta Regional Authority, and
Southwest Border Regional Commission Southwest Border Regional Commission ~~would be~~were unchanged from FY2022 enacted, while the unchanged from FY2022 enacted, while the
Northern Border Regional Commission Northern Border Regional Commission ~~would~~was to increase by 3% and the Southeast Crescent increase by 3% and the Southeast Crescent
Regional Commission Regional Commission ~~would rise~~ by 40%. by 40%.
House-Passed Bill
DOE would DOE would ~~receive~~have received $48.340 $48.340 ~~bil ion~~billion under the House-passed FY2023 Energy and Water under the House-passed FY2023 Energy and Water
Development appropriations Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill, excluding a rescission of $150 , excluding a rescission of $150 ~~mil ion. The bil would provide~~
million. The bill would have provided nearly the amount requested for the EERE account, but it nearly the amount requested for the EERE account, but it ~~includes~~included funding for FEMP and low- funding for FEMP and low-
income weatherization and state planning grants that the Administration had proposed under income weatherization and state planning grants that the Administration had proposed under
separate accounts. Science would separate accounts. Science would behave been increased by $201 increased by $201 ~~mil ion~~million (3%) and Nuclear Energy by $105 (3%) and Nuclear Energy by $105
~~mil ion~~ million (6%) above the Administration request, while NNSA would (6%) above the Administration request, while NNSA would be have been reduced by $178 reduced by $178 ~~mil ion~~
million (-1%) from the request.(-1%) from the request.
The House The House ~~bil would increase~~bill would have increased funding for water agencies from the Administration request: funding for water agencies from the Administration request:
USACEUSACE by $2.288 by $2.288 ~~bil ion~~billion (35%) and Reclamation by $477 (35%) and Reclamation by $477 ~~mil ion~~ million (34%). The USACE amount (34%). The USACE amount is
was 7% above the FY2022 enacted level, while Reclamation would 7% above the FY2022 enacted level, while Reclamation would behave been reduced by 1% from FY2022. reduced by 1% from FY2022.
The Appropriations Committee report The Appropriations Committee report ~~supports~~supported USACE new project study starts recommended by USACE new project study starts recommended by
the Administration and a limited number of additional new project studies. The the Administration and a limited number of additional new project studies. The ~~bil~~ bill’s funding for ’s funding for
independent agencies independent agencies iswas nearly the same as the Administration request except for a $26 nearly the same as the Administration request except for a $26 ~~mil ion~~
million (371%) increase for the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission. The (371%) increase for the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission. The ~~bil includes 145~~
~~community project funding (CPF) items (earmarks) for USACE, Reclamation, and DOE.5~~

~~4 Including a budget~~ bill 3 Including a budget amendment that requested an additional $191 million for Defense Environmental Cleanup, amendment that requested an additional $191 million for Defense Environmental Cleanup,
submitted to Congress on Junesubmitted to Congress on June 7, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/7, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/
FY_2023_Budget_Amendments_Package_6FY_2023_Budget_Amendments_Package_6 ~~-7-22.pdf.~~
~~5 For general information about congressional earmarks, see CRS Report RS22866,~~ ~~Earmark Disclosure Rules in the~~
~~House: Mem ber and Com m ittee Requirem ents, by Megan S. Lynch.~~
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Energy and Water Development: FY2023 ~~Appropriations~~

Appropriations included 145 community project funding (CPF) items (earmarks) for USACE, Reclamation, and DOE.4 S. 4660 and Draft Explanatory Statement
For DOE, EERE funding would For DOE, EERE funding would behave been reduced by $220 reduced by $220 ~~mil ion~~million (-5%) from the Administration (-5%) from the Administration
request by S. 4660, which, as in the House-passed request by S. 4660, which, as in the House-passed ~~bil~~ bill, would not , would not ~~provide~~ have provided separate accounts for separate accounts for
FEMP and low-income weatherization and state planning grants. Funding for the Office of Clean FEMP and low-income weatherization and state planning grants. Funding for the Office of Clean
Energy Energy ~~Demonstration would be $39 mil ion~~ Demonstrations would have been $39 million (-21%) lower than the House-passed amount, while (-21%) lower than the House-passed amount, while
Science would Science would ~~be $100 mil ion~~ have been $100 million (1%) and NNSA $870 (1%) and NNSA $870 ~~mil ion~~ million (4%) higher than the House levels. (4%) higher than the House levels.
Funding in S. 4660 for USACE would Funding in S. 4660 for USACE would ~~be $131 mil ion~~ have been $131 million (-1%) below the House-passed level, (-1%) below the House-passed level,
while funding for Reclamation would while funding for Reclamation would behave been higher by $38 higher by $38 ~~mil ion~~ million (2%). Funding for independent (2%). Funding for independent
agencies would agencies would behave been nearly the same as the House-passed amounts, except that the Appalachian nearly the same as the House-passed amounts, except that the Appalachian
Regional Commission would Regional Commission would behave been lower by $20 lower by $20 ~~mil ion~~ million (-9%) and the (-9%) and the ~~House~~ increase for the increase for the
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission Southeast Crescent Regional Commission ~~is not included~~would have been reduced to $2 million. The draft explanatory statement . The draft explanatory statement ~~lists~~
~~232 congressional y~~listed 232 congressionally directed spending (CDS) items for USACE, Reclamation, and DOE. directed spending (CDS) items for USACE, Reclamation, and DOE.
~~FY2022 Enacted Funding~~
FY2023 Enacted Funding DOE received $48.445 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions. This was $3.590 billion (8%) above the FY2022 enacted level, $559 billion (1%) below the Administration request, $105 million (0%) below the House-passed level, and $1.050 billion (2%) below the amount in S. 4660. Appropriations for EERE were $559 million (14%) below the Administration request and, as in the House and Senate measures, included the programs that the Administration had proposed under separate accounts. The Office of Science received $8.100 billion, an increase of $301 million (4%) above the request, while the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations received $89 million, a $125 million (-58%) reduction from the request. However, the office had already been appropriated $21.456 billion for FY2022-FY2026 by IIJA. The Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E) received $470 million, $230 million (33%) below the request, but $20 million (4%) above the FY2022 level. NNSA received $22.163 billion, an increase of $1.507 billion (7%) over the FY2022 enacted amount and $752 million (4%) above the request. USACE received $8.310 billion, which was slightly below (less than 1%) the FY2022 enacted level, $1.709 billion (26%) above the request, $579 million (7%) below the House-passed bill, and $448 million (5%) below the amount in S. 4660. Reclamation received $1.931 billion, an increase of $30 million (2%) over the FY2022 enacted amount. The Appalachian Regional Commission and other regional development authorities received increases over their FY2022 enacted levels, with the largest being a $15 million (300%) increase for the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission. In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, many of the agencies funded by the act received emergency supplemental and additional appropriations for FY2023. IIJA was the primary source of the additional funding, along with P.L. 4 For general information about congressional earmarks, see CRS Report RS22866, Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements, by Megan S. Lynch. Congressional Research Service 4 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations 117-328 Divisions M and N and P.L. 117-180. DOE received $15.078 billion in additional funding for FY2023, USACE received $2.580 billion, Reclamation and CUP received $1.660 billion, and the Appalachian Regional Commission received $200 million. Unspecified amounts of prior-year funding under IIJA and IRA also remained available for some agencies. Including offsets, total FY2023 funding for agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill was $70.095 billion, according to the Explanatory Statement. FY2022 Enacted Funding Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2022 were enacted as part of the Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2022 were enacted as part of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division D), passed by the House on Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division D), passed by the House on
March 9, 2022, and by the Senate March 10, 2022, and signed by President Biden March 15, March 9, 2022, and by the Senate March 10, 2022, and signed by President Biden March 15,
2022. The enacted energy and water development funding totaled $55.576 2022. The enacted energy and water development funding totaled $55.576 ~~bil ion~~billion, excluding , excluding
adjustments. adjustments.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy was appropriated $3.200 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy was appropriated $3.200 ~~bil ion~~billion, $1.532 , $1.532 ~~bil ion~~billion below below
the request (-32%) but $338 the request (-32%) but $338 ~~mil ion~~million (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. ~~The Advanced~~
~~Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E)~~ARPA-E received $450 received $450 ~~mil ion, $50 mil ion~~ million, $50 million below the below the
request (-10%), but $23 request (-10%), but $23 ~~mil ion~~million (5%) above the FY2021 level, and the proposed Advanced (5%) above the FY2021 level, and the proposed Advanced
Research Projects Agency—Climate (ARPA-C) was not funded. The new Office of Clean Energy Research Projects Agency—Climate (ARPA-C) was not funded. The new Office of Clean Energy
~~Demonstration~~Demonstrations was appropriated $20 was appropriated $20 ~~mil ion, $380 mil ion~~ million, $380 million below the request (-95%). below the request (-95%). ~~However,~~
~~the office had already been appropriated $21.456 bil ion for FY2022-FY2026 by IIJA. NNSA~~
NNSA was appropriated a total of $20.656 was appropriated a total of $20.656 ~~bil ion, $913 mil ion~~ billion, $913 million (5%) above the request and about the (5%) above the request and about the
same increase from the FY2021 enacted level. same increase from the FY2021 enacted level.
Water agencies received increases over the FY2022 request. USACE received $8.343 Water agencies received increases over the FY2022 request. USACE received $8.343 ~~bil ion~~billion, ,
$1.551 $1.551 ~~bil ion~~ billion (23%) above the request and $548 (23%) above the request and $548 ~~mil ion~~million (7%) above the FY2021 enacted (7%) above the FY2021 enacted
amount. Reclamation was appropriated $1.901 amount. Reclamation was appropriated $1.901 ~~bil ion, $368 mil ion~~ billion, $368 million (24%) above the request and (24%) above the request and
$231 $231 ~~mil ion~~ million (14%) above the enacted FY2021 level. In addition, USACE received FY2022 (14%) above the enacted FY2021 level. In addition, USACE received FY2022
supplemental appropriations of $5.711 supplemental appropriations of $5.711 ~~bil ion~~ billion in P.L. 117-43 and FY2022 emergency in P.L. 117-43 and FY2022 emergency
appropriations of $14.969 appropriations of $14.969 ~~bil ion~~billion in P.L. 117-58. Reclamation received an additional $210 in P.L. 117-58. Reclamation received an additional $210 ~~mil ion~~
million in P.L. 117-43, $1.660 in P.L. 117-43, $1.660 ~~bil ion~~billion in P.L. 117-58, and $4.588 in P.L. 117-58, and $4.588 ~~bil ion~~billion in P.L. 117-169. The explanatory in P.L. 117-169. The explanatory
statement included 236 earmarks for Energy and Water Development agencies and programs: 156 statement included 236 earmarks for Energy and Water Development agencies and programs: 156
for USACE, 15 for Reclamation, 2 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for the Office of Electricity, and 6 for USACE, 15 for Reclamation, 2 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for the Office of Electricity, and 6
for FECM.for FECM.6

65 For more details, see  CRS Report R46857, Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations, by Mark Holt, Corrie E. Clark, and Anna E. Normand;  CRS In Focus IF11846, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter;  CRS In Focus IF11855, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2022 Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern;  CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; 5 For more details about the FY2022 Energy and Water Development earmarks, see Government Accountability Office For more details about the FY2022 Energy and Water Development earmarks, see Government Accountability Office
(GAO), (GAO), Tracking the Funds: Specific Fiscal Year 2022 Provisions for U.S. ~~Arm y~~Army Corps of Engineers, GAO-22-105919, , GAO-22-105919,
September 29, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105919; GAO, September 29, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105919; GAO, Tracking the Funds: Specific Fiscal Year
2022 Provisions for ~~Departm ent~~Department of the Interior, GAO-22-105904, September 12, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/, GAO-22-105904, September 12, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/
gao-22-105904; and GAO, gao-22-105904; and GAO, Tracking the Funds: Specific Fiscal Year 2022 Provisions for ~~Departm ent~~Department of Energy, GAO-, GAO-
22-105918, September 12, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105918. 22-105918, September 12, 2022, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105918.

Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

45

Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations  ~~Appropriations~~

~~For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11846, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Appropriations,~~
~~by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter; CRS In Focus IF11855,~~ ~~Bureau of Reclamation:~~
~~FY2022 Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern; CRS Report R46857,~~ ~~Energy and Water~~
~~Development: FY2022 Appropriations, by Mark Holt, Corrie E. Clark, and Anna E. Normand;~~
~~CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole~~
T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy Primer, by , by
Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; and Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; and  CRS Report R47032, CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation
Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and , by Charles V. Stern and
Anna E. Normand. Anna E. Normand.
FY2023 Budgetary Limits
Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil is~~
bill was affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist
primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual
appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and
~~al ocations~~allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations
subcommittee. subcommittee.
The House passed a “deeming resolution” (H.Res. 1151) on June 8, 2022, to set an FY2023 The House passed a “deeming resolution” (H.Res. 1151) on June 8, 2022, to set an FY2023
discretionary appropriations total of $1,602.901 discretionary appropriations total of $1,602.901 ~~bil ion~~billion (approximately $1.6 (approximately $1.6 ~~tril ion~~trillion), which ), which
would accommodate the Administration’s FY2023 request. The House Appropriations Committee would accommodate the Administration’s FY2023 request. The House Appropriations Committee
issued a report on June 22, 2022, with issued a report on June 22, 2022, with ~~subal ocations~~suballocations of the FY2023 discretionary total, pursuant of the FY2023 discretionary total, pursuant
~~to section~~to Section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, ~~al ocating~~allocating $56.275 $56.275 ~~bil ion~~ billion for the for the
Energy and Water Development Energy and Water Development ~~bil .7~~bill.6 That That iswas the amount included for Energy and Water the amount included for Energy and Water
Development in H.R. 8294, after budget scorekeeping and other offsets, as passed by the HouseDevelopment in H.R. 8294, after budget scorekeeping and other offsets, as passed by the House, and $2.929 billion below the final FY2023 enacted amount (excluding adjustments). .
Funding Issues and Initiatives
Several issues Several issues ~~have drawn~~drew particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and
Water Development appropriations for FY2023. The issues described in this section—listed Water Development appropriations for FY2023. The issues described in this section—listed
approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development
~~bil~~ bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or —were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or
decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader publicdecreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public
policy considerations. policy considerations.
Congressionally Directed Funding
The 117th Congress included earmarks for site-specific projects and other activities in the FY2022 The 117th Congress included earmarks for site-specific projects and other activities in the FY2022
and FY2023 appropriations process. (These were referred to as “community project funding”and FY2023 appropriations process. (These were referred to as “community project funding” (CPF) in in
the House and “the House and “~~congressional y~~congressionally directed spending” directed spending” (CDS) in the Senate in the Senate)..) From the 112th through the From the 112th through the
116th Congresses, moratorium policies largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for 116th Congresses, moratorium policies largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for
specific water projects constitutes the majority of the annual budget request for USACE and specific water projects constitutes the majority of the annual budget request for USACE and
Reclamation; during the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested Reclamation; during the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested
amounts for categories of work without identifying specific projects. amounts for categories of work without identifying specific projects.

~~7 House Appropriations Committee, Report on the Suballocation of Budget Allocations for Fiscal Year 2023,~~
~~https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20220622/114945/HMKP-117-AP00-20220622-SD007.pdf.~~

~~Congressional Research Service~~

5

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

For FY2023, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to For FY2023, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to
request CPF/CDS items, respectively. Both the House-passed FY2023 request CPF/CDS items, respectively. Both the House-passed FY2023 ~~bil~~ bill and the draft and the draft
explanatory statement for S. 4660 explanatory statement for S. 4660 ~~would fund~~included funding for site-specific studies and projects based on site-specific studies and projects based on the Administration~~the~~
~~President’s~~ request and CPF/CDS requests, while providing additional request and CPF/CDS requests, while providing additional water project funds 6 House Appropriations Committee, Report on the Suballocation of Budget Allocations for Fiscal Year 2023, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20220622/114945/HMKP-117-AP00-20220622-SD007.pdf. Congressional Research Service 6 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations ~~water project funds~~ for for
agencies to agencies to ~~al ocate~~allocate. The House Appropriations Committee report . The House Appropriations Committee report ~~includes~~included 75 earmarks for 75 earmarks for
USACE, 6 for Reclamation, and 64 for DOE. The draft explanatory statement for S. 4660 USACE, 6 for Reclamation, and 64 for DOE. The draft explanatory statement for S. 4660
~~includes~~included 129 earmarks for USACE, 10 for Reclamation, and 93 for DOE. The Energy and Water 129 earmarks for USACE, 10 for Reclamation, and 93 for DOE. The Energy and Water
Development earmarks Development earmarks ~~total~~totaled approximately $785 approximately $785 ~~mil ion~~ million in the House committee report and in the House committee report and $810 million ~~$810~~
~~mil ion~~ in the Senate draft explanatory statement.in the Senate draft explanatory statement.
~~USACE Funding~~
~~The Administration’s FY2023 budget request is 21% lower for USACE than the enacted FY2022~~
~~regular appropriations. However, IIJA provided advance, additional appropriations for FY2023 of~~
~~$1.080 bil ion for USACE, on top of larger additional appropriations provided in FY2022.~~
~~As with previous budget requests, a majority of President Biden’s FY2023 USACE budget~~
~~request would fund~~ The explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, included 339 energy and water development CPF/CDS projects totaling about $1.289 billion.7 This included 175 for USACE, totaling about $1.020 billion, 12 for Reclamation, totaling about $47 million, and 152 for DOE, totaling about $222 million. DOE earmarks are provided under the Energy Projects appropriations account. USACE Funding The Administration’s FY2023 budget request for USACE was $1.742 billion (-21%) lower than the enacted FY2022 regular appropriations. As with previous budget requests, a majority of the FY2023 request would have funded maintenance of existing infrastructure, as reflected by the share of funds maintenance of existing infrastructure, as reflected by the share of funds
requested for the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) account. The share of funding for requested for the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) account. The share of funding for
construction in the FY2023 budget request construction in the FY2023 budget request iswas 19%, which 19%, which iswas less than the 30% for this account in less than the 30% for this account in
FY2022 annual appropriations. FY2022 annual appropriations.
The Administration The Administration ~~is requesting~~requested funding for three new USACE studies and no new construction funding for three new USACE studies and no new construction
starts for FY2023. The enacted FY2022 annual appropriations funded 18 new studies and 4 starts for FY2023. The enacted FY2022 annual appropriations funded 18 new studies and 4
construction projects, including those requested by the Administration, but did not provide the construction projects, including those requested by the Administration, but did not provide the
Administration with authority to initiate additionalAdministration with authority to initiate additional starts with FY2022 work plan appropriations starts with FY2022 work plan appropriations
beyond those provided for in the explanatory statement. Supplemental appropriations for FY2022 beyond those provided for in the explanatory statement. Supplemental appropriations for FY2022
also funded 13 new studies and 38 new construction projects.8also funded 13 new studies and 38 new construction projects.8
~~Both reports accompanying the House passed FY2023 bil and S. 4660 recommend funding for~~
~~the requested new study starts. While draft explanatory statement for S. 4660 states that it also~~
~~provides for additional new starts in the Investigations and Construction accounts, the report~~
~~accompanying the House-passed bil provides new starts only in the Investigations account. Both~~
~~reports would not al ow for further new starts using additional funding.~~
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12090, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2023
Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
~~Western Drought~~
~~As of October 2022, approximately 73~~ Regular annual appropriations for USACE in Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, totaled $8.310 billion, nearly the same as FY2022 regular appropriations. The proportion of USACE regular appropriations for construction in FY2023 was 22%, compared with 30% in FY2022, while regular appropriations for O&M were 61% in FY2023, compared with 55% in FY2022. However, Division N provided USACE with $1.480 billion in supplemental funds. While most of this funding ($1.130 billion) is limited to flood response and recovery for areas affected by natural disasters,9 some is for construction and O&M of certain types of authorized projects regardless of disaster impacts. In addition, the IIJA appropriated $1.080 billion for use in FY2023, of which $1.000 billion is for navigation O&M activities,10 and P.L. 117-180 designated $20 million in emergency funding for USACE environmental infrastructure assistance. 7 Compiled from PDF copies of combined Community Project Funding and Congressionally Directed Spending provision data tables that appeared in the FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act Explanatory Statement reprinted in the December 20, 2022, Congressional Record. Amounts given are the totals above the Administration request for each earmark. Amounts over the presidential budget request level are considered Community Project Funding and Congressionally Directed Spending for purposes of House and Senate rules. 8 Information provided to CRS by USACE on July 12, 2022. 9 USACE spend plans for flood response and recovery funds for natural disasters are available at USACE, “Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2023,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/DRSAA23/. 10 USACE spend plans for IIJA are located at USACE, “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/BIL/. Congressional Research Service 7 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Pursuant to direction in the explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 117-328, Congress funded a “limited number” of new starts with FY2023 regular appropriations; these included the Administration’s request for three new studies and several requests from Members. In addition to providing funds for the Administration’s requested studies and projects, Congress in the explanatory statement (1) funded $1.020 billion for CPF/CDS items and (2) provided $562 million in additional funding and directed USACE to develop a work plan to distribute funds to individual studies and projects. Division N also directed USACE to develop work plans for the $350 million provided for construction and O&M of certain types of authorized projects.11 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12090, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2023 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Western Drought In late December 2022, when the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 was enacted, approximately 64% of the western United States was experiencing some % of the western United States was experiencing some
level of drought.level of drought.912 The FY2023 budget request The FY2023 budget request ~~includes~~included funding for Reclamation programs funding for Reclamation programs
addressing drought in specific areas, such as funding for the Colorado River Drought addressing drought in specific areas, such as funding for the Colorado River Drought
Contingency Plans ($18.7 Contingency Plans ($18.7 ~~mil ion~~ million in the Lower Colorado River Basin and $3.7 in the Lower Colorado River Basin and $3.7 ~~mil ion~~ million in the in the
Upper Colorado River Basin) and wildlife refuge water supply purchases in California’s Central Upper Colorado River Basin) and wildlife refuge water supply purchases in California’s Central
~~Val ey~~ Valley ($11.8 ($11.8 ~~mil ion), as wel as~~ million), as well as general drought grant funding for the Drought Response general drought grant funding for the Drought Response
~~Program ($24.0 mil ion).~~

~~8 Information provided to CRS by USACE on July 12, 2022.~~
~~9 U.S. Drought Monitor, Western U.S. Percent Area in Drought as of October 11, 2022, https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/~~
~~DmData/DataGraphs.aspx.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

6

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~Demand for these programs, which have the potential to help conserve water and al eviate water~~
~~supply shortages, is likely to be pronounced as a result of drought conditions; thus some in~~
~~Congress support additional funding for them.~~ Program ($24.0 million). The explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 117-328 included $50 million in additional funding for implementing the Drought Contingency Plan in the Lower Colorado River Basin, and $10 million in addition to the budget request for the Drought Response Program to go to activities in the Klamath Basin. In addition to regular appropriations, Congress has In addition to regular appropriations, Congress has
recently provided Reclamation with supplemental appropriations to address drought. First, in recently provided Reclamation with supplemental appropriations to address drought. First, in
September 2021, Congress included $210 September 2021, Congress included $210 ~~mil ion~~million in supplemental funding for Reclamation in the in supplemental funding for Reclamation in the
Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43, Division B); these funds Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43, Division B); these funds
were provided to combat western drought and wildfire. Then, in P.L. 117-169, enacted in August were provided to combat western drought and wildfire. Then, in P.L. 117-169, enacted in August
2022, Congress approved an additional $4.588 2022, Congress approved an additional $4.588 ~~bil ion~~ billion for Reclamation for western drought for Reclamation for western drought
mitigation and related issues, with mitigation and related issues, with $4 billion~~$4 bil ion~~ of these funds prioritized for drought-related actions of these funds prioritized for drought-related actions
in the Colorado River Basin.in the Colorado River Basin.1013
The drought has also led some Members to argue for more funding for the construction of new The drought has also led some Members to argue for more funding for the construction of new
water storage projects in the West pursuant to Reclamation’s authorities under Section 4007 of water storage projects in the West pursuant to Reclamation’s authorities under Section 4007 of
the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN Actthe Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN Act,; P.L. 114-322). P.L. 114-322).1114 The The
executive branch executive branch ~~typical y~~typically requests no such funding in the budget; Congress has added funding requests no such funding in the budget; Congress has added funding
for this authority in every year since FY2017. For FY2023 appropriationsfor this authority in every year since FY2017. For FY2023 appropriations ~~under H.R. 8294, the~~
~~House~~, the explanatory statement recommended $134 recommended $134 ~~mil ion~~million of additional of additional funding amounts for these projects. funding amounts for these projects. ~~The draft~~
~~Senate Appropriations Committee majority recommendation proposed the same amount.~~
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. 11 USACE work plans for FY2023 are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. 12 U.S. Drought Monitor, Western U.S. Percent Area in Drought as of December 27, 2022, https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Maps/MapArchive.aspxhttps://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/DmData/DataGraphs.aspx. 13 §§50231-50233 and §80004 of P.L. 117-169. 14 For more information on these projects, see CRS In Focus IF10626, Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, by Charles V. Stern. Congressional Research Service 8 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Funding Increases and
Reorganization
The Biden Administration The Biden Administration ~~proposes~~proposed a 26% increase in the EERE appropriations account—from a 26% increase in the EERE appropriations account—from
$3.200 $3.200 ~~bil ion~~ billion in FY2022 to $4.019 in FY2022 to $4.019 ~~bil ion~~ billion in FY2023 (an increase of $819 in FY2023 (an increase of $819 ~~mil ion~~million). EERE ). EERE
programs with the largest requested increases programs with the largest requested increases ~~are~~were Wind Energy Technologies (up $231 Wind Energy Technologies (up $231 ~~mil ion, or~~
million, or 203%), Geothermal Technologies (up $93 203%), Geothermal Technologies (up $93 ~~mil ion~~million, or 84%), Solar Energy Technologies (up , or 84%), Solar Energy Technologies (up $245 million, ~~$245~~
~~mil ion,~~ or 84%), Renewable Energy Grid Integration (up $18 or 84%), Renewable Energy Grid Integration (up $18 ~~mil ion~~million, or 44%), and Vehicle , or 44%), and Vehicle
Technologies (up $183 Technologies (up $183 ~~mil ion~~million, or 44%). , or 44%).
Those increases Those increases dodid not include several major EERE programs that the Administration not include several major EERE programs that the Administration is
~~proposing to move~~proposed moving to separate DOE offices. to separate DOE offices. ~~The Federal Energy Management Program would~~
~~receive $170 mil ion in FY2023~~FEMP would have received $170 million in FY2023 under the request, and the Office of State and Community , and the Office of State and Community Energy Programs, which Programs, which ~~would~~
~~handle~~handles state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would
~~receive $727 mil ion~~have received $727 million. The proposed new Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains . The proposed new Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains
~~would receive $27 mil ion~~ would have received $27 million in FY2023. Including those proposed separate offices in the EERE in FY2023. Including those proposed separate offices in the EERE
~~request brings~~request brought the total request to $4.943 the total request to $4.943 ~~bil ion~~billion, 54% above the FY2022 EERE total. , 54% above the FY2022 EERE total.
The House-passed The House-passed ~~bil would provide~~bill would have provided nearly the amount requested for the EERE account ($4.016 nearly the amount requested for the EERE account ($4.016
~~bil ion~~billion), but it ), but it ~~includes~~included funding for FEMP and low-income weatherization and state planning funding for FEMP and low-income weatherization and state planning
grants that the Administration had proposed under separate accounts. S. 4660 also grants that the Administration had proposed under separate accounts. S. 4660 also ~~includes al~~
included all those accounts under EERE, as in the past, with a total of $3.799 billion. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, provided $3.460 billion for EERE, including the proposed separate accounts. This constituted an increase of $260 million (8%) over the FY2022 regular appropriations and $1.723 billion (-43%) below the Administration request, including the proposed separate accounts. IIJA appropriated $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending for EERE programs, of which $8.207 billion was for FY2022 and $2.222 billion was for FY2023. EERE received $17.962 billion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through ~~those accounts under EERE, as in the past, with a total of $3.799 bil ion.~~
~~IIJA appropriated $16.264 bil ion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending~~
~~for EERE programs, of which $8.207 bil ion was for FY2022 and $2.222 bil ion was for FY2023.~~

~~10 §§50231-50233 and §80004 of P.L. 117-169.~~
~~11 For more information on these projects, see CRS In Focus IF10626,~~ ~~Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section~~
~~4007 of the Water Infrastructure Im provem ents for the Nation Act, by Charles V. Stern.~~
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~EERE received $17.962 bil ion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through~~
FY2026, FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision. FY2026, FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision.
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12236, For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12236, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy FY2023 Appropriations, by Corrie E. Clark and Melissa N. Diaz. , by Corrie E. Clark and Melissa N. Diaz.
Focus on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) and
Carbon Removal
The Administration The Administration ~~is requesting $479 mil ion~~ requested $479 million for Carbon Management Technologies for for Carbon Management Technologies for
FY2023, much of which FY2023, much of which iswas for CCUS and carbon removal R&D activities. The request for CCUS and carbon removal R&D activities. The request ~~includes~~
an included an increase of $110 increase of $110 ~~mil ion~~ million (49%) for CCUS technologies in the Office of Fossil Energy and (49%) for CCUS technologies in the Office of Fossil Energy and
Carbon Management (FECM) above Carbon Management (FECM) above the FY2022 enactedFY2022 enacted appropriation. The $335 . The $335 ~~mil ion~~million CCUS budget request CCUS budget request
~~includes~~included a 72% increase in the Carbon Utilization a 72% increase in the Carbon Utilization program and a boost of 65% for Carbon program and a boost of 65% for Carbon
Capture. Other FECM budget priorities Capture. Other FECM budget priorities ~~include~~included methane mitigation methane mitigation;, carbon dioxide carbon dioxide ~~removal;~~
removal, domestic critical minerals productiondomestic critical minerals production;, and hydrogen production coupled with CCUS (sometimes and hydrogen production coupled with CCUS (sometimes
~~cal ed~~called blue hydrogen). blue hydrogen).1215 The requested funds The requested funds ~~would be~~were in addition to IIJA FY2023 appropriations in addition to IIJA FY2023 appropriations
of $1.445 of $1.445 ~~bil ion~~billion for FECM and $2.097 for FECM and $2.097 ~~bil ion~~ billion to capitalize the Carbon Dioxide Transportation to capitalize the Carbon Dioxide Transportation
Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA) program. Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA) program.
15 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-fecm.pdf. Congressional Research Service 9 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations The FY2023 Administration request included $3 million ~~The FY2023 Administration request includes $3 mil ion~~ to support the Interagency Working to support the Interagency Working
Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization, which was Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization, which was
established pursuant to Executive Order 14008established pursuant to Executive Order 14008, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and
Abroad.”Abroad.”1316 The requested funds The requested funds ~~are~~were to “support targeted investments across the Federal to “support targeted investments across the Federal
government to help affected communities impacted by the climate crisis and shift to a clean government to help affected communities impacted by the climate crisis and shift to a clean
energy economy.”energy economy.”14
17 The House-passed The House-passed ~~bil includes $479 mil ion~~ bill included $479 million for Carbon Management Technologies, including for Carbon Management Technologies, including
CCUS and carbon removal.CCUS and carbon removal.1518 For CCUS, the committee For CCUS, the committee ~~recommends~~called for particular focus on carbon particular focus on carbon
capture at natural gas power plants, including not less than $20 capture at natural gas power plants, including not less than $20 ~~mil ion~~ million for research and for research and
optimization of such technologies, and up to $60 optimization of such technologies, and up to $60 ~~mil ion~~ million “to support front-end engineering and “to support front-end engineering and
design studies, including for the development of a first-of-its-kind carbon capture project at an design studies, including for the development of a first-of-its-kind carbon capture project at an
existing natural gas combined cycle plant.” On September 23, 2022, DOE announced $2.54 existing natural gas combined cycle plant.” On September 23, 2022, DOE announced $2.54
~~bil ion~~ billion in IIJA funding availablein IIJA funding available for front-end engineering and design studies for carbon capture for front-end engineering and design studies for carbon capture
facilities, including facilities designed to capture carbon dioxide from natural gas power plants.facilities, including facilities designed to capture carbon dioxide from natural gas power plants. 16
19 For carbon removal, the House For carbon removal, the House ~~bil would provide~~appropriations bill would have provided not less than $175 not less than $175 ~~mil ion overal —$65~~
~~mil ion~~ million overall—$65 million from FECM, $26 from FECM, $26 ~~mil ion~~ million from EERE, and $84 from EERE, and $84 ~~mil ion~~ million from from Science. The draft explanatory statement for S. 4660 included $466 million for Carbon Management Technologies. Up to $90 million was to be provided “to support front-end engineering and design studies, large pilot projects, and demonstration projects” for carbon capture and at least $40 million for the CarbonSAFE transport and storage program. For carbon removal, S. 4660 would have provided not less than $180 million overall—not less than $75 million from FECM, $26 million from EERE, and $90 million from Science. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, provided $460 million for Carbon Management Technologies, a decrease of $19 million (-4%) from the Administration request. The largest decrease from the request was for Carbon Capture (down by $28 million, or -17%), and the largest increase from the request was for Hydrogen with Carbon Management (up by $21 million, or 28%). Increases for DOE Loan Programs The Administration’s FY2023 budget request included $150 million to pay for credit subsidy costs for qualifying projects under DOE’s Title 17 Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program. The same amount for subsidy costs was requested in FY2022 but not approved. The FY2023 budget justification called for the annual appropriation for Title 17 subsidy costs to continue and gradually increase to $164 million in FY2027.20 16~~Science.~~

~~12 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-~~
~~fy2023-budget-volume-4-fecm.pdf.~~
13 Executive Order 14008, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Executive Order 14008, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad,” Section 218, January 27, 2021, Abroad,” Section 218, January 27, 2021,
https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021-0202-0012/content.pdf. Additional information about the https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021-0202-0012/content.pdf. Additional information about the
working group isworking group is available at https://energycommunities.gov/. available at https://energycommunities.gov/.
14 17 DOE, DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-
fy2023-budget-volume-4-fecm.pdf. fy2023-budget-volume-4-fecm.pdf.
1518 For background For background information on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), seeinformation on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), see ~~CRS~~ CRS Report R44902, Report R44902, Carbon
Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States, by Angela C., by Angela C. Jones and Ashley J. LawsonJones and Ashley J. Lawson . .
1619 DOE, “Funding Notice: Bipartisan Infrastructure Law: Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Program,” DOE, “Funding Notice: Bipartisan Infrastructure Law: Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Program,”
https://www.energy.gov/fecm/funding-notice-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-carbon-capture-demonstration-projects-https://www.energy.gov/fecm/funding-notice-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-carbon-capture-demonstration-projects-
program. program.
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~The draft explanatory statement for S. 4660 includes $466 mil ion for Carbon Management~~
~~Technologies. Up to $90 mil ion would be provided “to support front-end engineering and design~~
~~studies, large pilot projects, and demonstration projects” for carbon capture and at least $40~~
~~mil ion for the CarbonSAFE transport and storage program. For carbon removal, S. 4660 would~~
~~provide not less than $180 mil ion overal —not less than $75 mil ion from FECM, $26 mil ion~~
~~from EERE, and $90 mil ion from Science.~~
~~Proposed Increases for DOE Loan Programs~~
~~The Administration’s FY2023 budget request includes $150 mil ion to pay for credit subsidy~~
~~costs for qualifying projects under DOE’s Title 17 Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee~~
~~Program. The same amount for subsidy costs was requested in FY2022 but not approved. The~~
~~FY2023 budget justification cal s for the annual appropriation for Title 17 subsidy costs to~~
~~continue and gradual y increase to $164 mil ion in FY2027.17~~20 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe- Congressional Research Service 10 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations
Subsidy cost payments, which reflect the budgetary effects of federal credit programs, are Subsidy cost payments, which reflect the budgetary effects of federal credit programs, are
required up-front by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA; Section 13201 of P.L. 101-required up-front by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA; Section 13201 of P.L. 101-
58). For Title 17 loan guarantees, subsidy costs can be paid through appropriations, by the 58). For Title 17 loan guarantees, subsidy costs can be paid through appropriations, by the
borrower, or a combination thereof. The Office of Management and Budget provides guidance for borrower, or a combination thereof. The Office of Management and Budget provides guidance for
calculating subsidy costs, which are unique to each qualifying project.calculating subsidy costs, which are unique to each qualifying project.1821 From an From an ~~overal~~ overall project project
portfolio perspective, Title 17 subsidy costs range from 10% to 15% of loan guarantee portfolio perspective, Title 17 subsidy costs range from 10% to 15% of loan guarantee
commitments. commitments.
Title 17 (XVII) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05 Title 17 (XVII) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05,; P.L. 109-58, as amended at 42 P.L. 109-58, as amended at 42
U.S.C. §U.S.C. §§16511 et seq.) authorizes DOE to guarantee loans for projects that meet the following 16511 et seq.) authorizes DOE to guarantee loans for projects that meet the following
criteria: criteria:
~~(1)~~ 1. Avoid, reduce, utilize, or sequester air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions, Avoid, reduce, utilize, or sequester air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions, and and
~~(2)~~2. Employ new or significantly improved technologies, including projects that Employ new or significantly improved technologies, including projects that employ elements employ elements
of commercial technologies in combination with new or significantly improved technologies. of commercial technologies in combination with new or significantly improved technologies.
To date, the original and ongoing Title 17 authority—referred to as Section 1703—has provided To date, the original and ongoing Title 17 authority—referred to as Section 1703—has provided
financial support for two projects. The most recent Section 1703 loan guarantee, issued in June financial support for two projects. The most recent Section 1703 loan guarantee, issued in June
2022, was for $504.4 2022, was for $504.4 ~~mil ion~~million to finance a hydrogen energy storage facility in Utah. to finance a hydrogen energy storage facility in Utah.1922 Most Title Most Title
17 loan guarantee commitments were provided under a temporary authority—referred to as 17 loan guarantee commitments were provided under a temporary authority—referred to as
Section 1705—that expired in September 2011.Section 1705—that expired in September 2011.2023
Approximately $61.9 Approximately $61.9 ~~bil ion~~billion of loan guarantee authority is currently available for Section 1703 of loan guarantee authority is currently available for Section 1703
projects, after a $40 projects, after a $40 ~~bil ion~~billion increase by IRA. One factor that has resulted in low utilization of increase by IRA. One factor that has resulted in low utilization of
Section 1703 authority is the requirement for most borrowers to pay for Section 1703 authority is the requirement for most borrowers to pay for al all or a portion of a or a portion of a
project’s credit subsidy cost. Congress appropriated $170 project’s credit subsidy cost. Congress appropriated $170 ~~mil ion~~million in 2011 for Section 1703 in 2011 for Section 1703
renewable energy and efficient energy projects, subsequently reduced to $161 renewable energy and efficient energy projects, subsequently reduced to $161 ~~mil ion~~million after a after a
rescission and transfer. IRA appropriated an additional $3.6 rescission and transfer. IRA appropriated an additional $3.6 ~~bil ion~~ billion for Section 1703 subsidy for Section 1703 subsidy
costs. IRA also established a time-limitedcosts. IRA also established a time-limited (available through FY2026), $250 (available through FY2026), $250 ~~bil ion~~billion Title 17 loan guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Financing.” IRA appropriated $5 billion to carry out the Section 1706 program. The additional $150 million credit subsidy appropriation requested by the Administration for FY2023 would have supported up to $5 billion in loan guarantees. The Administration proposed provisions to allow ~~Title 17 loan~~

~~17 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-~~
~~fy2023-budget-volume-3-lpo-v3.pdf.~~
~~18 See OMB Circular A-11, Part 5, Section 185, “Federal Credit,” available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/~~
~~uploads/2018/06/s185.pdf.~~
~~19 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Advanced Clean Energy Storage,” https://www.energy.gov/lpo/advanced-clean-~~
~~energy-storage.~~
~~20 For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11432,~~ ~~Department of Energy Loan Programs: Title XVII Innovative~~
~~Technology Loan Guarantees, by Phillip Brown et al.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 16 link to page 16~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment~~
~~Financing.” IRA appropriated $5 bil ion to carry out the Section 1706 program.~~
~~The additional $150 mil ion credit subsidy appropriation requested by the Administration for~~
~~FY2023 would be used to support up to $5 bil ion in loan guarantees. The Administration is~~
~~proposing provisions to al ow~~ these loan guarantees to be used for projects authorized by IIJA but these loan guarantees to be used for projects authorized by IIJA but
currently prohibited from using existing Title 17 authority. These projects could have state currently prohibited from using existing Title 17 authority. These projects could have state
support and would not be required to employ significantly improved technology. support and would not be required to employ significantly improved technology.
For DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing (ATVM) loan program, the For DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing (ATVM) loan program, the
Administration Administration ~~is proposing~~proposed expanding eligible expanding eligible projects to additional types of vehicle technology, projects to additional types of vehicle technology,
including “advanced medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, locomotives, maritime vessels, aircraft, including “advanced medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, locomotives, maritime vessels, aircraft,
fy2023-budget-volume-3-lpo-v3.pdf. 21 See OMB Circular A-11, Part 5, Section 185, “Federal Credit,” available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/s185.pdf. 22 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Advanced Clean Energy Storage,” https://www.energy.gov/lpo/advanced-clean-energy-storage. 23 For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11432, Department of Energy Loan Programs: Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantees, by Phillip Brown et al. Congressional Research Service 11 link to page 17 link to page 17 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations and hyperloop technology.”24 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023—as did the ~~and hyperloop technology.”21 The~~ House-passed House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. 4660and S. 4660 —included funding only for included funding only for
administrative expenses for the Title 17 loan guarantee program and ATVM loan program, administrative expenses for the Title 17 loan guarantee program and ATVM loan program,
excluding the proposed Administration initiatives. excluding the proposed Administration initiatives.
For DOE’s Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program (TELGP), the Administration expressed For DOE’s Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program (TELGP), the Administration expressed
support for continuing authority provided in the FY2022 appropriations act that support for continuing authority provided in the FY2022 appropriations act that ~~al ows~~allows applicants applicants
to apply for direct loans. Both the House-passed to apply for direct loans. Both the House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. 4660 would and S. 4660 would ~~increase appropriations~~
have increased appropriations for this program from the Administration’s request of $1.9 for this program from the Administration’s request of $1.9 ~~mil ion to $10 mil ion. IRA~~million to $10 million, while the enacted measure provided $4 million. IRA had previously increased ~~increased~~
TELGP’s loan guarantee authority to $20 TELGP’s loan guarantee authority to $20 ~~bil ion~~ billion and appropriated $75 and appropriated $75 ~~mil ion~~ million for the program. for the program.
For more information, see CRS Insight IN11984, For more information, see CRS Insight IN11984, Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA):
Department of Energy Loan Guarantee Programs, by , by ~~Phil ip~~ Phillip Brown. Brown.
Startup of the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations
The Administration The Administration ~~is requesting $214 mil ion~~ requested $214 million in FY2023 to continue the startup of the DOE in FY2023 to continue the startup of the DOE
Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED), which was authorized and Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED), which was authorized and ~~initial y~~initially funded by funded by
IIJA (IIJA (seesee Table 1). The House-passed . The House-passed ~~bil~~ bill included $189 included $189 ~~mil ion~~ million for OCEDfor OCED ~~while~~, S. 4660 would S. 4660 would
~~provide $150 mil ion~~have provided $150 million, and the enacted measure appropriated $89 million. .
OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential
commercialization. For FY2023, OCED is planning to solicit proposals to demonstrate commercialization. For FY2023, OCED is planning to solicit proposals to demonstrate
technologies “that integrate renewable and distributed energy systems with broader energy technologies “that integrate renewable and distributed energy systems with broader energy
networks” in addition to IIJA-funded programs.networks” in addition to IIJA-funded programs.2225 OCED is also taking over DOE support for two OCED is also taking over DOE support for two
advanced nuclear reactor demonstration projects previously overseen by the DOE Office of advanced nuclear reactor demonstration projects previously overseen by the DOE Office of
Nuclear Energy. Nuclear Energy.
DOE DOE ~~is requesting $25 mil ion~~ requested $25 million in FY2023 for 90 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff for OCED in FY2023 for 90 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff for OCED
program direction. For FY2022, OCED received $20 program direction. For FY2022, OCED received $20 ~~mil ion~~million, in addition to $21.456 , in addition to $21.456 ~~bil ion~~
billion appropriated to OCED for FY2022-FY2026 by IIJA (seappropriated to OCED for FY2022-FY2026 by IIJA (see Table 1). IRA appropriated $5.812 . IRA appropriated $5.812
~~bil ion~~ billion for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-
~~FY2026.~~

~~21 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-~~
~~fy2023-budget-volume-3-lpo-v3.pdf.~~
~~22 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-~~
~~fy2023-budget-volume-3-oced-1.pdf.~~
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

FY2026. Table 1. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58)
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )

Program
FY2022
FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026
Total
Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
— —
355.0 355.0
Grants Program Grants Program
Long-Duration Demonstration Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative Initiative
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
— —
150.0 150.0
and Joint Program and Joint Program
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Advanced Reactor Demonstration
677.0 677.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
— —
2,477.0 2,477.0
Program Program
Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot
387.0 387.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
150.0 150.0
— —
937.0 937.0
~~Projects~~
~~Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects~~
~~937.0~~
~~500.0~~
~~500.0~~
~~600.0~~
—
~~2,537.0~~
~~Industrial Emission Demonstration~~
~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
~~150.0~~
~~150.0~~
—
~~500.0~~
~~Projects~~
~~Clean Energy Demonstration Program~~
~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
~~500.0~~
~~on Current and Former Mine Land~~
~~Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs~~
~~1,600.0~~
~~1,600.0~~
~~1,600.0~~
~~1,600.0~~
~~1,600.0~~
~~8,000.0~~
~~Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~5,000.0~~
~~and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency~~
~~Energy improvement in rural and remote~~
~~200.0~~
~~200.0~~
~~200.0~~
~~200.0~~
~~200.0~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~areas~~
~~Total~~
~~5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0~~
~~3% set-aside for program administration~~
~~153.8~~
~~132.8~~
~~134.3~~
~~135.8~~
~~87.0~~
~~643.7~~
Source: P.L. 117-58, Division J.
Notes: Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.
~~Proposed~~ Projects 24 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-3-lpo-v3.pdf. 25 DOE, FY 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 4, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-3-oced-1.pdf. Congressional Research Service 12 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Program FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026 Total Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects 937.0 500.0 500.0 600.0 — 2,537.0 Industrial Emission Demonstration 100.0 100.0 150.0 150.0 — 500.0 Projects Clean Energy Demonstration Program 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 500.0 on Current and Former Mine Land Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 8,000.0 Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 5,000.0 and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency Energy improvement in rural and remote 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1,000.0 areas Total 5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0 3% set-aside for program administration 153.8 132.8 134.3 135.8 87.0 643.7 Source: P.L. 117-58, Division J. Note: Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes. Increases in Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding
The DOE hydrogen program includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen The DOE hydrogen program includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen
work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of
end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2023 request for hydrogen end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2023 request for hydrogen
appropriations appropriations ~~totals $406 mil ion,~~ totaled $406 million, an increase of $76 an increase of $76 ~~mil ion~~ million (23%) over the FY2022 level. Most (23%) over the FY2022 level. Most
of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and FECM, with of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and FECM, with ~~smal er~~smaller amounts from Nuclear amounts from Nuclear
Energy and Science. DOE launched a “Hydrogen Shot” initiativeEnergy and Science. DOE launched a “Hydrogen Shot” initiative in June 2021—one of its in June 2021—one of its
“Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-up of emerging clean energy technologies—with a “Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-up of emerging clean energy technologies—with a
goal of making hydrogengoal of making hydrogen ~~commercial y available~~ , produced through electrolysis, commercially available at a cost of $1 for 1 kilogram in 1 decadeat a cost of $1 for 1 kilogram in 1 decade, not including delivery and dispensing. .
The House-passed The House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. 4660 draft explanatory statement and S. 4660 draft explanatory statement dodid not provide totals for the not provide totals for the
crosscutting hydrogen program. The House Appropriations Committee report directed DOE “to crosscutting hydrogen program. The House Appropriations Committee report directed DOE “to
continue to emphasize hydrogen production and the development of hydrogen refueling continue to emphasize hydrogen production and the development of hydrogen refueling
infrastructure nationwide to accelerate the adoption of zero-emission fuel infrastructure nationwide to accelerate the adoption of zero-emission fuel ~~cel~~ cell transportation.” transportation.”
The Senate draft explanatory statement supported DOE’s “continued coordination on hydrogen The Senate draft explanatory statement supported DOE’s “continued coordination on hydrogen
energy and fuel energy and fuel ~~cel~~ cell technologies in order to maximize the effectiveness of investments in technologies in order to maximize the effectiveness of investments in
hydrogen-related activities.” hydrogen-related activities.”
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The FY2023 explanatory statement directed DOE to spend at least $316 million for the hydrogen crosscut: $163 million from EERE, $113 million from FECM, $23 million from NE, and $17 million from the Office of Science. Those hydrogen activities are to be coordinated with the Office of Electricity, the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, and ARPA-E, according to the explanatory statement.
In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil ,~~ bill, IIJA IIJA
appropriated $9.500 appropriated $9.500 ~~bil ion~~ billion for three hydrogen- and fuel for three hydrogen- and fuel ~~cel~~ cell-related DOE programs-related DOE programs from FY2022 to FY2026 ($1.900 billion in FY2023). The largest . The largest
of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was
appropriated $8.000 appropriated $8.000 ~~bil ion~~ billion to support demonstration projects involving networks of clean to support demonstration projects involving networks of clean
hydrogen producers and consumers and the connecting infrastructure. DOE plans to select 6 to 10 hydrogen producers and consumers and the connecting infrastructure. DOE plans to select 6 to 10
hubs with combined total funding of an hubs with combined total funding of an Congressional Research Service 13 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations estimated $6-$7 billion, ~~estimated $6-$7 bil ion,~~ with a “preferred maximum” of with a “preferred maximum” of
$1.250 $1.250 ~~bil ion~~ billion per hub. The balance of the $8 per hub. The balance of the $8 ~~bil ion~~ billion appropriated for the hubs in the IIJA may be appropriated for the hubs in the IIJA may be
reserved for additional hubs or other supporting activities. reserved for additional hubs or other supporting activities.
(For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, (For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology Programs, by Martin C. Offutt.) , by Martin C. Offutt.)
Overall Level Funding for Weapons Activities
The FY2023 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities The FY2023 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities iswas 4% higher than the FY2022 enacted 4% higher than the FY2022 enacted
level ($16.486 level ($16.486 ~~bil ion~~billion vs. $15.920 vs. $15.920 ~~bil ion~~billion). Weapons Activities programs are carried out by the ). Weapons Activities programs are carried out by the
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within DOE. The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within DOE. The
House-passed House-passed ~~bil~~ bill included $16.333 included $16.333 ~~bil ion~~ billion for Weapons Activities (for Weapons Activities (-1% below the request), while 1% below the request), while
S. 4660 would provide $16.986 billion (3% above the request). S. 4660 would provide $16.986 billion (3% above the request).
The enacted amount was $17.116 billion, an increase of $1.196 billion (8%) over the FY2022 enacted level. Under Weapons Activities, the FY2023 budget request included funding for several major nuclear Under Weapons Activities, the FY2023 budget request included funding for several major nuclear
warhead life-extension programs (LEPs): warhead life-extension programs (LEPs):
 NNSA  NNSA ~~is requesting $672 mil ion~~ requested $672 million for the B61-12 LEP in FY2023, a decrease of for the B61-12 LEP in FY2023, a decrease of
$100 $100 ~~mil ion~~ million (-13%) from the FY2022 enacted amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine from the FY2022 enacted amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine
four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. Both the House-passed four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. Both the House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. and S.
~~4660 would provide~~4660 included the requested amount the requested amount, as did the enacted measure.  NNSA proposed $162 million .
~~ NNSA is seeking $162 mil ion~~ for the W88 Alteration in FY2023, a reduction of for the W88 Alteration in FY2023, a reduction of
$45 $45 ~~mil ion~~ million (-22%) from the FY2022 amount. The program is to upgrade the arming-from the FY2022 amount. The program is to upgrade the arming-
fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s conventional high fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s conventional high
explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5 (Trident) submarine-explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5 (Trident) submarine-
launched launched ~~bal istic~~ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Both the House-passed missiles (SLBMs). Both the House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. 4660 and S. 4660
~~would provide~~included the requested amount the requested amount, as did the enacted measure.  NNSA requested $1.122 billion.
~~ NNSA is requesting $1.122 bil ion~~ for the W80-4 in FY2023, an increase of $42 for the W80-4 in FY2023, an increase of $42
~~mil ion~~ million (4%) over the FY2021 level. This is the warhead for a new long-range cruise over the FY2021 level. This is the warhead for a new long-range cruise
missile. The LEP would seek to use common components from other LEPs and to missile. The LEP would seek to use common components from other LEPs and to
improve warhead safety and security. Both the House-passed improve warhead safety and security. Both the House-passed ~~bil~~ bill and S. and S. 4660 included~~4660~~
~~would provide~~ the requested amount the requested amount, which was also provided by the enacted measure.  NNSA requested $680 million .
~~ NNSA is requesting $680 mil ion~~ for the W87-1 warhead modification programfor the W87-1 warhead modification program for
~~for~~ FY2023, a decrease of $11 FY2023, a decrease of $11 ~~mil ion~~million (-2%) from FY2021. The Air Force plans to from FY2021. The Air Force plans to
deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based intercontinental deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based intercontinental ~~bal istic~~ballistic missile missile
(ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD). This would provide the (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD). This would provide the
Air Force with an alternative warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed. Both the Air Force with an alternative warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed. Both the
House-passed House-passed ~~bil and S. 4660 would provide the requested amount~~bill and S. 4660 included the requested amount, as did the enacted measure.  NNSA requested $241 million for the W93 warhead, which is a new design intended for deployment on ballistic missile submarines by 2040.26 The full amount was approved by the enacted measure. .
Both the House Appropriations Committee report and the S. 4660 draft Explanatory Statement Both the House Appropriations Committee report and the S. 4660 draft Explanatory Statement
expressed concerns about NNSA’s schedule for developing production capacity for plutonium expressed concerns about NNSA’s schedule for developing production capacity for plutonium
26 Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, “Fact Sheet: The W93 Warhead,” January 28, 2021, https://armscontrolcenter.org/the-w93-warhead. Congressional Research Service 14 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations pits, a central component of nuclear warheads. The House Committee report said, “The slip in pits, a central component of nuclear warheads. The House Committee report said, “The slip in
schedule for achieving a production rate of 50 plutonium pits per year at the Savannah River Site schedule for achieving a production rate of 50 plutonium pits per year at the Savannah River Site
is symptomatic of the lack of a fully mature, risk-informed integrated master schedule (IMS).” is symptomatic of the lack of a fully mature, risk-informed integrated master schedule (IMS).”
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~The S. 4660 draft explanatory statement would require~~The explanatory statement, echoing language in the draft report on S. 4660, directs NNSA to issue a two-site plan “covering NNSA to issue a two-site plan “covering
the entirety of the work required to produce 80 pits per year.” the entirety of the work required to produce 80 pits per year.”
NNSA announced the two-site strategy on February 9, 2023.27 Pit production is included under Primary Capability Modernization, which received an enacted appropriation of $3.144 billion, an increase of $476 million above the request. Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs ~~typical y~~typically closely track ~~track~~
the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs). The House passed the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs). The House passed
the NDAAthe NDAA for FY2023 on July 14, 2022 (H.R. 7900) and the Senate Armed Services Committee for FY2023 on July 14, 2022 (H.R. 7900) and the Senate Armed Services Committee
reported its version on July 18, 2022 (S. 4543reported its version on July 18, 2022 (S. 4543, S.Rept. 117-130). It was signed into law December 23, 2022 (P.L. 117-263). ).
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding
DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and
waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.252 waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.252 ~~bil ion~~billion request for EM request for EM
activities for FY2023 activities for FY2023 ~~is $754 mil ion~~ was $754 million (4%) above the FY2022 enacted level of $7.904 (4%) above the FY2022 enacted level of $7.904 ~~bil ion.~~ billion. The ~~The~~
House-passed House-passed ~~bil includes $7.880 bil ion~~bill included $7.880 billion for EM (nearly the same as FY2022), while S. for EM (nearly the same as FY2022), while S. 4660 would have provided $8.307 billion ~~4660~~
~~would provide $8.307 bil ion~~ (up 5% from FY2022).(up 5% from FY2022).
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, provided a total of $8.263 billion for EM programs, about the same as the request and up 5% from the FY2022 enacted amount. The primary budgetary component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental Cleanup The primary budgetary component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental Cleanup
account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For FY2023, the account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For FY2023, the
Administration Administration ~~is requesting~~requested $7.106 $7.106 ~~bil ion~~billion, 6% above the FY2022 enacted amount. The House-, 6% above the FY2022 enacted amount. The House-
passed passed ~~bil would provide $6.723 bil ion and S. 4660 $7.064 bil ion for that account~~bill and S. 4660 would have provided $6.723 billion and $7.064 billion, respectively, for that account, while the enacted measure provided $7.025 billion (5% above FY2022). For the Non-. For the Non-
Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear energy Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear energy
research sites, the request research sites, the request iswas $323 $323 ~~mil ion~~million, while the House-passed , while the House-passed ~~bil includes $334 mil ion and~~
~~S. 4660 $374 mil ion~~bill included $334 million and S. 4660 $374 million. The enacted measure provided $359 million, 7% above the FY2022 amount. The third component of the EM budget is . The third component of the EM budget is ~~Defense~~the Uranium Enrichment Uranium Enrichment
Decontamination and Decontamination and ~~Decommissioning~~Decommissioning Fund, for which the FY2023 request , for which the FY2023 request iswas $822 $822 ~~mil ion~~million, while the , while the
House-House-passed bill would have provided $823 million ~~passed bil would provide $823 mil ion~~ and S. 4660 $869 and S. 4660 $869 ~~mil ion. The funding consists of~~
~~a transfer from the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund,~~
million. The enacted measure provides $879 million, a 2% increase from FY2022. This fund was established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of
three federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposesthree federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposes~~. Those~~
~~facilities are~~, located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN. located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN.
The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup
milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are
enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the
completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individualcompletion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual ~~sites.~~
sites. 27 NNSA, “NNSA Approves Start of Construction for Plutonium Pit Production Subproject at Los Alamos National Laboratory,” February 9, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-approves-start-construction-plutonium-pit-production-subproject-los-alamos. Congressional Research Service 15 link to page 21 link to page 21 link to page 21 link to page 21 link to page 21 link to page 21 link to page 22 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations The House Appropriations Committee report criticized the Administration’s request for increasing The House Appropriations Committee report criticized the Administration’s request for increasing
Defense Environmental Cleanup funding for some sites at the expense of others, such as Hanford Defense Environmental Cleanup funding for some sites at the expense of others, such as Hanford
(WA) and Savannah River (SC). According to the committee report, “The recommendation (WA) and Savannah River (SC). According to the committee report, “The recommendation
continues to fund a balanced approach that sustains the momentum of ongoing cleanup activities continues to fund a balanced approach that sustains the momentum of ongoing cleanup activities
more consistently across more consistently across al all Department cleanup sites.” Department cleanup sites.”
Bill Status and Recent Funding History
Table 2 indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2023 Energy and Water Development indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2023 Energy and Water Development
appropriations. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/appropriations. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/
~~AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.)~~
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AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.) Table 2. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2023
Subcommittee
Markup

Final Approval

House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Public
House
Senate
Comm.
Passed
Comm.
Passed
Report
House
Senate
Law
6/21/22 6/21/22

None 6/28/22 6/28/22
7/20/22 7/20/22

None None None 12/23/22 12/22/22 12/29/22 Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table. CRS Appropriations Status Table.
~~Note~~Notes: The House Energy and Water Development The House Energy and Water Development appropriations bil was combined with five others for initial appropriations bil was combined with five others for initial
House passage (H.R. 8294). House passage (H.R. 8294).

Instead of a conference report, an explanatory statement was published in the Congressional Record on December 20, 2022. Table 3 includes budget totals for includes budget totals for regular (excluding supplementals) energy and water development appropriations enacted for energy and water development appropriations enacted for
FY2017 through FY2017 through ~~FY2022 and major stages of consideration for~~ FY2023. FY2023.
Table 3. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2017-FY2023
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~bil ions~~billions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) FY2017 FY2018 FY201 FY2020 )
~~FY2017~~
~~FY2018 FY2019~~
~~FY2020~~
FY2021 FY2022 FY2023
FY2023 FY2023
~~Request~~
~~House~~
FY2023 9 Request House S. 4660 Approp ~~S. 4660~~
38.38.9a
43. 43.3b
44. 44.7c
48. 48.4d
49.5 49.5
55.6e 55.6e
57.5 57.5
59.7 59.7
60.7 60.7
59.2 Source: Compiled Compiled by CRS fromby CRS from totals provided by congressionaltotals provided by congressional budget documents. budget documents.
Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities,Figures exclude permanent budget authorities, ~~scorekeeping adjustments, or rescissions~~ scorekeeping adjustments, rescissions, and emergency funding. .
a. Amount does not include $1.0 bil iona. Amount does not include $1.0 bil ion in emergencyin emergency funding for the USACEfunding for the USACE (P.L. 114-254). (P.L. 114-254).
b. Amount does not include $17.4 bil ion in emergency funding for USACE and DOE (P.L. 115-123). b. Amount does not include $17.4 bil ion in emergency funding for USACE and DOE (P.L. 115-123).
c. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L.c. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-20 ($3.3 bil ion for USACE and $16 116-20 ($3.3 bil ion for USACE and $16
mil ion mil ion for Reclamation). for Reclamation).
d. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. d. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-136. 116-136.
e. Does not include appropriations frome. Does not include appropriations from P.L.P.L. 117-58, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-169. Does not include budget 117-58, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-169. Does not include budget
scorekeeping scorekeeping adjustments. adjustments.
Description of Major Energy and Water Programs
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps includes four titles: Title I—Corps
of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central
Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown
iin Table 4. Major programs in the Major programs in the ~~bil~~ bill are described in this section in the approximate order they are described in this section in the approximate order they
Congressional Research Service 16 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 24 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations appear in the bill. ~~appear in the bil .~~ Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during
the major stages of the FY2023 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables, the major stages of the FY2023 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables,
and additionaland additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as
indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, seeindicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding
Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by ” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by
contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James , by James
~~M. Specht and Justin Murray.~~
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M. Specht and Justin Murray. Table 4. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2023~~
~~Title~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. 4660~~ FY2022 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 Title Approp Approp Approp Approp Request House S. 4660 Approp
Title I: Corps of Title I: Corps of
6,999 6,999
7,650 7,650
7,795 7,795
8,343 8,343
6,601 6,601
8,889 8,889
8,758 8,758
8,310 Engineers Engineers
Title II: CUP and Title II: CUP and
1,565 1,565
1,680 1,680
1,691 1,691
1,924 1,924
1,434 1,434
1,914 1,914
1,950 1,950
1,954 Reclamation Reclamation
Title III: Title III: ~~Department~~
35,709 35,709
38,657 38,657
39,625 39,625
44,856 44,856
49,004 49,004
48,340 48,340
49,495 49,495
48,445 Department of of Energy Energy
Title IV: Title IV: ~~Independent~~
390 390
407 407
414 414
454 454
508 508
521 521
482 482
494 Independent Agencies Agencies
General General provisions provisions
21 21
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— — —
Subtotal
44,684
48,395
49,525
55,576
57,548
59,664
60,685
~~Rescissions~~ 59,204 Rescissions and and
-24 -24
-71 -71
-73 -73
-2,704 -2,704
-2,018 -2,018
-3,389 -3,389
-3,140 -3,140 10,891
Scorekeeping Scorekeeping
Adjustmentsa Adjustmentsa
E&W Total
44,660
48,324
49,452
52,872
55,530
56,275
57,540
~~Sources:~~70,095 Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660 S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement;and draft explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-394;H.Rept. 117-394; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO
Estimate for H.R. 8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; Estimate for H.R. 8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications;
explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate ~~Appropriations Committee majority~~ Appropriations Committee majority draft;draft;
H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget FY2021; explanatory statement for DivisionH.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget FY2021; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, C of H.R. 1865,
116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-
929; and S.Rept. 115-258. Excludes emergency appropriations. Subtotals may include other adjustments. 929; and S.Rept. 115-258. Excludes emergency appropriations. Subtotals may include other adjustments.
Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments.
a. Budget “scorekeeping” refersa. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressionalto official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget budget
enforcement purposes. enforcement purposes. These scorekeepingThese scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissionsadjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues and offsetting revenues
from various sources.from various sources.
Agency Budget Justifications
FY2023 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water FY2023 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water
Development appropriations Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide can be found through the links below. The justifications provide
detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the
agencies’ jurisdiction. agencies’ jurisdiction.
 Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, http://www.usace.army.mil/  Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, http://www.usace.army.mil/
Missions/CivilWorks/Budget (se Missions/CivilWorks/Budget (see Table 5)
Congressional Research Service 17 link to page 27 link to page 28 link to page 40 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations  Title II (se Title II (see Table 7)
 Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget/  Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget/
 Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2022-cupca- Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2022-cupca-
budget-justification.pdf budget-justification.pdf
 Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2023-  Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2023-
budget-justification (se budget-justification (see Table 8)
 Title IV, Independent Agencies (  Title IV, Independent Agencies (seesee Table 1112)
 Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-  Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-
performance-and-policy performance-and-policy
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc- Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/ collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/
 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/  Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/
congressional-budget-requests congressional-budget-requests
 Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/  Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/
plans plans
Army Corps of Engineers
USACEUSACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian
responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water
Development appropriations Development appropriations ~~bil~~ bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains , USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains
water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk
reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.2328
In recent decades, Congress has In recent decades, Congress has ~~general y~~generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and
other activities in omnibus water authorization other activities in omnibus water authorization ~~bil s, typical y~~bills, typically titled as Water Resources titled as Water Resources
Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent
Congresses enacted Congresses enacted ~~the following~~ omnibus water resources authorization actsomnibus water resources authorization acts~~: in June~~ in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. (The latest WRDA was Title LXXXI of Division H of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, P.L. 117-263.)~~2014, the~~
~~Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA, P.L. 113-121); in December~~
~~2016, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016 (Title I of P.L. 114-322, the Water~~
~~Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act); in October 2018, the Water Resources~~
~~Development Act of 2018 (Title I of P.L. 115-270, America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018~~
~~[AWIA 2018]); and in December 2020, the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 (Division~~
~~AA of P.L. 116-260, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021).~~ These acts consisted largely of These acts consisted largely of
authorizations for new USACE projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies and authorizations for new USACE projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies and
procedures.procedures.2429
Unlike Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE
are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants. are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants.
Instead, USACE Instead, USACE ~~general y~~generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the
construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors. construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors.
Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited ~~congressional y~~congressionally directed funding of site- directed funding of site-
specific projects (i.e., specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to ). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to
specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-
FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without
28 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. 29 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. Congressional Research Service 18 link to page 24 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the
appropriations legislationappropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for
use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the
studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2) studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2)
the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022 and FY2023, Congress approved , Congress approved
earmarks in specified categoriesearmarks in specified categories ~~and has continued accepting earmark requests for FY2023. For~~
, in addition to providing additional funding for specific categories for USACE to allocate in work plans.30 For more information, see CRS Report R46320, more information, see CRS Report R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual
Appropriations Process, by Anna E. Normand , by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Table 5 shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2019 through FY2023. Table 5. Army Corps of Engineers (budget authority in millions of current dollars) FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 Program Approp Approp Approp Approp ~~and Nicole T. Carter.~~

~~23 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies~~
~~appropriations bill.~~
~~24 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322,~~ ~~Water Resources~~
~~Developm ent Acts: Prim er, by Nicole T . Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185,~~ ~~Arm y Corps of~~
~~Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T . Carter and Anna E. Normand.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

16

~~link to page 22~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Table 5 shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2019 through the FY2023 action.
~~Table 5. Army Corps of Engineers~~
~~(budget authority in mil ions of current dol ars)~~
~~FY2019~~
~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2023 FY2023~~
~~Program~~
~~Approp. Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. 4660~~
Request House S. 4660 Approp Investigations Investigations
125.0 125.0
151.0 151.0
153.0 153.0
143.0 143.0
105.9 105.9
160.0 160.0
165.7 165.7
172.5 Construction Construction
2,183.0 2,183.0
2,681.0 2,681.0
2,692.6 2,692.6
2,492.8 2,492.8
1,221.3 1,221.3
2,475.2 2,475.2
2,159.6 2,159.6
1,808.8 Mississippi Mississippi
368.0 368.0
375.0 375.0
380.0 380.0
370.0 370.0
225.0 225.0
350.0 350.0
373.1 373.1
370.0 River and River and
Tributaries Tributaries
(MR&T) (MR&T)
Operation and Operation and
3,739.5 3,739.5
3,790.0 3,790.0
3,849.7 3,849.7
4,570.0 4,570.0
2,599.1 2,599.1
5,153.0 5,153.0
5,131.6 5,131.6
5,078.5 Maintenance Maintenance
(O&M) (O&M)
Regulatory Regulatory
200.0 200.0
210.0 210.0
210.0 210.0
212.0 212.0
210.0 210.0
213.0 213.0
213.0 213.0
218.0 General General
193.0 193.0
203.0 203.0
206.0 206.0
208.0 208.0
200.0 200.0
212.0 212.0
215.0 215.0
215.0 Expenses Expenses
FUSRAP FUSRAP
150.0 150.0
200.0 200.0
250.0 250.0
300.0 300.0
250.0 250.0
278.3 278.3
450.0 450.0
400.0 Flood Control Flood Control
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 and Coastal and Coastal
Emergencies Emergencies
(FCCE) (FCCE)
Office of the Office of the
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 Asst. Secretary Asst. Secretary
of the Army of the Army
WIFIA WIFIA

— — 14.2 14.2
7.2 7.2
10.0 10.0
7.2 7.2
10.0 10.0
7.2 Programb Harbor — — — — 1,726.0a — — — Maintenance Trust Fund 30 USACE work plans are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance”, at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. Congressional Research Service 19 link to page 25 link to page 25 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 FY2023 Program Approp Approp Approp Approp Request House S. 4660 Approp Inland — — — — 13.8a — — — ~~Programb~~
~~Harbor~~

~~1,726.0a~~

~~Maintenance~~
~~Trust Fund~~
~~Inland~~

~~13.8a~~

Waterways Waterways
Trust Fund Trust Fund
Rescissions Rescissions

— — -0.5 -0.5

— — — — — Total Title I
6,998.5
7,650.0
7,795.0
8,343.0
6,601.0
8,888.7
8,758.0
~~Sources:~~ 8,310 Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement;and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R. explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R.
8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; USACE Civil8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; USACE Civil ~~Works~~ Works FY2022 Budget; explanatory statement for FY2022 Budget; explanatory statement for
H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate AppropriationsH.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations ~~Committee majority~~ Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449;
President’sPresident’s Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for ~~Division~~ Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102;
S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83;S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 Budget Justification; H.Rept. 115-929; FY2020 Budget Justification; H.Rept. 115-929;
S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. FY2020 and S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. FY2020 and
FY2021 request numbers can be found at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/.FY2021 request numbers can be found at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
a. In the Administration’sa. In the Administration’s request, somerequest, some activities that would have previously been funded in these accounts activities that would have previously been funded in these accounts
were proposed to be funded directly were proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland
Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is,Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administrationthe Administration proposed funding eligibleproposed funding eligible USACE USACE
activities directlyactivities directly from the trust funds. This would have replaced the current practice of having USACE’s from the trust funds. This would have replaced the current practice of having USACE’s
O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligibleO&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and IWTF-eligibleand IWTF-eligible activities, and ~~activities, and~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

17

~~link to page 23~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

for these expenses to be reimbursedfor these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible
maintenance dredging would no longermaintenance dredging would no longer have been funded by the O&M account and reimbursedhave been funded by the O&M account and reimbursed by the by the
HMTF; instead the dredging would have been funded directlyHMTF; instead the dredging would have been funded directly from the HMTF account. The proposal was from the HMTF account. The proposal was
not included in the enacted measure,not included in the enacted measure, and similarand similar proposals also wereproposals also were not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, and not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, and
FY2021. FY2021.
b. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for b. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for
the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
(WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L.(WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). 113-121).
In addition to the regular appropriations In addition to the regular appropriations ~~that would be provided by the Administration’s FY2023~~
~~budget request, USACE received $1.080 bil ion in appropriations for FY2023 in the~~for FY2023, USACE received the following FY2023 supplemental appropriations:  $1.480 billion in Division N of P.L. 117-328, as shown in Table 6;  $1.080 billion in IIJA (P.L. ~~IIJA (P.L.~~
117-58), as shown 117-58), as shown inin Table 6; and  $20 million in the FY2023 continuing resolution (P.L. 117-180). Table 6. Additional FY2023 Appropriations for USACE (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Account IIJA Division N FY2023 Approp FY2023 Approp Investigations 30.0 5.0 Construction 50.0 558.5a Mississippi River and Tributaries — 15.5 Operation and Maintenance 1,000.0 376.8b Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies — 519.2 General Expenses — 5.0 Totals 1,080.0 1,480.0 Congressional Research Service 20 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Source: Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) and Division N of P.L. 117-328. Notes: USACE spending information for IIJA and other supplemental appropriations are available at “USACE Supplemental Program,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/. The majority of USACE appropriations provided by Division N of P.L. 117-328 were limited to flood response and recovery for areas affected by natural disasters; exceptions are footnoted. a. $297.2 mil ion under Construction is for certain types of authorized projects regardless of disaster impacts. USACE allocated this funding in the FY2023 Construction work plan at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. b. $52.8 mil ion under Operation and Maintenance is for certain types of authorized projects regardless of disaster impacts. USACE allocated this funding in the FY2023 Operation and Maintenance work plan at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project Table 6. ~~The FY2023 CR also includes $20 mil ion for FY2023.~~
~~Table 6. Additional FY2023 Appropriations for USACE~~
~~Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), budget authority in mil ions of current dol ars~~
~~Program~~
~~IIJA FY2023~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Investigations~~
~~30.0~~
~~Construction~~
~~50.0~~
~~Operation and Maintenance~~
~~1,000.0~~
~~Totals~~
~~1,080.0~~
Source: Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58).
~~Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project~~
Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the
assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACEassistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACE built hundreds of flood control and built hundreds of flood control and
navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for
irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved
into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the
environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal
and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970. and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970.
Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300 Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300
storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 ~~mil ion~~million
acres of farmland and 31 acres of farmland and 31 ~~mil ion~~million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in
the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation. the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation.
Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits. Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits.
Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and
wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions. wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions.
As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project funding lines, project funding lines,
rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements. rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements.
Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark
disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering
of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 and FY2023, the rules again of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 and FY2023, the rules again
~~al owed congressional y~~allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects. directed funding for specific Reclamation projects.
Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s
traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 24~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.2531 Reclamation also Reclamation also ~~typical y~~typically requests funds in a requests funds in a
number of number of ~~smal er~~smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years. accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years.
Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by
a separate office within the Department of the Interior.a separate office within the Department of the Interior.2632 31 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern. 32 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For more information, see the CUP website at https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=498. Congressional Research Service 21 link to page 27 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and , by Charles V. Stern. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and
approved during the major stages of the FY2023 appropriations process are shown iapproved during the major stages of the FY2023 appropriations process are shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023 FY2023
FY2023
Program
Approp
Approp
Approp
~~Approp~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. 4660~~
~~Water and Related~~
Approp Request House S. 4660 Approp Water and 1,392.0 1,392.0
1,512.2 1,512.2
1,521.1 1,521.1
1,747.1 1,747.1
1,270.4 1,270.4
1,749.1 1,749.1
1,784.9 1,784.9
1,787.2 Related Resources Resources
Policy and Policy and ~~Administration~~
61.0 61.0
60.0 60.0
60.0 60.0
64.4 64.4
65.1 65.1
63.1 63.1
65.1 65.1
~~CVP Restoration Fund~~65.1 Administration CVP
62.0 62.0
54.8 54.8
55.9 55.9
56.5 56.5
45.8 45.8
45.8 45.8
45.8 45.8
45.8 Restoration Fund (CVPRF) (CVPRF)
Calif. Bay-Delta Calif. Bay-Delta ~~(CALFED)~~
35.0 35.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 (CALFED) Gross Current
1,550.0
1,660.0
1,670.0
1,901.0
1,414.2
1,891.0
1,928.8 1,931.0
Reclamation Authority
Central Utah Central Utah ~~Project~~
15.0 15.0
20.0 20.0
21.0 21.0
23.0 23.0
20.0 20.0
23.0 23.0
21.0 21.0
23.0 Project (CUP) Completion(CUP) Completion
Total, ~~Reclamation~~
1,565.0
1,680.0
1,691.0
1,924.0
1,434.2
1,914.0
1,949.8 1,954.0 Reclamation
and CUP
Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R. and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R.
8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; Reclamation and CUP FY2022 congressional8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; Reclamation and CUP FY2022 congressional budget budget
justifications,justifications, explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee
~~majority~~ majority draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for Divisiondraft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for Division C of C of
H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102;H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83;H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 FY2020
Budget Justifications; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and Budget Justifications; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and
explanatory statement. Excludes offsets and permanent appropriations.explanatory statement. Excludes offsets and permanent appropriations.
~~Notes~~ Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central ~~Val ey~~Valley Project. Project.
Additional Funding
For FY2023, the IIJA provides $1.660 For FY2023, the IIJA provides $1.660 ~~bil ion~~billion for Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources for Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources
account. account. (For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand.) IRA also appropriated additional funds IRA also appropriated additional funds in FY2022 for Reclamation: $4.000 for Reclamation: $4.000 ~~bil ion~~ billion for drought for drought
mitigation, availablemitigation, available through FY2026; $550 through FY2026; $550 ~~mil ion~~ million for disadvantaged communities, available for disadvantaged communities, available
through FY2031; $25 through FY2031; $25 ~~mil ion~~ million for projects to cover water conveyance facilities with solar panels, for projects to cover water conveyance facilities with solar panels,
~~available~~ available through FY2031; and $13 through FY2031; and $13 ~~mil ion~~ million for drought relief actions to mitigate drought impacts for drought relief actions to mitigate drought impacts
for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project, available for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project, available through FY2031. Congressional Research Service 22 link to page 28 link to page 30 link to page 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Department of Energy The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all ~~through FY2031.~~

~~25 T he Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and~~
~~distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on~~
~~federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844,~~ ~~The~~
~~Reclam ation Fund: A Prim er, by Charles V. Stern.~~
~~26 T he Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the~~
~~Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For~~
~~more information, see the CUP website at https://www.cupcao.gov/.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

19

~~link to page 25 link to page 27 link to page 27~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand.
~~Department of Energy~~
~~The Energy and Water Development appropriations bil has funded al~~ DOE programs since DOE programs since
FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1) FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1)
R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science; Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science;
(5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation (5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation
programsprograms.. Table 8 provides the recent funding history for DOE programs, which are briefly provides the recent funding history for DOE programs, which are briefly
described further below. described further below.
Table 8. Department of Energy
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars)~~
~~FY2019~~
dollars) FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023 FY2023
FY2023
~~Approp.~~
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
House
S. 4660
~~ENERGY~~

Approp. Energy Programs

~~PROGRAMS~~
Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency and
2, 2,~~379.0~~
2,790.0 790.0
2,861.8 2,861.8
3,200.0 3,200.0
4,018.9 4,018.9
4,016.0 4,016.0
3,799.0 3,799.0
3,460.0 Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Electricity Deliver Electricity Deliverya
~~156.0~~
190.0 190.0
211.7 211.7
277.0 277.0
297.4 297.4
350.0 350.0
362.0 362.0
350.0 Cybersecurity,Cybersecurity, Energy Energy
~~120.0~~
156.0 156.0
156.0 156.0
185.8 185.8
202.1 202.1
205.0 205.0
202.1 202.1
200.0 Security, and Security, and
Emergency Responsea Emergency Responsea
Nuclear Nuclear ~~Energyb~~
~~1,326.1~~Energyb
1,493.4 1,493.4
1,507.6 1,507.6
1,654.8 1,654.8
1,675.1 1,675.1
1,779.8 1,779.8
1,765.6 1,765.6
~~Fossil Energy and~~
~~740.0~~1,473.0 Fossil Energy and
750.0 750.0
750.0 750.0
825.0 825.0
893.2 893.2
875.0 875.0
880.0 880.0
890.0 Carbon Management Carbon Management
Energy Projects Energy Projects

117.3 117.3
109.8 109.8
222.0 Naval PetroleumNaval Petroleum and and
~~10.0~~
14.0 14.0
13.0 13.0
13.7 13.7
13.0 13.0
13.0 13.0
13.0 13.0
13.0 Oil Shale Reserves Oil Shale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum Strategic Petroleum
~~245.0~~
205.0 205.0
189.0 189.0
226.4 226.4
222.2 222.2
222.2 222.2
60.5 60.5
-1,844.7 Reservec Reservec
Northeast Home Northeast Home
~~10.0~~
10.0 10.0
6.5 6.5
6.5 6.5
7.0 7.0
7.0 7.0
7.0 7.0
7.0 Heating Oil Reserve Heating Oil Reserve
Energy Information Energy Information
~~125.0~~
126.8 126.8
126.8 126.8
129.1 129.1
144.5 144.5
144.5 144.5
144.0 144.0
135.0 Administration Administration
Non-Defense Non-Defense
~~310.0~~
319.2 319.2
319.2 319.2
333.9 333.9
323.3 323.3
333.9 333.9
373.6 373.6
358.6 Environmental Cleanup Environmental Cleanup
Uranium Enrichment Uranium Enrichment
~~841.1~~
881.0 881.0
841.0 841.0
860.0 860.0
822.4 822.4
823.3 823.3
869.0 869.0
879.1 Decontamination and Decontamination and
DecommissioningDecommissioning Fund Fund
Science Science
~~6,585.0~~
7,000.0 7,000.0
7,026.0 7,026.0
7,475.0 7,475.0
7,799.2 7,799.2
8,000.5 8,000.5
8,100.0 8,100.0
8,100.0 Office of Technology Office of Technology

19.5 19.5
21.6 21.6
23.1 23.1
21.6 21.6
22.1 Transitions Transitions
Office of Clean Energy Office of Clean Energy

20.0 20.0
214.1 214.1
189.0 189.0
150.0 150.0
~~Demonstration~~89.0 Demonstrations
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations

~~FY2019~~
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023 FY2023
FY2023
~~Approp.~~
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
House
S. 4660
Approp. Defense Production Defense Production

105.0 105.0
500.0 500.0
0 Act DomesticAct Domestic Clean Clean
Energy Accelerator Energy Accelerator
Federal Federal Energy Energy

169.7 169.7

Management Program Management Program
Grid Deployment Grid Deployment

240.2 240.2

Office Office
Office of Office of ~~Manufacturing~~

27.4 27.4

Manufacturing and Energy Supply and Energy Supply
Chains Chains
Office of State and Office of State and

726.9 726.9

Community Programs Community Programs
Advanced Research Advanced Research
~~366.0~~
425.0 425.0
427.0 427.0
450.0 450.0
700.2 700.2
550.0 550.0
570.4 570.4
470.0 Projects Agency—Projects Agency—
Energy (ARPA-E) Energy (ARPA-E)
Nuclear Waste Nuclear Waste

27.5 27.5
27.5 27.5
10.2 10.2
10.2 10.2
10.2 10.2
10.2 Disposal Disposal
Departmental Admin. Departmental Admin.
~~165.9~~
161.0 161.0
166.0 166.0
240.0 240.0
397.2 397.2
290.6 290.6
257.3 257.3
283.0 (net) (net)
Office of Inspector Office of Inspector
~~51.3~~
54.2 54.2
57.7 57.7
78.0 78.0
106.8 106.8
92.0 92.0
92.0 92.0
86.0 General General
Office of Indian Energy Office of Indian Energy
1822.0 .0
22.0 22.0
2258.0 .0
58150.0 .0
~~150~~75.0 .0
75110.0 .0
~~110~~75.0 .0
Advanced Technology Advanced Technology
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
~~5.0~~9.8
9.8 9.8
9.8 9.8
9.8 9.8
Vehicles Vehicles Manufacturing Manufacturing
(ATVM) Loans (ATVM) Loans
ATVM Rescission ATVM Rescission of of

-1,903.0 -1,903.0

Emergency Funding Emergency Funding
Title 17 Loan Title 17 Loan
1829.0 .0
29.0 29.0
29.0 29.0
~~29.0~~
~~206~~206.2 31.2 .2
31.2 31.2
31.2 31.2
Guarantee Guarantee
Title 17 Rescission Title 17 Rescission of of

-363.0 -363.0

Emergency Funding Emergency Funding
Tribal Energy Loan Tribal Energy Loan
~~1.0~~
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
1.9 1.9
10.0 10.0
10.0 10.0
~~Guarantee~~
~~TOTAL, ENERGY~~
~~13,472.4~~4.0 Guarantee Total, Energy
14,633.6
12,444.8
16,116.0 19,400.3 18,273.4
18,448.0
~~PROGRAMS~~
~~Weapons Activities~~
~~11,100.0~~
~~12,457.1~~
15,323.2 Programs Weapons Activities 12,457.1 15,345.0 15,345.0
15,920.0 15,920.0
16,486.3 16,486.3
16,333.1 16,333.1
16,986.3 16,986.3
~~Nuclear~~
~~1,930.0~~17,116.1 Nuclear
2,164.4 2,164.4
2,260.0 2,260.0
2,354.0 2,354.0
2,346.3 2,346.3
2,424.0 2,424.0
2,538.0 2,538.0
2,490.0 Nonproliferation Nonproliferation
Naval Reactors Naval Reactors
~~1,788.6~~
1,648.4 1,648.4
1,684.0 1,684.0
1,918.0 1,918.0
2,081.5 2,081.5
2,000.0 2,000.0
2,081.5 2,081.5
2,081.5 Office of Admin./ Office of Admin./
~~410.0~~
434.7 434.7
443.2 443.2
464.0 464.0
496.4 496.4
475.0 475.0
496.4 496.4
~~Salaries~~ 475.0 Salaries and Expenses and Expenses
Total, NNSA
~~15,228.6~~
~~16,704.6~~ 16,704.6 19,732.2
20,656.0 21,410.4 21,232.1
22,102.1
~~Defense Environmental~~
~~6,024.0~~22,162.6 Defense
6,255.0 6,255.0
6,426.0 6,426.0
6,710.0 6,710.0
7,105.9 7,105.9
6,722.5 6,722.5
7,064.1 7,064.1
7,025.0 Environmental Cleanup Cleanup
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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~~Energy~~ link to page 30 link to page 31 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 ~~Appropriations~~

~~FY2019~~ Appropriations
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023 FY2023
FY2023
~~Approp.~~
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
House
S. 4660
Approp. Defense Uranium Defense Uranium

573.3 573.3

823.3 823.3
579.0 579.0
586.0 Enrichment D&D Enrichment D&D
Other Defense Other Defense
~~860.3~~
906.0 906.0
920.0 920.0
985.0 985.0
978.4 978.4
1,027.6 1,027.6
1,040.2 1,040.2
~~Activities~~
~~TOTAL, DEFENSE~~
~~22,112.9~~1,035.0 Activities Total, Defense
23,865.6
27,078.2
28,924.3 29,494.6 29,805.5
30,785.5
~~ACTIVITIES~~
~~Southwestern~~
~~10.4~~30,808.6 Activities Southwestern
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.6 10.6
10.6 10.6
10.6 10.6
~~Western~~
~~89.4~~10.6 Western
89.2 89.2
89.4 89.4
90.8 90.8
98.7 98.7
98.7 98.7
98.7 98.7
98.7 Falcon and Amistad Falcon and Amistad
0.2 0.2
~~0.2~~
~~0.2~~
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
O&M O&M
~~TOTAL~~Total, PMAs
~~100.0~~
99.8
100.0
101.4
109.6
109.6
109.6
~~General provisions~~
109.6 General provisions
-12.7 -12.7
-2.0 -2.0
-286.1 -286.1

2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
~~DOE total~~
~~35,708.9~~2.0 DOE Total
38,657.2
39,625.0
44,855.6 49,004.4 48,340.4
49,495.1
~~appropriations~~
~~Offsets and adjustments~~
~~-23.6~~48,445.4 Appropriations Offsets and
-70.9 -70.9

-150.0 -150.0
-150.0 -150.0
~~Total, DOE~~
~~35,685.3~~
-2,200.0 adjustments Total, DOE 38,586.3
39,625.0
44,855.6 49,004.4 48,190.4
49,345.0
~~Sources:~~46,243.4 Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660 S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R. and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R.
8294;8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; DOE FY2022 S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; DOE FY2022 ~~congressional~~ congressional budget justification, explanatory budget justification, explanatory
statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committeestatement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee ~~majority~~ majority draft; H.R. 7617; draft; H.R. 7617;
H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for DivisionH.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress;Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept.
115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. AI = Artificial Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. AI = Artificial ~~Intel igence~~ Intelligence. .
a. The Office of Electricity Deliverya. The Office of Electricity Delivery and the Office of Cybersecurity,and the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Energy Security, and Emergency
Response were created from the former Response were created from the former Office of Electric DeliveryOffice of Electric Delivery and Energy Reliabilityand Energy Reliability in FY2019. in FY2019.
b. Includes appropriations under defense budget function. b. Includes appropriations under defense budget function.
c. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reservec. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve ~~Petroleum Account.~~
~~In addition to the regular appropriations currently under congressional consideration~~ Petroleum Account and rescissions. As well as the regular appropriations enacted for FY2023, DOE ~~, DOE~~
received additional FY2023 appropriations from IIJA as shown inreceived additional FY2023 appropriations from IIJA as shown in ~~Table 9.~~
Table 9. Additional appropriations are also available to DOE from IRA, beginning in FY2022 as shown in Table 10. Additional amounts for FY2023 were appropriated by Division M and N of P.L. 117-328, as shown in Table 11. Table 9. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IIJA
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
Program
IIJA FY2023
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
2,221.8 2,221.8
Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response Energy Security, and Emergency Response
100.0 100.0
Electricity Electricity
1,610.0 1,610.0
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy
1,200.0 1,200.0
Fossil Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Energy and Carbon Management
1,444.5 1,444.5
Congressional Research Service 25 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Program IIJA FY2023 Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program
2,097.0 2,097.0
Account Account
Office of Clean Energy Office of Clean Energy ~~Demonstration~~
~~4,426.3~~
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~Program~~
~~IIJA FY2023~~
Demonstrations 4,426.3 Total
13,099.6
Source: H.Rept. 117-394. H.Rept. 117-394.
Table 10. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IRA
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
Program
IRA section
Approp.
Fiscal years
Home Home Energy Efficiency Rebates Energy Efficiency Rebates
50121 50121
4,300 FY2022-FY2031 4,300 FY2022-FY2031
Home Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, States Electric Efficiency Rebates, States
50122 50122
4,275 FY2022-FY2031 4,275 FY2022-FY2031
Home Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes
50122 50122
225 FY2022-FY2031 225 FY2022-FY2031
Home Home Efficiency Contractor Training Grants Efficiency Contractor Training Grants
50123 50123
200 FY2022-FY2031 200 FY2022-FY2031
Building Energy Code Adoption Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(b) 50131(b)
330 FY2022-FY2029 330 FY2022-FY2029
Building Energy Code Adoption Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(c) 50131(c)
670 FY2022-FY2029 670 FY2022-FY2029
Title 17 Loan Guarantees Title 17 Loan Guarantees
50141 50141
3,600 FY2022-FY2026 3,600 FY2022-FY2026
ATVM Loans ATVM Loans
50142 50142
3,000 FY2022-FY2028 3,000 FY2022-FY2028
Domestic Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grants Manufacturing Conversion Grants
50143 50143
2,000 FY2022-FY2031 2,000 FY2022-FY2031
Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment
50144 50144
5,000 FY2022-FY2026 5,000 FY2022-FY2026
Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees
50145 50145
75 FY2022-FY2028 75 FY2022-FY2028
Electric Transmission Electric Transmission ~~Facility~~ Facility Financing Financing
50151 50151
2,000 FY2022-FY2030 2,000 FY2022-FY2030
Transmission Transmission Line Siting Grants Line Siting Grants
50152 50152
760 FY2022-FY2029 760 FY2022-FY2029
Offshore Wind Planning Offshore Wind Planning
50153 50153
100 FY2022-FY2031 100 FY2022-FY2031
Advanced Industrial Facilities Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment Deployment
50161 50161
5,812 FY2022-FY2026 5,812 FY2022-FY2026
Inspector General Inspector General
50171 50171
20 FY2022-FY2031 20 FY2022-FY2031
National Laboratory Infrastructure National Laboratory Infrastructure
50172 50172
FY2022-FY2027 FY2022-FY2027
Office of Science Office of Science
50172(a) 50172(a)

Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects

133.2 133.2
High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment

303.7 303.7
Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment

280.0 280.0
Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment

217.0 217.0
Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities

163.8 163.8
Basic Energy Sciences Projects Basic Energy Sciences Projects

294.5 294.5
Isotope Research and Development Isotope Research and Development Facilities Facilities

157.8 157.8
Office of Fossil Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Energy and Carbon Management
50172(b) 50172(b)
150 150
Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Nuclear Energy
50172(c) 50172(c)
150 150
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
50172(d) 50172(d)
150 150
~~Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium~~
~~50173~~
~~700 FY2022-FY2026~~
~~DOE Total~~

~~35,067~~
Source: P.L. 117-169.
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Congressional Research Service 26 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Program IRA section Approp. Fiscal years Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium 50173 700 FY2022-FY2026 DOE Total 35,067 Source: P.L. 117-169. Table 11. Additional FY2023 Funding for DOE in Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328 (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program Division M Division N Total Nuclear Energy Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability 100.0 Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program 60.0 National Reactor Innovation Center 20.0 Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations 120.0 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Ukraine-related activities) 125.3 Electricity (Puerto Rico electricity grid resilience) 1,000.0 Western Area Power Administration 520.0 Total 425.3 1,520.0 1,945.3 Source: P.L. 117-328, Divisions M and N.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and
development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and
manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable
energy. EERE also administers formula grants to states. energy. EERE also administers formula grants to states.
The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency, The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency,
hydrogen and fuel hydrogen and fuel ~~cel s~~cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several , and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several
goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery ~~cel~~ cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal cost to achieve cost parity with internal
combustion engines” and “eliminatingcombustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and
graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks, graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks,
according to the FY2023 DOE budget justification.according to the FY2023 DOE budget justification.2733
Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and
geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-
temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial
processes. In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses processes. In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses
on improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of on improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of
energy-related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space energy-related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space
conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. The conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. The
energy efficiency program provides two types of formula grants to states: weatherization grants energy efficiency program provides two types of formula grants to states: weatherization grants
33 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 EERE, p. 5, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-eere-v2.pdf. Congressional Research Service 27 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations for improving the energy efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning for improving the energy efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning
grants. grants.
For more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, For more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, The Weatherization
Assistance Program Formula, by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham. , by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham.
Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability
The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal
government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—
whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office
conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security
guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency
preparedness and response. preparedness and response.
The Office of Electricity (OE) “leads the Department’s efforts in developing new technologies to The Office of Electricity (OE) “leads the Department’s efforts in developing new technologies to
strengthen, transform, and improve electricity delivery infrastructure so consumers have access to strengthen, transform, and improve electricity delivery infrastructure so consumers have access to
resilient, secure, and clean sources of electricity.”resilient, secure, and clean sources of electricity.”2834 OE uses a model of North American energy OE uses a model of North American energy
vulnerabilitiesvulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other energy infrastructure needs. Other activities for analyzing transmission and other energy infrastructure needs. Other activities
include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage, integrating electric power system sensing include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage, integrating electric power system sensing
~~technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy issues.~~

~~27 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 EERE, p. 5, https://www.energy.gov/sites/~~
~~default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-eere-v2.pdf.~~
~~28 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 OE, p. 2, https://www.energy.gov/sites/~~
~~default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-oe-v2.pdf.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

24

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy issues. Nuclear Energy
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency
and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of
advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. The FY2023 DOE advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. The FY2023 DOE
budget justification budget justification ~~cal s~~called NE “a key element of the President’s plan to put the United States (U.S.) NE “a key element of the President’s plan to put the United States (U.S.)
on a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.”on a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.”2935
The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including
advanced advanced ~~smal~~ small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing
commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors, commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors,
as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are ~~general y~~generally classified classified
as generations II and III. as generations II and III.
The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste
management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of
technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into
stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the
development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle
options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for
weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU), weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU),
in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential
use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-
shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see
34 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 OE, p. 2, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-oe-v2.pdf. 35 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 Nuclear Energy, p. 1, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-ne.pdf. Congressional Research Service 28 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations CRS Report R45706, CRS Report R45706, Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues, by , by
~~Daniel e~~Danielle A. Arostegui and Mark Holt. A. Arostegui and Mark Holt.
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Deployment program (FECM) was formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and Deployment program (FECM) was formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and
Development program. It has Development program. It has ~~historical y~~historically supported research related to coal, natural gas, and supported research related to coal, natural gas, and
petroleum,petroleum,3036 including a major focus area on the development of carbon capture and storage including a major focus area on the development of carbon capture and storage
technologies for use on coal-fired power plants. The program also supports operations at the technologies for use on coal-fired power plants. The program also supports operations at the
National Energy Technology Laboratory. National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Under the Biden Administration, FECM has shifted its focus to what it Under the Biden Administration, FECM has shifted its focus to what it ~~cal s~~calls carbon management carbon management
technologies: carbon capture, carbon utilization, geologic storage of carbon dioxide, and carbon technologies: carbon capture, carbon utilization, geologic storage of carbon dioxide, and carbon
removal. FECM’s current carbon capture research focuses on natural gas-fired power plants and removal. FECM’s current carbon capture research focuses on natural gas-fired power plants and
applications outside the power sector, in line with congressional direction provided in the Energy applications outside the power sector, in line with congressional direction provided in the Energy
Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) and other recent laws. FECM also focuses on research Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) and other recent laws. FECM also focuses on research
into producing hydrogen from fossil fuels and using hydrogen in the power sector. into producing hydrogen from fossil fuels and using hydrogen in the power sector.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
and Carbon Removal Programs, by Ashley J. Lawson, CRS In Focus IF12163, , by Ashley J. Lawson, CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of
Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs, by Martin C. Offutt, and , by Martin C. Offutt, and

~~29 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 4 Nuclear Energy, p. 1,~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-4-ne.pdf.~~
~~30 T he Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon~~
~~Management in 2021. T his name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations~~
~~process. See DOE, “ Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-~~
~~name-also-new-vision.~~
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CRS Report R44902, CRS Report R44902, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States, by Angela , by Angela
C. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson. C. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)
Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42 Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42
U.S.C. §U.S.C. §§6201 et seq.), the SPR 6201 et seq.), the SPR ~~fulfil s~~fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic
impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an
International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral, voluntary agreement subject to international International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral, voluntary agreement subject to international
law. Currently, the SPR consists of a government-owned crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana law. Currently, the SPR consists of a government-owned crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana
and a and a ~~smal er~~smaller gasoline reserve in several northeastern states gasoline reserve in several northeastern states ~~that is~~ leased from commercial leased from commercial
storage operators. storage operators.
Since the SPR was established, Since the SPR was established, ~~its crude oil stocks have been used~~various administrations directed crude oil drawdowns on four occasions in response on four occasions in response
to emergency oil supply disruptions. During FY2022, emergency SPR authorities to emergency oil supply disruptions. During FY2022, emergency SPR authorities ~~were activated~~
aimed to address to address anticipated oil supply disruptions following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine. The Biden oil supply disruptions following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine. The Biden
~~Administration announced plans to release up to 190 mil ion barrels, the largest~~Administration released 180 million barrels during FY2022, the largest ever emergency SPR emergency SPR
release.release.3137 More frequently, More frequently, ~~SPR authorities have been used~~DOE uses SPR authorities to exchange crude oil with refiners to exchange crude oil with refiners
following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional supply disruption events.following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional supply disruption events.3238 The The
Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has never Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has never been utilized. 36 The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-name-also-new-vision. 37 CRS Insight IN11916, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022, by Phillip Brown; DOE, “SPR Quick Facts,” https://www.energy.gov/ceser/spr-quick-facts. 38 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed Congressional Research Service 29 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations ~~been utilized.~~
Because of limited Because of limited ~~utilization~~ utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptionsin response to emergency oil supply disruptions prior to the 2022 Ukraine war, growing U.S. , growing U.S.
crude oil production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—one key metric used to crude oil production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—one key metric used to
determine IEP emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring DOE to draw down determine IEP emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring DOE to draw down
~~and sel~~ and sell SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. ~~Since~~Between 2015 and 2021 ~~2015~~, Congress , Congress ~~has~~ enacted enacted
eight laws mandating the sale of 358.6 eight laws mandating the sale of 358.6 ~~mil ion~~ million barrels of crude oil. barrels of crude oil. ~~Additional y, Congress has~~
~~required DOE to sel approximately $1.5 bil ion~~ Congress cancelled 140 million barrels of these mandated sales in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023. Additionally, Congress required DOE to sell approximately $1.5 billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR
modernization program.modernization program.3339
Science
The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific
computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy
sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2023 budget sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2023 budget
justification, the Office of Science “is the Nation’s largest Federal sponsor of basic research in the justification, the Office of Science “is the Nation’s largest Federal sponsor of basic research in the
physical sciences and the lead Federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for our physical sciences and the lead Federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for our
Nation’s energy future.”Nation’s energy future.”3440
DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and
maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied
mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the

~~31 CRS Insight IN11916, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022 , by Phillip~~
~~Brown.~~
~~32 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed~~
~~November 12, 2020.~~
~~33 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see~~ ~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated~~
~~and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by~~
~~request from the author.~~
~~34 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 5, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5-science-v2.pdf.~~
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~~DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, with the first exascale~~
DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, with the first exascale system starting operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in May 2022.system starting operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in May 2022.3541
Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on
understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic,
and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user
facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-
II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as ~~wel as~~
well as the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs). the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs).
Biological Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex
biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the ~~smal~~ small scale (e.g., scale (e.g.,
genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biologicalgenomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems Systems
Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while BiologicalScience focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research and Environmental Research
supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and
centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science
~~Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.~~
Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. February 27, 2023. 39 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by request from the author. 40 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 5, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5-science-v2.pdf. 41 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Frontier Supercomputer Debuts as World’s Fastest, Breaking Exascale Barrier,” May 30, 2022, https://www.ornl.gov/news/frontier-supercomputer-debuts-worlds-fastest-breaking-exascale-barrier. An exascale computer can perform one quintillion floating point operations per second. See Tim Greene, “World’s First Exascale Supercomputer Is the World’s Fastest,” Network World, May 31, 2022, https://www.networkworld.com/article/3662040/worlds-first-exascale-supercomputer-is-the-worlds-fastest.html. Congressional Research Service 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very
high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES
provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental
fusion reactor. fusion reactor.
The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of
matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear
Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their
interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for
Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University. Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University.
Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas: Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas:
quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and
artificial artificial ~~intel igence~~ intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react
in ways commonly thought to require in ways commonly thought to require ~~intel igence.~~
intelligence. For more details, see CRS Report R47161, For more details, see CRS Report R47161, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding:
FY2023, coordinated by Laurie A. Harris. , coordinated by Laurie A. Harris.
Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
ARPA-E is a separate DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to ARPA-E is a separate DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to
support transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe support transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe
ARPA-E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development ARPA-E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development
of energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $3.06 of energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $3.06 ~~bil ion~~billion in in
R&D funding to 1,326 projects, and 190 project teams have raised more than $10.3 R&D funding to 1,326 projects, and 190 project teams have raised more than $10.3 ~~bil ion~~billion in in
~~private sector follow-on funding.36~~

~~35 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “ Frontier Supercomputer Debuts as World’s Fastest, Breaking Exascale Barrier,”~~
~~May 30, 2022, https://www.ornl.gov/news/frontier-supercomputer-debuts-worlds-fastest-breaking-exascale-barrier. An~~
~~exascale computer can perform one quintillion floating point operations per second. See T im Greene, “ World’s First~~
~~Exascale Supercomputer Is the World’s Fastest ,” Network World, May 31, 2022, https://www.networkworld.com/~~
~~article/3662040/worlds-first-exascale-supercomputer-is-the-worlds-fastest.html.~~
~~36 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed October 3, 2022, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact.~~
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private sector follow-on funding.42
Loan Guarantees and Direct Loans
DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees and direct loans under several authorities: DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees and direct loans under several authorities:
Title 17 (XVII), Tribal, and ATVMTitle 17 (XVII), Tribal, and ATVM for projects that deploy innovative energy technologies, as for projects that deploy innovative energy technologies, as
authorized by Title XVII of EPACT05, as amended at 43 U.S.C. authorized by Title XVII of EPACT05, as amended at 43 U.S.C. §§16511 et seq.16511 et seq.), direct loans for , direct loans for
advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal energy projects. advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal energy projects.
Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy technologies that Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy technologies that
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary program through reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary program through
FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Title XVII Title XVII ~~al ows~~allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible
energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to
cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. IRA appropriated $3.6 billion for Section 1703 subsidy costs. IRA also established a time-limited (available through FY2026), $250 billion Title 17 loan guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment Financing.” IRA appropriated $5 billion to carry out the Section 1706 program. Under the loan guarantee agreements, Under the loan guarantee agreements,
the federal government would repay the federal government would repay al all covered loans if the borrower defaulted. Such guarantees covered loans if the borrower defaulted. Such guarantees
would reduce the risk to lenders and would reduce the risk to lenders and ~~al ow~~allow them to provide financing at below-market interest them to provide financing at below-market interest
rates. DOE currently has more than $60 rates. DOE currently has more than $60 ~~bil ion~~billion in authority in authority ~~available~~ available to make direct loans and to make direct loans and
~~loan guarantees.~~
loan guarantees. 42 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed October 3, 2022, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact. Congressional Research Service 31 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 have been to the consortium building two To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 have been to the consortium building two
new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 ~~bil ion,~~ billion, and for a Utah and for a Utah
hydrogen storage project, with a guarantee of $500 hydrogen storage project, with a guarantee of $500 ~~mil ion.37 As of September 2022~~million.43 As of January 2023, applications , applications
for for 91126 additional loan guarantees totaling $ additional loan guarantees totaling $~~92.6 bil ion~~ 119.9 billion were under consideration by the DOE were under consideration by the DOE
Loan Programs Office.Loan Programs Office.3844
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) was established within DOE as the lead The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) was established within DOE as the lead
federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply
and consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to and consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to
consumption. consumption. Al All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some
(e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). Recent areas of congressional (e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). Recent areas of congressional
interest include improvements to EIA’s computer models used to project U.S. energy supply and interest include improvements to EIA’s computer models used to project U.S. energy supply and
demand over time, and improvements to EIA’s data collection related to energy consumption in demand over time, and improvements to EIA’s data collection related to energy consumption in
residential and commercial buildings. For more details, see CRS Report R46524, residential and commercial buildings. For more details, see CRS Report R46524, The U.S. Energy
Information Administration, coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson. , coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson.
Nuclear Weapons Activities
In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science- In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science-
based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliabilitybased program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. of the U.S. nuclear stockpile.
Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the
~~nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear~~

~~37 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During T rip to Vogtle Advanced~~
~~Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-~~
~~financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle; and DOE, “ DOE Announces First Loan Guarantee for a~~
~~Clean Energy Project in Nearly a Decade,” June 8, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-first-loan-~~
~~guarantee-clean-energy-project -nearly-decade.~~
~~38 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Monthly Application Activity Report,” September 2022, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/~~
~~articles/september-2022-monthly-application-activity-report. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is~~
~~at the Loan Programs Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office.~~
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nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE
established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title
XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by
the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget. the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget.
Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of
three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas
City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12 City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12
National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada
Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA
operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and
recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV
of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bil .~~
~~NNSA reorganized and renamed its Weapons Activities program areas in its FY2021 budget~~
~~request. The four main programs, each with funding of over $2 bil ion for FY2021, include the~~
~~following:~~
~~ Stockpile Management, which contains many of the projects included in Directed~~
~~Stockpile Work from previous years,~~bill. NNSA’s budget has four major Weapons Activities program areas, each with funding of over $2 billion for FY2023: 43 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle; and DOE, “DOE Announces First Loan Guarantee for a Clean Energy Project in Nearly a Decade,” June 8, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-first-loan-guarantee-clean-energy-project-nearly-decade. 44 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Monthly Application Activity Report,” February 6, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/january-2023-monthly-application-activity-report. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office. Congressional Research Service 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations  Stockpile Management supports work directly on nuclear weapons. supports work directly on nuclear weapons.
These include These include life extension programs, warhead life extension programs, warhead ~~surveil ance~~surveillance, maintenance, and , maintenance, and
other activities. other activities.
  ~~Stockpile Production~~Production Modernization programs focus on maintaining and expanding the programs focus on maintaining and expanding the
production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to
weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned
subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components.subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components.
  Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering ~~replaces the Research,~~
~~Development, Test, and Evaluation program area. These programs provide the~~
~~scientific~~provides the scientific and technical foundation for science-based stockpile decisions. foundation for science-based stockpile decisions.
  Infrastructure and Operations maintains, operates, and modernizes the NNSA maintains, operates, and modernizes the NNSA
infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred
maintenance in older facilities. maintenance in older facilities.
Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several ~~smal er~~smaller programs, including the following: programs, including the following:
  Secure Transportation Asset, providing for safe and secure transport of nuclear providing for safe and secure transport of nuclear
weapons, components, and materials; weapons, components, and materials;
  Defense Nuclear Security, providing operations, maintenance, and construction providing operations, maintenance, and construction
funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and
related activities; and related activities; and
  Information Technology and Cybersecurity, whose elements include whose elements include
cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information
Technology. Technology.
For more information, see CRS Report R45306, For more information, see CRS Report R45306, The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview
of Department of Energy Sites, by Amy F. Woolf and James D. Werner., by Amy F. Woolf and James D. Werner.
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support
U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These
programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN). programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN).
The Materials Management and Minimization The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to minimize and, program conducts activities to minimize and,
where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material around the world. Major where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material around the world. Major
activities include conversion of reactors that use highly enriched uranium (useable for weapons) activities include conversion of reactors that use highly enriched uranium (useable for weapons)
to low-enriched uranium, removal and consolidation of nuclear material stockpiles, and to low-enriched uranium, removal and consolidation of nuclear material stockpiles, and
disposition of excess nuclear materials. disposition of excess nuclear materials.
Global Materials Security has three major program elements. International Nuclear Security Global Materials Security has three major program elements. International Nuclear Security
focuses on increasing the security of vulnerable stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries. focuses on increasing the security of vulnerable stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries.
~~Radiological~~ Radiological Security promotes the worldwide reduction and security of radioactive sources Security promotes the worldwide reduction and security of radioactive sources
((~~typical y~~typically used in medical and industrial devices), including the removal of surplus sources and used in medical and industrial devices), including the removal of surplus sources and
substitution of technologies that do not use radioactive materials. Nuclear Smuggling Detection substitution of technologies that do not use radioactive materials. Nuclear Smuggling Detection
and Deterrence works to improve the capability of other countries to halt and Deterrence works to improve the capability of other countries to halt ~~il icit~~illicit trafficking of trafficking of
nuclear materials. nuclear materials.
Nonproliferation and Arms Control works to “strengthen nonproliferation and arms control Nonproliferation and Arms Control works to “strengthen nonproliferation and arms control
regimes through innovative policy development and implementation to prevent proliferation, regimes through innovative policy development and implementation to prevent proliferation,
ensure peaceful nuclear uses, and enable verifiable nuclear reductions,” according to the FY2023 ensure peaceful nuclear uses, and enable verifiable nuclear reductions,” according to the FY2023
Congressional Research Service 33 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations DOE justification.45~~DOE justification.39~~ This program conducts reviews of nuclear export applications and This program conducts reviews of nuclear export applications and
technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation
policies and proposals. policies and proposals.
For more information, see CRS Report R44413, For more information, see CRS Report R44413, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief , by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. , by Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites
The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan
~~Project40~~Project46 during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that
continues to present substantial continues to present substantial ~~chal enges~~challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental . DOE also manages legacy environmental
contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office
of Environmental Management primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of of Environmental Management primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of
former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.4147
DOE has identified DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that ~~historical y~~historically were involved in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.48 ~~were involved~~
~~in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.42~~

~~39 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 1, p. 9, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-1-nnsa.pdf.~~
~~40 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret~~
~~national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable~~
~~atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in~~
~~numerous locations across the United States.” T he nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now~~
~~the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website,~~
~~https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm.~~
~~41 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the~~
~~Office of Environmental Management.~~
~~42 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at~~
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~~link to page 37 link to page 37~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are
in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) and in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) and
other offices within DOE.other offices within DOE.4349 Some of the Some of the ~~smal er~~smaller sites for which DOE sites for which DOE ~~initial y~~ initially was responsible was responsible
were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it
is transferred back to LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense is transferred back to LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense
Activities. Activities.
Power Marketing Administrations
DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) were established to DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) were established to ~~sel~~ sell the power the power
generated by various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily generated by various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily
of transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission of transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission
lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying al all power program power program
expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the
PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for
spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending
authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and
~~Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress.~~
For more information, see CRS Report R45548, The Power Marketing Administrations:
Background and Current Issues, by Richard J. Campbel .
~~Independent Agencies~~
~~Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bil~~
Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress. 45 DOE, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2022, vol. 1, p. 9, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-1-nnsa.pdf. 46 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website, https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm. 47 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the Office of Environmental Management. 48 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites. 49 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship. Congressional Research Service 34 link to page 40 link to page 40 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations For more information, see CRS Report R45548, The Power Marketing Administrations: Background and Current Issues, by Richard J. Campbell. Independent Agencies Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of (ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of ~~the~~these
independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 ~~mil ion~~million. However, as noted in the . However, as noted in the
description of NRC below, about 85% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net description of NRC below, about 85% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net
appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in
more detail below. The recent appropriations history for more detail below. The recent appropriations history for al all the Title IV agencies is shown in the Title IV agencies is shown in
Table 11. ~~Additional~~ 12. Additional FY2023 appropriations were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional FY2023 appropriations were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional
~~commissions and authorities as shown in Table 11.~~

~~http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites.~~
~~43 T he Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing~~
~~mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that~~
~~administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

31

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~Table 11~~commissions and authorities as shown in Table 12. Table 12. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development
Appropriations
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023
FY2023
FY2023 Program
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
House
S. 4660
Approp Appalachian Regional Appalachian Regional ~~Commission~~
175.0 175.0
180.0 180.0
195.0 195.0
235.0 235.0
220.0 220.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 Commission Nuclear Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory ~~Commission~~
855.6
844.4
887.7
929.2
929.2
927.2
927.2 Commission (Revenues) (Revenues)
-728.1
-721.4
-756.7
-792.2
-792.2
-790.2
-790.2 Net NRC (including Net NRC (including ~~Inspector General)~~
127.5 127.5
123.0 123.0
131.0 131.0
137.0 137.0
137.0 137.0
137.0 137.0
137.0 Inspector General) Defense Nuclear FacilitiesDefense Nuclear Facilities ~~Safety Board~~
31.0 31.0
31.0 31.0
36.0 36.0
41.4 41.4
41.4 41.4
41.9 41.9
41.4 Safety Board Nuclear Waste TechnicalNuclear Waste Technical ~~Review Board~~
3.6 3.6
3.6 3.6
3.8 3.8
4.0 4.0
4.0 4.0
4.0 4.0 3.9 Review Board
Denali Commission Denali Commission
15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0
15.1 15.1
15.1 15.1
15.1 15.1
17.0 17.0
17.0 Delta Regional Authority Delta Regional Authority
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.1 30.1
30.1 30.1
30.1 30.1
30.1 30.1
30.1 Northern BorderNorthern Border Regional Regional ~~Commission~~
25.0 25.0
30.0 30.0
35.0 35.0
36.0 36.0
38.0 38.0
40.0 40.0
~~Southeast Crescent Regional Commission~~40.0 Commission Southeast Crescent
0.3 0.3
1.0 1.0
5.0 5.0
7.0 7.0
33.0 33.0
7.0 7.0
20.0 Regional Commission Southwest BorderSouthwest Border Regional Regional ~~Commission~~

0.3 0.3
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
5.0 5.0
5.0 Commission Total
407.3
413.9
453.5
508.1
521.1
482.0
~~Sources:~~494.4 Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660 S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R. and draft explanatory statement; explanatory statement for H.R. 2371; CBO Estimate for H.R.
8294;8294; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for
H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate AppropriationsH.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations ~~Committee majority~~ Committee majority draft;draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449;
FY2021 President’s FY2021 President’s ~~Request~~Budget; explanatory statement for ; explanatory statement for ~~Division~~ Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-
102; S. 2470;102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept.
115-132; H.Rept. 115-230;115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement.
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
~~Table 12.~~ Congressional Research Service 35 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Table 13. Additional Appropriations in IIJA for Regional Commissions and
Authorities
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars~~dollars) )
Regional Commission or Authority
IIJA FY2022
IIJA FY2023
IIJA FY2024-
Approp.
Approp.
FY2026
Approp.
Appalachian Regional Commission Appalachian Regional Commission
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
600.0 600.0
Delta Regional Authority (DRA) Delta Regional Authority (DRA)
150.0 150.0

Denali Commission Denali Commission
75.0 75.0

Northern Border Northern Border Regional CommissionRegional Commission (NBRC) (NBRC)
150.0 150.0

Southeast Crescent Regional Commission Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) (SCRC)
5.0 5.0

Southwest Border Southwest Border Regional CommissionRegional Commission (SBRC) (SBRC)
1.3 1.3

Source: H.Rept. 117-394.H.Rept. 117-394.
Notes: Funding for the federal regional commissionsFunding for the federal regional commissions and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability. and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability.
Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ionAppropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ion to be to be ~~al ocated~~allocated each fiscal year starting each fiscal year starting
in FY2022 through FY2026. Appropriationsin FY2022 through FY2026. Appropriations for the DRA, Denalifor the DRA, Denali Commission,Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC are NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC are
available until expended.available until expended.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

32

~~link to page 39~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Appalachian Regional Commission
Established in 1965, Established in 1965,4450 the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a regional economic the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a regional economic
development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit
organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce ~~skil s~~skills, build critical , build critical
infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership ~~skil s~~skills and capacity in and capacity in
the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including al all of West of West
VirginiaVirginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 ~~mil ion~~
million people currently live in the region as defined. people currently live in the region as defined.
ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s
most most ~~economical y~~economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband
communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported
development of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile development of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile
system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC, system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC,
91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”4551
Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 ~~mil ion~~million per year as a set-aside for per year as a set-aside for
ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic
Revitalization),Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In
~~FY2022~~FY2023, Congress directed ARC to , Congress directed ARC to ~~al ocate $65 mil ion~~ allocate $65 million to the POWER Initiative. The POWER to the POWER Initiative. The POWER
Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects to Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects to
stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities. stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities.
For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS Report For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS Report
R45997, R45997, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by , by
Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS In Focus IF11140, Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS In Focus IF11140, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities:
50 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4. 51 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov. Congressional Research Service 36 link to page 42 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Overview of Structure and Activities, by Julie M. Lawhorn. For more background on the POWER , by Julie M. Lawhorn. For more background on the POWER
Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic
Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn. , by Julie M. Lawhorn.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC is an independent agency that establishes and enforces safety and security standards for NRC is an independent agency that establishes and enforces safety and security standards for
nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major appropriations categories for NRC are nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major appropriations categories for NRC are
shown shown inin Table 13. ~~Nuclear~~14. Nuclear Reactor Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for Reactor Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for
licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is
also responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed also responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed
underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV (which has received no new underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV (which has received no new
appropriations since FY2010). appropriations since FY2010).
NRC is required by law to offset its total annual appropriation, excluding specified items, through NRC is required by law to offset its total annual appropriation, excluding specified items, through
fees charged to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. NRC does not retain fees charged to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. NRC does not retain
the fee revenue, but instead sends it to the U.S. Treasury. Budget items excluded from fee the fee revenue, but instead sends it to the U.S. Treasury. Budget items excluded from fee
recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international
activities, and nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation is about activities, and nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation is about
~~15% of the agency’s total budget.~~

~~44 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4.~~
~~45 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

33

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

~~Table 13~~15% of the agency’s total budget. Table 14. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories
(budget authority in (budget authority in ~~mil ions~~millions of current of current ~~dol ars)~~
~~FY2019~~
dollars) FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2023
FY2023
~~Funding Category~~
~~Approp.~~FY2023 Funding Category Approp. Approp. Approp.
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
Request
House
S. 4660
Approp. Nuclear Reactor Safety Nuclear Reactor Safety
~~469.8~~
433.4 433.4
452.8 452.8
477.4 477.4
490.7 490.7
490.7 490.7
490.7 490.7
~~Nuclear Materials and~~
~~108.6~~490.7 Nuclear Materials and
103.2 103.2
102.9 102.9
107.3 107.3
111.6 111.6
111.6 111.6
111.6 111.6
111.6 Waste Safety Waste Safety
Decommissioning Decommissioning and and
2521.4 .4
~~21.4~~22.8
22. 22.8
229 23.9 .9
23.9 23.9
23.9 23.9
23.9 23.9
Low-Level Low-Level Waste Waste
Corporate Support Corporate Support
~~299.6~~
289.1 289.1
271.4 271.4
266.3 266.3
285.3 285.3
285.3 285.3
285.3 285.3
~~Integrated University~~
~~15.0~~285.3 Integrated University
2.5 2.5
16.0 16.0
16.0 16.0

16.0 16.0
16.0 16.0
16.0 Program Program
Prior-Year Prior-Year BalancesBalances
~~-20~~
-38.4 -38.4
-35.0 -35.0
-16.0 -16.0

-16.0 -16.0
-16.0 -16.0
~~Inspector General~~
~~12.6~~-16.0 Inspector General
12.1 12.1
13.5 13.5
13.8 13.8
17.8 17.8
17.8 17.8
15.8 15.8
~~Total~~
~~911.0~~15.8 Total
823.1
844.4
887.7
929.2
929.2
927.2
~~Source:~~927.2 Sources: P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; CBO Estimate for H.R. 8294; S. 4660 and draft explanatory statement; CBO Estimate for H.R. 8294; explanatory statement for H.R. explanatory statement for H.R.
2371;2371; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; explanatory S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; explanatory
statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committeestatement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee ~~majority~~ majority draft;draft; H.R. 7617; H.R. 7617;
H.Rept. 116-449; NRC FY2021 Budget Justification; explanatory statement for DivisionH.Rept. 116-449; NRC FY2021 Budget Justification; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress;Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; H.Rept. 116-83;S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929,H.Rept. 115-929, NRC FY2020 Budget Justification; NRC FY2020 Budget Justification;
H.Rept. 115-697; S.Rept. 115-258. H.Rept. 115-697; S.Rept. 115-258.
Note: Fee offsets and some Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded.adjustments are excluded.
Congressional Hearings
The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2023 budget request. Testimony and House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2023 budget request. Testimony and
Congressional Research Service 37 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with
webcasts in many cases. webcasts in many cases.
House
  Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, April 27, 2022, , April 27, 2022,
https://appropriations.house.gov/ https://appropriations.house.gov/~~events~~legislation/hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-/hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-~~for-the-~~
~~us-~~us-army-corpsarmy-corps~~-of~~-engineers-and-bureau--engineers-and-bureau-~~of-~~reclamation reclamation
  Department of Energy, April 28, 2022, https://appropriations.house.gov/, April 28, 2022, https://appropriations.house.gov/~~events/~~
legislation/hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-~~for-the-department-of~~department-energy -energy
  National Nuclear Security Administration and Environmental Management, May , May
11, 2022, https://appropriations.house.gov/ 11, 2022, https://appropriations.house.gov/~~events~~legislation/hearings/fy23-budget-national-/hearings/fy23-budget-national-
nuclear-security-administration-and-environmentalnuclear-security-administration-and-environmental~~-management~~
  Department of Energy Science and Energy Programs, May 12, 2022, , May 12, 2022,
https://appropriations.house.gov/ https://appropriations.house.gov/~~events~~legislation/hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-/hearings/fy-2023-budget-request-~~for-the-~~
department-department-~~of-~~energy-science-and-energy-programs energy-science-and-energy-programs
~~Congressional Research Service~~

34

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

Senate
  Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, April 6, 2022, , April 6, 2022,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year- https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2023-budget-submission-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-2023-budget-submission-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-
reclamation reclamation
  Department of Energy, May 4, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/, May 4, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/
hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2023-budget-submission-for-the-us- hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2023-budget-submission-for-the-us-
department-of-energy department-of-energy
  National Nuclear Security Administration, May 18, 2022, , May 18, 2022,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year- https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2023-budget-submission-for-national-nuclear-security-administration 2023-budget-submission-for-national-nuclear-security-administration

Author Information

Mark Holt Mark Holt
Anna E. Normand Anna E. Normand
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Analyst in Natural Resources Policy

Congressional Research Service 38 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
General General (Coordinators) (Coordinators)
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Anna Normand Anna Normand
Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
Anna Normand Anna Normand
Nicole Carter Nicole Carter
Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Renewable energy Renewable energy
Corrie Corrie E. Clark E. Clark
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency
Corrie Corrie E. Clark E. Clark
Fossil Fossil energy research energy research
Ashley Lawson Ashley Lawson
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Martin Offutt Martin Offutt
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Phil ip Brown Phil ip Brown
Nuclear energy Nuclear energy
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Science and ARPA-E Science and ARPA-E
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Quantum Information Science Quantum Information Science
Patricia Moloney Figliola Patricia Moloney Figliola
Artificial Artificial ~~intel igence~~ intelligence
Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris
Loan programs Loan programs
Phil ip Brown Phil ip Brown
Nuclear weapons stewardship Nuclear weapons stewardship
~~Mary Beth Nikitin~~Alexandra Neenan
Nonproliferation Nonproliferation
Mary Beth Nikitin Mary Beth Nikitin
~~Congressional Research Service~~

35

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations~~

DOE Environmental Management DOE Environmental Management
David Bearden David Bearden
Lance Larson Lance Larson
Power Marketing Administrations Power Marketing Administrations
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
~~Bonnevil e~~ Bonneville Power Administration Power Administration
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Federal Federal regional authorities and regional authorities and
Julie Lawhorn Julie Lawhorn
commissions commissions

Appropriations legislative Appropriations legislative procedures procedures
James V. Saturno James V. Saturno
BilBil Heniff Heniff
Megan Lynch Megan Lynch

Congressional Research Service 39 Energy and Water Development: FY2023 Appropriations
Disclaimer
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