National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations

National Foundation on the Arts and
September 22, 2022June 13, 2023
Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations
Shannon S. Loane
The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is the primary vehicle for The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is the primary vehicle for
federal Senior Research Librarian Senior Research Librarian
federal support for the arts and the humanities. support for the arts and the humanities. This report compares President Biden’s

FY2023 appropriations request with enacted FY2022 appropriations (P.L. 117-103,
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022) for the agencies comprising the National

Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: The Institute of Museum and Library Services,
the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
The Institute of Museum and Library Services’ budget requestEstablished in 1965, the Foundation currently consists of three agencies: the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). IMLS is funded through the Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. NEA and NEH are funded through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. P.L. 117-328, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, provided FY2023 appropriations for all three agencies. In total, the act contained $708.8 million for the three agencies. P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided FY2022 appropriations for the three agencies. In total, the act contained $628.0 million for the agencies. Thus, together the agencies received a FY2023 increase of $80.8 million (12.9% over the FY2022 total appropriations). Each agency received a FY2023 increase over the FY2022 appropriations. Specifically, IMLS appropriations for FY2023 totaled $ for FY2023 totaled $276294.8 million.8 million, (compared with compared with
FY2022 appropriations of $268.0 millionFY2022 appropriations of $268.0 million), the National Endowment for the Arts’ budget request. NEA’s appropriations for FY2023 totaled $207.0 million, compared with FY2022 appropriations of $180.0 million. NEH appropriations for FY2023 for FY2023
totaled $totaled $203.5 million (207.0 million, compared with FY2022 appropriations of $180.0 millioncompared with FY2022 appropriations of $180.0 million), and the National Endowment
for the Humanities’ budget request totaled $200.7 million (compared with FY2022 appropriations of $180.0
million). Nearly all of the major IMLS programs, and all of the major NEA and NEH programs, received portions of the overall increase for the agency. Amounts and percentages of increase varied from program to program. .


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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Institute of Museum and Library Services ............................................................................................... 1
National Endowment for the Arts ............................................................................................................ 2
National Endowment for the Humanities ................................................................................................ 3 Recent Appropriations .............. 3
Recent Appropriations ............................................................................................................... 4

Tables
Table 1. Institute of Museum and Library Services, National Endowment for the Arts, and
National Endowment for the Humanities: FY2020-FY2022 Appropriations and FY2023
Budget Request .FY2023 Appropriations ....................................................... 4 Contacts Author Information .................................................................... 4

Contacts
Author Information .......................................................................................................................... 6 5

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Introduction
The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is the primary vehicle for federal The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is the primary vehicle for federal
support for the arts and the humanities. The foundation, established in 1965, was composed support for the arts and the humanities. The foundation, established in 1965, was composed
initially of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the initially of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the
Humanities (NEH). The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) was established within Humanities (NEH). The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) was established within
the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities in 1996. NEA and NEH are funded through the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities in 1996. NEA and NEH are funded through
the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. IMLS is funded through the the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. IMLS is funded through the
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
This report compares This report compares President Biden’s request for FY2023 appropriations with enacted FY2022
FY2023 appropriations (P.L. 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023) with FY2022 appropriations (P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022) for IMLS, NEA, and NEH. appropriations (P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022) for IMLS, NEA, and NEH.
It will be updated to reflect enacted appropriations for FY2023.
Institute of Museum and Library Services
IMLS is the primary administrator of grants supporting the nation’s libraries and museums. It IMLS is the primary administrator of grants supporting the nation’s libraries and museums. It
consolidates federal library programs dating back to 1956 with museum programs dating back to consolidates federal library programs dating back to 1956 with museum programs dating back to
1976. IMLS grants reach all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. 1976. IMLS grants reach all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. ForIn FY2023, IMLS appropriations totaled $294 FY2023,
the Biden Administration requested $276.8 million, an increase of $.8 million, an increase of $826.8 million (.8 million (3.310.0%) over %) over the
FY2022 appropriationFY2022 appropriations of $268.0 million.1 of $268.0 million.1
IMLS’ FY2023 budget justification requested support for five priorities:
1. information and other critical literacy skills;
2. continued pandemic response, economic recovery, and community resilience;
3. digital access and infrastructure;
4. equitable engagement, including capacity building and technical assistance; and
5. civic engagement and sustaining our national heritage.
The IMLS Library Grants to States program is both the largest source of federal funding for The IMLS Library Grants to States program is both the largest source of federal funding for
library services in the United States and the largest IMLS-administered program. These grants are library services in the United States and the largest IMLS-administered program. These grants are
allocated, by a population-based formula, to state library administrative agencies (SLAAs) allocated, by a population-based formula, to state library administrative agencies (SLAAs)
located in each of the states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. An SLAA may use located in each of the states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. An SLAA may use
funds for IMLS Grants to States IMLS Grants to States funds to support library initiatives across its state or territory, or it may to support library initiatives across its state or territory, or it may
distribute the funds to public, academic, research, school, or special libraries or consortia of distribute the funds to public, academic, research, school, or special libraries or consortia of
libraries through competitive subawards or cooperative agreements.2 libraries through competitive subawards or cooperative agreements.2 The FY2023 request
FY2023 appropriations included $included $170180.0 million for these formula grants, an increase of .0 million for these formula grants, an increase of $1$11.2 million (.2 million (06.7%) over the .7%) over the
FY2022 FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $168.8 million. of $168.8 million.
IMLS IMLS’ other library programs include three also has several competitive competitive library grant programsgrant programs:
1., including • The Native American and Native Hawaiian Library Services program, which assists Native American and Native Hawaiian libraries in improving core services for their communities; • The National Leadership Grants for Libraries program, which The Native American and Native Hawaiian Library Services program supports
existing library operations and maintains core library services for tribal
communities.

1 Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2023 Congressional Budget Justification, at https://imls.gov/sites/default/
files/2022-04/fy23cj.pdf and P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022.
2 For more information on the Grants to States, see CRS Report R46611, Institute of Museum and Library Services
Grants to States Funding Formula: In Brief.
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National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations

2. The National Leadership Grants for Libraries program supports projects that supports projects that
enhance the quality of library and archive services nationwide by advancing enhance the quality of library and archive services nationwide by advancing
theory and theory and practice.
3.practice; and • The Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian program The Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian program, which supports developing a diverse supports developing a diverse
workforce of librarians to meet the changing, learning, and information needs of workforce of librarians to meet the changing, learning, and information needs of
the American public.the American public.
For these For these three programsprograms, for FY2023, IMLS for FY2023, IMLS requestedreceived appropriations of $31.1 million, an increase of $2.4 million $31.1 million, an increase of $2.4 million
(8.3%) over the FY2022 (8.3%) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $28.7 million. of $28.7 million.
IMLS’ IMLS’s competitive grant programs for museums include the following: competitive grant programs for museums include the following:
• The Museums for America program The Museums for America program, which supports projects that strengthen the ability supports projects that strengthen the ability
of of an individual museum to serve its publican individual museum to serve its public.;
• The Native American/Native Hawaiian Museum Services program The Native American/Native Hawaiian Museum Services program, which supports supports
Indian tribes and organizations that primarily serve and represent Native organizations that primarily serve and represent Native
Americans.
 The National Leadership for Museums programAmericans and Native Hawaiians; and 1 P.L. 117-328, Division H, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; Explanatory Statement Regarding Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, Congressional Record, vol. 168, Part 198 (December 20, 2022), pp. S8899, S9186. 2 For more information on IMLS’s Grants to States program, see CRS Report R46611, Institute of Museum and Library Services Grants to States Funding Formula: In Brief. Congressional Research Service 1 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations • The National Leadership for Museums program, which supports projects that address supports projects that address
critical needs of the museum field and that have the potential to advance practice critical needs of the museum field and that have the potential to advance practice
in the profession. in the profession.
For these programs for FY2023, IMLS For these programs for FY2023, IMLS requested $40received appropriations of $43.5 million, an increase of $.5 million, an increase of $25.2 million .2 million
((5.713.5%) over the FY2022 %) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $38.3 million. of $38.3 million.
The FY2023 request includedIn addition, IMLS received appropriations of $6.0 million, an increase of $0.8 million (14.7%) over the $6.0 million, an increase of $0.8 million (14.7%) over the FY2022 appropriationsFY2022
appropriation of $5.2 million, for the grant program authorized by the National Museum of of $5.2 million, for the grant program authorized by the National Museum of
African American History and Culture Act (P.L. 108-184). The program provides grants for African American History and Culture Act (P.L. 108-184). The program provides grants for
capacity-building, professional development, and collection access for African American capacity-building, professional development, and collection access for African American
museums. IMLS has supported 110 organizations in 31 states through this program. museums. IMLS has supported 110 organizations in 31 states through this program.
IMLS also IMLS also requestedreceived $6.0 million, $2.0 million (50.0%) over the FY2022 $6.0 million, $2.0 million (50.0%) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $4.0 of $4.0
million, to implement the education provisions related to the National Museum of the American million, to implement the education provisions related to the National Museum of the American
Latino (P.L. 116-260, Latino (P.L. 116-260, Division T, Title II). In FY2023, IMLS released a solicitation focused on supporting the development and implementation of museum internship and fellowship partnerships between institutions of higher education designated as Hispanic-Serving Institutions, or Minority-Serving Institutions, and museums. IMLS program administration appropriations increased by 22.4%, from $18.5 million to $22.7 million. Included in this increase were $4.0 million for the continuation and expansion of the Information Literacy Taskforce and $1.0 million in preparation for the America250 commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the founding of the United States. National Endowment for the Arts NEA is a major source of support for all arts disciplines. Since 1965, it has awarded more than 150,000 grants totaling more than $5.5 billion. These grants have been distributed to all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. Typically, NEA grants are used to support nonprofit arts organizations, public arts agencies and organizations, and individual writers and translators.3 For FY2023, appropriations for NEA totaled $207.0 million, an increase of $27.0 million (15.0%) over the FY2022 appropriations of $180.0 million.4Division T, Title II). In FY2023, IMLS plans to solicit applications for the
inaugural program of support and financial assistance to American Latino museums and related
organizations.
National Endowment for the Arts
NEA is a major source of support for all arts disciplines. Since 1965, it has awarded more than
150,000 grants totaling more than $5.5 billion. These grants have been distributed to all 50 states,
the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. For FY2023, the Biden Administration requested
$203.6 million for NEA, an increase of $23.6 million (13.1%) over the FY2022 appropriation of
$180.0 million.3
For FY2023, NEA plans to focus on four areas:
 rebuilding the creative economy from the damage done from the pandemic;
 enhancing the agency’s operations;
 promoting arts education programs to help students, families, and schools recover
from the disruptions to education caused by the pandemic; and

3 National Endowment for the Arts, Budget Request for Fiscal Year 2023, at https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/
NEA-FY23-Cong-Budget-and-Performance-Plan.pdf and P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022.
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 pursuing a comprehensive approach to advancing racial equity, civil rights, racial
justice, and equal opportunity by extended outreach to underserved communities.
NEA’s largest grant program is its state partnerships grants, which are awarded by formula to NEA’s largest grant program is its state partnerships grants, which are awarded by formula to
state and regional arts agencies. These agencies apply annually for this support and the funding state and regional arts agencies. These agencies apply annually for this support and the funding
they receive includes general funding for their priorities and designated funding for folk and they receive includes general funding for their priorities and designated funding for folk and
traditional arts, arts education, and traditional arts, arts education, and reachingoutreach to underserved communities. The FY2023 underserved communities. The FY2023 request
included $63.6appropriations included $65.0 million for these grants, an increase of $ million for these grants, an increase of $6.17.5 million ( million (10.512.9%) over the FY2022 %) over the FY2022
appropriationappropriations of $57.5 million. of $57.5 million.
NEA’s direct grants include the following: NEA’s direct grants include the following:
 The • Grants for Arts ProjectsGrants for Arts Projects program, which is the principal competitive grant program is the principal competitive grant program
for nonprofit for nonprofit organizations and awards grants in a number of artistic disciplinesorganizations and awards grants in a number of artistic disciplines.;
• Our Town Our Town program, which provides competitive grants that support projects that provides competitive grants that support projects that
integrate arts, integrate arts, culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen
communities by advancing local economic, physical, or social outcomescommunities by advancing local economic, physical, or social outcomes.
; and • Challenge America Challenge America, which is a competitive program that provides support for projects is a competitive program that provides support for projects that
that extend the reach of the arts to underserved populations. extend the reach of the arts to underserved populations.
NEA also supports several national initiatives NEA also supports several national initiatives, such as Creative Forces: NEA Military Healing such as Creative Forces: NEA Military Healing
Arts Network, Poetry Out Loud, and the NEA Big Read. Arts Network, Poetry Out Loud, and the NEA Big Read. The FY2023 FY2023 requestappropriations included $97.5 million for 3 The National Endowment for the Arts, by law (P.L. 111-88, Title IV, Section 438), is not permitted to give grants to individuals with the exception of literature fellowships (creative writing and translation), National Heritage Fellowships, or American Jazz Masters Fellowships. 4 P.L. 117-328, Division G, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; Explanatory Statement Regarding Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, Congressional Record, vol. 168, part 198 (December 20, 2022), pp. S8662, S8860. Congressional Research Service 2 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations included $95.4
million for these grant programs and initiatives, an increase of $these grant programs and initiatives, an increase of $9.111.2 million ( million (10.512.9%) over the %) over the
FY2022 appropriation FY2022 appropriations of $86.3 million.of $86.3 million.
National Endowment for the Humanities
NEH NEH generally supports grants for humanities education, research, preservation and public supports grants for humanities education, research, preservation and public
programs; the creation of regional humanities centers; and the development of humanities programs; the creation of regional humanities centers; and the development of humanities
programs under the jurisdiction of the state humanities councils. Typically, NEH grants are used programs under the jurisdiction of the state humanities councils. Typically, NEH grants are used
to support cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, public to support cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, public
television and radio, and individual scholars. Since 1965, NEH has awarded almost $6.0 billion in television and radio, and individual scholars. Since 1965, NEH has awarded almost $6.0 billion in
grants. For FY2023, grants. For FY2023, the Biden Administration requested $200.7NEH appropriations totaled $207.0 million, an increase of $ million, an increase of $20.7
million (11.527.0 million (15.0%) over the FY2022 %) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $180.0 million.5 The Federal/State of $180.0 million.4
For FY2023, NEH plans to launch new programs, offices, and policies that
 advance equity,
 increase engagement with underserved communities, and
 confront the climate crisis.
The Federal/States Partnership program is the largest program in NEH’s budget. Program grants Partnership program is the largest program in NEH’s budget. Program grants
are awarded, by formula, to state humanities agencies to increase public awareness of, access to, are awarded, by formula, to state humanities agencies to increase public awareness of, access to,
and support for the humanities in the United States. The FY2023 and support for the humanities in the United States. The FY2023 requestappropriations act included $ included $6365.0 million .0 million
for this program, an increase of $for this program, an increase of $810.7 million (.7 million (15.919.6%) over the FY2022 %) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of $54.3 of $54.3
million.

4 National Endowment for the Humanities, Fiscal Year 2023 Congressional Justification, at https://www.neh.gov/sites/
default/files/inline-files/NEH%20FY%202023%20CJ.pdf and P.L. 117-103, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022.
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million. The FY2023 The FY2023 requestappropriations act included $ included $77.880.3 million for NEH’s direct competitive grants, an increase of million for NEH’s direct competitive grants, an increase of
$$7.810.3 million ( million (11.114.7%) over the $70.0 million in FY2022 appropriations. These grants are in the %) over the $70.0 million in FY2022 appropriations. These grants are in the
following areas: following areas:
• preservation and access, preservation and access,6
• public programs, public programs,
• research programs, research programs,
• education programs, education programs,
• program development, and program development, and
• digital humanities initiatives. digital humanities initiatives.
The FY2023 The FY2023 budget request alsoappropriations included $7 included $7.0 million for million for atwo special special initiative, initiatives—A More Perfect Union and American Tapestry: Weaving Together Past, Present, and Future. A More Perfect Union is aA More Perfect
Union. This NEH-wide initiative launched in 2019 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the NEH-wide initiative launched in 2019 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the
founding of the United States. It builds on NEH’s background in projects that catalog, preserve, founding of the United States. It builds on NEH’s background in projects that catalog, preserve,
explore, and promote American history.explore, and promote American history.
American Tapestry: Weaving Together Past, Present, and Future is a new program that leverages the humanities to strengthen democracy, advances equity for all, and addresses the changing climate. Further, NEH supports a Matching Grant program to stimulate and match private donations in Further, NEH supports a Matching Grant program to stimulate and match private donations in
support of humanities institutions. NEH estimates that since their start in 1977, matching grants support of humanities institutions. NEH estimates that since their start in 1977, matching grants
have generated have generated overmore than $1.3 billion in nonfederal funds for the humanities. The FY2023 $1.3 billion in nonfederal funds for the humanities. The FY2023 request
included $17.3 appropriations act included $18.8 million, an increase of $million, an increase of $1.73.2 million ( million (10.920.2%) over the FY2022 %) over the FY2022 appropriationappropriations of of
$15.6 million for this $15.6 million for this program.7 5 P.L. 117-328, Division G, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; Explanatory Statement Regarding Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, Congressional Record, vol. 168, part 198, (December 2022), pp. S8662-S8663, S8860-S8861. 6 Included in the preservation and access area is the Documenting Endangered Languages program, a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation to develop and advance knowledge concerning endangered human languages. The Appropriations Committees specifically pointed out their support of this program in the FY2023 Explanatory Statement. P.L. 117-328, Division G, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; Explanatory Statement Regarding Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, Congressional Record, vol. 168, part 198, (December 2022), pp. S8662-S8663. 7 Included in this $18.8 million is $3.0 million from the Treasury funds account. Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 7 link to page 8 link to page 8 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations Recent Appropriations Table 1 details appropriations for the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities agencies. It provides program.5
Recent Appropriations
Table 1 details appropriations for the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
agencies. It provides President Biden’s requested appropriations for FY2023 in comparison with
enacted appropriations for FY2020 through enacted appropriations for FY2020 through FY2022FY2023. .
Table 1. Institute of Museum and Library Services, National Endowment for the
Arts, and National Endowment for the Humanities: FY2020-FY2022FY2023 Appropriations
and FY2023 Budget Request
(in thousands of dollars) (in thousands of dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Agency and Program
Enacted
Enacted
Enacted
RequestedEnacted
Institute of Museum and Library Services Institute of Museum and Library Services
252,000 252,000
257,000 257,000
268,000 268,000
276294,800 ,800
Library Grants to States
166,803
168,803
168,803
170180,000
Native American and Native Hawaiian
5,263
5,263
5,263
5,263763
Library Services
National Leadership: Libraries
13,406
13,406
13,406
15,787287
Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
Museums for America
25,899
26,899
27,899
27,83030,330
Native American/Native Hawaiian Museum
1,772
2,272
2,272
23,772
Services
National Leadership: Museums
8,113
8,113
8,113
9,848

5 Included in this $17.3 million request is $2.0 million from the Treasury funds account.
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FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Agency and Program
Enacted
Enacted
Enacted
Requested348
Museum Grants for African American
2,731
3,231
5,231
6,000
History & Culture
Museum Grants for American Latino History —
—
4,000
6,000
& Culture
Research, Analysis, and Data Collection
3,013
3,513
4,513
5,650
Program Administration
15,000
15,500
18,500
1722,650
National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts
162,250 162,250
167,500 167,500
180,000 180,000
203,550207,000
State Partnerships
51,840
53,540
57,540
63,60064,980
Direct Grantsa
77,760
80,310
86,310
95,40097,470
Program Support
1.,950
1,950
2,000
2,500
Administration
30,700
31,700
34,150
42,050
National Endowment for the Humanities National Endowment for the Humanities
162,250 162,250
167,500 167,500
180,000 180,000
200,680207,000
Federal/State Partnership
50,028
51,576
54,348
6365,000
Preservation and Access
19,000
19,000
19,500
22,000500
Public Programs
13,500
13,500
14,000
15,400800
Research Programs
14,500
14,500
15,000
17,000500
Education Programs
12,250
13,000
13,500
14,80015,400
Program Development
500
500
2,500
2,500800
Digital Humanities Initiatives
4,600
5,000
5,500
6,050250
Special InitiativesInitiativesb
4,172
5,724
5,052
6,9507.000
Matching GrantsbGrants
14,500
15,000
15,600
17,30018,750
Administration
29,200
29,700
35,000
35,68036,000 Congressional Research Service 4 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations
Source: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service Prepared by the Congressional Research Service withbased on data from the House and Senate Appropriations data from the House and Senate Appropriations
Committees, appropriations acts, and congressional justifications. Committees, appropriations acts, and congressional justifications.
Notes: Table does not include funding the agencies received from the Coronavirus Aid, Table does not include funding the agencies received from the Coronavirus Aid,
Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) and the American Rescue Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) and the American Rescue
Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2). For information on funding from those acts, see Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2). For information on funding from those acts, see
CRS Insight IN11409, CRS Insight IN11409, CARES Act Arts and Cultural Provisions, and CRS Insight and CRS Insight
IN11707, IN11707, American Rescue Plan Act of 2021: Arts and Cultural Provisions. .
a. Includes Challenge America grants, Grants for Arts Projects grants, Our Town grants, and national a. Includes Challenge America grants, Grants for Arts Projects grants, Our Town grants, and national
initiatives. initiatives.
b. Includes b. Includes $2 million each year from Treasury funds account.






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A More Perfect Union and American Tapestry: Weaving Together Past, Present, and Future.


Author Information

Shannon S. Loane Shannon S. Loane

Senior Research Librarian Senior Research Librarian



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R47248 R47248 · VERSION 1 · NEW
611 · UPDATED 5

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