Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues

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Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small
~~August 26, 2022~~March 22, 2024
Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of
R. Corinne Blackford
Contemporary Issues
Analyst in Small Business Analyst in Small Business
and Economic and Economic
Since the passage of P.L. 93-237 in 1974, which instructed the Since the passage of P.L. 93-237 in 1974, which instructed the ~~SBA to give “special~~Small Business Administration
Development Policy Development Policy
(SBA) to give “special consideration to veterans of the Armed Forces of the United States and consideration to veterans of the Armed Forces of the United States and their survivors or their survivors or

dependents,” the agency has taken a lead in federal efforts to support veteran-owned small dependents,” the agency has taken a lead in federal efforts to support veteran-owned small
businesses (VOSBs) and veterans who want to become business owners. This businesses (VOSBs) and veterans who want to become business owners. This statute led to statute led to

outreach and technical assistance services tailored to VOSBs. Later legislation created the outreach and technical assistance services tailored to VOSBs. Later legislation created the
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) contracting program. That program, for eligible service-Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) contracting program. That program, for eligible service-
disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs), is among the small handful of federal small business contracting disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs), is among the small handful of federal small business contracting
programs that provide contracting preferences to certain types of small businesses (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development programs that provide contracting preferences to certain types of small businesses (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development
Program and HUBZone programs). Program and HUBZone programs).
Congress authorized a government-wide procurement goal of awarding at least 3% of federal contract award dollars to Congress authorized a government-wide procurement goal of awarding at least 3% of federal contract award dollars to
SDVOSBs each fiscal year through the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999. The SDVOSBs each fiscal year through the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999. The
Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 authorized contracting officers at federal agencies to limit competition for contracts for Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 authorized contracting officers at federal agencies to limit competition for contracts for
SDVOSBs under certain circumstances, in order to help the government reach its 3% goalSDVOSBs under certain circumstances, in order to help the government reach its 3% goal. Since then, the goal was increased to 5% by P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024. No government-wide procurement . No government-wide procurement
goal or preferences for nondisabled veteran-owned small businesses (VOSBs) exist, although the Department of Veterans goal or preferences for nondisabled veteran-owned small businesses (VOSBs) exist, although the Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA) administers a unique program limited to its agency, known as Veterans First. Affairs (VA) administers a unique program limited to its agency, known as Veterans First.
Economic data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau indicate that veterans generally have lower Economic data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau indicate that veterans generally have lower
unemployment relative to the general population and also tend to be well represented among businesses owners and the self-unemployment relative to the general population and also tend to be well represented among businesses owners and the self-
employed. However, some data suggest that younger veterans are not undertaking entrepreneurship at the same rates as prior employed. However, some data suggest that younger veterans are not undertaking entrepreneurship at the same rates as prior
cohorts, which could signal fewer veteran business owners in the future. Veterans comprised approximately 5% of the overall cohorts, which could signal fewer veteran business owners in the future. Veterans comprised approximately 5% of the overall
civilian labor force aged 18 to 64 years in 2019, comparable to their share of business owners. civilian labor force aged 18 to 64 years in 2019, comparable to their share of business owners.
Congress may consider enhancing contracting opportunities for VOSBs not only to encourage veterans’ entrepreneurship, but Congress may consider enhancing contracting opportunities for VOSBs not only to encourage veterans’ entrepreneurship, but
to support veterans more broadly. For instance, nondisabled veterans interested in employment via business ownership to support veterans more broadly. For instance, nondisabled veterans interested in employment via business ownership
currently receive no federal benefit comparable to federal agency hiring preferences. One option for congressional currently receive no federal benefit comparable to federal agency hiring preferences. One option for congressional
consideration includes creation of a government-wide VOSB procurement goal beyond the agency-specific program at the consideration includes creation of a government-wide VOSB procurement goal beyond the agency-specific program at the
VA. Alternatively, congress may determine that veterans’ relative economic circumstances do not justify contracting VA. Alternatively, congress may determine that veterans’ relative economic circumstances do not justify contracting
preferences or that an additional small business contracting preference program would impede small businesses currently preferences or that an additional small business contracting preference program would impede small businesses currently
eligible for preferences, or burden agencies implementing existing preference programs. eligible for preferences, or burden agencies implementing existing preference programs.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses

~~Congressional Research Service~~

~~Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses~~

Introduction
Congress’s interest in promoting small business contracting dates back to the end of World War II Congress’s interest in promoting small business contracting dates back to the end of World War II
and the outbreak of the Korean War, when war-induced shortages of materials, coupled with an and the outbreak of the Korean War, when war-induced shortages of materials, coupled with an
inability to obtain defense contracts or financial assistance, threatened thousands of small inability to obtain defense contracts or financial assistance, threatened thousands of small
businesses.1 In 1953, Congress passed, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law, the businesses.1 In 1953, Congress passed, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law, the
Small Business Act (P.L. 83-163), authorizing the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). Small Business Act (P.L. 83-163), authorizing the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA).
The Small Business Act specifies that it is Congress’s declared policy to promote the interests of The Small Business Act specifies that it is Congress’s declared policy to promote the interests of
small businesses to “preserve free competitive enterprise.”2 Since 1953, Congress has imposed small businesses to “preserve free competitive enterprise.”2 Since 1953, Congress has imposed
requirements on the federal procurement process to help small businesses receive a fair requirements on the federal procurement process to help small businesses receive a fair
proportion of federal contracts and subcontracts, primarily by establishing federal procurement proportion of federal contracts and subcontracts, primarily by establishing federal procurement
goals and various contracting preferences—including restricted competitions (set-asides) and sole goals and various contracting preferences—including restricted competitions (set-asides) and sole
source awards—for small businesses.3 source awards—for small businesses.3
Several federal small business contracting programs (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development Several federal small business contracting programs (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development
Program and HUBZone programs) provide contracting preferences to small businesses, including Program and HUBZone programs) provide contracting preferences to small businesses, including
service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs).4 The federal government has a service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs).4 The federal government has a
government-wide procurement goal of awarding at least government-wide procurement goal of awarding at least 35% of federal contract award dollars to % of federal contract award dollars to
SDVOSBs each fiscal year.SDVOSBs each fiscal year.5 Contracting officers at federal agencies may limit competition for Contracting officers at federal agencies may limit competition for
contracts for SDVOSBs under certain circumstances in order to help the government reach its contracts for SDVOSBs under certain circumstances in order to help the government reach its
goal. Although no government-wide procurement goal for non-disabled veteran-owned small goal. Although no government-wide procurement goal for non-disabled veteran-owned small
businesses (VOSBs) exists, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers a unique businesses (VOSBs) exists, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers a unique
program limited to its agency known as the Veterans First program, which provides contracting program limited to its agency known as the Veterans First program, which provides contracting
preferences to VOSBs. preferences to VOSBs.
This report provides information on the existing landscape of federal programs supporting VOSB This report provides information on the existing landscape of federal programs supporting VOSB
contractors, including SDVOSBs. It covers the procurement goals, regulations, and contract contractors, including SDVOSBs. It covers the procurement goals, regulations, and contract
award priorities that apply to these businesses and offers an overview of the available data on award priorities that apply to these businesses and offers an overview of the available data on
these firms. It discusses the oversight issues affecting the SDVOSB contracting program and the these firms. It discusses the oversight issues affecting the SDVOSB contracting program and the
VA’s contracting program. The final sections of the report discuss issues of congressional interest, VA’s contracting program. The final sections of the report discuss issues of congressional interest,
including considerations for the expansion of procurement preferences to VOSBs. including considerations for the expansion of procurement preferences to VOSBs.

1 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, 1 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, Small Business Administration, committee print, 83rd , committee print, 83rd
Cong., 1st sess., August 10, 1953 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1953), p. iii; and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Cong., 1st sess., August 10, 1953 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1953), p. iii; and U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Banking and Currency, Banking and Currency, Small Business Act of 1953, report to accompany H.R. 5141, 83rd Cong., 1st sess., May 28, , report to accompany H.R. 5141, 83rd Cong., 1st sess., May 28,
1953, H.Rept. 83-494 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1953). For further information related to small business contracting, see 1953, H.Rept. 83-494 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1953). For further information related to small business contracting, see
CRS Report R45576, CRS Report R45576, An Overview of Small Business Contracting, by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford. , by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford.
2 For more information about P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended), see https://www.govinfo.gov/ 2 For more information about P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended), see https://www.govinfo.gov/
content/pkg/COMPS-1834/pdf/COMPS-1834.pdf; and 15 U.S.C. §631(a). content/pkg/COMPS-1834/pdf/COMPS-1834.pdf; and 15 U.S.C. §631(a).
3 3 Set-aside is a commonly used term to refer to a contract competition in which only small businesses, or specific types is a commonly used term to refer to a contract competition in which only small businesses, or specific types
of small businesses, may compete. Set-asides can be total or partial, depending on whether the entire procurement, or of small businesses, may compete. Set-asides can be total or partial, depending on whether the entire procurement, or
just a segment of it, is restricted. just a segment of it, is restricted. Sole source awards are noncompetitive procurements made after soliciting and awards are noncompetitive procurements made after soliciting and
negotiating with one source. negotiating with one source.
4 A service-disabled veteran is defined as an individual who possesses either a valid disability rating letter issued by the 4 A service-disabled veteran is defined as an individual who possesses either a valid disability rating letter issued by the
Department of Veterans Affairs, establishing a service-connected rating between 0 and 100 percent, or a valid disability Department of Veterans Affairs, establishing a service-connected rating between 0 and 100 percent, or a valid disability
determination from the Department of Defense or is registered in the Beneficiary Identification and Records Locator determination from the Department of Defense or is registered in the Beneficiary Identification and Records Locator
Subsystem maintained by Department of Veterans Affairs’ Veterans Benefits Administration as a service-disabled Subsystem maintained by Department of Veterans Affairs’ Veterans Benefits Administration as a service-disabled
veteran. Reservists or members of the National Guard disabled from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in line veteran. Reservists or members of the National Guard disabled from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in line
of duty or while in training status also qualify. 13 C.F.R. §125.11 “Service disabled veteran.” of duty or while in training status also qualify. 13 C.F.R. §125.11 “Service disabled veteran.”
5 This goal was increased from 3% to 5% by P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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link to page link to page 75 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses

Veteran Workers, Business Owners, and Contractors
Economic data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that Economic data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that
veterans generally have lower unemployment than the general population and tend to be well veterans generally have lower unemployment than the general population and tend to be well
represented among businesses owners and the self-employed. In represented among businesses owners and the self-employed. In ~~July of 2022~~February 2024, the Bureau of , the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) reportedLabor Statistics (BLS) reported ~~that the civilian labor force included nearly 8.7 million veterans~~
~~(i.e., veterans who were either employed or unemployed and available for work), and of those,~~
~~237,000 were unemployed.5 This translates into an unemployment rate of 2.7~~ an unemployment rate of 2.9%, compared to %, compared to
~~3.7~~4.1% for the non-veteran civilian population.% for the non-veteran civilian population.
6 Veterans also tend to be well represented among businesses owners and the self-employed, Veterans also tend to be well represented among businesses owners and the self-employed,
although some data suggest that younger veterans are not undertaking entrepreneurship at the although some data suggest that younger veterans are not undertaking entrepreneurship at the
same rates as prior cohorts.same rates as prior cohorts.67 According to According to ~~the latest available data from two~~ Census Bureau Census Bureau
datasets on veteran business ownership, over datasets on veteran business ownership, over ~~331~~300,000 employer firms owned by veterans existed ,000 employer firms owned by veterans existed
~~in 20187~~in 20208 and 1. and 1.43 million out of million out of ~~nearly 26.5~~more than 27 million non-employer firms (self-employed million non-employer firms (self-employed
proprietors) were owned by veteransproprietors) were owned by veterans ~~in 2017.8~~.9 Based on these numbers, approximately 5 Based on these numbers, approximately 5.7% of % of
employer firms and employer firms and ~~5.3~~4.8% of non-employer firms were owned by veterans% of non-employer firms were owned by veterans ~~in these years.9~~.10 Table 1
presents these data.presents these data. ~~Meanwhile, veterans comprised approximately 5% of the overall civilian~~
~~labor force aged 18 to 64 years in 2019, which was on par with their share of business owners.10~~

~~5 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18~~
~~years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted,” at https://www.bls.gov/~~
~~news.release/empsit.t05.htm.~~
6 Table 1. Veteran Business Ownership by Employer and Non-Employer Firm Type, 2020-2021 Business Ownership Employer Firms Non-Employer Firms Veteran-Owned 304,000 1,300,000 Percentage Veteran-Owned 5.0% 4.8% Total (any ownership) 6,100,000 27,200,000 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2021”; U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): Statistics for Employer and Nonemployer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2020.” Notes: Employer firm data are for 2021. Non-employer firm data are for 2020. The Annual Business Survey uses the col ection year (the year the survey was col ected) in the survey name rather than the reference year (the year the survey col ects data on). The 2021 ABS, for example, covers reference year 2020 (see “Annual Business Survey Methodology” at Census.gov). The Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series utilizes various administrative records and the Census Bureau data sources that include data from the Department of Veterans Affairs (see “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics Methodology” at Census.gov). 6 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table A-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Population 18 Years and Over by Veteran Status, Period of Service, and Sex, Not Seasonally Adjusted,” at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t05.htm. 7 Sidra Montgomery et al. Sidra Montgomery et al. Millennial Veteran Entrepreneurship: Research on the Next Generation of Veteran
Entrepreneurs, U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Office of Advocacy June 2021. U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Office of Advocacy June 2021.
78 U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race and U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race and
Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: ~~2019,” at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US&d=~~
~~ECNSVY%20Annual%20Business%20Survey%20Annual%20Business%20Survey&tid=~~
~~ABSCS2019.AB1900CSA01&nkd=ETH_GROUP~001,RACE_GROUP~00,SEX~001,VET_GROUP~002.~~2021.”
Employer firms are nonfarm businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000. Employer firms are nonfarm businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000.
89 U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): Owner Characteristics of U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): Owner Characteristics of
Nonemployer Firms by Sector, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: Nonemployer Firms by Sector, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: ~~2018,”~~
~~at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=NES-D&g=0100000US&y=2018&tid=ABSNESD2018.AB1800NESD01&~~
~~nkd=ETH_GROUP~001,RACE_GROUP~00,SEX~001,VET_GROUP~001%3A002.~~
2020.” Non-employer firms are businesses with no paid employment or payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1 million Non-employer firms are businesses with no paid employment or payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1 million
or more in the construction industries), and filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule C), or more in the construction industries), and filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule C),
partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the Form 1120 series). partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the Form 1120 series).
910 Firms in the following industries were excluded from the survey: Crop and Animal Production (NAICS 111 and 112); Firms in the following industries were excluded from the survey: Crop and Animal Production (NAICS 111 and 112);
Rail Transportation (NAICS 482); Postal Service (NAICS 491); Monetary Authorities-Central Bank (NAICS 521); Rail Transportation (NAICS 482); Postal Service (NAICS 491); Monetary Authorities-Central Bank (NAICS 521);
Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles (NAICS 525); Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles (NAICS 525); Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar
~~Organizations (NAICS 813); Private Households (NAICS 814); Public Administration (NAICS 92).~~
~~10 U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates, Table S2101, “Veteran Status,” at~~
~~https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Veterans&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S2101.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses~~

~~Table 1. Veteran Business Ownership by Employer and Non-Employer Firm Type,~~
~~2017-2018~~
~~Business Ownership~~
~~Employer Firms~~
~~Non-Employer Firms~~
~~Veteran-Owned~~
~~331,000~~
~~1,400,000~~
~~Percentage Veteran-Owned~~
~~5.7%~~
~~5.3%~~
~~Total (any ownership)~~
~~5,800,000~~
~~26,500,000~~
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity,
~~Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2019”; U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer~~
~~Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): Owner Characteristics of Nonemployer Firms by Sector, Sex,~~
~~Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2018.”~~
Notes: Employer firm data are for 2018. Non-employer firm data are for 2017.
~~Veteran-Owned Contractors and Federal Contract Awards~~
~~The number of VOSBs interested in contracting with the government is reflected in the number of~~
~~registrations with an SBA’s Dynamic Small Business Search database, where contracting officers~~
~~may review contract bidder information. As of July 5, 2022, this database included 43,544 firms~~
Organizations (NAICS 813); Private Households (NAICS 814); Public Administration (NAICS 92). Congressional Research Service 2 link to page 6 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses Veteran-Owned Contractors and Federal Contract Awards The number of VOSBs interested in contracting with the government is reflected in the number of registrations in the Federal Procurement Data System database at SAM.gov.11 As of March 19, 2024, this database included over 61,000 veteran-owned firms and 36,500 firms registered as active, registered as active, service-disabled veteran-owned firms interested in doing business with federal agencies.veteran-owned firms interested in doing business with federal agencies.11
~~Although this group of firms might not necessarily represent all potential VOSB contractors, it~~
~~does account for 2.5% of total estimated (employer and non-employer) veteran-owned firms.~~12
Federal agencies have awarded Federal agencies have awarded ~~at least $100~~around $150 billion billion annually to small business contractors to small business contractors ~~each fiscal year~~
~~since FY2016.12 Veteran-owned firms (including non-small firms) received nearly $36~~in recent fiscal years.13 VOSBs received more than $33 billion in contract awards in FY2022.14 About $27 billion went to SDVOSBs.15 ~~billion in~~
~~federal contract awards in FY2021, with VOSBs receiving more than $31 billion.13 About 44% of~~
~~these award dollars, or $25 billion, went to SDVOSBs.14~~
The Department of Defense (DOD) and VA are by far the largest sources of federal contract The Department of Defense (DOD) and VA are by far the largest sources of federal contract
dollars for both VOSBs and SDVOSBs. DOD awards accounted for dollars for both VOSBs and SDVOSBs. DOD awards accounted for ~~close to 45~~over 42% of contract % of contract
dollars to VOSBs and dollars to VOSBs and 4039% to SDVOSBs in % to SDVOSBs in ~~FY2021.15~~FY2022.16 VA awards accounted for nearly VA awards accounted for nearly 2728% of % of
contract dollars to VOSBs and contract dollars to VOSBs and 3334% to SDVOSBs in % to SDVOSBs in ~~FY2021.16~~FY2022.17 The Department of Homeland The Department of Homeland
Security was the next most significant contracting agency for both types of firms, accounting for Security was the next most significant contracting agency for both types of firms, accounting for
5%about 7% ($2.4 billion) of contract dollars to VOSBs and 4% of contract dollars to VOSBs and 4% ($1.5 billion) to SDVOSBs.to SDVOSBs.1718
Even though agencies may set-aside contracts for SDVOSBs, and the VA may do so for VOSBs Even though agencies may set-aside contracts for SDVOSBs, and the VA may do so for VOSBs
as well, not all contracts awarded to these types of firms involve competition restrictions. Both as well, not all contracts awarded to these types of firms involve competition restrictions. Both
VOSBs and SDVOSBs also receive federal contracts under full and open competition. VOSBs and SDVOSBs also receive federal contracts under full and open competition. ~~FY2021~~

~~11 U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), “Dynamic Small Business Search,” at https://web.sba.gov/pro-net/~~
~~search/dsp_dsbs.cfm, accessed 7/5/2022.~~
~~12 SBA, “Small Business Procurement Scorecard Overview,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-small-business-~~
~~procurement-scorecard-overview. According to the most recently available Small Business Procurement Scorecard,~~
~~small business eligible contracts totaled $559.981 billion in FY2020 and $145.8 billion was awarded to small~~
~~businesses ($142.4 billion without required double counting for qualified disaster areas).~~
~~13 U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” June 17, 2022 [2021], at~~
~~https://sam.gov/reports/awards/adhoc.~~
~~14 Ibid.~~
~~15 Ibid.~~
~~16 Ibid.~~
~~17 Ibid.~~
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~~data show that more than $18.4 billion (59~~FY2022 data show that nearly $15 billion (55%) was awarded to %) was awarded to ~~VOSBs~~SDVOSBs in full and open in full and open
~~competition, with nearly $13.6 billion of this total awarded to SDVOSBs.18~~competition, rather than through a set-aside or sole-source award.19 Table 2 presents the presents the
percentages of percentages of ~~federal~~SDVOSB contract award dollars made through set-asides, sole-source awards, contract award dollars made through set-asides, sole-source awards, ~~other~~
~~preferences,~~ and open competition. and open competition.
Table 2. Contract Award Amounts to Small Businesses and Veteran-Owned and Service-Disabled Veteran-
Owned Small Businesses, ~~FY2021~~
~~Percentage~~FY2022
Amount of
~~Awarded with~~
~~Federal~~
Percentage
~~Another~~Percentage
Percentage
~~Contract~~Federal
Percentage
Awarded as
~~Small~~Awarded with
Awarded in
~~Business~~
~~Award~~Contract
Awarded with
Sole Source
~~Business~~Small
Open
~~Ownership~~
~~Dollars~~
~~Set-Asidea~~
~~Contractb~~
~~Preferencec~~Award Set-Asidea Contract Business b Competition Dollars Preferencec $27.1bil ion 26% 4% 12% 55% 11 The Entity Search tool at SAM.gov, selecting for an Entity Status entry of “Active Registration” and Socio-Economic Status entry of “Service Disabled Veteran Owned Business” or “Veteran Owned Business.” 12 SAM.gov Entity Search, accessed March 19, 2024. 13 GSA, “Federal Procurement Data System Report,” at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/acquisition-policy/small-business-reports. $144 billion was awarded to small businesses in FY2020, $149 billion in FY2021, and nearly $155 billion in FY2022. 14 U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Small Business Goaling Report,” FY2022, at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid. DOD awarded over $14 billion to VOSBs in FY2022, out of a total of $33.3 billion to those firms, and $10.5 billion to SDVOSBs, out of $27 billion. 17 Ibid. VA awarded more than $ 9 billion to VOSBs, out of a total of $33.3 billion to those firms, and $9.2 billion to SDVOSBs, out of $27 billion. 18 GSA, “Federal Procurement Data System Report,” at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/acquisition-policy/small-business-reports. 19 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 8 link to page 9 link to page 9 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses Source: GSA, “Federal Procurement Data System Report,” FY2022, at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/acquisition-policy/small-business-reports. Notes: Table data may not match FY2022
~~Competition~~
~~Veteran-owned~~
~~small business~~
~~$31.2 bil ion~~
~~21%~~
1%
~~19%~~
~~59%~~
~~(VOSB)~~
~~Service-disabled~~
~~veteran-owned~~
~~$24.8 bil ion~~
~~27%~~
1%
~~17%~~
~~55%~~
~~small business~~
~~(SDVOSB)~~
Source: U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” June 17, 2022
~~[FY2021], at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/adhoc.~~
Notes: Table ~~data on SDVOSB contract awards may not match FY2021~~ Small Business Procurement Scorecard Small Business Procurement Scorecard
data. The Federal Procurement Data System data. The Federal Procurement Data System ~~(FPDS) is the source of contract award data from the GSA database~~
~~and reflects the point in time when extracted~~report from the GSA reflects data on all prime contract awards made each year per Section 15(h)(3)(A)(i ) of the Small Business Act, without the contract exclusions SBA makes when preparing the Scorecard. Percentages do not sum to 100 because awards may have been made through other preferences. .
a. Percentage Awarded with Set-Aside refers to set-aside available for the type of business ownership a. Percentage Awarded with Set-Aside refers to set-aside available for the type of business ownership
indicated ( indicated (~~VOSB alone~~Small Business set-aside or SDVOSB or SDVOSB ~~alone~~set-aside) and does not include any other type of set-aside available (e.g., ) and does not include any other type of set-aside available (e.g.,
small business set-aside, 8(a) set-aside, women-owned small business set-aside, etc.). small business set-aside, 8(a) set-aside, women-owned small business set-aside, etc.).
b. Percentage Awarded as Sole Source Contract refers to sole source contracts available for the type of b. Percentage Awarded as Sole Source Contract refers to sole source contracts available for the type of
business ownership indicated ( business ownership indicated (~~VOSB alone or SDVOSB alone) and does not include any other type of sole~~
~~source contract available (e.g., 8(a) sole source~~Small Business contract or SDVOSB contract). contract).
c. Percentage Awarded with c. Percentage Awarded with ~~Another~~ Small Business Preference refers to contracts made with a small Small Business Preference refers to contracts made with a small
business business preference unrelated to veteran status (preference unrelated to veteran status (~~e.g., small business set-aside, 8(a) set-aside, women-owned~~
~~small business set-aside, etc.~~i.e., competitions restricted to small businesses in general). ).
Veteran-Owned Firms by Location
The following maps show the number of VOSBs by state, and their proportion relative to non-The following maps show the number of VOSBs by state, and their proportion relative to non-
veteran owned firms, using U.S. Census Bureau survey data. The first map, shown iveteran owned firms, using U.S. Census Bureau survey data. The first map, shown in Figure 1,
shows the number and percentage of employer shows the number and percentage of employer ~~firms19~~firms20 owned by veterans in each state owned by veterans in each state~~, along~~
~~with the location of SBA Veteran Business Outreach Centers20 where VOSBs can access veteran-~~
~~specific business counseling and assistance~~. Employer firms have paid employees, and so exclude . Employer firms have paid employees, and so exclude
self-employed veterans and sole proprietorships that self-employed veterans and sole proprietorships that do not have a payroll. ~~do not have a payroll.~~

~~18 Ibid.~~
~~19 Employer firms are nonfarm businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000.~~
~~20 States without a Veteran Business Outreach Center include those with high counts or shares of VOSBs, such as~~
~~Alaska and New Hampshire. New centers may be established through SBA grant funding opportunities, which are~~
~~periodically offered to provide “initial” funding to eligible entities. According to Notices of Funding Opportunity,~~
~~initial funding may be awarded for up to a five-year period, potentially followed by “renewal” funding, which is~~
~~available through separate funding opportunities.~~
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States with the largest numbers of VOSBs include those with the largest populations and number States with the largest numbers of VOSBs include those with the largest populations and number
of businesses in general, such as California, Florida, New York, and Texas. States with the highest of businesses in general, such as California, Florida, New York, and Texas. States with the highest
percentages of employer VOSBs (relative to the number of employer firms in the state) include percentages of employer VOSBs (relative to the number of employer firms in the state) include
~~Alaska (8.1%) Georgia (8.1%), New Hampshire (9.3%), Oklahoma (7.7%), Tennessee (7.7%),~~
~~and Virginia (8.8%).~~
West Virginia (10.8%), Virginia (8.0%), Alabama (7.5%), South Carolina (7.3%), and New Hampshire (9.3%). Figure 2 shows the number and percentage of all (employer and non-employer) firms owned by shows the number and percentage of all (employer and non-employer) firms owned by
veterans in each stateveterans in each state~~, along with the location of SBA Veteran Outreach Centers~~. Several of the . Several of the
same observations about the geography of employer VOSBs same observations about the geography of employer VOSBs apply to~~apply to the second map i~~n Figure 2.
~~However~~However, when adding , when adding in the non-employer21 VOSBs to the datathe non-employer21 VOSBs to the data to obtain a total of all VOSBs, the states with the highest , the states with the highest
percentages of VOSBs percentages of VOSBs ~~(relative to the number of employer firms in the state) become Alaska~~
~~(9.8%), Georgia (7.0%), and Virginia (8.4%).~~
~~Figure 1. Map of Employer Veteran-Owned Small Businesses~~
~~2018~~become West Virginia (7.9%), South Dakota (7.7%), South Carolina (7.7%), and Virginia (7.4%). 20 Employer firms are nonfarm businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000. 21 Non-employer firms are businesses with no paid employment or payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1 million or more in the construction industries), and filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule C), partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the Form 1120 series). Congressional Research Service 4 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses Figure 1. Map of Employer Veteran-Owned Small Businesses 2021 Counts and Percentages of Employer Firms by State Counts and Percentages of Employer Firms by State

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity,
Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: ~~2019~~2021.” .”
Note: Data were suppressed by the Census Bureau for Data were suppressed by the Census Bureau for ~~three~~four states ( states (~~Wyoming, Nebraska, Idaho)~~ Alaska, Connecticut, Maine, Vermont) because the because the
estimates do not meet publication standards due to high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other estimates do not meet publication standards due to high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other
~~concerns about the estimate quality.~~

~~21 Non-employer firms are businesses with no paid employment or payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1~~
~~million or more in the construction industries), and filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule~~
~~C), partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the Form 1120 series).~~
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Figure 2. Map of All Veteran-Owned ~~Small~~ Businesses
~~2018~~2020 and 2021 Counts and Percentages of Counts and Percentages of ~~Firms~~All VOSBs by State by State

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity,
Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: ~~2019”~~2021”; and “Nonemployer Statistics by and “Nonemployer Statistics by
Demographics series (NES-D): Demographics series (NES-D): ~~Owner Characteristics of~~Statistics for Employer and Nonemployer Firms by Nonemployer Firms by ~~Sector~~Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and , Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and
Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: ~~2018~~2020.” .”
Notes: The Census Bureau suppressed data for The Census Bureau suppressed data for ~~three~~four states ( states (~~Wyoming, Nebraska, Idaho~~Alaska, Connecticut, Maine, Vermont) because the estimates ) because the estimates
do not meet publication standards due to high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns do not meet publication standards due to high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns
about the estimate quality. about the estimate quality.
Policy Context
Among the federal small business contracting programs (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development Among the federal small business contracting programs (e.g., the 8(a) Business Development
Program and HUBZone programs) that provide contracting preferences to small businesses, the Program and HUBZone programs) that provide contracting preferences to small businesses, the
preference for small businesses owned by veterans is specifically for those who are service-preference for small businesses owned by veterans is specifically for those who are service-
disabled. A service-disabled veteran is defined as an individual disabled. A service-disabled veteran is defined as an individual
who possesses either a valid disability rating letter issued by the Department of Veterans who possesses either a valid disability rating letter issued by the Department of Veterans
Affairs, establishing a service-connected rating between 0 and 100 percent, or a valid Affairs, establishing a service-connected rating between 0 and 100 percent, or a valid
disability determination from the Department of Defense or is registered in the Beneficiary disability determination from the Department of Defense or is registered in the Beneficiary
Identification and Records Locator Subsystem maintained by Department of Veterans Identification and Records Locator Subsystem maintained by Department of Veterans
Affairs’ Veterans Benefits Administration as a service-disabled veteran. Reservists or Affairs’ Veterans Benefits Administration as a service-disabled veteran. Reservists or
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members of the National Guard disabled from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in members of the National Guard disabled from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in
line of duty or while in training status also qualify.22 line of duty or while in training status also qualify.22
The Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, P.L. 106-50, The Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, P.L. 106-50,
created the federal government’s 3% government-wide annual procurement goal for SDVOSBs. created the federal government’s 3% government-wide annual procurement goal for SDVOSBs.
The goal was increased to 5% by P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2024. Federal contracting officers may limit competition for contracts for SDVOSBs under specified Federal contracting officers may limit competition for contracts for SDVOSBs under specified
circumstances in order to help the government reach its goal by creating a “set-aside” for circumstances in order to help the government reach its goal by creating a “set-aside” for
SDVOSBs. Eligible SDVOSBs must be at least 51% owned and controlled by a serviceSDVOSBs. Eligible SDVOSBs must be at least 51% owned and controlled by a service -disabled disabled
veteran.23 VOSB status alone is insufficient to qualify for the SDVOSB program.24 veteran.23 VOSB status alone is insufficient to qualify for the SDVOSB program.24
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) states that agency contracting officers must set aside The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) states that agency contracting officers must set aside
“any acquisition over the simplified acquisition threshold25 for small business participation,”26 “any acquisition over the simplified acquisition threshold25 for small business participation,”26
and “shall first consider” socioeconomic contracting programs such as the SDVOSB contracting and “shall first consider” socioeconomic contracting programs such as the SDVOSB contracting
program before opting to use a general small business set-aside.27 program before opting to use a general small business set-aside.27
Although no government-wide procurement goal for VOSBs exists, the VA maintains a program Although no government-wide procurement goal for VOSBs exists, the VA maintains a program
limited to its agency, which reflects its “long-standing commitment to contracting with veteran-limited to its agency, which reflects its “long-standing commitment to contracting with veteran-
owned small businesses.”28 The Veterans First Contracting Program was established by P.L. 109-owned small businesses.”28 The Veterans First Contracting Program was established by P.L. 109-
461 in 2006. 461 in 2006.
In addition, the SBA offers various technical assistance programs designed to promote veteran In addition, the SBA offers various technical assistance programs designed to promote veteran
entrepreneurship, as well as counseling and technical assistance that is also available to all small entrepreneurship, as well as counseling and technical assistance that is also available to all small
businesses interested in competing for government contracts.29 businesses interested in competing for government contracts.29
Table 3, below, provides a timeline of key legislative actions related to veterans contracting. low, provides a timeline of key legislative actions related to veterans contracting.
Table 3. Key Legislation Chronology
1974 1974
P.L. 93-237, amending the Small Business Act, directing the SBA to give special consideration to P.L. 93-237, amending the Small Business Act, directing the SBA to give special consideration to
veterans veterans
1999 1999
P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, creating an P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, creating an
annual 3% SDVOSB procurement goal annual 3% SDVOSB procurement goal
2003 2003
P.L. 108-183, the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003, authorizing preferences for SDVOSBs P.L. 108-183, the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003, authorizing preferences for SDVOSBs
2006 2006
P.L. 109-461, the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006, establishing P.L. 109-461, the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006, establishing
the VA’s Veterans First program the VA’s Veterans First program

2023 P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, increased the SDVOSB contracting goal to 5%. 22 13 C.F.R. §125.11. 22 13 C.F.R. §125.11.
23 13 C.F.R. §125.12. One exception is eligibility for the surviving spouse of a deceased service-disabled veteran small 23 13 C.F.R. §125.12. One exception is eligibility for the surviving spouse of a deceased service-disabled veteran small
business owner. business owner.
24 13 C.F.R. §125.12. 24 13 C.F.R. §125.12.
25 48 C.F.R. §2.101(b). Generally, the simplified acquisition threshold is $250,000 though under certain circumstances 25 48 C.F.R. §2.101(b). Generally, the simplified acquisition threshold is $250,000 though under certain circumstances
it may increase. it may increase.
26 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(b). 26 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(b).
27 48 C.F.R. §19.203(c). 27 48 C.F.R. §19.203(c).
28 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), at https://www.va.gov/OSDBU/entrepreneur/vetsFirst.asp. 28 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), at https://www.va.gov/OSDBU/entrepreneur/vetsFirst.asp.
29 For additional information and analysis of SBA’s management and training programs for veterans, see CRS Report 29 For additional information and analysis of SBA’s management and training programs for veterans, see CRS Report
R42695, R42695, SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues~~, by Robert Jay Dilger and Anthony~~
~~A. Cilluffo~~. .
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SDVOSB Program
The SDVOSB program is the only government-wide procurement preference program for small The SDVOSB program is the only government-wide procurement preference program for small
businesses owned by service-disabled veterans.30 The program allows federal contracting officers businesses owned by service-disabled veterans.30 The program allows federal contracting officers
to set aside federal contracts for SDVOSBs in order to reach the statutory 3% contracting goal. to set aside federal contracts for SDVOSBs in order to reach the statutory 3% contracting goal.
Under specified circumstances, contracting officers may also award sole-source contracts without Under specified circumstances, contracting officers may also award sole-source contracts without
competition to an SDVOSB. competition to an SDVOSB.
When considering a set-aside to an SDVOB, an agency’s contracting officer must have a When considering a set-aside to an SDVOB, an agency’s contracting officer must have a
reasonable expectation of receiving offers from at least two responsible SDVOSBs that are reasonable expectation of receiving offers from at least two responsible SDVOSBs that are
competitive in terms of market prices, quality, and delivery of the goods or services being competitive in terms of market prices, quality, and delivery of the goods or services being
purchased.31 This is known as the “Rule of Two.” If at least two SDVOSBs are not expected to purchased.31 This is known as the “Rule of Two.” If at least two SDVOSBs are not expected to
submit offers, the contracting officer may award a sole source contract to an SDVOSB as long as submit offers, the contracting officer may award a sole source contract to an SDVOSB as long as
the responsible contractor is able to perform the contract; the award can be made at a “fair and the responsible contractor is able to perform the contract; the award can be made at a “fair and
reasonable price”; and the anticipated award price of the contract, including option periods, will reasonable price”; and the anticipated award price of the contract, including option periods, will
not exceed $4 million, or $7 million in the case of a manufacturing contract.32 not exceed $4 million, or $7 million in the case of a manufacturing contract.32
SDVOSB Program Eligibility
SDVOSBs are eligible for contract set asides and sole-source contract awards when they meet the SDVOSBs are eligible for contract set asides and sole-source contract awards when they meet the
following business size and ownership criteria: they must be small, as defined in Section 3(q) of following business size and ownership criteria: they must be small, as defined in Section 3(q) of
the Small Business Act33 and the SBA’s implementing regulations;34 be at least 51% the Small Business Act33 and the SBA’s implementing regulations;34 be at least 51%
unconditionally and directly owned and controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans; have unconditionally and directly owned and controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans; have
one or more service-disabled veterans manage day-to-day operations and make long-term one or more service-disabled veterans manage day-to-day operations and make long-term
decisions; and be owned by one or more eligible veterans that have a service-connected disability decisions; and be owned by one or more eligible veterans that have a service-connected disability
as determined by the VA.35 as determined by the VA.35
In cases where a veteran has a permanent and severe disability, a veteran’s spouse or permanent In cases where a veteran has a permanent and severe disability, a veteran’s spouse or permanent
caregiver may qualify as an eligible SDVOSB owner.36 In addition, some eligible SDVOSBs may caregiver may qualify as an eligible SDVOSB owner.36 In addition, some eligible SDVOSBs may
be owned and controlled by a deceased veteran’s surviving spouse.37 Apart from these instances, be owned and controlled by a deceased veteran’s surviving spouse.37 Apart from these instances,
the program eligibility status of a veteran does not transfer to a veteran’s spouse. the program eligibility status of a veteran does not transfer to a veteran’s spouse.

30 For additional information and analysis regarding the SDVOSB program, see CRS Report R46906, 30 For additional information and analysis regarding the SDVOSB program, see CRS Report R46906, Service-Disabled
Veteran-Owned Small Business Procurement Program, by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford. , by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford.
31 13 C.F.R. §125.22(b)(1). 31 13 C.F.R. §125.22(b)(1).
32 13 C.F.R. §125.23. 32 13 C.F.R. §125.23.
33 15 U.S.C. §632(q). 33 15 U.S.C. §632(q).
34 13 C.F.R. §125. Per 13 C.F.R. §121.406(b), a business may “qualify as a small business to provide manufactured 34 13 C.F.R. §125. Per 13 C.F.R. §121.406(b), a business may “qualify as a small business to provide manufactured
products as a nonmanufacturer under specified conditions, but that firm must use a small business manufacturer as its products as a nonmanufacturer under specified conditions, but that firm must use a small business manufacturer as its
supplier. Per 13 C.F.R. §121.1202(a), waivers of this rule “will be granted when there are no small business supplier. Per 13 C.F.R. §121.1202(a), waivers of this rule “will be granted when there are no small business
manufacturers or processors available for that class of products.” manufacturers or processors available for that class of products.”
35 38 U.S.C. §101(2) and 13 C.F.R. §125.11. 35 38 U.S.C. §101(2) and 13 C.F.R. §125.11.
36 48 C.F.R. §802.101. The veteran must have had a 100% service-connected disability rating. 36 48 C.F.R. §802.101. The veteran must have had a 100% service-connected disability rating.
37 48 C.F.R. §802.101; 15 U.S.C. §632(q). The veteran must have died as a direct result of a service-connected 37 48 C.F.R. §802.101; 15 U.S.C. §632(q). The veteran must have died as a direct result of a service-connected
disability. Surviving spouse means “an individual who has been listed in the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) disability. Surviving spouse means “an individual who has been listed in the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA)
Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) database of veterans and family members.” The surviving spouse is treated as Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) database of veterans and family members.” The surviving spouse is treated as
if the spouse were the deceased veteran for the purpose of maintaining the status of the small business concern as a if the spouse were the deceased veteran for the purpose of maintaining the status of the small business concern as a
service-disabled veteran-owned small business, but only for a certain period of time, until the surviving spouse service-disabled veteran-owned small business, but only for a certain period of time, until the surviving spouse
remarries, relinquishes ownership interest, or until 10 years after the date of the veteran’s death. “In the case of a remarries, relinquishes ownership interest, or until 10 years after the date of the veteran’s death. “In the case of a
surviving spouse of a veteran with a service-connected disability rated as less than 100 percent disabling who does not surviving spouse of a veteran with a service-connected disability rated as less than 100 percent disabling who does not
die as a result of a service-connected disability,” the spouse no longer qualifies after die as a result of a service-connected disability,” the spouse no longer qualifies after 3three years following the date of years following the date of the death of the veteran. ~~the~~
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~~Presently, SDVOSBs may self-certify as eligible for the program rather than obtaining~~
~~certification. When an SDVOSB submits an offer, it must represent to the contracting officer that~~
~~it is an eligible SDVOSB.38 Beginning on January 1, 2023, business owners will have to submit~~
~~an application to SBA for certification as an SDVOSB.39 An SDVOSB owner must file an~~
~~application for certification with the SBA “before the end of the 1-year period beginning” on~~
~~January 1, 2023, in order to retain its program eligibility.40~~
Section 862 of the FY2021 NDAA (P.L. 116-283) required the creation of a government-wide SDVOSB certification process, and the end of SDVOSB self-certification.38 Prior to the SBA certification requirement, there was no government-wide SDVOSB certification program,39 and firms seeking SDVOSB contract set-asides or sole-source awards with agencies other than the VA only needed to self-certify their status; to be eligible for VA contracts, VOSBs and SDVOSBs had to be verified by the VA’s Center for Verification and Evaluation, per 38 U.S.C. §8127.40 The SBA certification system’s establishment involved the transfer of the VA’s Center for Verification and Evaluation, although the VA continues to determine whether an individual qualifies as a veteran or service-disabled veteran.41 SDVOSB Program Contracting Goal
The The SDVOSB program aims to help federal agencies reachSDVOSB program aims to help federal agencies reach a government-wide goal of awarding a government-wide goal of awarding
not less than not less than 35% of the total value of all prime contract and subcontract awards for each fiscal % of the total value of all prime contract and subcontract awards for each fiscal
year to SDVOSBsyear to SDVOSBs. Section 502 of P.L. 106-50 established Section 502 of P.L. 106-50 established ~~this goal~~an original goal of 3%. The Veterans Benefits Act of . The Veterans Benefits Act of
2003 (P.L. 108-183) authorizes federal agencies to use set-asides and sole source awards to help 2003 (P.L. 108-183) authorizes federal agencies to use set-asides and sole source awards to help
them meet the them meet the 3% goal. The dollar amount of SDVOSB contract awards has increased each year goal. The dollar amount of SDVOSB contract awards has increased each year
since FY2003, and the 3% goal was met for the first time in FY2012.since FY2003, and the 3% goal was met for the first time in FY2012.4142 Federal agencies have Federal agencies have
continued to meet the 3% goal since then. continued to meet the 3% goal since then.
In In ~~FY2021~~FY2022, federal agencies made 4., federal agencies made 4.445% of eligible % of eligible ~~awards42~~awards43 to SDVOSBs. In the same year, to SDVOSBs. In the same year,
approximately approximately 2830% of all SDVOSB contracts were awarded when an SDVOSB preference was % of all SDVOSB contracts were awarded when an SDVOSB preference was
used (used (14% by an SDVOSB sole source award and % by an SDVOSB sole source award and 2726% by an SDVOSB set-aside award)% by an SDVOSB set-aside award)~~, 17%~~
~~were awarded through another small business preference program,~~ and 55% were awarded using and 55% were awarded using
full and open competition.full and open competition.4344 The contract award amounts for each fiscal year, 2015- The contract award amounts for each fiscal year, 2015-~~2020~~2022, are , are
shown below shown below ini n Table 4. 38 SBA regulations around VOSB and SDVOSB certification are available at 13 C.F.R. §128.300-§128.310. The SBA was required to establish a new SDVOSB certification process by January 1, 2023, but provided a one-year grace period to businesses so that SDVOSBs were allowed to continue to self-certify during the period ending January 1, 2024. Some firms effectively have a longer grace period before needing SBA certification. According to the final rule implementing the new process, firms that had been “verified” by the VA’s former certification system for VOSBs prior to January 1, 2023, could be deemed “certified by SBA during the time that remains in the firm’s three-year term of [program] eligibility.” Small Business Administration, “Veteran-Owned Small Business and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business-Certification,” 87 Federal Register 73400, November 29, 2022. 39 Small Business Administration, “Veteran-Owned Small Business and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business-Certification,” 87 Federal Register 73400, November 29, 2022. 40 Ibid. Requirements for SDVOSB certification and the certification process are codified at 15 U.S.C. §657f. 41 Small Business Administration, “Veteran-Owned Small Business and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business-Certification,” 87 Federal Register 73400, November 29, 2022. 42 Table 4.
~~Table 4. Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Contract Awards,~~
~~FY2015-FY2020~~
~~($ in billions)~~
~~Amount of Federal Contract~~
~~Percentage of Small Business~~
~~Fiscal Year~~
~~Award Dollars~~
~~Eligible Awards (goal of 3%)~~
~~2021~~
~~$25.0~~
~~4.41%~~
~~2020~~
~~$23.7~~
~~4.23%~~
~~2019~~
~~$21.8~~
~~4.34%~~
~~2018~~
~~$20.6~~
~~4.27%~~
~~2017~~
~~$17.9~~
~~4.05%~~
~~2016~~
~~$16.3~~
~~3.98%~~

~~death of the veteran.~~
~~38 48 C.F.R. §19.1403.~~
~~39 Section 862(e) of P.L. 116-283, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year~~
~~2021.~~
~~40 Ibid.~~
41 GSA, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/adhoc. GSA, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/adhoc.
4243 “Eligible awards” refers to a small business eligible baseline, which “excludes certain contracts that the SBA has “Eligible awards” refers to a small business eligible baseline, which “excludes certain contracts that the SBA has
determined do not realistically reflect the potential for small business participation in federal procurement.” Excluded determined do not realistically reflect the potential for small business participation in federal procurement.” Excluded
contracts include those funded mainly by agency-generated sources (non-appropriated funds), those not covered by the contracts include those funded mainly by agency-generated sources (non-appropriated funds), those not covered by the
Federal Acquisition Regulation, and those not reported in the Federal Procurement Data System (e.g., contracts valued Federal Acquisition Regulation, and those not reported in the Federal Procurement Data System (e.g., contracts valued
at less than $10,000). For more information, see CRS Report R45576, at less than $10,000). For more information, see CRS Report R45576, An Overview of Small Business Contracting, by , by
Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford. Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford.
~~43 GSA, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” June 17, 2022 [FY2021], at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/adhoc.~~
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~~Amount of Federal Contract~~
~~Percentage of Small Business~~
~~Fiscal Year~~
~~Award Dollars~~
~~Eligible Awards (goal of 3%)~~
~~2015~~
~~$13.8~~
~~3.93%~~
44 GSA, “Federal Procurement Data System Report,” FY2022, at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/acquisition-policy/small-business-reports. See Table 2. Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses Table 4. Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Contract Awards, FY2015-FY2022 ($ in billions) Amount of Federal Percentage of Small Contract Award Business Eligible Percentage of Fiscal Year Dollars Awards Subcontract Awards 2022 $27.0 4.45% 2.16% 2021 $25.0 4.41% 2.14% 2020 $23.7 4.23% 2.14% 2019 $21.8 4.34% 1.95% 2018 $20.6 4.27% 2.10% 2017 $17.9 4.05% 1.90% 2016 $16.3 3.98% 1.60% 2015 $13.8 3.93% 1.80% Source: U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Static: Smal Business Goaling U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Static: Smal Business Goaling
Report [Report [~~FY2005-FY2021~~FY2015-FY2022],” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static],” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static.
; Small Business Administration (SBA), “Smal Business Procurement Scorecard [FY2015-FY2022],” at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-smal -business-procurement-scorecard-overview. Notes: The small business eligible baseline excludes certain contracts that the U.S. Small Business The small business eligible baseline excludes certain contracts that the U.S. Small Business
Administration (SBA) has determined do not realistically reflect the potential for small business participation in Administration (SBA) has determined do not realistically reflect the potential for small business participation in
federal procurement (such as those awarded to mandatory and directed sources), contracts funded federal procurement (such as those awarded to mandatory and directed sources), contracts funded
predominately from agency-generated sources (i.e., nonappropriated funds), contracts not covered by the predominately from agency-generated sources (i.e., nonappropriated funds), contracts not covered by the
Federal Acquisition Regulations, acquisitions on behalf of foreign governments, and contracts not reported in the Federal Acquisition Regulations, acquisitions on behalf of foreign governments, and contracts not reported in the
GSA’s Federal Procurement Data System—Next Generation (such as government procurement card purchases GSA’s Federal Procurement Data System—Next Generation (such as government procurement card purchases
and contracts valued less than $10,000). Achievements include DOE M&O first-tier subcontracts, and double-and contracts valued less than $10,000). Achievements include DOE M&O first-tier subcontracts, and double-
credit for local-area set-asides, Puerto Rico, and territory awards. credit for local-area set-asides, Puerto Rico, and territory awards.
SDVOSB Program Oversight
In part because SDVOSBs In part because SDVOSBs ~~are currently~~were, for a time, self-certified, oversight concerns have included the self-certified, oversight concerns have included the
potential for agencies to award contracts intended for SDVOSBs to businesses that do not meet potential for agencies to award contracts intended for SDVOSBs to businesses that do not meet
SDVOSB eligibility requirements. A SDVOSB eligibility requirements. A ~~2009 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report~~
~~concluded that the SBA’s reliance on bid protests to investigate allegations of SDVOSB program~~
~~fraud resulted in millions of dollars being awarded to ineligible firms.44 More recently, a 2020~~
2020 DOD Inspector General audit found that contracting activities had awarded 27 contracts valued at DOD Inspector General audit found that contracting activities had awarded 27 contracts valued at
$827.8 million to 16 contractors that were not eligible for classification as SDVOSBs.45 $827.8 million to 16 contractors that were not eligible for classification as SDVOSBs.45
Section 862 of P.L. 116-283 (NDAA 2021) Section 862 of P.L. 116-283 (NDAA 2021) ~~requires~~required the SBA to establish a government-wide the SBA to establish a government-wide
SDVOSB certification and periodic recertification process by January 1, 2023. This transition SDVOSB certification and periodic recertification process by January 1, 2023. This transition
~~will require~~required VA to (1) abolish its Center for Verification and Evaluation and transfer the center’s VA to (1) abolish its Center for Verification and Evaluation and transfer the center’s
functions to SBA, and (2) relinquish maintenance of its database of SDVOSBs to SBA and functions to SBA, and (2) relinquish maintenance of its database of SDVOSBs to SBA and
provide compensation to SBA for taking on this function.46 While VA provide compensation to SBA for taking on this function.46 While VA ~~will continue~~continues to determine to determine
whether an individual qualifies as a veteran or service-disabled veteran, SBA whether an individual qualifies as a veteran or service-disabled veteran, SBA ~~will certify firm~~
~~eligibility for the SDVOSB program.47 On July 6, 2022, the SBA published a proposed rule in the~~
Federal Register to establish the certification process for VOSBs and SDVOSBs. SBA proposes
~~to implement the Veterans Certification Program in new regulations at 13 C.F.R. Part 128.48~~
~~Veterans First Program~~
~~The VA has established its own SDVOSB and VOSB contracting preferences, known as the~~
~~Veterans First program. According to this program’s regulations, VA contracting officers must set~~

~~44 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Program: Case~~
~~Studies Show Fraud and Abuse Allowed Ineligible Firms to Obtain Millions of Dollars in Contracts, GAO-10-108,~~
~~October 23, 2009, p. 21, at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-10-108 (hereinafter GAO, Service-Disabled Veteran-~~
~~Owned Small Business Program).~~
now certifies firm 45 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General, 45 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General, Audit of DoD Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small
Business Contract Awards, February 18, 2020, p. 7. , February 18, 2020, p. 7.
46 The SBA 46 The SBA ~~will assume~~assumed ownership of the Center for Verification and Evaluation (CVE). Once transferred to the SBA, ownership of the Center for Verification and Evaluation (CVE). Once transferred to the SBA,
this function will integrate the process of all small business certification programs. The SBA budget request includes this function will integrate the process of all small business certification programs. The SBA budget request includes
$20 million to manage this transition and maintain the program. U.S. Small Business Administration, $20 million to manage this transition and maintain the program. U.S. Small Business Administration, ~~FY2023~~FY 2023
Congressional Justification and ~~FY2021~~FY 2021 Annual Performance Report, pp. 4-5. , pp. 4-5.
~~47 Section 862 of P.L. 116-283.~~
~~48 Ibid.~~
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eligibility for contracting preferences.47 SBA has implemented the Veterans Certification Program in regulations at 13 C.F.R. Part 128.48 Veterans First Program The VA has established its own SDVOSB and VOSB contracting preferences, known as the Veterans First program. According to this program’s regulations, VA contracting officers must set aside contracts for SDVOSBs and VOSBs where the Rule of Two is met,49 granting priority aside contracts for SDVOSBs and VOSBs where the Rule of Two is met,49 granting priority
consideration to SDVOSBs.50 Both SDVOSBs and VOSBs receive priority consideration before consideration to SDVOSBs.50 Both SDVOSBs and VOSBs receive priority consideration before
any other type of small business.51 The complete order of priority is as follows: (1) SDVOSB, (2) any other type of small business.51 The complete order of priority is as follows: (1) SDVOSB, (2)
VOSB, (3) 8(a) or HUBZone small business,52 and (4) other small businesses with preference of VOSB, (3) 8(a) or HUBZone small business,52 and (4) other small businesses with preference of
some kindsome kind. , “with due deference to the priority for awarding to women-owned small businesses.”53 The prioritization of certain types of small business concerns is not a feature of The prioritization of certain types of small business concerns is not a feature of ~~the~~
government-wide small business contract preference programs and is unique to the VA.government-wide small business contract preference programs and is unique to the VA.
In addition to setting aside contracts for SDVOSBs and VOSBs, contracting officers may also In addition to setting aside contracts for SDVOSBs and VOSBs, contracting officers may also
award contracts on a sole source basis through non-competitive procedures, as long as the award contracts on a sole source basis through non-competitive procedures, as long as the
contract award will not exceed $5 million (including options) and the award can be made at a fair contract award will not exceed $5 million (including options) and the award can be made at a fair
and reasonable price; again prioritizing SDVOSBs first, officers can only make sole source and reasonable price; again prioritizing SDVOSBs first, officers can only make sole source
awards to a VOSB if no responsible SDVOSB has been identified.awards to a VOSB if no responsible SDVOSB has been identified.5354 The contracting officer’s The contracting officer’s
determination whether to make a sole source award is a business decision wholly within the determination whether to make a sole source award is a business decision wholly within the
discretion of the contracting officer. A determination that only one SDVOSB concern is available discretion of the contracting officer. A determination that only one SDVOSB concern is available
to meet the requirement is not required.to meet the requirement is not required.5455
Veterans First Program Eligibility
SDVOSB eligibility requirements under the Veteran First program mirror those for the SDVOSB eligibility requirements under the Veteran First program mirror those for the
government-wide SDVOSB program, which is governed by SBA regulations.government-wide SDVOSB program, which is governed by SBA regulations.5556 Surviving spouses Surviving spouses
are eligible for the program and are defined in the same way as the SBA’s government-wide are eligible for the program and are defined in the same way as the SBA’s government-wide
SDVOSB program defines them.SDVOSB program defines them.56
~~VOSBs are eligible under the Veterans First program when at least 51% of the business is owned~~
~~by one or more veterans and both management and daily business operations are controlled by~~
~~one or more veterans.57~~
~~Unlike the government-wide SDVOSB contracting program, the VA’s Veterans First program~~
~~requires firms to obtain “verification” of their status as an SDVOSB in order to compete for set-~~
~~asides and sole source contracts. Business owners create Vendor Information Page (VIP) accounts~~
~~and upload required documents in order to apply for verification. The VA’s Center for~~
~~Verification and Evaluation (CVE) verifies SDVOSBs and VOSBs. When conducting SDVOSB~~
~~set-asides, contracting officers must ensure that VOSBs are registered and verified as eligible in~~
~~the VA’s VIP database at the time they submit offers and prior to contract award, and that VOSBs~~
~~affirmatively represent their small business status.58~~

~~49 38 U.S.C. §8127(d).~~
~~50 48 C.F.R. §819.7004.~~
~~51 Ibid.~~
57 47 Section 862 of P.L. 116-283; Small Business Administration, “Veteran-Owned Small Business and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business-Certification,” 87 Federal Register 73400, November 29, 2022. 48 Ibid. 49 38 U.S.C. §8127(d). 50 38 U.S.C. 8127(h); 48 C.F.R. §819.7005. 51 48 C.F.R. §819.7005. 52 The 8(a) and HUBZone programs are government-wide contracting preference programs that fall under the banner of 52 The 8(a) and HUBZone programs are government-wide contracting preference programs that fall under the banner of
socioeconomic contracting programs for small businesses. There are government-wide procurement goals associated socioeconomic contracting programs for small businesses. There are government-wide procurement goals associated
with both programs. For additional information, see CRS Report R45576, with both programs. For additional information, see CRS Report R45576, An Overview of Small Business Contracting, ,
by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford. by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford.
53 48 C.F 53 48 C.F.R. §819.7005. The VA proposed to amend the hierarchy of small business preferences to explicitly mention of WOSBs, in the agency “Proposed Legislation Summary” as part of its FY2025 Budget Submission. The change would mean referencing the WOSB program as part of the third tier in the hierarchy, and stating that preferences in that tier have parity. 54 48 C.F.R. §819.7007 and 48 C.F.R. §819.7008; 38 U.S.C. §8127(c). .R. §819.7007 and 48 C.F.R. §819.7008; 38 U.S.C. §8127(c).
5455 48 C.F.R. §819.7007. 48 C.F.R. §819.7007.
5556 13 C.F.R. §125. 13 C.F.R. §125.
5657 48 C.F.R. §819.7005; 48 C.F.R. §802.101 “Surviving spouse.” Congressional Research Service 11 link to page 6 link to page 15 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses VOSBs are eligible under the Veterans First program when at least 51% of the business is owned by one or more veterans and both management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more veterans.58 Unlike the government-wide SDVOSB contracting program, the VA’s Veterans First program has long required firms to obtain “verification” of their status as an SDVOSB in order to compete for set-asides and sole source contracts. Prior to the creation of an SBA certification process, the VA’s Center for Verification and Evaluation verified SDVOSBs and VOSBs for the Veterans First program.59 SBA established a new certification process as required by the NDAA 2021, and implementing regulations are available at 13 C.F.R. §128.300-§128.310. Veterans First Program Contracting Goals ~~48 C.F.R. §819.7005; 48 C.F.R. §802.101 “Surviving spouse.”~~
~~57 48 C.F.R. §2.101 “Veteran owned small business concern.” Per 38 U.S.C. §101(2), “The term veteran means a~~
~~person who served in the active military, naval, air, or space service, and who was discharged or released therefrom~~
~~under conditions other than dishonorable.”~~
~~58 48 C.F.R. §819.7005.~~
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~~Until 2023, the VA verification process will continue for SDVOSBs as well as VOSBs. For~~
~~SDVOSBs, the 2021 NDAA’s creation of a certification requirement at the SBA for SDVOSBs~~
~~seeking sole source and set-aside contracts across the federal government goes into effect on~~
~~January 1, 2023.59 If an SDVOSB does not file a certification application with the SBA before the~~
~~end of one year beginning on January 1, 2023, it will lose its program eligibility.60~~
~~Veterans First Program Contracting Goal~~
Since implementing the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 Since implementing the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006
(P.L. 109-461), the VA has set a VOSB contracting goal annually for the percentage of its total (P.L. 109-461), the VA has set a VOSB contracting goal annually for the percentage of its total
procurement that it awards to VOSBs. The VA’s FY2023 VOSB goal procurement that it awards to VOSBs. The VA’s FY2023 VOSB goal ~~is 17%. In recent years, the~~
~~VA has awarded a higher percentage to VOSBs than the goal. For example, according to the VA’s~~
~~FY2023 Budget Submission, the agency awarded 25.7~~was 17% and the agency reports that it attained 19.6%.60 The agency awarded 17.3% of its % of its total procurement to VOSBs in procurement to VOSBs in
~~FY2021, 22.7% in FY2020, and 25.7% in 2019.61 Table 5 presents the percentages of “small~~
~~business eligible” contract dollars awarded to VOSBs and SDVOSBs, used by the GSA for its~~
~~annual Small Business Goaling Reports.~~
~~In FY2021, 17.2% of VA’s new contract awards used a VOSB or SDVOSB set-aside.62 The~~
~~agency’s target amount was 10%, which it maintained in FY2022 and FY2023.~~
FY2022 and 17.2% in FY2021.61 All federal agencies contract with veteran-owned businesses but the share of federal procurement All federal agencies contract with veteran-owned businesses but the share of federal procurement
dollars flowing through VA is substantial because of its VOSB and SDVOSB programs. dollars flowing through VA is substantial because of its VOSB and SDVOSB programs. In
~~FY2021, only~~Only the the DOD awards~~DOD awarded~~ more contract dollars to veteran-owned businesses than the VA, more contract dollars to veteran-owned businesses than the VA,
which awarded more than a quarter of estimated VOSB federal government contract dollars, and which awarded more than a quarter of estimated VOSB federal government contract dollars, and
a third of a third of ~~those awarded to SDVOSBs.63~~SDVOSB contract dollars (see “Veteran-Owned Contractors and Federal Contract Awards”).62 Table 5 presents the percentages of “small business eligible” contract dollars awarded to VOSBs and SDVOSBs, used by the GSA for its annual Small Business Goaling Reports and by SBA for its Small Business Procurement Scorecards.
Table 5. VA Contract Award Amounts FY2019-FY2021
Percentage of Agency
Percentage of Agency
Small Business Eligible
Contract Award
Contract Award
Fiscal Year
Dollars
Dollars to VOSBs
Dollars to SDVOSBs
~~2021~~
~~$34.6~~2022 $9.3 bil ion bil ion
~~24.2%~~
~~23.8%~~
~~2020~~
~~$36.9 bil ion~~
~~20.4%~~
~~20.2%~~
~~2019~~
~~$27.5 bil ion~~
~~23.7%~~
~~23.4%~~
Sources: U.S. General Services Administration, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Static: Small Business Goaling Report
~~[FY2019-FY2021],” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static.~~
Notes: The source of the small business eligible dol ar amounts and the percentage of award dol ars to
~~SDVOSBs is the Small Business Goaling Reports, SAM.gov dynamic database. Updates to contract data, including~~
~~new contract actions, modifications, and corrections are made on a regular basis and such updates could result in~~
~~changes to contract data on actions for current and/or prior fiscal years.~~

~~59 Section 862 of P.L. 116-283.~~
~~60 Ibid.~~
~~61 VA, FY2023 Budget Submission: Supplemental Information and Appendices, Volume 1 of 4, March 2022, p. 125.~~
16.5% 16.3% 58 48 C.F.R. §2.101 “Veteran owned small business concern;” Per 38 U.S.C. §101(2), “The term veteran means a person who served in the active military, naval, air, or space service, and who was discharged or released therefrom under conditions other than dishonorable.” 59 Small Business Administration, “Veteran-Owned Small Business and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business-Certification,” 87 Federal Register 73400, November 29, 2022. 60 The agency aimed to award 10% of new contracts to VOSBs using a set-aside preference and did so for 16%. VA, FY 2025 Budget Submission: Supplemental Information and Appendices, Volume 1 of 4, March 2024, p. 132. Note that the figures provided by the VA in its budget submission refer to percentages of total procurement, rather than “small business eligible contracts,” which are used in Small Business Goaling Reports and by the SBA to create annual agency Procurement Scorecards. 61 VA, FY 2024 Budget Submission: Supplemental Information and Appendices, Volume 1 of 4, March 2023, Supplemental Information, p. 18. Note that the figures provided by the VA in its budget submission refer to percentages of total procurement, rather than Note that the figures provided by the VA in its budget submission refer to percentages of total procurement, rather than
“small business eligible contracts,” which are used“small business eligible contracts,” which are used in Small Business Goaling Reports and by the SBA to create annual agency Procurement Scorecards. by the SBA to create annual agency Procurement Scorecards.
62 U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), “Small Business Goaling Report,” FY2022~~62 Ibid.~~
~~63 GSA, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Ad Hoc report,” June 17, 2022 [2021]~~, at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/, at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/~~adhoc~~static. .
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~~Program Oversight~~
~~Implementation of the VA’s Veterans First program, like the government-wide contracting~~
~~preference programs, has raised questions about fraud management and federal agencies’~~
~~approaches to mitigating the risk of making contract awards to ineligible businesses. In 2011, a~~
~~VA Inspector General (IG) audit found that the VA had awarded $46.5 million in contracts~~
~~intended for VOSB and SDVOSB to 32 ineligible businesses.64 Based on these findings, the IG~~
~~projected that, at the time, the VA was annually awarding ineligible businesses “a minimum of~~
~~1,400 VOSB and SDVOSB sole-source and set-aside contracts valued at $500 million.”65 In~~
~~2018, a GAO report documented the challenges facing VA contracting officers implementing~~
~~Veterans First policies, including confusion about determining whether there is a reasonable~~
~~expectation that two or more VOSBs or SDVOSBs will submit offers and that an award can be~~
~~made at a fair and reasonable price.66 Further, GAO found that the VA’s VIP database of VOSBs~~
~~and SDVOSBs is not designed for market research or the identification of capable firms, even~~
~~though the VA requires that its contracting officers use it to conduct market research, and to~~
~~identify VOSBs/SDVOSBs capable of performing work.67 GAO notes that the VA has made~~
~~Veterans First policy training mandatory.68 Nevertheless, VA’s acquisition management (beyond~~
~~the Veterans First program) has remained a GAO-designated “high risk area” since 2019, in part~~
~~because of inadequate training, lack of reliable data systems, and “limited contract oversight and~~
~~incomplete contract file documentation.”69~~Percentage of Agency Percentage of Agency Small Business Eligible Contract Award Contract Award Fiscal Year Dollars Dollars to VOSBs Dollars to SDVOSBs 2021 $34.6 bil ion 24.2% 23.8% 2020 $36.9 bil ion 20.4% 20.2% 2019 $27.5 bil ion 23.7% 23.4% Sources: U.S. General Services Administration, “Sam.Gov Data Bank, Static: Small Business Goaling Report [FY2019-FY2022],” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static. Notes: The source of the small business eligible dol ar amounts and the percentage of award dol ars to SDVOSBs is the Small Business Goaling Reports, SAM.gov dynamic database. Updates to contract data, including new contract actions, modifications, and corrections are made on a regular basis and such updates could result in changes to contract data on actions for current and/or prior fiscal years. Program Oversight Implementation of the VA’s Veterans First program, like government-wide contracting programs, has raised questions about management and federal agencies’ approaches to mitigating risk associated with contracting. VA’s acquisition management (beyond the Veterans First program) has remained a GAO-designated “high risk area” since 2019, partly because “VA has among the highest obligations and number of contract actions in the federal government.”63 In response to GAO recommendations, the agency issued an initial “action plan to address acquisition management challenges” in March 2021 and updated it in September 2022; it also “continues to make progress in building capacity,” such as by implementing training and developing guidance for contracting staff, and developing a “knowledge portal” with tools for acquisition personnel.64
Veteran Contracting Support Programs
A network of SBA programs, public-private partnerships, and nongovernmental organizations A network of SBA programs, public-private partnerships, and nongovernmental organizations
supports veteran entrepreneurs, including federal contractors. Although SDVOSBs are the only supports veteran entrepreneurs, including federal contractors. Although SDVOSBs are the only
VOSBs eligible for federal government-wide contracting preferences, the SBA, along with other VOSBs eligible for federal government-wide contracting preferences, the SBA, along with other
federal agencies and nonfederal entities, collaborate to serve the entire VOSB community. federal agencies and nonfederal entities, collaborate to serve the entire VOSB community.
SBA Programs
The SBA provides management and technical assistance services to veterans through its Veterans The SBA provides management and technical assistance services to veterans through its Veterans
Business Outreach Centers (VBOCs) and various management and technical assistance training Business Outreach Centers (VBOCs) and various management and technical assistance training
partners (e.g., Small Business Development Centers, Women’s Business Centers, and partners (e.g., Small Business Development Centers, Women’s Business Centers, and ~~SCORE70~~SCORE65). ).
The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) supports the following veteran-The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) supports the following veteran-
specific entrepreneurship training programs: the Boots to Business and Boots to Business Reboot specific entrepreneurship training programs: the Boots to Business and Boots to Business Reboot
programs; the Service-Disabled Veteran Entrepreneurship Training Program (SDVETP), which is programs; the Service-Disabled Veteran Entrepreneurship Training Program (SDVETP), which is
delivered through higher education partners; the Veteran Federal Procurement Entrepreneurship delivered through higher education partners; the Veteran Federal Procurement Entrepreneurship
Training Program (VFPETP), which is provided through a public-private partnership known as Training Program (VFPETP), which is provided through a public-private partnership known as

~~64 VA, Office of the Inspector General~~~~, Audit of the Veteran-Owned and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small~~
~~Business Programs, July 25, 2011, p. 3.~~
~~65 Ibid.~~
~~66 GAO, Report to Congressional Requesters,~~ ~~Veterans First Program: VA Needs to Address Implementation~~
~~Challenges and Strengthen Oversight of Subcontracting Limitations, GAO-18-648, September 2018, pp. 24-32.~~
~~67 Ibid.~~
~~68 GAO, “VA Acquisition Management,” at https://www.gao.gov/highrisk/va-acquisition-management.~~
69 63 GAO’s “High Risk” list, updated at the start of each new Congress, includes programs and operations that are GAO’s “High Risk” list, updated at the start of each new Congress, includes programs and operations that are
vulnerable to waste, fraud, abuse, or mismanagement, or in need of transformation. The current list vulnerable to waste, fraud, abuse, or mismanagement, or in need of transformation. The current list with explanations of why an area is deemed high risk is available at is available at
https://www.gao.gov/high-risk-list. https://www.gao.gov/high-risk-list.
7064 Ibid. 65 Formerly known as the Service Corps of Retired Executives. Formerly known as the Service Corps of Retired Executives.
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the Veteran Institute for Procurement (VIP); and programing for women veterans, female military the Veteran Institute for Procurement (VIP); and programing for women veterans, female military
spouses/partners, and Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian entrepreneurs.spouses/partners, and Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian entrepreneurs.7166
The SBA implements Boots to Business (B2B) within the DOD’s Transition Assistance Program The SBA implements Boots to Business (B2B) within the DOD’s Transition Assistance Program
(TAP) for service members as they prepare to leave military service.(TAP) for service members as they prepare to leave military service.7267 The SBA collaborates with The SBA collaborates with
various resource partners, the DOD, other federal agencies, and local military installations to various resource partners, the DOD, other federal agencies, and local military installations to
provide this introductory training on how to start a business. Transitioning active-duty service provide this introductory training on how to start a business. Transitioning active-duty service
members (including National Guard and Reserve members) and their spouses are eligible to members (including National Guard and Reserve members) and their spouses are eligible to
participate in the program; the curriculum focuses on business ownership and other self-participate in the program; the curriculum focuses on business ownership and other self-
employment opportunities, including learning how to access start-up capital resources, technical employment opportunities, including learning how to access start-up capital resources, technical
assistance, and contracting opportunities.assistance, and contracting opportunities.7368 Boots to Business Reboot (B2BR) extends the Boots Boots to Business Reboot (B2BR) extends the Boots
to Business program to veterans “of all eras” (beyond actively transitioning servicemembers), to Business program to veterans “of all eras” (beyond actively transitioning servicemembers),
National Guard and Reserve members, and military spouses.National Guard and Reserve members, and military spouses.7469
Select SBA Partnerships Supporting VOSB Programming
“VIP” Partnership
The Veteran Institute for Procurement (VIP) was founded in 2009 as a regional initiative in The Veteran Institute for Procurement (VIP) was founded in 2009 as a regional initiative in
Maryland. Funded by the Montgomery County Chamber of Commerce Foundation, VIP is also Maryland. Funded by the Montgomery County Chamber of Commerce Foundation, VIP is also
underwritten by corporate sponsorships from Lockheed Martin and JPMorgan Chase & Co., and underwritten by corporate sponsorships from Lockheed Martin and JPMorgan Chase & Co., and
receives grants from SBA and the state of Maryland.receives grants from SBA and the state of Maryland.7570 During the program, “veteran-owned During the program, “veteran-owned
company executives receive 27 hours of instruction on how to accelerate their federal government company executives receive 27 hours of instruction on how to accelerate their federal government
contracting business skills,” from experts from both industry and government.contracting business skills,” from experts from both industry and government.~~76 To date, VIP has~~
~~trained 2,049~~71 VIP has trained thousands of veteran-owned and service-disabled veteran owned businesses across all 50 states, veteran-owned and service-disabled veteran owned businesses across all 50 states,
Washington, DC, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and VIP graduates have received Washington, DC, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and VIP graduates have received ~~$16.9 billion~~billions in in
federal prime contract awardsfederal prime contract awards ~~since 2010.77~~.72
Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans
Founded at Syracuse University in 2007, the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans (EBV) Founded at Syracuse University in 2007, the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans (EBV)
program has since expanded to additional universities across the country. EBV offers online and program has since expanded to additional universities across the country. EBV offers online and
in-person instruction in three phases, followed by 12 months of ongoing support that helps in-person instruction in three phases, followed by 12 months of ongoing support that helps
VOSBs with all of the steps associated with “creating and sustaining an entrepreneurial VOSBs with all of the steps associated with “creating and sustaining an entrepreneurial

71venture.”73 Post-9/11 veterans with an honorable discharge are eligible to apply, and the program is offered to participants free of charge, including travel and lodging.74 66 SBA, Office of Veterans Business Development, “Veteran- SBA, Office of Veterans Business Development, “Veteran-~~Owned Businesses~~owned businesses,” at https://www.sba.gov/business-,” at https://www.sba.gov/business-
guide/grow-your-business/veteran-owned-businesses. guide/grow-your-business/veteran-owned-businesses.
7267 https://www.dodtap.mil/dodtap/app/home. There are “mandatory components of TAP that are applicable for all https://www.dodtap.mil/dodtap/app/home. There are “mandatory components of TAP that are applicable for all
service members who have at least 180 continuous days or more on active duty;” including members of the National service members who have at least 180 continuous days or more on active duty;” including members of the National
Guard and Reserve. Guard and Reserve.
7368 Ibid. Ibid.
7469 Ibid. Ibid.
7570 Veteran Institute for Procurement, “National Center for VIP,” available at https://nationalvip.org/about/; Veteran Veteran Institute for Procurement, “National Center for VIP,” available at https://nationalvip.org/about/; Veteran
Institute for Procurement, “VIP Fast Facts,” at https://nationalvip.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-VIP-Fast-Institute for Procurement, “VIP Fast Facts,” at https://nationalvip.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-VIP-Fast-
Facts-1.pdf. Facts-1.pdf.
7671 “VIP Fast Facts,” at https://nationalvip.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-VIP-Fast-Facts-1.pdf. “VIP Fast Facts,” at https://nationalvip.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-VIP-Fast-Facts-1.pdf.
~~77 Ibid.~~
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~~venture.”78 Post-9/11 veterans with an honorable discharge are eligible to apply, and the program~~
~~is offered to participants free of charge, including travel and lodging.79~~
72 Ibid. 73 Institute for Veterans and Military Families at Syracuse University, “About IVMF,” at https://ivmf.syracuse.edu/programs/entrepreneurship/start-up/ebv/. 74 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses ONABEN
ONABEN serves veterans as well as active duty service members in underserved Tribal and Rural ONABEN serves veterans as well as active duty service members in underserved Tribal and Rural
communities. Program offerings cover financial literacy and asset management, start-up planning communities. Program offerings cover financial literacy and asset management, start-up planning
and succession planning for established businesses, business expansion, and procurement and and succession planning for established businesses, business expansion, and procurement and
government contracting assistance.government contracting assistance.8075 Services are available that cover “all stages of a business life Services are available that cover “all stages of a business life
cycle, from start-up business plan completion to succession planning for established cycle, from start-up business plan completion to succession planning for established
businesses.”businesses.”8176
Other Federal Contracting Assistance
~~The Defense Logistics Agency administers~~DOD’s Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment oversees the APEX Accelerators program for contractors. Formerly known as Procurement Technical Assistance Procurement Technical Assistance Centers (PTACs), APEX Accelerators help small businesses “determine whether they are ready for government opportunities,” complete necessary registration processes, network with procurement staff and other contractors, “navigate solicitations,” and even “resolve [contract] performance issues.”77 The program “focuses on building a [sic] strong, sustainable, and resilient U.S. supply chains by assisting a wide range of businesses that pursue and perform under contracts with the DoD, other federal agencies, state and local governments and with government prime contractors.”78 Manufacturing Extension Partnership National Network Centers (MEP Centers) also assist small business contractors, specifically in the manufacturing sector. MEP Centers are located in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. MEP is based at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which provides funding for the MEP National Network.79~~Centers (PTACs)~~
~~hosted by local organizations throughout the country, including those that specialize in service to~~
~~federally recognized Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities. PTACs offer assistance to~~
~~businesses to help them understand the federal acquisition system and compete for government~~
~~contracts. PTAC Procurement Specialists provide no-cost consulting to business owners which~~
~~may involve helping them obtain registrations and certifications, prepare offers, and identify~~
~~federal government contracting opportunities. PTACs may offer workshops and other events,~~
~~including those tailored for VOSBs and SDVOSBs.82 In the case of VOSBs and SDVOSBs~~
~~seeking to participate in the Veterans First or SDVOSB programs, PTACs may help business~~
~~owners navigate use of the federal System for Award Management (SAM) and the VA’s~~
~~verification process (required by Veterans First).~~
Nonprofit Organizations and Programs
Another element of the support system for VOSBs is the network of nonprofit organizations Another element of the support system for VOSBs is the network of nonprofit organizations
supporting VOSBs and veteran contractors. Some organizations specialize in hands-on support to supporting VOSBs and veteran contractors. Some organizations specialize in hands-on support to
individual business owners while others convene VOSBs to build up veteran business individual business owners while others convene VOSBs to build up veteran business
communities or do both. Examples of these organizations include The Veteran Women’s communities or do both. Examples of these organizations include The Veteran Women’s
Enterprise Center (VWEC), Bunker Labs, and the National Veteran Small Business Coalition. Enterprise Center (VWEC), Bunker Labs, and the National Veteran Small Business Coalition.
While VWEC is an organization providing resources to women veteran clients and women While VWEC is an organization providing resources to women veteran clients and women
military spouses, based in Dallas, TX,military spouses, based in Dallas, TX,8380 Bunker Labs supports VOSBs and veteran spouses Bunker Labs supports VOSBs and veteran spouses
through start-up education, business mentoring, and building connections.through start-up education, business mentoring, and building connections.8481 The National Veteran The National Veteran
Small Business Coalition is mainly a networking and advocacy organization for veteran small Small Business Coalition is mainly a networking and advocacy organization for veteran small
business entrepreneurs in the federal market, “to ensure they are procurement ready and have business entrepreneurs in the federal market, “to ensure they are procurement ready and have

~~78 Institute for Veterans and Military Families at Syracuse University, “About IVMF,” at https://ivmf.syracuse.edu/~~
~~programs/entrepreneurship/start-up/ebv/.~~
~~79 Ibid.~~
80enhanced access to opportunities” to work with federal agencies and other government contractors.82 75 ONABEN, “Beyond the Boots: A Veteran and Service Member Initiative,” at https://onaben.org/what-we-do/ ONABEN, “Beyond the Boots: A Veteran and Service Member Initiative,” at https://onaben.org/what-we-do/
signature-programs/. signature-programs/.
~~81 Ibid.~~
~~82 See https://www.dla.mil/SmallBusiness/PTAP/PTAC/ for additional information on the locations of PTACs and links~~
~~to their individual websites.~~
8376 Ibid. 77 APEX Accelerators, “What We Do,” https://www.apexaccelerators.us/#/about-us. 78 Ibid. 79 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), “About NIST MEP,” accessed March 11, 2024. 80 Veteran Women’s Enterprise Center, “About Us,” available at https://veteranwomensec.org/about/about-us. Veteran Women’s Enterprise Center, “About Us,” available at https://veteranwomensec.org/about/about-us.
8481 Bunker Labs, “Our Programs,” available at https://bunkerlabs.org/programs/ Bunker Labs, “Our Programs,” available at https://bunkerlabs.org/programs/. 82 National Veteran Small Business Coalition, “Mission,” available at https://nvsbc.org/mission/. .
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~~enhanced access to opportunities” to work with federal agencies and other government~~
~~contractors.85~~
Congressional Issues
Both legislative and executive action on veteran entrepreneurship has created programming and Both legislative and executive action on veteran entrepreneurship has created programming and
supportive services through the SBA. Since the enactment of P.L. 93-237 in 1974, instructing the supportive services through the SBA. Since the enactment of P.L. 93-237 in 1974, instructing the
SBA to give “special consideration to veterans of the Armed Forces of the United States and their SBA to give “special consideration to veterans of the Armed Forces of the United States and their
survivors or dependents,” the agency has led federal efforts to support VOSBs and veterans who survivors or dependents,” the agency has led federal efforts to support VOSBs and veterans who
want to become business owners. This statute spurred outreach and technical assistance services want to become business owners. This statute spurred outreach and technical assistance services
tailored for VOSBs but no contracting program. Advocates for SDVOSBs argued, unsuccessfully, tailored for VOSBs but no contracting program. Advocates for SDVOSBs argued, unsuccessfully,
to make SDVOSBs eligible for the SBA’s 8(a) contracting program.to make SDVOSBs eligible for the SBA’s 8(a) contracting program.8683
Years later, in its 1998 report to the SBA, the Veterans Affairs Task Force for Entrepreneurship Years later, in its 1998 report to the SBA, the Veterans Affairs Task Force for Entrepreneurship
recommended a government-wide goal of awarding 10% of agency procurement for VOSBs and recommended a government-wide goal of awarding 10% of agency procurement for VOSBs and
SDVOSBs collectively.SDVOSBs collectively.8784 In addition, the Task Force recommended legislation establishing a 10 In addition, the Task Force recommended legislation establishing a 10
percent subcontracting procurement goal and preference for VOSBs.percent subcontracting procurement goal and preference for VOSBs.8885 Both recommendations Both recommendations
were assigned a “high priority” in the Task Force’s report.were assigned a “high priority” in the Task Force’s report.8986
Following the Task Force’s findings, Congress authorized the existing government-wide Following the Task Force’s findings, Congress authorized the existing government-wide
SDVOSB procurement goal of 3% of federal contract award dollars, through the Veterans SDVOSB procurement goal of 3% of federal contract award dollars, through the Veterans
Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999.
Federal procurement preferences followed the creation of the SDVOSB procurement goal, Federal procurement preferences followed the creation of the SDVOSB procurement goal,
through the development of the SDVOSB program in 2003.through the development of the SDVOSB program in 2003.9087 That year, congress authorized That year, congress authorized
SDVOSB contracting preferences to enable the government to reach its 3% SDVOSB SDVOSB contracting preferences to enable the government to reach its 3% SDVOSB
procurement goal, and the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs highlighted the following procurement goal, and the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs highlighted the following
statements, drafted by the Congressional Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans statements, drafted by the Congressional Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans
Transition Assistance: “As a matter of fundamental fairness, Congress should accord veterans a Transition Assistance: “As a matter of fundamental fairness, Congress should accord veterans a
full opportunity to participate in the economic system that their service sustains;” and, “Disabled-full opportunity to participate in the economic system that their service sustains;” and, “Disabled-
veteran entrepreneurs require additional assistance because these business owners encounter costs veteran entrepreneurs require additional assistance because these business owners encounter costs
and impediments that are not factors for their non-disabled competitors.”and impediments that are not factors for their non-disabled competitors.”9188 This development may This development may
have resulted in part because, after September 11, 2001, government leaders emphasized support have resulted in part because, after September 11, 2001, government leaders emphasized support
for the significant surge in new service members, especially those disabled during their service. for the significant surge in new service members, especially those disabled during their service.
~~Continued congressional interest in promoting opportunities for VOSBs is demonstrated by~~
~~recently introduced and enacted legislation. P.L. 116-315 in the 116th Congress expanded VA’s~~

~~85 National Veteran Small Business Coalition, “Mission,” available at https://nvsbc.org/mission/.~~
86More recently, P.L. 116-315 in the 116th Congress expanded VA’s authority, to provide contracting preference to contractors that employ veterans on a full-time basis, with the preference based on the percentage of the contractor’s full-time employees that are veterans. H.R. 3065, introduced in the 117th Congress, would increase the sole source limit for SDVOSBs to $10 million for manufacturing contracts and $8 million for other contracts. Continued congressional interest in promoting opportunities for VOSBs is demonstrated by recently introduced and enacted legislation. Proposed amendments to the Infrastructure 83 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Subcommittee on Education, Training, Employment and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Subcommittee on Education, Training, Employment and
Housing and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Government Procurement, SBA Programs to Housing and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Government Procurement, SBA Programs to
Assist Veterans in Readjusting to Civilian Life, joint hearing, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., July 31, 1996, SBC Serial No. 104-Assist Veterans in Readjusting to Civilian Life, joint hearing, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., July 31, 1996, SBC Serial No. 104-
91 and VAC Serial No. 104-28, pp. 4-15. 91 and VAC Serial No. 104-28, pp. 4-15.
8784 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
Act of 1999, hearing on H.R. 1568, 106th Cong. 1st sess., H.Rept. 106-20, June 23, 1999, p. 172. Act of 1999, hearing on H.R. 1568, 106th Cong. 1st sess., H.Rept. 106-20, June 23, 1999, p. 172.
8885 Ibid. Ibid.
8986 Ibid. Ibid.
9087 P.L. 108-183 P.L. 108-183
9188 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Benefits Improvement Act of U.S. Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Benefits Improvement Act of
2003, report to accompany H.R. 1460, 108th Cong., 1st sess., June 5, 2003, H.Rept. 108-142, part 1 (Washington, DC: 2003, report to accompany H.R. 1460, 108th Cong., 1st sess., June 5, 2003, H.Rept. 108-142, part 1 (Washington, DC:
GPO, 2003), p. 6. GPO, 2003), p. 6.
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~~authority, to provide contracting preference to contractors that employ veterans on a full-time~~
~~basis, with the preference based on the percentage of the contractor’s full-time employees that are~~
~~veterans. H.R. 3065, introduced in the 117th Congress, would increase the sole source limit for~~
~~SDVOSBs to $10 million for manufacturing contracts and $8 million for other contracts.~~
~~Proposed amendments to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) would have~~
~~increased the government-wide procurement goal for SDVOSBs to 5%~~Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) would have increased the government-wide procurement goal for SDVOSBs to 5%, a goal revision legislated through P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024. .
As younger generations of veterans are not starting businesses at the same rates as those from As younger generations of veterans are not starting businesses at the same rates as those from
earlier periods,earlier periods,9289 Congress may wish to consider incentives and policies that promote veteran Congress may wish to consider incentives and policies that promote veteran
business ownership further, such as by revisiting the above proposed legislation or the business ownership further, such as by revisiting the above proposed legislation or the
recommendations of the 1998 Task Force. recommendations of the 1998 Task Force.
Options for Congressional Consideration
Congress might consider federal contracting preferences that bolster opportunities for VOSBs Congress might consider federal contracting preferences that bolster opportunities for VOSBs
through an additional government-wide contracting program. Options could include revisiting the through an additional government-wide contracting program. Options could include revisiting the
10% VOSB procurement goal recommendation or developing some other VOSB contracting 10% VOSB procurement goal recommendation or developing some other VOSB contracting
goal, for the government as a whole or for select agencies beyond the VA. goal, for the government as a whole or for select agencies beyond the VA.
One rationale for creating additional VOSB contracting preferences is to provide a more One rationale for creating additional VOSB contracting preferences is to provide a more
substantial entrepreneurial path for separating service members as a parallel policy to federal substantial entrepreneurial path for separating service members as a parallel policy to federal
hiring preferences for veterans. Veterans’ hiring preference provides special consideration for hiring preferences for veterans. Veterans’ hiring preference provides special consideration for
qualified former service members pursuing civilian employment with the federal government; it qualified former service members pursuing civilian employment with the federal government; it
gives qualified veterans certain advantages in the assessment and selection procedures in the gives qualified veterans certain advantages in the assessment and selection procedures in the
federal hiring process.federal hiring process.9390 Under this preference program, even “veterans who do not have a Under this preference program, even “veterans who do not have a
service-connected disability can qualify for preference on the basis of serving during a qualified service-connected disability can qualify for preference on the basis of serving during a qualified
time period or in a qualified military campaign.”time period or in a qualified military campaign.”9491 Veterans completing post-military service Veterans completing post-military service
training for employment via business ownership currently have no federal benefit that is training for employment via business ownership currently have no federal benefit that is
comparable to the federal hiring preference. Still, entrepreneurship is deemed a pathway for comparable to the federal hiring preference. Still, entrepreneurship is deemed a pathway for
returning service members worthy of federal support, as evidenced by programs such as B2B, returning service members worthy of federal support, as evidenced by programs such as B2B,
VIP, and EBV. VIP, and EBV.
Despite the potential congressional interest in a procurement goal for VOSBs, some might argue Despite the potential congressional interest in a procurement goal for VOSBs, some might argue
that an additional preference is unwarranted. Economic data show that, generally, veterans have that an additional preference is unwarranted. Economic data show that, generally, veterans have
relatively secure economic status. As mentioned, veterans tend to have relatively low relatively secure economic status. As mentioned, veterans tend to have relatively low
unemployment in addition to being well represented among business owners and the self-unemployment in addition to being well represented among business owners and the self-
employed. Estimated veteran unemployment below the rate for the non-veteran civilian employed. Estimated veteran unemployment below the rate for the non-veteran civilian
~~population95~~population92 and the estimated numbers of firms and the estimated numbers of firms ~~currently~~ owned by owned by ~~veterans96~~veterans93 could suggest that could suggest that
non-disabled veterans are not a group that economically requires contracting preferences. non-disabled veterans are not a group that economically requires contracting preferences.

92 89 Millennial veterans are less likely to be entrepreneurs than their nonveteran peers and Vietnam veterans are Millennial veterans are less likely to be entrepreneurs than their nonveteran peers and Vietnam veterans are
continuing to age out of the workforce. See Sidra Montgomery, Zoe Jacobson, Breanna Wakar, and Scott Cody, continuing to age out of the workforce. See Sidra Montgomery, Zoe Jacobson, Breanna Wakar, and Scott Cody,
Millennial Veteran Entrepreneurship: Research on the Next Generation of Veteran Entrepreneurs, Office of Advocacy, , Office of Advocacy,
U.S. Small Business Administration, June 2021. U.S. Small Business Administration, June 2021.
9390 For more information, see CRS Report R44652, For more information, see CRS Report R44652, Federal Government Employment: Veterans’ Preference in
Competitive Examination, by Benjamin Collins. , by Benjamin Collins.
9491 Ibid. Ibid.
9592 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table A-5. Employment U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table A-5. Employment ~~Status of the Civilian Population 18~~
~~Years and over by Veteran Status, Period of Service, and Sex, Not Seasonally Adjusted~~status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted,” at https://www.bls.gov/,” at https://www.bls.gov/
news.release/empsit.t05.htm. news.release/empsit.t05.htm.
9693 U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2021”; U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): U.S. Census Bureau, “Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics series (NES-D): ~~Owner Characteristics of~~Statistics for Employer and Nonemployer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2020.” Employer firms are nonfarm businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000. Non-employer firms are businesses with no paid employment or (continued...)
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Considerations for Expanded Veteran Contracting Preferences
Were Congress to establish a goal for contracting with VOSBs, it could be accompanied by the Were Congress to establish a goal for contracting with VOSBs, it could be accompanied by the
creation of a preference program for VOSBs similar to the program established by the Veterans creation of a preference program for VOSBs similar to the program established by the Veterans
Benefits Act of 2003 for SDVOSBs. VOSB contracting rates in recent years may be of interest Benefits Act of 2003 for SDVOSBs. VOSB contracting rates in recent years may be of interest
when considering potential VOSB contracting goals. when considering potential VOSB contracting goals. ~~In FY2021, the federal government awarded~~
~~5.4% of its small business eligible contracts to VOSBs, or approximately $30 billion.97 In~~
~~previous fiscal years, the government awarded 5.3% (FY2020), 5.5% (FY2019), and 5.6%~~
~~(FY2018) of contracts to VOSBs~~These data are not currently reported in the GSA Small Business Goaling Reports or SBA Procurement Scorecards because there is no VOSB goal; however, it may be requested from the Federal Procurement Data System. .
Some or all of the authorities that VA contracting officers may use to help the department meet its Some or all of the authorities that VA contracting officers may use to help the department meet its
SDVOSB annual contracting goal, such as noncompetitive procedures, set-asides, and sole source SDVOSB annual contracting goal, such as noncompetitive procedures, set-asides, and sole source
contracts, could be incorporated into legislation regarding VOSBs. contracts, could be incorporated into legislation regarding VOSBs. 9894 One option would be to One option would be to
provide contracting officers the authority to set aside and offer sole-source awards to VOSBs. provide contracting officers the authority to set aside and offer sole-source awards to VOSBs.
Providing that authority proved important for the attainment of the SDVOSB procurement goal. Providing that authority proved important for the attainment of the SDVOSB procurement goal.
The Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 authorized contracting officers to award a sole source contract The Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 authorized contracting officers to award a sole source contract
to SDVOSBs but limited this authority to contracts of up to $5 million for manufacturing firms to SDVOSBs but limited this authority to contracts of up to $5 million for manufacturing firms
and $3 million for non-manufacturing firms. and $3 million for non-manufacturing firms.
Procurement Stakeholder Considerations
Resistance to the establishment of an additional federal procurement goal could come from Resistance to the establishment of an additional federal procurement goal could come from
several stakeholders: other types of small businesses currently eligible for contracting several stakeholders: other types of small businesses currently eligible for contracting
preferences, federal agencies themselves, and those concerned about potential impacts on preferences, federal agencies themselves, and those concerned about potential impacts on
procurement costs to the government. While small businesses that already receive contracting procurement costs to the government. While small businesses that already receive contracting
preferences might perceive an additional federal procurement goal as threatening to contract preferences might perceive an additional federal procurement goal as threatening to contract
competition, agencies responsible for procurement might raise the implementation challenges of competition, agencies responsible for procurement might raise the implementation challenges of
dividing contracting dollars into more small business categories. General cost concerns may arise dividing contracting dollars into more small business categories. General cost concerns may arise
despite that there exists a fair and reasonable price requirement for contracting agencies, to despite that there exists a fair and reasonable price requirement for contracting agencies, to
prevent adverse effects of contracting preferences to agencies letting contracts.prevent adverse effects of contracting preferences to agencies letting contracts.9995 Moreover, the Moreover, the
example of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 indicates that legislation can further stipulate that example of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2003 indicates that legislation can further stipulate that
set-asides and sole-source awards may only be made if the contract award can be made at a fair set-asides and sole-source awards may only be made if the contract award can be made at a fair
and reasonable price. and reasonable price.

~~Nonemployer Firms by Sector, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2018,”~~
~~at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=NES-D&g=0100000US&y=2018&tid=ABSNESD2018.AB1800NESD01&~~
~~nkd=ETH_GROUP~001,RACE_GROUP~00,SEX~001,VET_GROUP~001%3A002. Employer firms are nonfarm~~
~~businesses that have paid employees and annual receipts of at least $1,000. Non-employer firms are businesses with no~~
~~paid employment or~~ Legal Considerations One consideration for Congress, when considering new contracting goals and preferences, might be to specify if contracting authority extends to all types of federal contracts, including orders placed under GSA’s Federal Supply Schedule (FSS).96 payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1 million or more in the construction industries), and payroll, annual receipts of $1,000 or more ($1 million or more in the construction industries), and
filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule C), partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the filing IRS tax forms for sole proprietorships (Form 1040, Schedule C), partnerships (Form 1065), or corporations (the
~~Form 1120 series).~~
~~97 GSA, “Data Bank, Static Reports, Small Business Goaling Reports,” at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static.~~
98Form 1120 series). 94 Federal procurement policy permitting the use of noncompetitive procedures is codified at 41 U.S.C. §3304. Federal procurement policy permitting the use of noncompetitive procedures is codified at 41 U.S.C. §3304.
9995 48 C.F.R. §15.404-1. The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA) of 1994 required additional directives 48 C.F.R. §15.404-1. The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA) of 1994 required additional directives
around the types of information used to assess price reasonableness. Section 1206 of P.L. 103-355 requires the FAR to around the types of information used to assess price reasonableness. Section 1206 of P.L. 103-355 requires the FAR to
“contain provisions concerning the types of information that offerors must submit for a contracting officer to consider “contain provisions concerning the types of information that offerors must submit for a contracting officer to consider
in determining whether the price of a procurement ... is fair and reasonable when certified cost or pricing data are not in determining whether the price of a procurement ... is fair and reasonable when certified cost or pricing data are not
required to be submitted because the price of the procurement ... is not expected to exceed the applicable threshold required to be submitted because the price of the procurement ... is not expected to exceed the applicable threshold
amount” (Section 1206 of P.L. 103-355). amount” (Section 1206 of P.L. 103-355).
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~~Legal Considerations~~
~~One consideration for Congress, when considering new contracting goals and preferences, might~~
~~be to specify if contracting authority extends to all types of federal contracts, including orders~~
~~placed under GSA’s Federal Supply Schedule (FSS).100~~
96 These schedules are lists of goods and services provided by General Services Administration-selected vendors at varying prices and are also known as multiple award schedules (MAS). They provide convenience to agencies procuring commonly required products or services. Congressional Research Service 18 Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses Any future legislation on contracting preferences for VOSBs could benefit from consideration of Any future legislation on contracting preferences for VOSBs could benefit from consideration of
the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Kingdomware Technologies, Inc. v. United States (2016). Prior to (2016). Prior to
the Kingdomware decision, VA, like other federal agencies, maintained that it could legally make the Kingdomware decision, VA, like other federal agencies, maintained that it could legally make
purchases using the FSS without creating set-asides for VOSBs, even when a contracting officer purchases using the FSS without creating set-asides for VOSBs, even when a contracting officer
could reasonably expect bids from at least two VOSBs at a fair market price (i.e., when the could reasonably expect bids from at least two VOSBs at a fair market price (i.e., when the
contracting “Rule of Two” is satisfied). The court held that the text of the Veterans Benefits, contracting “Rule of Two” is satisfied). The court held that the text of the Veterans Benefits,
Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 requires the VA “to apply the Rule of Two Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 requires the VA “to apply the Rule of Two
to all contracting determinations and to award contracts to veteran-owned small businesses,” and to all contracting determinations and to award contracts to veteran-owned small businesses,” and
“does not allow the Department to evade the Rule of Two on the ground it has already met its “does not allow the Department to evade the Rule of Two on the ground it has already met its
contracting goals or on the ground that the Department has placed an order through the FSS.”contracting goals or on the ground that the Department has placed an order through the FSS.”~~101~~97
This decision applied only to the VA and its contracting practices and resulted in the agency’s This decision applied only to the VA and its contracting practices and resulted in the agency’s
discontinued use of the FSS without considering set-asides for VOSBs. discontinued use of the FSS without considering set-asides for VOSBs.
Conclusion
Since 1953, Congress has imposed requirements on the federal procurement process to help small Since 1953, Congress has imposed requirements on the federal procurement process to help small
businesses receive a fair proportion of federal contracts and subcontracts, primarily by businesses receive a fair proportion of federal contracts and subcontracts, primarily by
establishing federal procurement goals and various contracting preferences. establishing federal procurement goals and various contracting preferences.
Currently, the federal government has several small business procurement programs, including Currently, the federal government has several small business procurement programs, including
one for SDVOSBs that is designed to help federal agencies achieve the government-wide 3% one for SDVOSBs that is designed to help federal agencies achieve the government-wide 3%
SDVOSB procurement goal. SDVOSB procurement goal.
Advocates for expanding support to veteran Advocates for expanding support to veteran- owned small business more generally have suggested owned small business more generally have suggested
establishing a government-wide VOSB procurement goal and providing federal agencies the establishing a government-wide VOSB procurement goal and providing federal agencies the
authority to set aside and award sole source contracts to VOSBs. Advocates might argue that the authority to set aside and award sole source contracts to VOSBs. Advocates might argue that the
federal government should: (1) provide more VOSB contracting opportunities in recognition of federal government should: (1) provide more VOSB contracting opportunities in recognition of
veterans’ service to the nation; (2) encourage business ownership among younger generations of veterans’ service to the nation; (2) encourage business ownership among younger generations of
veterans; and (3) provide veterans interested in employment via business ownership a type of veterans; and (3) provide veterans interested in employment via business ownership a type of
benefit comparable to the veteran federal hiring preference. benefit comparable to the veteran federal hiring preference.
Opponents of adding a government-wide VOSB procurement goal and related set-aside and sole Opponents of adding a government-wide VOSB procurement goal and related set-aside and sole
source contracting authorities could argue thatsource contracting authorities could argue that: (1) veterans do not need contracting preferences (1) veterans do not need contracting preferences
because their economic circumstances are at least as good as, if not better than, the circumstances because their economic circumstances are at least as good as, if not better than, the circumstances
of the general civilian population; and (2) creating another small business preference program of the general civilian population; and (2) creating another small business preference program
could threaten small businesses currently eligible for preferences and burden agencies could threaten small businesses currently eligible for preferences and burden agencies
implementing preference programs.implementing preference programs.

~~100 These schedules are lists of goods and services provided by General Services Administration-selected vendors at~~
~~varying prices and are also known as multiple award schedules (MAS). They provide convenience to agencies~~
~~procuring commonly required products or services.~~
~~101~~ Author Information R. Corinne Blackford Analyst in Small Business and Economic Development Policy 97 Kingdomware Technologies, Inc. v. United States, 579 U.S. 1, 8 (2016). Kingdomware Technologies, Inc. v. United States, 579 U.S. 1, 8 (2016).
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~~Author Information~~

~~R. Corinne Blackford~~

~~Analyst in Small Business and Economic~~
~~Development Policy~~

~~Acknowledgments~~
~~Special thanks to~~ Acknowledgments Robert Jay Dilger, Senior Specialist in American National GovernmentRobert Jay Dilger, Senior Specialist in American National Government~~, and~~ Elaine Elaine
Halchin, Specialist in American National GovernmentHalchin, Specialist in American National Government. Daniela Lacalle, Research Assistant

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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