Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

Changes from May 4, 2022 to June 16, 2022

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Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan
~~May 4~~June 16, 2022 , 2022
Guaranty Program
Robert Jay Dilger
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small
Senior Specialist in Senior Specialist in
businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to
American National American National
small businesses “that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms and conditions.” small businesses “that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms and conditions.”
Government Government
The SBA’s 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guaranty program is The SBA’s 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guaranty program is

administered through nonprofit Certified Development Companies (CDCs). It provides long-term administered through nonprofit Certified Development Companies (CDCs). It provides long-term
Anthony A. Cilluffo
fixed rate financing for major fixed assets, such as land, buildings, equipment, and machinery. Of fixed rate financing for major fixed assets, such as land, buildings, equipment, and machinery. Of
Analyst in Public Finance Analyst in Public Finance
the total project costs, a third-party lender must provide at least 50% of the financing, the CDC the total project costs, a third-party lender must provide at least 50% of the financing, the CDC

provides up to 40% of the financing through a 100% SBA-guaranteed debenture, and the provides up to 40% of the financing through a 100% SBA-guaranteed debenture, and the
applicant provides at least 10% of the financing. Its name is derived from Section 504 of the applicant provides at least 10% of the financing. Its name is derived from Section 504 of the

Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-699, as amended), which provides the most Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-699, as amended), which provides the most
recent authorization for the SBA’s sale of 504/CDC debentures. In FY2021, the SBA approved 9,676 504/CDC loans totaling recent authorization for the SBA’s sale of 504/CDC debentures. In FY2021, the SBA approved 9,676 504/CDC loans totaling
over $8.2 billion. over $8.2 billion.
Congress has always shown a great interest in the SBA’s loan guarantee programs because of concerns that small businesses Congress has always shown a great interest in the SBA’s loan guarantee programs because of concerns that small businesses
might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable them to create and retain jobs. That interest has grown might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable them to create and retain jobs. That interest has grown
especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s adverse economic impact on the especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s adverse economic impact on the
national economy. For example, national economy. For example,
 P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other  P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other
provisions, created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which provides low-interest, forgivable loans provisions, created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which provides low-interest, forgivable loans
to small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and appropriated $17 billion for six-to small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and appropriated $17 billion for six-
month payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. Loans in a regular servicing month payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. Loans in a regular servicing
status (i.e., fully disbursed) up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020) were also eligible status (i.e., fully disbursed) up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020) were also eligible
to receive the six monthly payments of debt relief. to receive the six monthly payments of debt relief.
 P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N,  P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N,
Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), among other provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), among other provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion
to resume monthly payment relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per to resume monthly payment relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per
month per borrower. Payments are dependent on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the month per borrower. Payments are dependent on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the
type of loan received, and the business’s industry. The act also waived specified 7(a) and 504/CDC loan type of loan received, and the business’s industry. The act also waived specified 7(a) and 504/CDC loan
guarantee program fees in FY2021, modified 504/CDC refinancing regulations to expand borrower access guarantee program fees in FY2021, modified 504/CDC refinancing regulations to expand borrower access
to the refinancing to the refinancing ~~program and create reciprocity for refinancing under the 7(a) and 504/CDC~~ programs, programs,
and temporarily authorized the SBA, through September 30, 2023, to establish a 504/CDC Express Loan and temporarily authorized the SBA, through September 30, 2023, to establish a 504/CDC Express Loan
program to expedite the approval of 504/CDC loans that do not exceed $500,000. program to expedite the approval of 504/CDC loans that do not exceed $500,000.
This report examines the rationale provided for the 504/CDC program; its borrower and lender eligibility standards; operating This report examines the rationale provided for the 504/CDC program; its borrower and lender eligibility standards; operating
requirements; and performance statistics, including loan volume, loss rates, proceeds usage, borrower satisfaction, and requirements; and performance statistics, including loan volume, loss rates, proceeds usage, borrower satisfaction, and
borrower demographics. It also examines congressional action taken to help small businesses gain greater access to capital, borrower demographics. It also examines congressional action taken to help small businesses gain greater access to capital,
including enactment of P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA); P.L. 111-240, the Small including enactment of P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA); P.L. 111-240, the Small
Business Jobs Act of 2010; P.L. 116-136; and P.L. 116-260. Business Jobs Act of 2010; P.L. 116-136; and P.L. 116-260.
This report also discusses issues related to the SBA’s oversight of 504/CDC lenders. This report also discusses issues related to the SBA’s oversight of 504/CDC lenders.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

Small Business Administration Loan
Guaranty Programs
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small
businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to
small businesses “that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms and conditions.”1 small businesses “that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms and conditions.”1
Historically, one of the justifications presented for funding the SBA’s loan guaranty programs has Historically, one of the justifications presented for funding the SBA’s loan guaranty programs has
been that small businesses can be at a disadvantage, compared with other businesses, when trying been that small businesses can be at a disadvantage, compared with other businesses, when trying
to obtain access to sufficient capital and credit.2 to obtain access to sufficient capital and credit.2
The SBA’s 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guaranty program provides The SBA’s 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guaranty program provides
long-term fixed rate financing for major fixed assets, such as land, buildings, equipment, and long-term fixed rate financing for major fixed assets, such as land, buildings, equipment, and
machinery. Its name is derived from Section 504 of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 machinery. Its name is derived from Section 504 of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958
(P.L. 85-699, as amended), which provides the most recent authorization in the act concerning the (P.L. 85-699, as amended), which provides the most recent authorization in the act concerning the
SBA’s monthly sale of 20-year and 25-year 504/CDC debentures and bimonthly sale of 10-year SBA’s monthly sale of 20-year and 25-year 504/CDC debentures and bimonthly sale of 10-year
504/CDC debentures.3 504/CDC debentures.3
In FY2022, the 504/CDC program has a statutory loan authorization limit of $11.0 billion for In FY2022, the 504/CDC program has a statutory loan authorization limit of $11.0 billion for
“regular” 504/CDC loans and $4.0 billion for 504/CDC refinancing loans“regular” 504/CDC loans and $4.0 billion for 504/CDC refinancing loans ~~not involving~~
~~expansions~~. These authorization limits are provided through annual appropriations acts.4 In the . These authorization limits are provided through annual appropriations acts.4 In the
event that the SBA reaches these limits, as was the case for regular 504/CDC loans on September event that the SBA reaches these limits, as was the case for regular 504/CDC loans on September
7, 2021, the SBA must suspend 7, 2021, the SBA must suspend ~~any further loan approvals until additional authorization is~~

1 U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), 1 U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Fiscal Year 2010 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 30, at , p. 30, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/Congressional_Budget_Justification_2010.pdf. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/Congressional_Budget_Justification_2010.pdf.
2 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Small Business Administration: 7(a) Loan Program Needs
Additional Performance Measures, GAO-08-226T, November 1, 2007, pp. 3, 9-11, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/, GAO-08-226T, November 1, 2007, pp. 3, 9-11, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/
d08226t.pdf; and Veronique de Rugy, d08226t.pdf; and Veronique de Rugy, Why the Small Business Administration’s Loan Programs Should Be Abolished, ,
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, AEI Working Paper #126, April 13, 2006, at American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, AEI Working Paper #126, April 13, 2006, at
http://www.aei.org/docLib/20060414_wp126.pdf. Proponents of federal funding for the SBA’s loan guarantee http://www.aei.org/docLib/20060414_wp126.pdf. Proponents of federal funding for the SBA’s loan guarantee
programs also argue that small business can promote competitive markets. See P.L. 83-163, §2(a), as amended; and 15 programs also argue that small business can promote competitive markets. See P.L. 83-163, §2(a), as amended; and 15
U.S.C. §631a. U.S.C. §631a.
3 The 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) program was preceded by a Section 501 state development 3 The 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) program was preceded by a Section 501 state development
company program (1958-1982), a Section 502 local development company program (1958-1995), and a Section company program (1958-1982), a Section 502 local development company program (1958-1995), and a Section
503/CDC program (1980-1986). The 504/CDC program started in 1986. 503/CDC program (1980-1986). The 504/CDC program started in 1986.
The 504/CDC program’s 20-year and 25-year debentures are pooled and sold on the first Thursday of the first full week The 504/CDC program’s 20-year and 25-year debentures are pooled and sold on the first Thursday of the first full week
of each month (beginning with and including Sunday); 10-year debentures are pooled and sold on the first Thursday of of each month (beginning with and including Sunday); 10-year debentures are pooled and sold on the first Thursday of
the first full week of every other month (beginning with and including Sunday) starting with the January sale. See the first full week of every other month (beginning with and including Sunday) starting with the January sale. See
Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate,” at https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate,” at https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-
rate.html. rate.html.
The SBA made 25-year 504/CDC debentures available for 504/CDC projects approved on or after April 2, 2018. See The SBA made 25-year 504/CDC debentures available for 504/CDC projects approved on or after April 2, 2018. See
SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018. 14536, April 4, 2018.
4 P.L. 117-103, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. Previously, the limit for both 4 P.L. 117-103, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. Previously, the limit for both regular and refinancing programs was $7.5 billion. programs was $7.5 billion.
See P.L. 110-161, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, for the first, annual $7.5 billion 504/CDC limit; and P.L. See P.L. 110-161, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, for the first, annual $7.5 billion 504/CDC limit; and P.L.
~~114-~~111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (for FY2011 and FY2012) and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (for FY2016), for the first, annual $7.5 billion 504/CDC refinancing limit. , for the first, annual $7.5 billion 504/CDC refinancing limit.
P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, had set the 504/CDC limit at $5 billion for FY2005 and $7.5 P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, had set the 504/CDC limit at $5 billion for FY2005 and $7.5
billion for FY2006. However, P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies billion for FY2006. However, P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2006, which was enacted later and, therefore, took precedent, set the 504/CDC limit at $3 billion Appropriations Act, 2006, which was enacted later and, therefore, took precedent, set the 504/CDC limit at $3 billion
for FY2006. The SBA’s FY2007 budget was provided through continuing appropriations acts. These acts did not for FY2006. The SBA’s FY2007 budget was provided through continuing appropriations acts. These acts did not
change the 504/CDC limit. change the 504/CDC limit.
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Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

any further loan approvals until additional authorization is provided.5 In this instance, the SBA suspended regular 504/CDC loan approvals for the remainder provided.5 In this instance, the SBA suspended regular 504/CDC loan approvals for the remainder
of FY2021.6 of FY2021.6
The 504/CDC loan guaranty program is administered through nonprofit Certified Development The 504/CDC loan guaranty program is administered through nonprofit Certified Development
Companies (CDCs).7 Of the total project costs, a third-party lender must provide at least 50% of Companies (CDCs).7 Of the total project costs, a third-party lender must provide at least 50% of
the financing, the CDC provides up to 40% of the financing backed by a 100% SBA-guaranteed the financing, the CDC provides up to 40% of the financing backed by a 100% SBA-guaranteed
debenture, and the applicant provides at least 10% of the financing.8 debenture, and the applicant provides at least 10% of the financing.8
The borrower makes two loan payments, one to the third-party lender and another to the CDC. The borrower makes two loan payments, one to the third-party lender and another to the CDC.
The third-party loan, typically provided by a bank, can have a fixed or variable interest rate, is The third-party loan, typically provided by a bank, can have a fixed or variable interest rate, is
negotiated between the lender and the borrower, is subject to an interest rate cap, and must have negotiated between the lender and the borrower, is subject to an interest rate cap, and must have
at least a 7-year term for a 10-year debenture and at least 10-year term for a 20- or 25-year at least a 7-year term for a 10-year debenture and at least 10-year term for a 20- or 25-year
debenture.9 The CDC loan has a fixed interest rate that is determined when the SBA sells the debenture.9 The CDC loan has a fixed interest rate that is determined when the SBA sells the
debenture to fund the loan. The CDC loan’s term is either 10 years (typically for machinery or debenture to fund the loan. The CDC loan’s term is either 10 years (typically for machinery or
equipment) or 20 years or 25 years (typically for real estate). equipment) or 20 years or 25 years (typically for real estate).
The SBA’s debenture is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States and is sold to The SBA’s debenture is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States and is sold to
underwriters that form debenture pools. Investors purchase interests in the debenture pools and underwriters that form debenture pools. Investors purchase interests in the debenture pools and
receive Development Company Participation certificates (DCPC) representing ownership of all or receive Development Company Participation certificates (DCPC) representing ownership of all or
part of the pool. DCPCs have a minimum value of $25,000 and can be sold on the secondary part of the pool. DCPCs have a minimum value of $25,000 and can be sold on the secondary
market. market.
The SBA and CDCs use various agents to facilitate the sale and service of the certificates and the The SBA and CDCs use various agents to facilitate the sale and service of the certificates and the
orderly flow of funds among the parties.10 After a 504/CDC loan is approved and disbursed, orderly flow of funds among the parties.10 After a 504/CDC loan is approved and disbursed,
accounting for the loan is set up at the Central Servicing Agent (CSA, currently accounting for the loan is set up at the Central Servicing Agent (CSA, currently
PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Sector LLP), not the SBA. The SBA guarantees the timely PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Sector LLP), not the SBA. The SBA guarantees the timely
payment of the debenture. If the small business is behind in its loan payments, the SBA pays the payment of the debenture. If the small business is behind in its loan payments, the SBA pays the
difference to the investor on every semiannual due date. difference to the investor on every semiannual due date.
In FY2021, the SBA approved 9,676 504/CDC loans totaling over $8.2 billion.11 Included in In FY2021, the SBA approved 9,676 504/CDC loans totaling over $8.2 billion.11 Included in
these figures were 693 504/CDC these figures were 693 504/CDC ~~refinancing~~Debt Refinancing without Expansion program loans totaling $709 million. As of March 31, 2022, loans totaling $709 million. As of March 31, 2022,
regular 504/CDC loans regular 504/CDC loans ~~had an unpaid principal balance of about $30.1 billion, and 504/CDC~~
~~refinancing~~and 504/CDC Debt Refinancing with Expansion program loans had an unpaid principal balance of about $ loans had an unpaid principal balance of about $~~2.0 billion.12~~
30.1 billion, and
5 SBA, “SBA Procedural Notice: Section 1112 Debt Relief Program Wind Down,” 5000-823852, December 6, 2021, at 5 SBA, “SBA Procedural Notice: Section 1112 Debt Relief Program Wind Down,” 5000-823852, December 6, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-823852-section-1112-debt-relief-program-wind-down. https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-823852-section-1112-debt-relief-program-wind-down.
6 For additional information related to 504/CDC loan approvals, see SBA, “2022 Weekly Lending Reports,” at 6 For additional information related to 504/CDC loan approvals, see SBA, “2022 Weekly Lending Reports,” at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2022-weekly-lending-reports. https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2022-weekly-lending-reports.
7 Five for-profit CDCs that participated in predecessor programs have been grandfathered into the current 504/CDC 7 Five for-profit CDCs that participated in predecessor programs have been grandfathered into the current 504/CDC
program. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79program. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15642, March 21, 2014. 15642, March 21, 2014.
8 “Generally, a 504 loan may not exceed 40% of total Project cost plus 100% of eligible administrative costs. For good 8 “Generally, a 504 loan may not exceed 40% of total Project cost plus 100% of eligible administrative costs. For good
cause shown, SBA may authorize an increase in the percentage of Project costs covered up to 50%. No more than 50% cause shown, SBA may authorize an increase in the percentage of Project costs covered up to 50%. No more than 50%
of eligible Project costs can be from Federal sources, whether received directly or indirectly through an intermediary.” of eligible Project costs can be from Federal sources, whether received directly or indirectly through an intermediary.”
See 13 C.F.R. §120.930. See 13 C.F.R. §120.930.
9 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 9 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018; and 13 C.F.R. 14536, April 4, 2018; and 13 C.F.R.
§120.921. §120.921.
10 13 C.F.R. §120.801. 10 13 C.F.R. §120.801.
11 SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/11 SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/
report-2021-weekly-lending-reports (hereinafter SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September report-2021-weekly-lending-reports (hereinafter SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September
30, 2021)”). 30, 2021)”).
~~12 SBA, “Small Business Administration loan program performance: Table 1 – Unpaid Principal Balance (UPB) by~~
~~Program,” effective March 31, 2022, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-small-business-administration-loan-~~
~~program-performance.~~
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link to page 7 link to page 7 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

504/CDC Debt Refinancing without Expansion program loans had an unpaid principal balance of about $2.0 billion.12 This report opens with an examination of the 504/CDC program’s operating structures and This report opens with an examination of the 504/CDC program’s operating structures and
requirements, including borrower and lender eligibility standards, loan terms and conditions, and requirements, including borrower and lender eligibility standards, loan terms and conditions, and
program fees. It presents 504/CDC program statistics, including loan volume, credit subsidies, program fees. It presents 504/CDC program statistics, including loan volume, credit subsidies,
proceeds usage, and borrower demographics. It then discusses issues raised concerning the SBA’s proceeds usage, and borrower demographics. It then discusses issues raised concerning the SBA’s
administration of the program, including the oversight of 504/CDC lenders. The report also administration of the program, including the oversight of 504/CDC lenders. The report also
presents 504/CDC legislation enacted from the 111th through 117th Congresses. presents 504/CDC legislation enacted from the 111th through 117th Congresses.
Program Participants and Financing Contribution
As shown inAs shown in Table 1, 504/CDC projects generally have three main participants: a third-party 04/CDC projects generally have three main participants: a third-party
lender provides 50% or more of the financing; a CDC provides up to 40% of the financing lender provides 50% or more of the financing; a CDC provides up to 40% of the financing
through a 504/CDC debenture, which is 100% guaranteed by the SBA; and the borrower through a 504/CDC debenture, which is 100% guaranteed by the SBA; and the borrower
contributes at least 10% of the financing. contributes at least 10% of the financing.
The CDC’s contribution, and the amount of the SBA’s 100% guaranteed debenture, generally The CDC’s contribution, and the amount of the SBA’s 100% guaranteed debenture, generally
cannot exceed 40% of the financing for standard 504/CDC loans. It cannot exceed 35% of the cannot exceed 40% of the financing for standard 504/CDC loans. It cannot exceed 35% of the
financing for new businesses (defined as “a business that is two years old or less at the time the financing for new businesses (defined as “a business that is two years old or less at the time the
loan is approved”) or if the loan is for either a limited-market property (defined as “a property loan is approved”) or if the loan is for either a limited-market property (defined as “a property
with a unique physical design, special construction materials, or a layout that restricts its utility to with a unique physical design, special construction materials, or a layout that restricts its utility to
the use for which it is designed”) or a special purpose property.13 The SBA lists 27 limited and the use for which it is designed”) or a special purpose property.13 The SBA lists 27 limited and
special purpose properties (e.g., dormitories, golf courses, hospitals, and bowling alleys).14 The special purpose properties (e.g., dormitories, golf courses, hospitals, and bowling alleys).14 The
CDC’s contribution cannot exceed 30% of the financing when the borrower is a new business CDC’s contribution cannot exceed 30% of the financing when the borrower is a new business and
the loan is for either a limited-market property or special purpose property. the loan is for either a limited-market property or special purpose property.
Borrowers must contribute at least 10% of the financing for standard 504/CDC loans and at least Borrowers must contribute at least 10% of the financing for standard 504/CDC loans and at least
15% if the borrower is a new business or if the loan is for a limited-market property or special 15% if the borrower is a new business or if the loan is for a limited-market property or special
~~purpose property.15 They must contribute at least 20% if the borrower is a new business and the~~
~~loan is for either a limited-market property or special purpose property.16~~

12 SBA, “Small Business Administration loan program performance: Table 1 – Unpaid Principal Balance (UPB) by Program,” effective March 31, 2022, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-small-business-administration-loan-program-performance. 13 A 504/CDC loan generally may not exceed 40% of total project costs, plus 100% of eligible administrative costs. 13 A 504/CDC loan generally may not exceed 40% of total project costs, plus 100% of eligible administrative costs.
“For good cause shown, SBA may authorize an increase in the percentage of project costs covered up to 50%. No more “For good cause shown, SBA may authorize an increase in the percentage of project costs covered up to 50%. No more
than 50% of eligible project costs can be from Federal sources, whether received directly or indirectly through an than 50% of eligible project costs can be from Federal sources, whether received directly or indirectly through an
intermediary.” See 13 C.F.R. §120.930. intermediary.” See 13 C.F.R. §120.930.
14 The SBA considers the following to be limited or special purpose properties: amusement parks; bowling alleys; car 14 The SBA considers the following to be limited or special purpose properties: amusement parks; bowling alleys; car
wash properties; cemeteries; clubhouses; cold storage facilities in which more than 50% of total square footage is wash properties; cemeteries; clubhouses; cold storage facilities in which more than 50% of total square footage is
equipped for refrigeration; dormitories; farms, including dairy facilities; funeral homes with crematoriums; gas stations; equipped for refrigeration; dormitories; farms, including dairy facilities; funeral homes with crematoriums; gas stations;
golf courses; hospitals, surgery centers, urgent care centers, and other health medical facilities; hotels and motels; golf courses; hospitals, surgery centers, urgent care centers, and other health medical facilities; hotels and motels;
marinas; mines; museums; nursing homes, including assisted living facilities; oil wells; quarries, including gravel pits; marinas; mines; museums; nursing homes, including assisted living facilities; oil wells; quarries, including gravel pits;
railroads; sanitary landfills; service centers (e.g., oil and lube, brake, or transmission centers) with pits and in-ground railroads; sanitary landfills; service centers (e.g., oil and lube, brake, or transmission centers) with pits and in-ground
lifts; sports arenas; swimming pools; tennis clubs; theaters; and wineries. SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and lifts; sports arenas; swimming pools; tennis clubs; theaters; and wineries. SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and
Development Company Loan Programs,” effective October 1, 2020, pp. 478, 479, at https://www.sba.gov/document/Development Company Loan Programs,” effective October 1, 2020, pp. 478, 479, at https://www.sba.gov/document/
sop-50-10-lender-development-company-loan-programs-0 (hereinafter “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development sop-50-10-lender-development-company-loan-programs-0 (hereinafter “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development
Company Loan Programs”). Company Loan Programs”).
~~15 The SBA announced in the Federal Register on August 3, 2020, that “due to an economic recession as determined by~~
~~the National Bureau of Economic Research, borrowers in the 504 Loan Program may contribute not less than 10%,~~
~~instead of not less than 15%, to projects involving limited or special purpose buildings or structures when refinancing~~
~~debt without expansion. The lower required contribution will be in effect until the first day of the calendar quarter~~
~~following the end of the economic recession as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research or its~~
~~equivalent.” See SBA, “504 Debt Refinancing Without Expansion-Borrower’s Contribution for Projects Involving~~
~~Limited or Single Purpose Buildings During Recession,” 85 Federal Register 46775-46776, August 3, 2020.~~
~~16 “Loans under the 504 program provide permanent or take-out financing [long-term financing that replaces short-term~~
~~interim financing, often one with a shorter duration and higher interest rate]. ...An interim lender (either the Third Party~~
~~Lender or another lender) provides the interim financing to cover the period between SBA approval of the project and~~
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~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

~~Table 1. 504/CDC Loan Structures and Contribution Requirements~~
~~New Business or~~
~~Both New Business and~~
~~Limited or Special~~
~~Limited or Special~~
~~Participant~~
~~Standard Loan~~
~~Purpose Property Loan Purpose Property Loan~~
~~Third-Party Lender~~
~~At least 50%~~
~~At least 50%~~
~~At least 50%~~
~~CDC/SBA~~
~~Maximum 40%~~
~~Maximum 35%~~
~~Maximum 30%~~
~~Borrower~~
~~At least 10%~~
~~At least 15%~~
~~At least 20%~~
Source: U.S. Small Business Administration, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,”
~~effective October 1, 2020, pp. 455, 456, at https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-10-lender-development-~~
~~company-loan-programs-0.~~
~~Borrower Eligibility Standards and Program~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Borrower Eligibility Standards~~
~~To be eligible for a SBA business loan, a small business applicant must~~
~~ be located in the United States;~~
~~ be a for-profit operating business (except for loans to eligible passive~~
~~companies);~~
~~ qualify as small;17~~
~~ demonstrate a need for the desired credit and that the funds are not available from~~
~~alternative sources, including personal resources of the principals; and~~
~~ be certified by a lender that the desired credit is unavailable to the applicant on~~
~~reasonable terms and conditions from nonfederal sources without SBA~~
~~assistance.18~~
~~Several types of businesses are prohibited from participating in the program. For example,~~
~~financial businesses primarily engaged in the business of lending, such as banks and finance~~
~~companies; life insurance companies; businesses located in a foreign country; businesses deriving~~

Congressional Research Service 3 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program purpose property.15 They must contribute at least 20% if the borrower is a new business and the loan is for either a limited-market property or special purpose property.16 Table 1. 504/CDC Loan Structures and Contribution Requirements New Business or Both New Business and Limited or Special Limited or Special Participant Standard Loan Purpose Property Loan Purpose Property Loan Third-Party Lender At least 50% At least 50% At least 50% CDC/SBA Maximum 40% Maximum 35% Maximum 30% Borrower At least 10% At least 15% At least 20% Source: U.S. Small Business Administration, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” effective October 1, 2020, pp. 455, 456, at https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-10-lender-development-company-loan-programs-0. Borrower Eligibility Standards and Program Requirements Borrower Eligibility Standards To be eligible for a SBA business loan, a small business applicant must  be located in the United States;  be a for-profit operating business (except for loans to eligible passive companies);  qualify as small;17 15 The SBA announced in the Federal Register on August 3, 2020, that “due to an economic recession as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, borrowers in the 504 Loan Program may contribute not less than 10%, instead of not less than 15%, to projects involving limited or special purpose buildings or structures when refinancing debt without expansion. The lower required contribution will be in effect until the first day of the calendar quarter following the end of the economic recession as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research or its equivalent.” See SBA, “504 Debt Refinancing Without Expansion-Borrower’s Contribution for Projects Involving Limited or Single Purpose Buildings During Recession,” 85 Federal Register 46775-46776, August 3, 2020. 16 “Loans under the 504 program provide permanent or take-out financing [long-term financing that replaces short-term interim financing, often one with a shorter duration and higher interest rate]. ...An interim lender (either the Third Party Lender or another lender) provides the interim financing to cover the period between SBA approval of the project and the debenture sale. After the project is completed, the CDC will close the 504 loan. The proceeds from the Debenture the debenture sale. After the project is completed, the CDC will close the 504 loan. The proceeds from the Debenture
sale repay the interim lender for the amount of the 504 project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.… The interim sale repay the interim lender for the amount of the 504 project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.… The interim
financing must be fully disbursed and the project completed prior to the sale of the Debenture with one exception. A financing must be fully disbursed and the project completed prior to the sale of the Debenture with one exception. A
portion of the debenture proceeds may be put into an escrow account to complete a minor portion of the total project.” portion of the debenture proceeds may be put into an escrow account to complete a minor portion of the total project.”
SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 457, 500. SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 457, 500.
17 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, required the SBA to establish an alternative size standard for the 17 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, required the SBA to establish an alternative size standard for the
504/CDC and 7(a) loan programs that uses maximum tangible net worth and average net income as an alternative to the 504/CDC and 7(a) loan programs that uses maximum tangible net worth and average net income as an alternative to the
use of industry standards. At the time of passage, the 7(a) program used industry-specific size standards and the use of industry standards. At the time of passage, the 7(a) program used industry-specific size standards and the
504/CDC program used maximum net worth of $8.5 million and maximum average net income of $3 million to 504/CDC program used maximum net worth of $8.5 million and maximum average net income of $3 million to
determine program eligibility. The act establishes the following alternative size standard for both the 504/CDC and 7(a) determine program eligibility. The act establishes the following alternative size standard for both the 504/CDC and 7(a)
programs on an interim basis: the business qualifies as small if it does not have a tangible net worth in excess of programs on an interim basis: the business qualifies as small if it does not have a tangible net worth in excess of
$15 million and does not have an average net income after federal taxes (excluding any carry-over losses) in excess of $15 million and does not have an average net income after federal taxes (excluding any carry-over losses) in excess of
$5 million for two full fiscal years before the date of application. For further analysis concerning SBA size standards, $5 million for two full fiscal years before the date of application. For further analysis concerning SBA size standards,
~~see CRS Report R40860, Small Business Size Standards: A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by Robert Jay~~
~~Dilger.~~
~~18 13 C.F.R. §120.100; and 13 C.F.R. §120.101.~~
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Congressional Research Service 4 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program  demonstrate a need for the desired credit and that the funds are not available from alternative sources, including personal resources of the principals; and  be certified by a lender that the desired credit is unavailable to the applicant on reasonable terms and conditions from nonfederal sources without SBA assistance.18 Several types of businesses are prohibited from participating in the program. For example, financial businesses primarily engaged in the business of lending, such as banks and finance companies; life insurance companies; businesses located in a foreign country; businesses deriving more than one-third of their gross annual revenue from legal gambling activities; businesses that more than one-third of their gross annual revenue from legal gambling activities; businesses that
present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; and businesses with an associate who is present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; and businesses with an associate who is
incarcerated, on probation, on parole, or has been indicted for a felony or a crime of moral incarcerated, on probation, on parole, or has been indicted for a felony or a crime of moral
turpitude are ineligible.19 turpitude are ineligible.19
To qualify for a SBA business loan, applicants must be creditworthy and able to reasonably assure To qualify for a SBA business loan, applicants must be creditworthy and able to reasonably assure
repayment. The SBA requires lenders to consider the applicant’s repayment. The SBA requires lenders to consider the applicant’s
 character, reputation, and credit history;  character, reputation, and credit history;
 experience and depth of management;  experience and depth of management;
 strength of the business;  strength of the business;
 past earnings, projected cash flow, and future prospects;  past earnings, projected cash flow, and future prospects;
 ability to repay the loan with earnings from the business;  ability to repay the loan with earnings from the business;
 sufficient invested equity to operate on a sound financial basis;  sufficient invested equity to operate on a sound financial basis;
 potential for long-term success;  potential for long-term success;
 nature and value of collateral (although inadequate collateral will not be the sole  nature and value of collateral (although inadequate collateral will not be the sole
reason for denial of a loan request); and reason for denial of a loan request); and
 affiliates’ effect on the applicant’s repayment ability.20  affiliates’ effect on the applicant’s repayment ability.20
Borrower Program Requirements
Use of Proceeds
A 504/CDC loan can be used to A 504/CDC loan can be used to
 purchase land and make necessary improvements to the land, such as adding  purchase land and make necessary improvements to the land, such as adding
streets, curbs, gutters, parking lots, utilities, and landscaping; streets, curbs, gutters, parking lots, utilities, and landscaping;
 purchase buildings and make improvements to the buildings, such as altering the  purchase buildings and make improvements to the buildings, such as altering the
building’s facade and updating its heating and electrical systems, plumbing, and building’s facade and updating its heating and electrical systems, plumbing, and
roofing; roofing;
~~ purchase, transport, dismantle, or install machinery and equipment, provided the~~
~~machinery and equipment have a useful life of at least 10 years;~~
~~ purchase essential furniture and fixtures;~~
~~ pay professional fees that are directly attributable and essential to the project,~~
~~such as title insurance, title searches and abstract costs, surveys, and zoning~~
~~matters;~~
~~ finance short-term debt (bridge financing) for eligible expenses that are directly~~
~~attributable to the project and the financing term is three years or less;~~
~~ pay interim financing costs, including points, fees, and interest;~~

see CRS Report R40860, Small Business Size Standards: A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger. 18 13 C.F.R. §120.100; and 13 C.F.R. §120.101. 19 13 C.F.R. §120.110. Nineteen types of businesses are ineligible for 504/CDC loans. In addition, an associate is an 19 13 C.F.R. §120.110. Nineteen types of businesses are ineligible for 504/CDC loans. In addition, an associate is an
officer, director, owner of more than 20% of the equity, or key employee of the small business; any entity in which one officer, director, owner of more than 20% of the equity, or key employee of the small business; any entity in which one
or more individuals referred to above owns or controls at least 20% of the equity; and any individual or entity in control or more individuals referred to above owns or controls at least 20% of the equity; and any individual or entity in control
of or controlled by the small business, except a Small Business Investment Company licensed by the SBA. See 13 of or controlled by the small business, except a Small Business Investment Company licensed by the SBA. See 13
C.F.R. §120.10. C.F.R. §120.10.
20 13 C.F.R. §120.150. 20 13 C.F.R. §120.150.
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  purchase, transport, dismantle, or install machinery and equipment, provided the machinery and equipment have a useful life of at least 10 years;  purchase essential furniture and fixtures;  pay professional fees that are directly attributable and essential to the project, such as title insurance, title searches and abstract costs, surveys, and zoning matters;  finance short-term debt (bridge financing) for eligible expenses that are directly attributable to the project and the financing term is three years or less;  pay interim financing costs, including points, fees, and interest;  create a contingency fund, provided the fund does not exceed 10% of the create a contingency fund, provided the fund does not exceed 10% of the
project’s construction costs; project’s construction costs;
 finance “do-it-yourself” construction expenses, including renovations and the  finance “do-it-yourself” construction expenses, including renovations and the
installation of machinery and equipment; and installation of machinery and equipment; and
 finance permissible debt refinancing with or without business expansion.21  finance permissible debt refinancing with or without business expansion.21
A 504/CDC loan cannot be used for working capital or inventory. A 504/CDC loan cannot be used for working capital or inventory.
Job Creation and Retention Requirement
All 504/CDC borrowers must meet at least one of two specified economic development All 504/CDC borrowers must meet at least one of two specified economic development
objectives. First, borrowers, other than small manufacturers, must create or retain at least one job objectives. First, borrowers, other than small manufacturers, must create or retain at least one job
for every $75,000 of project debenture within two years of project completion.22 Borrowers who for every $75,000 of project debenture within two years of project completion.22 Borrowers who
are small manufacturers (defined as a small business with its primary North American Industry are small manufacturers (defined as a small business with its primary North American Industry
Classification System Code in Sectors 31, 32, and 33 and all of its production facilities located in Classification System Code in Sectors 31, 32, and 33 and all of its production facilities located in
the United States) must create or retain at least one job per $120,000 of project debenture within the United States) must create or retain at least one job per $120,000 of project debenture within
two years of project completion.23 two years of project completion.23
Borrowers enter the number of jobs to be created or retained as a result of the project in their Borrowers enter the number of jobs to be created or retained as a result of the project in their
application for funds and the CDC verifies that the project meets the job creation or retention application for funds and the CDC verifies that the project meets the job creation or retention
requirements. The jobs created do not have to be at the project facility, but 75% of the jobs must requirements. The jobs created do not have to be at the project facility, but 75% of the jobs must
be created in the community in which the project is located. Using job retention to satisfy this be created in the community in which the project is located. Using job retention to satisfy this
requirement is allowed only if the CDC “can reasonably show that jobs would be lost to the requirement is allowed only if the CDC “can reasonably show that jobs would be lost to the
community if the project was not done.”24community if the project was not done.”24
~~If the borrower does not meet the job creation or retention requirement, the borrower can retain~~
~~eligibility by meeting (1) any 1 of 5 community development goals, (2) any 1 of 10 public policy~~
~~goals, or (3) any 1 of 3 energy reduction goals, provided that the CDC’s overall portfolio of~~
~~outstanding debentures meets or exceeds the job creation or retention criteria of at least 1 job~~
~~opportunity created or retained for every $75,000 in project debenture (or for every $85,000 in~~
~~project debenture for projects located in special geographic areas such as Alaska, Hawaii, state-~~
~~designated enterprise zones, empowerment zones, enterprise communities, labor surplus areas, or~~

21 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 460-462. A project involves 21 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 460-462. A project involves
expansion “if it involves the acquisition, construction, or improvement of land, building or equipment for use by the expansion “if it involves the acquisition, construction, or improvement of land, building or equipment for use by the
Applicant.” See “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 469. Applicant.” See “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 469.
22 SBA, “Development Company Loan Program - Job Creation and Retention Requirements; Additional Areas for 22 SBA, “Development Company Loan Program - Job Creation and Retention Requirements; Additional Areas for
Higher Portfolio Average,” 83Higher Portfolio Average,” 83 Federal Register 55225, November 2, 2018. Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small 55225, November 2, 2018. Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small
Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had required borrowers, other than small Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had required borrowers, other than small
manufactures, to create or retain at last one job for every $50,000 guaranteed by the Administration. P.L. 111-5, the manufactures, to create or retain at last one job for every $50,000 guaranteed by the Administration. P.L. 111-5, the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, increased that amount to every $65,000 guaranteed by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, increased that amount to every $65,000 guaranteed by the
Administration. Administration.
23 Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had 23 Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had
required small manufactures to create or retain at last one job for every $100,000 guaranteed by the Administration. required small manufactures to create or retain at last one job for every $100,000 guaranteed by the Administration.
24 SBA “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 453. The SBA reports that CDCs 24 SBA “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 453. The SBA reports that CDCs
supported 66,744 jobs in FY2014, 61,454 jobs in FY2015, 61,983 jobs in FY2016, 59,350 jobs in FY2017, 55,729 jobs supported 66,744 jobs in FY2014, 61,454 jobs in FY2015, 61,983 jobs in FY2016, 59,350 jobs in FY2017, 55,729 jobs
in FY2018, and 52,701 jobs in FY2021. See SBA, in FY2018, and 52,701 jobs in FY2021. See SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual
Performance Report, p. 31, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/FY%202021%20CJ-508_FINAL.pdf , p. 31, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/FY%202021%20CJ-508_FINAL.pdf
(hereinafter SBA, (hereinafter SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report). ).
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If the borrower does not meet the job creation or retention requirement, the borrower can retain eligibility by meeting (1) any 1 of 5 community development goals, (2) any 1 of 10 public policy goals, or (3) any 1 of 3 energy reduction goals, provided that the CDC’s overall portfolio of outstanding debentures meets or exceeds the job creation or retention criteria of at least 1 job opportunity created or retained for every $75,000 in project debenture (or for every $85,000 in project debenture for projects located in special geographic areas such as Alaska, Hawaii, state-designated enterprise zones, empowerment zones, enterprise communities, labor surplus areas, or opportunity zones).25 Loans to small manufacturers are excluded from the calculation of this opportunity zones).25 Loans to small manufacturers are excluded from the calculation of this
average.26 average.26
The five community development goals are The five community development goals are
 improving, diversifying, or stabilizing the economy of the locality;  improving, diversifying, or stabilizing the economy of the locality;
 stimulating other business development;  stimulating other business development;
 bringing new income into the community;  bringing new income into the community;
 assisting manufacturing firms; or  assisting manufacturing firms; or
 assisting businesses in labor surplus areas as defined by the U.S. Department of  assisting businesses in labor surplus areas as defined by the U.S. Department of
Labor. Labor.
The 10 public policy goals are The 10 public policy goals are
 revitalizing a business district of a community with a written revitalization or  revitalizing a business district of a community with a written revitalization or
redevelopment plan; redevelopment plan;
 expanding exports;  expanding exports;
 expanding the development of women-owned and -controlled small businesses;  expanding the development of women-owned and -controlled small businesses;
 expanding small businesses owned and controlled by veterans (especially  expanding small businesses owned and controlled by veterans (especially
service-disabled veterans); service-disabled veterans);
 expanding minority enterprise development;  expanding minority enterprise development;
 aiding rural development;  aiding rural development;
 increasing productivity and competitiveness (e.g., retooling, robotics,  increasing productivity and competitiveness (e.g., retooling, robotics,
modernization, and competition with imports); modernization, and competition with imports);
 modernizing or upgrading facilities to meet health, safety, and environmental  modernizing or upgrading facilities to meet health, safety, and environmental
requirements; requirements;
 assisting businesses in or moving to areas affected by federal budget reductions,  assisting businesses in or moving to areas affected by federal budget reductions,
including base closings, either because of the loss of federal contracts or the including base closings, either because of the loss of federal contracts or the
reduction in revenues in the area due to a decreased federal presence; or reduction in revenues in the area due to a decreased federal presence; or
 reducing unemployment rates in labor surplus areas, as defined by the U.S.  reducing unemployment rates in labor surplus areas, as defined by the U.S.
Department of Labor.27 Department of Labor.27
~~The three energy reduction goals are~~
~~ reducing existing energy consumption by at least 10%;~~
~~ increasing the use of sustainable designs, including designs that reduce the use of~~
~~greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels or low-impact design to produce buildings~~

25 SBA, “Development Company Loan Program - Job Creation and Retention Requirements; Additional Areas for 25 SBA, “Development Company Loan Program - Job Creation and Retention Requirements; Additional Areas for
Higher Portfolio Average,” 83Higher Portfolio Average,” 83 Federal Register 55225-55226, November 2, 2018. Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small 55225-55226, November 2, 2018. Previously, P.L. 108-447, the Small
Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had set these thresholds as: at least one job Business Reauthorization and Manufacturing Assistance Act of 2004, had set these thresholds as: at least one job
opportunity per every $50,000 guaranteed by the Administration and per every $75,000 guaranteed by the opportunity per every $50,000 guaranteed by the Administration and per every $75,000 guaranteed by the
Administration for small manufactures. P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, increased Administration for small manufactures. P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, increased
the $50,000 threshold to every $65,000 guaranteed by the Administration. the $50,000 threshold to every $65,000 guaranteed by the Administration.
26 A job opportunity is defined as a full-time (or equivalent) permanent job created within two years of receipt of 26 A job opportunity is defined as a full-time (or equivalent) permanent job created within two years of receipt of
504/CDC funds or retained in the community because of a 504/CDC loan. See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and 504/CDC funds or retained in the community because of a 504/CDC loan. See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and
Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 531. Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 531.
27 13 C.F.R. §120.862. 27 13 C.F.R. §120.862.
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The three energy reduction goals are  reducing existing energy consumption by at least 10%;  increasing the use of sustainable designs, including designs that reduce the use of greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels or low-impact design to produce buildings that reduce the use of nonrenewable resources and minimize environmental that reduce the use of nonrenewable resources and minimize environmental
impact; or impact; or
 upgrading plant, equipment, and processes involving renewable energy sources  upgrading plant, equipment, and processes involving renewable energy sources
such as the small-scale production of energy for individual buildings’ or such as the small-scale production of energy for individual buildings’ or
communities’ consumption, commonly known as micropower, or renewable fuel communities’ consumption, commonly known as micropower, or renewable fuel
producers including biodiesel and ethanol producers.28 producers including biodiesel and ethanol producers.28
If the project cannot meet any of these guidelines, then the debenture amount must be reduced to If the project cannot meet any of these guidelines, then the debenture amount must be reduced to
meet the job creation or retention requirement.29 meet the job creation or retention requirement.29
Loan Amounts
The minimum 504/CDC debenture is $25,000. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of The minimum 504/CDC debenture is $25,000. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of
2010, increased the maximum gross debenture amount 2010, increased the maximum gross debenture amount
 from $1.5 million to $5 million for regular 504/CDC loans;  from $1.5 million to $5 million for regular 504/CDC loans;
 from $2 million to $5 million if the loan proceeds are directed toward one or  from $2 million to $5 million if the loan proceeds are directed toward one or
more of the public policy goals described above; more of the public policy goals described above;
 from $4 million to $5.5 million for small manufacturers;  from $4 million to $5.5 million for small manufacturers;
 from $4 million to $5.5 million for projects that reduce the borrower’s energy  from $4 million to $5.5 million for projects that reduce the borrower’s energy
consumption by at least 10%; and consumption by at least 10%; and
 from $4 million to $5.5 million for projects for plant, equipment, and process  from $4 million to $5.5 million for projects for plant, equipment, and process
upgrades of renewable energy sources, such as the small-scale production of upgrades of renewable energy sources, such as the small-scale production of
energy for individual buildings or communities consumption (commonly known energy for individual buildings or communities consumption (commonly known
as micropower), or renewable fuel producers, including biodiesel and ethanol as micropower), or renewable fuel producers, including biodiesel and ethanol
producers.30 producers.30
Loan Terms, Interest Rate, and Collateral
Loan Terms
The SBA determines the 504/CDC program’s loan terms and publishes them in the The SBA determines the 504/CDC program’s loan terms and publishes them in the Federal
Register.31 The current maturity for a 504/CDC loan is generally .31 The current maturity for a 504/CDC loan is generally
 20 or 25 years for real estate;  20 or 25 years for real estate;
 10 years for machinery and equipment; and  10 years for machinery and equipment; and
~~ 10, 20, or 25 years based upon a weighted average of the useful life of the assets~~
~~being financed.32~~
~~The maturities for the first mortgage issued by the third-party lender must be at least 7 years~~
~~when the CDC/504 loan is for a term of 10 years and at least 10 years when the loan is for 20 or~~
~~25 years.33~~

~~28 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 454.~~
~~29 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 455.~~
~~30 P.L. 111-240, §1112. Maximum Loan Amounts Under 504 Program.~~
~~31 13 C.F.R. §120.933.~~
~~32 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018.~~
~~33 13 C.F.R. §120.921; and SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536,~~
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28 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 454. 29 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 455. 30 P.L. 111-240, §1112. Maximum Loan Amounts Under 504 Program. 31 13 C.F.R. §120.933. Congressional Research Service 8 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program  10, 20, or 25 years based upon a weighted average of the useful life of the assets being financed.32 The maturities for the first mortgage issued by the third-party lender must be at least 7 years when the CDC/504 loan is for a term of 10 years and at least 10 years when the loan is for 20 or 25 years.33
Interest Rates
As mentioned, 504/CDC borrowers make two loan payments, one to the third-party lender and As mentioned, 504/CDC borrowers make two loan payments, one to the third-party lender and
one to the CDC. The third-party loan can have a fixed or variable interest rate, is negotiated one to the CDC. The third-party loan can have a fixed or variable interest rate, is negotiated
between the lender and the borrower, and is subject to an interest rate cap.34 between the lender and the borrower, and is subject to an interest rate cap.34
The third-party loan’s interest rate “must be reasonable” and the interest rate cap is published by The third-party loan’s interest rate “must be reasonable” and the interest rate cap is published by
the SBA in the the SBA in the Federal Register. The current maximum interest rate that a third-party lender is . The current maximum interest rate that a third-party lender is
allowed to charge for a commercial loan that funds any portion of the cost of a 504/CDC project allowed to charge for a commercial loan that funds any portion of the cost of a 504/CDC project
is 6% greater than the New York prime rate or the maximum interest rate permitted in that state, is 6% greater than the New York prime rate or the maximum interest rate permitted in that state,
whichever is less.35 whichever is less.35
Borrowers have a general sense of what their 504/CDC loan’s interest rate will be when their Borrowers have a general sense of what their 504/CDC loan’s interest rate will be when their
completed loan application is submitted to the SBA for approval. However, the loan’s exact completed loan application is submitted to the SBA for approval. However, the loan’s exact
interest rate is not known until after it is pooled with other 504/CDC loan requests and sold to interest rate is not known until after it is pooled with other 504/CDC loan requests and sold to
private investors (typically large institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance private investors (typically large institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance
companies, and large banks). Investors receive interest on the debt, called a debenture, semi-companies, and large banks). Investors receive interest on the debt, called a debenture, semi-
annually. Borrowers make monthly payments. annually. Borrowers make monthly payments.
The 504/CDC loan’s interest rate has several components: the debenture interest rate (i.e., the rate The 504/CDC loan’s interest rate has several components: the debenture interest rate (i.e., the rate
that determines interest paid semi-annually to investors who purchase the debenture), the note that determines interest paid semi-annually to investors who purchase the debenture), the note
rate (i.e., the monthly-pay equivalent of the debenture rate, which is typically four to eight basis rate (i.e., the monthly-pay equivalent of the debenture rate, which is typically four to eight basis
points higher than the debenture interest rate depending on the length of the loan’s term), and the points higher than the debenture interest rate depending on the length of the loan’s term), and the
effective rate (i.e., the note rate and the cost impact of ongoing fees). Effective rates are provided effective rate (i.e., the note rate and the cost impact of ongoing fees). Effective rates are provided
to CDCs on a full-term basis and in 5-year increments.36 to CDCs on a full-term basis and in 5-year increments.36
The debenture interest rate is based on comparable market conditions for long-term government The debenture interest rate is based on comparable market conditions for long-term government
debt at the time of sale and pegged to an increment above the current market rate. The SBA’s debt at the time of sale and pegged to an increment above the current market rate. The SBA’s
fiscal agent, currently Eagle Compliance, LLC, reaches an agreement with the underwriters on fiscal agent, currently Eagle Compliance, LLC, reaches an agreement with the underwriters on
the sale price of the debentures and, after reaching this agreement, must obtain approvals from the the sale price of the debentures and, after reaching this agreement, must obtain approvals from the
SBA and Treasury before proceeding.37 SBA and Treasury before proceeding.37
~~The 10-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set bimonthly) for March and April 2022 was 2.30%. The~~
~~comparable Treasury market rate for March 2022 was 1.93%, the note rate was 2.38859%, and~~
~~the effective full-term interest rate was 3.820%.38~~
~~The 20-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set monthly) for April 2022 was 3.38%. The comparable~~
~~Treasury market rate for April 2022 was 2.65%, the note rate was 3.43547%, and the effective~~
~~full-term interest rate was 4.620%.39~~

32 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018. 33 13 C.F.R. §120.921; and SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018. April 4, 2018.
34 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 34 SBA, “504 Loans and Debentures With 25 Year Maturity,” 83 Federal Register 14536, April 4, 2018; and 13 C.F.R. 14536, April 4, 2018; and 13 C.F.R.
§120.921. §120.921.
35 13 C.F.R. §120.921; and SBA, “Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements Under OMB Review,” 77 35 13 C.F.R. §120.921; and SBA, “Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements Under OMB Review,” 77 Federal
Register 59447, September 27, 2012. 59447, September 27, 2012.
36 Effective rates do not include the impact of upfront fees and therefore are not APRs. APRs (annual percentage rates) 36 Effective rates do not include the impact of upfront fees and therefore are not APRs. APRs (annual percentage rates)
represent the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan. represent the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan.
37 13 C.F.R. §120.932; and Eagle Compliance, LLC, “How Effective Rates are Calculated,” at 37 13 C.F.R. §120.932; and Eagle Compliance, LLC, “How Effective Rates are Calculated,” at
https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-rate.html. https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-rate.html.
~~38 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, January 2022 Funding Rates,” at https://nebula.wsimg.com/~~
~~cf1829db06d8db3165f68c94df8af6ed?AccessKeyId=EA7D1AA43344749CDDA0&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.~~
~~39 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, February 2022 Funding Rates,” at~~
~~https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-rate.html (hereinafter Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 4~~ ~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

~~The 25-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set monthly) for April 2022 was 3.50%. The comparable~~
~~Treasury market rate for April 2022 was 2.65%, the note rate was 3.54268~~Congressional Research Service 9 link to page 4 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program The 10-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set bimonthly) for May and June 2022 is 3.39%. The comparable Treasury market rate for May 2022 was 3.01%, the note rate was 3.51524%, and the effective full-term interest rate was 4.931.38 The 20-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set monthly) for June 2022 is 3.89%. The comparable Treasury market rate for June 2022 is 3.04%, the note rate is 3.95163%, and the effective full-term interest rate is 5.132%.39 The 25-year 504/CDC debenture rate (set monthly) for June 2022 is 4.01%. The comparable Treasury market rate for June 2022 is 3.04%, the note rate is 4.05664%, and the effective %, and the effective
full-term interest rate full-term interest rate ~~was 4.680~~is 5.191%.40 %.40
Collateral
The SBA usually takes a second lien position on the project property to secure the loan. The The SBA usually takes a second lien position on the project property to secure the loan. The
SBA’s second lien position is considered adequate when the applicant meets all of the following SBA’s second lien position is considered adequate when the applicant meets all of the following
criteria: criteria:
 strong, consistent cash flow that is sufficient to cover the debt;  strong, consistent cash flow that is sufficient to cover the debt;
 demonstrated, proven management;  demonstrated, proven management;
 the business has been in operation for more than two years; and  the business has been in operation for more than two years; and
 the proposed project is a logical extension of the applicant’s current operations.41  the proposed project is a logical extension of the applicant’s current operations.41
If one or more of the above factors is not met, additional collateral or increased equity If one or more of the above factors is not met, additional collateral or increased equity
contributions may be required. All collateral must be insured against such hazards and risks as the contributions may be required. All collateral must be insured against such hazards and risks as the
SBA may require, with provisions for notice to the SBA and the CDC in the event of impending SBA may require, with provisions for notice to the SBA and the CDC in the event of impending
lapse of coverage.42 However, for 504/CDC loans, the applicant’s cash flow is the primary source lapse of coverage.42 However, for 504/CDC loans, the applicant’s cash flow is the primary source
of repayment, not the liquidation of collateral. Thus, “if the lender’s financial analysis of repayment, not the liquidation of collateral. Thus, “if the lender’s financial analysis
demonstrates that the applicant lacks reasonable assurance of repayment in a timely manner from demonstrates that the applicant lacks reasonable assurance of repayment in a timely manner from
the cash flow of the business, the loan request must be declined, regardless of the collateral the cash flow of the business, the loan request must be declined, regardless of the collateral
available or outside sources of repayment.”43 available or outside sources of repayment.”43
~~CDC Eligibility Standards, Operating~~
~~Requirements, and Program Requirements~~
~~CDC Eligibility Standards~~
~~CDCs apply to the SBA for certification to participate in the 504/CDC program. A CDC must be a~~
~~nonprofit corporation,44 and it must~~
~~ be in good standing in the state in which it is incorporated;~~
~~ be in compliance with all laws, including taxation requirements, in the state in~~
~~which it is incorporated and any other state in which it conducts business;~~

~~504 Interest Rate, February 2022”).~~
~~40 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, February 2022.”~~
38 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, May 2022 Funding Rates,” at https://nebula.wsimg.com/78a511f06e817e6de4b018f6bc30eaba?AccessKeyId=EA7D1AA43344749CDDA0&disposition=0&alloworigin=1. 39 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, June 2022 Funding Rates,” at https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-rate.html. 40 Eagle Compliance, LLC, “Monthly 504 Interest Rate, June 2022 Funding Rates,” at https://www.eaglecompliance504.com/monthly-504-interest-rate.html. As mentioned in As mentioned in footnote 3, 10-year debentures are pooled and sold the first Thursday of the first full week of every 10-year debentures are pooled and sold the first Thursday of the first full week of every
other month (beginning with and including Sunday) starting with the January sale; 20- and 25-year debentures are other month (beginning with and including Sunday) starting with the January sale; 20- and 25-year debentures are
pooled and sold the first Thursday of the first full week of each month (beginning with and including Sunday). pooled and sold the first Thursday of the first full week of each month (beginning with and including Sunday).
41 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 485. 41 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 485.
42 13 C.F.R. §120.934. 42 13 C.F.R. §120.934.
43 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 246. 43 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 246.
~~44 Five for-profit CDCs that participated in predecessor programs have been grandfathered into the current~~ Congressional Research Service 10 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program CDC Eligibility Standards, Operating Requirements, and Program Requirements CDC Eligibility Standards CDCs apply to the SBA for certification to participate in the 504/CDC 504/CDC
~~program. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15642, March 21, 2014.~~
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~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~
program. A CDC must be a nonprofit corporation,44 and it must  be in good standing in the state in which it is incorporated;  be in compliance with all laws, including taxation requirements, in the state in which it is incorporated and any other state in which it conducts business;
 provide the SBA a copy of its IRS tax exempt status, organizational chart, articles  provide the SBA a copy of its IRS tax exempt status, organizational chart, articles
of incorporation, bylaws, plan of operation, and operating budget; of incorporation, bylaws, plan of operation, and operating budget;
 indicate its area of operations, which is the state of the CDC’s incorporation;45  indicate its area of operations, which is the state of the CDC’s incorporation;45
and and
 have a board of directors that fulfills specified requirements, such as having at  have a board of directors that fulfills specified requirements, such as having at
least nine voting members, requiring a quorum of at least 50% of its voting least nine voting members, requiring a quorum of at least 50% of its voting
membership to transact business, and meets at least quarterly.46 membership to transact business, and meets at least quarterly.46
If approved by the SBA, newly certified CDCs are on probation for two years. At the end of this If approved by the SBA, newly certified CDCs are on probation for two years. At the end of this
time, the CDC must petition for either permanent CDC status or a single, one-year extension of time, the CDC must petition for either permanent CDC status or a single, one-year extension of
probation. To be considered for permanent CDC status or an extension of probation, the CDC probation. To be considered for permanent CDC status or an extension of probation, the CDC
must have satisfactory performance as determined by the SBA in its discretion. Examples of the must have satisfactory performance as determined by the SBA in its discretion. Examples of the
factors that may be considered in determining satisfactory performance include the CDC’s risk factors that may be considered in determining satisfactory performance include the CDC’s risk
rating, on-site review and examination assessments, historical performance measures (like default rating, on-site review and examination assessments, historical performance measures (like default
rate, purchase rate, and loss rate), loan volume to the extent that it impacts performance measures, rate, purchase rate, and loss rate), loan volume to the extent that it impacts performance measures,
and other performance-related measurements and information (such as contribution toward and other performance-related measurements and information (such as contribution toward
SBA’s mission).47 SBA’s mission).47
In FY2021, 186 CDCs provided at least one 504/CDC loan.48 In FY2021, 186 CDCs provided at least one 504/CDC loan.48
~~CDC Operating Requirements~~
~~The CDC’s board of directors is allowed to establish a loan committee composed of members of~~
~~the CDC who may or may not be on the CDC’s board of directors. The loan committee reports to~~
~~the board and must meet specified requirements, such as having at least two members with~~
~~commercial lending experience satisfactory to the SBA, generally requiring all of its members to~~
~~live or work in the area of operations of the state in which the 504/CDC project they are voting on~~
~~is located, not allowing any CDC staff to serve on the loan committee, and requiring a quorum of~~
~~at least five committee members authorized to vote to hold a meeting.49 In addition, multistate~~

44 Five for-profit CDCs that participated in predecessor programs have been grandfathered into the current 504/CDC program. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15642, March 21, 2014. 45 A CDC can apply to be a multistate CDC “only if the State the CDC seeks to expand into is contiguous to the State 45 A CDC can apply to be a multistate CDC “only if the State the CDC seeks to expand into is contiguous to the State
of the CDC’s incorporation and the CDC establishes a loan committee in that State meeting the requirements of [13] of the CDC’s incorporation and the CDC establishes a loan committee in that State meeting the requirements of [13]
C.F.R. §120.823.” See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79C.F.R. §120.823.” See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15651, March 21, 2014 (the 15651, March 21, 2014 (the
multi-state CDC language is effective as of April 21, 2014). multi-state CDC language is effective as of April 21, 2014).
46 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 67, 68. The SBA issued a final 46 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 67, 68. The SBA issued a final
rule, effective April 21, 2015, that changed the SBA’s regulations concerning the CDC’s board of directors (13 C.F.R. rule, effective April 21, 2015, that changed the SBA’s regulations concerning the CDC’s board of directors (13 C.F.R.
§120.823). For example, the CDC’s board of directors are now required to have at least nine voting directors; at least §120.823). For example, the CDC’s board of directors are now required to have at least nine voting directors; at least
one voting director who represents the economic, community, or workforce development fields; and at least two voting one voting director who represents the economic, community, or workforce development fields; and at least two voting
directors, other than the CDC manager, who represent the commercial lending field. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan directors, other than the CDC manager, who represent the commercial lending field. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan
Programs Updates,” 79Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15641, 15644-15646, March 21, 2014. 15641, 15644-15646, March 21, 2014.
47 13 C.F.R. §120.812. 47 13 C.F.R. §120.812.
48 SBA, 48 SBA, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification FY2021 Annual Performance Report, p. 34, at , p. 34, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report (hereinafter SBA, https://www.sba.gov/document/report-congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report (hereinafter SBA,
FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification FY2021 Annual Performance Report). ).
~~49 13 C.F.R. §120.823. The SBA issued a final rule, effective April 21, 2015, that changed the SBA’s regulations~~
~~concerning the CDC’s board of directors and the structure and operations of CDC loan committees (13 C.F.R.~~
~~§120.823). Under the new rule, loan committees are required to have at least two members (instead of one) with~~
~~commercial lending experience satisfactory to the SBA. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79~~ ~~Federal~~
~~Register~~ ~~15650, March 21, 2014.~~
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~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Congressional Research Service 11 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program CDC Operating Requirements The CDC’s board of directors is allowed to establish a loan committee composed of members of the CDC who may or may not be on the CDC’s board of directors. The loan committee reports to the board and must meet specified requirements, such as having at least two members with commercial lending experience satisfactory to the SBA, generally requiring all of its members to live or work in the area of operations of the state in which the 504/CDC project they are voting on is located, not allowing any CDC staff to serve on the loan committee, and requiring a quorum of at least five committee members authorized to vote to hold a meeting.49 In addition, multistate CDCs are required to have a separate loan committee “for each state into which the CDC CDCs are required to have a separate loan committee “for each state into which the CDC
expands.”50 expands.”50
The SBA also has a number of requirements concerning CDC staff, such as requiring CDCs to The SBA also has a number of requirements concerning CDC staff, such as requiring CDCs to
“have qualified full-time professional staff to market, package, process, close and service loans” “have qualified full-time professional staff to market, package, process, close and service loans”
and “directly employ full-time professional management,” typically including an executive and “directly employ full-time professional management,” typically including an executive
director (or the equivalent) to manage daily operations.51 director (or the equivalent) to manage daily operations.51
CDCs are also required to operate “in accordance with all SBA loan program requirements” and CDCs are also required to operate “in accordance with all SBA loan program requirements” and
provide the SBA “current and accurate information about all certification and operational provide the SBA “current and accurate information about all certification and operational
requirements.”52 CDCs with 504/CDC loan portfolio balances of $30 million or more are required requirements.”52 CDCs with 504/CDC loan portfolio balances of $30 million or more are required
to submit financial statements audited in accordance with generally accepted accounting to submit financial statements audited in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP) by an independent certified public accountant (CPA). CDCs with 504/CDC principles (GAAP) by an independent certified public accountant (CPA). CDCs with 504/CDC
loan portfolio balances of less than $30 million must, at a minimum, submit a review of their loan loan portfolio balances of less than $30 million must, at a minimum, submit a review of their loan
portfolio balances by an independent CPA or independent accountant in accordance with GAAP. portfolio balances by an independent CPA or independent accountant in accordance with GAAP.
The auditor’s opinion must state that the financial statements are in conformity with GAAP.53 The auditor’s opinion must state that the financial statements are in conformity with GAAP.53
CDC Program Requirements
The Application Process
CDCs must analyze each application in a commercially reasonable manner, consistent with CDCs must analyze each application in a commercially reasonable manner, consistent with
prudent lending standards. The CDC’s analysis must include prudent lending standards. The CDC’s analysis must include
~~ a financial analysis of the applicant’s pro forma balance sheet. The pro forma~~
~~balance sheet must reflect the loan proceeds, use of the loan proceeds, and any~~
~~other adjustments such as required equity injection or standby debt;~~
~~ a financial analysis of the applicant’s repayment ability, which must address debt~~
~~service coverage after the effects of the SBA loans are taken into account and~~
~~include a historical analysis of the applicant’s cash flow and address the~~
~~reasonableness of the supporting assumptions used;~~
~~ a ratio analysis of the applicant’s federal tax returns and financial statements,~~
~~including comments on any trends and a comparison with industry averages;~~
~~ a discussion of the owners’ and managers’ relevant experience in the type of~~
~~business, as well as their personal credit histories;~~
~~ an analysis of collateral adequacy, including an evaluation of the collateral and~~
~~lien position offered as well as the liquidation value;~~

49 13 C.F.R. §120.823. The SBA issued a final rule, effective April 21, 2015, that changed the SBA’s regulations concerning the CDC’s board of directors and the structure and operations of CDC loan committees (13 C.F.R. §120.823). Under the new rule, loan committees are required to have at least two members (instead of one) with commercial lending experience satisfactory to the SBA. See SBA, “504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates,” 79 Federal Register 15650, March 21, 2014. 50 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 85. 50 See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 85.
51 A CDC “may request that SBA waive the requirement of the manager being employed directly only if: (i) The 51 A CDC “may request that SBA waive the requirement of the manager being employed directly only if: (i) The
requesting CDC will have full-time professional management that is employed by a non-profit entity (not another requesting CDC will have full-time professional management that is employed by a non-profit entity (not another
CDC) that has the economic development of the CDC’s Area of Operations as one of its principal activities. Such full-CDC) that has the economic development of the CDC’s Area of Operations as one of its principal activities. Such full-
time management may also work on and operate the other entity’s economic development programs, but must be time management may also work on and operate the other entity’s economic development programs, but must be
available to small businesses interested in the 504 Loan Program and to 504 loan borrowers during regular business available to small businesses interested in the 504 Loan Program and to 504 loan borrowers during regular business
hours; or (ii) the requesting CDC is rural and has insufficient loan volume to justify having management employed hours; or (ii) the requesting CDC is rural and has insufficient loan volume to justify having management employed
directly by the CDC. The rural CDC must contract with another CDC located (i.e., incorporated) in the same general directly by the CDC. The rural CDC must contract with another CDC located (i.e., incorporated) in the same general
area.” See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 90. area.” See SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 90.
52 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 93. 52 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 93.
53 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 95. 53 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 95.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

 a  a financial analysis of the applicant’s pro forma balance sheet. The pro forma balance sheet must reflect the loan proceeds, use of the loan proceeds, and any other adjustments such as required equity injection or standby debt;  a financial analysis of the applicant’s repayment ability, which must address debt service coverage after the effects of the SBA loans are taken into account and include a historical analysis of the applicant’s cash flow and address the reasonableness of the supporting assumptions used;  a ratio analysis of the applicant’s federal tax returns and financial statements, including comments on any trends and a comparison with industry averages;  a discussion of the owners’ and managers’ relevant experience in the type of business, as well as their personal credit histories;  an analysis of collateral adequacy, including an evaluation of the collateral and lien position offered as well as the liquidation value;  a discussion of the applicant’s credit experience, including a review of business discussion of the applicant’s credit experience, including a review of business
credit reports and any experience the CDC may have with the applicant; and credit reports and any experience the CDC may have with the applicant; and
 other relevant information (e.g., if the application involves a franchise and the  other relevant information (e.g., if the application involves a franchise and the
success of the franchise).54 success of the franchise).54
CDCs submit this information, using required SBA forms, to the Sacramento, CA, loan CDCs submit this information, using required SBA forms, to the Sacramento, CA, loan
processing center. processing center.
Accredited Lender Program Status
In 1991, the SBA established the ALP on a pilot basis to provide CDCs that “have developed a In 1991, the SBA established the ALP on a pilot basis to provide CDCs that “have developed a
good partnership with their SBA field office in promoting local economic development and have good partnership with their SBA field office in promoting local economic development and have
demonstrated a good track record in the submission of documentation needed for making and demonstrated a good track record in the submission of documentation needed for making and
servicing of sound loans” an expedited process for approving loan applications and servicing servicing of sound loans” an expedited process for approving loan applications and servicing
actions.55 P.L. 103-403, the Small Business Administration Reauthorization and Amendments Act actions.55 P.L. 103-403, the Small Business Administration Reauthorization and Amendments Act
of 1994, authorized the SBA to establish the ALP on a permanent basis. of 1994, authorized the SBA to establish the ALP on a permanent basis.
CDCs may apply to the SBA for ALP status. Selection is based on several factors, including the CDCs may apply to the SBA for ALP status. Selection is based on several factors, including the
CDC’s experience as a CDC, the number of 504/CDC loans approved, the size of the CDC’s CDC’s experience as a CDC, the number of 504/CDC loans approved, the size of the CDC’s
portfolio, its record of compliance with SBA loan program requirements, and its record of portfolio, its record of compliance with SBA loan program requirements, and its record of
cooperation with all SBA offices.56 The SBA is able to process loan requests from ALP-CDCs cooperation with all SBA offices.56 The SBA is able to process loan requests from ALP-CDCs
more quickly than from regular CDCs because it relies on their credit analysis when making the more quickly than from regular CDCs because it relies on their credit analysis when making the
decision to guarantee the debenture. About one-third of CDCs have ALP status and they account decision to guarantee the debenture. About one-third of CDCs have ALP status and they account
for about 60% to 70% of all 504/CDC lending each year.57 for about 60% to 70% of all 504/CDC lending each year.57
54 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 476-484. 55 SBA, “Loans to State and Local Development Companies Accredited Lenders Program for Certified Development Companies,” 60 Federal Register 20391, April 26, 1995. 56 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 74-76. 57 In FY2019, the SBA disbursed 5,845 504/CDC loans totaling $4.74 billion. Of this amount, 4,024 were ALP loans totaling $3.27 billion. See SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 2019: Draft Table 2.8. Delivery Method Approvals by Program and Cohort,” October 18, 2018. Congressional Research Service 13 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program Premier Certified Lenders Program Status
P.L. 103-403 also authorized the SBA’s Premier Certified Lenders Program (PCLP) on a pilot P.L. 103-403 also authorized the SBA’s Premier Certified Lenders Program (PCLP) on a pilot
basis through October 1, 1997. The program’s authorization was later extended through October basis through October 1, 1997. The program’s authorization was later extended through October
1, 2002, and given permanent statutory authorization by P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated 1, 2002, and given permanent statutory authorization by P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2001 (§1: H.R. 5667, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 2000).58 Appropriations Act, 2001 (§1: H.R. 5667, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 2000).58
ALP-CDCs must apply to the SBA for PCLP status. CDCs provided PCLP status have increased ALP-CDCs must apply to the SBA for PCLP status. CDCs provided PCLP status have increased
authority to process, close, service, and liquidate 504/CDC loans. The loans are subject to the authority to process, close, service, and liquidate 504/CDC loans. The loans are subject to the
same terms and conditions as other 504/CDC loans, but the SBA delegates to the PCLP-CDC all same terms and conditions as other 504/CDC loans, but the SBA delegates to the PCLP-CDC all
loan approval decisions, except eligibility. Selection is based on several factors, including all of loan approval decisions, except eligibility. Selection is based on several factors, including all of
the factors used to assess ALP status plus evidence that the CDC has established a Loan Loss the factors used to assess ALP status plus evidence that the CDC has established a Loan Loss
Reserve Fund (LLRF) in compliance with all requirements [described below], has a demonstrated Reserve Fund (LLRF) in compliance with all requirements [described below], has a demonstrated

~~54 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 476-484.~~
~~55 SBA, “Loans to State and Local Development Companies Accredited Lenders Program for Certified Development~~
~~Companies,” 60 Federal Register 20391, April 26, 1995.~~
~~56 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 74-76.~~
~~57 In FY2019, the SBA disbursed 5,845 504/CDC loans totaling $4.74 billion. Of this amount, 4,024 were ALP loans~~
~~totaling $3.27 billion. See SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report Amount and Count~~
~~Summary, September 30, 2019: Draft Table 2.8. Delivery Method Approvals by Program and Cohort,” October 18,~~
~~2018.~~
~~58 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, extended the program’s authorization to October 1,~~
~~2002.~~
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~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

ability “to process, close, service and liquidate 504 and/or PCLP loans,” and has satisfactory SBA ability “to process, close, service and liquidate 504 and/or PCLP loans,” and has satisfactory SBA
performance.59 performance.59
PCLP-CDCs are required to establish and maintain a LLRF for its financings under the program. PCLP-CDCs are required to establish and maintain a LLRF for its financings under the program.
The LLRF is used to reimburse the SBA for 10% of any loss sustained by the SBA resulting from The LLRF is used to reimburse the SBA for 10% of any loss sustained by the SBA resulting from
a default in the payment of principal or interest on a PCLP debenture. Each LLRF must equal 1% a default in the payment of principal or interest on a PCLP debenture. Each LLRF must equal 1%
of the original principal amount of each PCLP debenture.60 of the original principal amount of each PCLP debenture.60
As of September 30, 2017, 15 CDCs had active PCLP status.61 In recent years, the number and As of September 30, 2017, 15 CDCs had active PCLP status.61 In recent years, the number and
amount of 504/CDC loans made through the PCLP program have declined. In FY2009, 373 PCLP amount of 504/CDC loans made through the PCLP program have declined. In FY2009, 373 PCLP
loans amounting to $185.4 million were disbursed. In FY2019, 22 PCLP loans totaling $14 loans amounting to $185.4 million were disbursed. In FY2019, 22 PCLP loans totaling $14
million were disbursed.62 million were disbursed.62
Real Estate Appraisals
As part of its analysis of each application, CDCs are required to have an independent appraisal As part of its analysis of each application, CDCs are required to have an independent appraisal
conducted of the real estate if the estimated value of the project property is greater than the conducted of the real estate if the estimated value of the project property is greater than the
federal banking regulator appraisal threshold (currently $500,000). CDCs may be required to federal banking regulator appraisal threshold (currently $500,000). CDCs may be required to
have an independent appraisal conducted of the real estate if the estimated value of the project have an independent appraisal conducted of the real estate if the estimated value of the project
property is equal to or less than the federal banking regulator appraisal threshold “and such property is equal to or less than the federal banking regulator appraisal threshold “and such
appraisal is necessary for appropriate evaluation of creditworthiness.”63 The appraiser must have appraisal is necessary for appropriate evaluation of creditworthiness.”63 The appraiser must have
~~no appearance of a conflict of interest and be either state licensed or state certified. When the~~
~~project property’s estimated value is more than $1 million, the appraiser must be state certified.64~~
~~Pre-Closing Interim Disbursements~~
~~SBA-approved 504/CDC loans are not closed until after project-related construction is complete,~~
~~which often takes one to two years. All loans must be disbursed within 48 months of approval.65~~
~~Prior to the sale of a debenture and the SBA’s funding of the 504/CDC loan, the borrower may~~
~~obtain interim financing from a third-party lender, usually the same lender that provided the loan~~

58 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, extended the program’s authorization to October 1, 2002. 59 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 77, 78. 59 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” pp. 77, 78.
60 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 79. 60 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 79.
61 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, correspondence with the author, August 24, 2017. All PCLP-61 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, correspondence with the author, August 24, 2017. All PCLP-
CDCs have ALP status as that is a requirement for being provided PCLP authority. CDCs have ALP status as that is a requirement for being provided PCLP authority.
62 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 62 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report Amount and Count Summary, September 30,
2019: Draft Table 2.8. Delivery Method Approvals by Program and Cohort,” October 18, 2018. 2019: Draft Table 2.8. Delivery Method Approvals by Program and Cohort,” October 18, 2018.
63 15 U.S.C. §696(3)(E)(ii). The federal banking regulator appraisal threshold is “…the lesser of the threshold amounts 63 15 U.S.C. §696(3)(E)(ii). The federal banking regulator appraisal threshold is “…the lesser of the threshold amounts
set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation for when a federally related transaction that is a commercial real estate transaction requires an Insurance Corporation for when a federally related transaction that is a commercial real estate transaction requires an
appraisal prepared by a State licensed or certified appraiser.” See P.L. 115-371, the Small Business Access to Capital appraisal prepared by a State licensed or certified appraiser.” See P.L. 115-371, the Small Business Access to Capital
and Efficiency (ACE) Act. and Efficiency (ACE) Act.
Previously, the thresholds in statute were more than $250,000 and $250,000 or less if the appraisal was necessary for Previously, the thresholds in statute were more than $250,000 and $250,000 or less if the appraisal was necessary for
appropriate evaluation of creditworthiness. See SBA, “SOP 50 10 5(J): Lender and Development Company Loan appropriate evaluation of creditworthiness. See SBA, “SOP 50 10 5(J): Lender and Development Company Loan
Programs,” effective January 1, 2018, p. 194, at https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-10-5-lender-development-Programs,” effective January 1, 2018, p. 194, at https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-10-5-lender-development-
company-loan-programs. company-loan-programs.
~~64 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 260.~~
~~65 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 515.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

14

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Congressional Research Service 14 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program no appearance of a conflict of interest and be either state licensed or state certified. When the project property’s estimated value is more than $1 million, the appraiser must be state certified.64 Pre-Closing Interim Disbursements SBA-approved 504/CDC loans are not closed until after project-related construction is complete, which often takes one to two years. All loans must be disbursed within 48 months of approval.65 Prior to the sale of a debenture and the SBA’s funding of the 504/CDC loan, the borrower may obtain interim financing from a third-party lender, usually the same lender that provided the loan covering 50% of the total 504 project financing.66 The proceeds from the debenture sale repay the covering 50% of the total 504 project financing.66 The proceeds from the debenture sale repay the
interim lender for the amount of the 504/CDC project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.67 interim lender for the amount of the 504/CDC project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.67
Closing
The CDC closes the loan in time to meet a specific debenture funding date. At the time of closing, The CDC closes the loan in time to meet a specific debenture funding date. At the time of closing,
the project must be complete (except funds put into a construction escrow account to complete a the project must be complete (except funds put into a construction escrow account to complete a
minor portion of the project). The SBA’s district counsel reviews the closing package and notifies minor portion of the project). The SBA’s district counsel reviews the closing package and notifies
the Central Servicing Agent (CSA, currently PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Sector LLP) and the the Central Servicing Agent (CSA, currently PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Sector LLP) and the
CDC via email if the loan is approved for debenture funding. If the loan is approved, the CDC CDC via email if the loan is approved for debenture funding. If the loan is approved, the CDC
forwards specified documents needed for the debenture funding directly to the CSA using a forwards specified documents needed for the debenture funding directly to the CSA using a
transmittal letter or spreadsheet. As mentioned, because the 504/CDC program provides transmittal letter or spreadsheet. As mentioned, because the 504/CDC program provides
permanent or permanent or take-out financing, an interim lender (either the third-party lender or another lender) financing, an interim lender (either the third-party lender or another lender)
typically provides financing to cover the period between SBA approval of the project and the typically provides financing to cover the period between SBA approval of the project and the
debenture sale. Proceeds from the debenture sale are used to repay the interim lender for the debenture sale. Proceeds from the debenture sale are used to repay the interim lender for the
amount of the project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.68 amount of the project costs that it advanced on an interim basis.68
Loan Guaranty and Servicing Fees
Borrowers are currently charged fees amounting to about 3.5% of the net debenture proceeds plus Borrowers are currently charged fees amounting to about 3.5% of the net debenture proceeds plus
annual servicing and guaranty fees of about 1% of the unpaid debenture balance. Some of these annual servicing and guaranty fees of about 1% of the unpaid debenture balance. Some of these
fees are charged by the SBA to the CDC and others are charged by the CDC directly to the fees are charged by the SBA to the CDC and others are charged by the CDC directly to the
borrower. borrower.
SBA Fees
The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs five fees to help recoup the SBA’s expenses: a guaranty The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs five fees to help recoup the SBA’s expenses: a guaranty
fee, servicing fee, funding fee, development company fee, and participation fee. fee, servicing fee, funding fee, development company fee, and participation fee.
~~Guaranty Fee~~
~~The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs a one-time, up-front guaranty fee of 0.5% of the~~
~~debenture.69 The SBA elected not to charge this fee in FY2009-FY2011, and FY2016-FY2018.~~
~~The SBA charged this fee in FY2012-FY2015, FY2019-FY2020, at the outset of FY2021, and in~~
~~FY2022.70~~

64 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 260. 65 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 515. 66 GAO, 66 GAO, Small Business Administration: Actions Needed to Ensure Planned Improvements Address Key Requirements
of the Development Company (504) Loan Program, GAO-14-233, March 6, 2014, p. 5, at http://www.gao.gov/assets/, GAO-14-233, March 6, 2014, p. 5, at http://www.gao.gov/assets/
670/661428.pdf. 670/661428.pdf.
67 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 458. 67 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 458.
68 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 458. 68 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 458.
~~69 13 C.F.R. §120.971(d).~~
~~70 SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2011,” September 30, 2011, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/5000-1223.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On~~
~~October 1, 2012,” September 28, 2012, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1253.pdf; SBA,~~
~~“SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2013,” September 24, 2013, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/5000-1288.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On~~
~~October 1, 2014,” September 18, 2014, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1318.pdf; SBA,~~
~~“SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2015,” September 28, 2015, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1352.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504~~
~~Fees Effective On October 1, 2016,” September 16, 2016, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

15

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~
Congressional Research Service 15 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program Guaranty Fee The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs a one-time, up-front guaranty fee of 0.5% of the debenture.69 The SBA elected not to charge this fee in FY2009-FY2011, and FY2016-FY2018. The SBA charged this fee in FY2012-FY2015, FY2019-FY2020, at the outset of FY2021, and in FY2022.70
As mentioned, P.L. 116-260, appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including As mentioned, P.L. 116-260, appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including
the waiver of the 504/CDC guaranty fee from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020) through the waiver of the 504/CDC guaranty fee from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020) through
September 30, 2021. September 30, 2021.
Servicing Fee
The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs an ongoing servicing fee paid monthly by the borrower The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs an ongoing servicing fee paid monthly by the borrower
and adjusted annually based on the date the loan was approved. By statute, the fee is the lesser of and adjusted annually based on the date the loan was approved. By statute, the fee is the lesser of
the amount necessary to cover the estimated cost of purchasing and guaranteeing debentures the amount necessary to cover the estimated cost of purchasing and guaranteeing debentures
under the 504/CDC program or 0.9375% per annum of the unpaid principal balance of the loan.71 under the 504/CDC program or 0.9375% per annum of the unpaid principal balance of the loan.71
The SBA’s servicing fee for FY2022 is 0.2475% of the unpaid principal balance for regular The SBA’s servicing fee for FY2022 is 0.2475% of the unpaid principal balance for regular
504/CDC loans and 0.2590% for 504 refinancing loans.72 504/CDC loans and 0.2590% for 504 refinancing loans.72
Funding Fee
The SBA charges CDCs a funding fee, not to exceed 0.25% of the debenture, to cover costs The SBA charges CDCs a funding fee, not to exceed 0.25% of the debenture, to cover costs
incurred by the trustee, fiscal agent, and transfer agent.73 incurred by the trustee, fiscal agent, and transfer agent.73
~~Development Company Fee~~
~~For SBA loans approved after September 30, 1996, the SBA charges CDCs an annual~~
~~development company fee of 0.125% of the debenture’s outstanding principal balance. The fee~~
~~must be paid from the servicing fees collected by the CDC and cannot be paid from any~~
~~additional fees imposed on the borrower.74~~
~~Participation Fee~~
~~The SBA charges third-party lenders a one-time participation fee of 0.5% of the senior mortgage~~
~~loan if in a senior lien position to the SBA and the loan was approved after September 30, 1996.75~~
~~The fee may be paid by the third-party lender, CDC, or borrower.~~

69 13 C.F.R. §120.971(d). 70 SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2011,” September 30, 2011, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/5000-1223.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2012,” September 28, 2012, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1253.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2013,” September 24, 2013, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/5000-1288.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2014,” September 18, 2014, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1318.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2015,” September 28, 2015, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1352.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2016,” September 16, 2016, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1389.fees_for_FY_2017.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2017,” 5000-1389.fees_for_FY_2017.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) and 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2017,”
August 15, 2017, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1954.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information August 15, 2017, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1954.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information
Notice: 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2018,” August 14, 2018, at https://www.sba.gov/document/information-Notice: 504 Fees Effective On October 1, 2018,” August 14, 2018, at https://www.sba.gov/document/information-
notice-5000-180011-504-fees-effective-october-1-2018; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective On notice-5000-180011-504-fees-effective-october-1-2018; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective On
October 1, 2019,” September 16, 2019, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/October 1, 2019,” September 16, 2019, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/
504_Fees_Effective_October_1_2019_0.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 504_Fees_Effective_October_1_2019_0.pdf; SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year
2021,” September 15, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/document/information-notice-5000-20045-sba-information-notice; 2021,” September 15, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/document/information-notice-5000-20045-sba-information-notice;
and SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022,” September 7, 2021, at and SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022,” September 7, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/information-notice-5000-818642-504-fees-effective-during-fiscal-year-2022 https://www.sba.gov/document/information-notice-5000-818642-504-fees-effective-during-fiscal-year-2022
(hereinafter SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022”). (hereinafter SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022”).
71 15 U.S.C. §697(b)(7)(A)(i); and 13 C.F.R. §120.971(d). 71 15 U.S.C. §697(b)(7)(A)(i); and 13 C.F.R. §120.971(d).
72 SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022.” 72 SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 504 Fees Effective During Fiscal Year 2022.”
The SBA’s annual servicing fee was 0.749% in FY2011, 0.9375% in FY2012-FY2015, 0.914% for regular 504/CDC The SBA’s annual servicing fee was 0.749% in FY2011, 0.9375% in FY2012-FY2015, 0.914% for regular 504/CDC
loans and 0.958% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2016, 0.697% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.731% for loans and 0.958% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2016, 0.697% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.731% for
504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2017, 0.642% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.682% for 504/CDC refinancing loans 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2017, 0.642% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.682% for 504/CDC refinancing loans
in FY2018, 0.368% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.395% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2019; and 0.3205% in FY2018, 0.368% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.395% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2019; and 0.3205%
for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.3220% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2020. for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.3220% for 504/CDC refinancing loans in FY2020.
73 13 C.F.R. §120.971(e). 73 13 C.F.R. §120.971(e).
~~74 13 C.F.R. §120.972.~~
~~75 13 C.F.R. §120.972. When there are different liens on a property, the senior lien must be satisfied before junior liens~~
~~in the event of a default.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

16

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~
Congressional Research Service 16 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program Development Company Fee For SBA loans approved after September 30, 1996, the SBA charges CDCs an annual development company fee of 0.125% of the debenture’s outstanding principal balance. The fee must be paid from the servicing fees collected by the CDC and cannot be paid from any additional fees imposed on the borrower.74 Participation Fee The SBA charges third-party lenders a one-time participation fee of 0.5% of the senior mortgage loan if in a senior lien position to the SBA and the loan was approved after September 30, 1996.75 The fee may be paid by the third-party lender, CDC, or borrower.
CDC Fees
CDCs are allowed to charge borrowers a processing (or packaging) fee, closing fee, servicing fee, CDCs are allowed to charge borrowers a processing (or packaging) fee, closing fee, servicing fee,
late fee, assumption fee, CSA fee, other agent fees, and underwriters’ fee. late fee, assumption fee, CSA fee, other agent fees, and underwriters’ fee.
Processing (or Packaging) Fee
The CDC is allowed to charge borrowers a processing (or packaging) fee of up to 1.5% of the net The CDC is allowed to charge borrowers a processing (or packaging) fee of up to 1.5% of the net
debenture proceeds. Two-thirds of this fee is considered earned and may be collected by the CDC debenture proceeds. Two-thirds of this fee is considered earned and may be collected by the CDC
when the SBA issues an Authorization for the Debenture. The portion of the processing fee paid when the SBA issues an Authorization for the Debenture. The portion of the processing fee paid
by the borrower may be reimbursed from the debenture proceeds.76 by the borrower may be reimbursed from the debenture proceeds.76
As mentioned, P.L. 116-260, appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including As mentioned, P.L. 116-260, appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including
the waiver of the 504/CDC processing fee from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020) the waiver of the 504/CDC processing fee from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020)
through September 30, 2021. The SBA will reimburse CDCs 1.5% of the net debenture proceeds through September 30, 2021. The SBA will reimburse CDCs 1.5% of the net debenture proceeds
for not imposing the processing fee. for not imposing the processing fee.
Closing Fee
The CDC is also allowed to charge “a reasonable closing fee sufficient to reimburse it for the The CDC is also allowed to charge “a reasonable closing fee sufficient to reimburse it for the
expenses of its in-house or outside legal counsel, and other miscellaneous closing costs.”77 Up to expenses of its in-house or outside legal counsel, and other miscellaneous closing costs.”77 Up to
$2,500 in closing costs may be financed out of the debenture proceeds.78 $2,500 in closing costs may be financed out of the debenture proceeds.78
Servicing Fee
CDCs can also charge an annual servicing fee of at least 0.625% per annum and no more than 2% CDCs can also charge an annual servicing fee of at least 0.625% per annum and no more than 2%
per annum on the unpaid balance of the loan as determined at five-year anniversary intervals. A per annum on the unpaid balance of the loan as determined at five-year anniversary intervals. A
servicing fee greater than 1.5% for rural areas and 1% elsewhere requires the SBA’s prior written servicing fee greater than 1.5% for rural areas and 1% elsewhere requires the SBA’s prior written
approval, based on evidence of substantial need. The servicing fee may be paid only from loan approval, based on evidence of substantial need. The servicing fee may be paid only from loan
payments received. The fees may be accrued without interest and collected from the CSA when payments received. The fees may be accrued without interest and collected from the CSA when
74 13 C.F.R. §120.972. 75 13 C.F.R. §120.972. When there are different liens on a property, the senior lien must be satisfied before junior liens in the event of a default. 76 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(1). 77 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(2). 78 13 C.F.R. §120.883(e). Congressional Research Service 17 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program the payments are made. CSAs are entities that receive and disburse funds among the various the payments are made. CSAs are entities that receive and disburse funds among the various
parties involved in 504/CDC financing under a master servicing agent agreement with the SBA.79 parties involved in 504/CDC financing under a master servicing agent agreement with the SBA.79
Late Fee and Assumption Fee
Loan payments received after the 15th of each month may be subject to a late payment fee of 5% Loan payments received after the 15th of each month may be subject to a late payment fee of 5%
of the late payment or $100, whichever is greater. Late fees will be collected by the CSA on of the late payment or $100, whichever is greater. Late fees will be collected by the CSA on
behalf of the CDC. Also, with the SBA’s written approval, CDCs may charge an assumption fee behalf of the CDC. Also, with the SBA’s written approval, CDCs may charge an assumption fee
not to exceed 1% of the outstanding principal balance of the loan being assumed.80 not to exceed 1% of the outstanding principal balance of the loan being assumed.80
Central Servicing Agent Fee
CSAs are allowed to charge an initiation fee on each loan and an ongoing monthly servicing fee CSAs are allowed to charge an initiation fee on each loan and an ongoing monthly servicing fee
under the terms of the master servicing agreement. The current ongoing CSA monthly servicing under the terms of the master servicing agreement. The current ongoing CSA monthly servicing

~~76 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(1).~~
~~77 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(2).~~
~~78 13 C.F.R. §120.883(e).~~
~~79 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(3).~~
~~80 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(4); 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(5); and SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company~~
~~Loan Programs,” p. 192.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

17

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

fee is 0.1% per annum of the loan amount.81 Also, “agent fees and charges necessary to market fee is 0.1% per annum of the loan amount.81 Also, “agent fees and charges necessary to market
and service debentures and certificates may be assessed to the borrower or the investor.”82 CDCs and service debentures and certificates may be assessed to the borrower or the investor.”82 CDCs
must review the agent’s services and related fees “to determine if the fees are necessary and must review the agent’s services and related fees “to determine if the fees are necessary and
reasonable when there is an indication from a third party that an agent’s fees might be excessive, reasonable when there is an indication from a third party that an agent’s fees might be excessive,
or when an applicant complains about the fees charged by an agent.”83 In cases in which fees or when an applicant complains about the fees charged by an agent.”83 In cases in which fees
appear to be unreasonable, CDCs “should contact” the SBA and if a SBA investigation appear to be unreasonable, CDCs “should contact” the SBA and if a SBA investigation
determines that the fee is excessive, the agent “must reduce the fee to an amount SBA deems determines that the fee is excessive, the agent “must reduce the fee to an amount SBA deems
reasonable, refund any sum in excess of that amount to the applicant, and refrain from charging or reasonable, refund any sum in excess of that amount to the applicant, and refrain from charging or
collecting from the applicant any funds in excess of the amount SBA deems reasonable.”84 collecting from the applicant any funds in excess of the amount SBA deems reasonable.”84
Underwriters’ Fee
Borrowers are also charged an up-front underwriters’ fee of 0.4% for 20-year loans and 0.375% Borrowers are also charged an up-front underwriters’ fee of 0.4% for 20-year loans and 0.375%
for 10-year loans. The underwriters’ fee is paid by the borrower to the underwriter.85 Underwriters for 10-year loans. The underwriters’ fee is paid by the borrower to the underwriter.85 Underwriters
are approved by the SBA to form debenture pools and arrange for the sale of certificates. are approved by the SBA to form debenture pools and arrange for the sale of certificates.
Fee Subsidies
The SBA was provided more than $1.1 billion in funding in 2009 and 2010 to subsidize the The SBA was provided more than $1.1 billion in funding in 2009 and 2010 to subsidize the
504/CDC program’s third-party participation fee and CDC processing fee, subsidize the SBA’s 504/CDC program’s third-party participation fee and CDC processing fee, subsidize the SBA’s
7(a) program’s guaranty fee, and increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage 7(a) program’s guaranty fee, and increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage
from up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding $150,000 to 90% from up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding $150,000 to 90%
for all standard 7(a) loans.86 The last extension, P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and for all standard 7(a) loans.86 The last extension, P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and
~~Surface Transportation Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies~~
~~and the 7(a) program’s 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage through March 4, 2011, or until~~
~~funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for this purpose was exhausted (which~~
~~occurred on January 3, 2011).87~~

79 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(3). 80 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(4); 13 C.F.R. §120.971(a)(5); and SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 192. 81 SBA, “Servicing Loan Agreement,” at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/forms/SBA_Form_1506.pdf. 81 SBA, “Servicing Loan Agreement,” at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/forms/SBA_Form_1506.pdf.
82 13 C.F.R. §120.971(c). 82 13 C.F.R. §120.971(c).
83 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 196. 83 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 196.
84 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 196. 84 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 196.
85 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 192. 85 SBA, “SOP 50 10 6: Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” p. 192.
86 P.L. 111-5, the ARRA, provided $375 million for fee subsidies and the 7(a) program’s 90% guaranty for all standard 86 P.L. 111-5, the ARRA, provided $375 million for fee subsidies and the 7(a) program’s 90% guaranty for all standard
7(a) loans. ARRA’s funding for these purposes was exhausted on November 23, 2009. P.L. 111-118, the Department of 7(a) loans. ARRA’s funding for these purposes was exhausted on November 23, 2009. P.L. 111-118, the Department of
Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, enacted on December 19, 2009, provided $125 million to extend the fee subsidies Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, enacted on December 19, 2009, provided $125 million to extend the fee subsidies
and 90% guaranty through February 28, 2010. P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010, enacted on March and 90% guaranty through February 28, 2010. P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010, enacted on March
2, 2010, provided $60 million to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through March 28, 2010. P.L. 111-150, an 2, 2010, provided $60 million to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through March 28, 2010. P.L. 111-150, an
~~act to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, enacted on March 26, 2010, authorized the use of $40~~
~~million in SBA-appropriated funds to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through April 30, 2010. P.L. 111-157,~~
~~the Continuing Extension Act of 2010, enacted on April 15, 2010, provided $80 million to extend the fee subsides and~~
~~90% guaranty through May 31, 2010. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enacted on September 27,~~
~~2010, provided $505 million (plus $5 million for related administrative expenses) to extend the fee subsidies and 90%~~
~~guaranty through December 31, 2010. P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and~~ Congressional Research Service 18 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program Surface Transportation Surface Transportation
Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and the 7(a) program’s 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage~~and 90% guaranty~~ through March 4, 2011, or through March 4, 2011, or
until until ~~the~~ funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for ~~these purposes~~this purpose was exhausted (which occurred was exhausted (which occurred
~~on January 3, 2011).~~
~~87 On January 3, 2011, the SBA announced it had formed a SBA Loan Queue for loan applicants should any funding~~
~~with the enhancements become available from loan cancellations. Typically, 7% to 10% of previously approved SBA~~
~~loans are later canceled by the borrower or lender and are not disbursed for a variety of reasons. See SBA, “Jobs Act~~
~~Supported More Than $12 Billion in SBA Lending to Small Businesses in Just Three Months,” January 3, 2011, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/content/jobs-act-supported-more-12-billion-sba-lending-small-businesses-just-three-months.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

18

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~
on January 3, 2011).87
The Obama Administration argued that additional funding for the SBA’s loan guaranty programs, The Obama Administration argued that additional funding for the SBA’s loan guaranty programs,
including the 504/CDC program’s fee subsidies, improved the small business lending including the 504/CDC program’s fee subsidies, improved the small business lending
environment, increased both the number and amount of SBA guaranteed loans, and supported environment, increased both the number and amount of SBA guaranteed loans, and supported
“tens of thousands of small businesses and supported hundreds of thousands of jobs.”88 Critics “tens of thousands of small businesses and supported hundreds of thousands of jobs.”88 Critics
contended that small business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and contended that small business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and
federal fiscal restraint are better means to assist small business economic growth and job federal fiscal restraint are better means to assist small business economic growth and job
creation.89 creation.89
As mentioned, the CARES Act, among other provisions, appropriated $17 billion for six-month As mentioned, the CARES Act, among other provisions, appropriated $17 billion for six-month
payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers in a regular servicing status payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers in a regular servicing status
(i.e., fully disbursed) beginning with the next payment due date. Loans already on deferment (i.e., fully disbursed) beginning with the next payment due date. Loans already on deferment
received six months of SBA payments beginning with the first payment after the deferral period. received six months of SBA payments beginning with the first payment after the deferral period.
Loans in a regular servicing status up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020) Loans in a regular servicing status up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020)
were also eligible for six monthly payments of debt relief.90 were also eligible for six monthly payments of debt relief.90
In addition, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and In addition, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and
Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), among other Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), among other
provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion to resume monthly payment relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion to resume monthly payment relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and
Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per month per borrower. Payments are dependent on the Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per month per borrower. Payments are dependent on the
availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type of loan received, and the business’s availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type of loan received, and the business’s
~~industry.91 The act also waived the 504/CDC loan guarantee fee and the CDC processing fee in~~
~~FY2021.~~

act to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, enacted on March 26, 2010, authorized the use of $40 million in SBA-appropriated funds to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through April 30, 2010. P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010, enacted on April 15, 2010, provided $80 million to extend the fee subsides and 90% guaranty through May 31, 2010. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enacted on September 27, 2010, provided $505 million (plus $5 million for related administrative expenses) to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through December 31, 2010. P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface Transportation Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through March 4, 2011, or until the funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for these purposes was exhausted (which occurred on January 3, 2011). 87 On January 3, 2011, the SBA announced it had formed a SBA Loan Queue for loan applicants should any funding with the enhancements become available from loan cancellations. Typically, 7% to 10% of previously approved SBA loans are later canceled by the borrower or lender and are not disbursed for a variety of reasons. See SBA, “Jobs Act Supported More Than $12 Billion in SBA Lending to Small Businesses in Just Three Months,” January 3, 2011, at https://www.sba.gov/content/jobs-act-supported-more-12-billion-sba-lending-small-businesses-just-three-months. 88 SBA, “Statement from Administrator Mills on Continuing Support for Small Businesses through SBA Recovery 88 SBA, “Statement from Administrator Mills on Continuing Support for Small Businesses through SBA Recovery
Programs,” February 19, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/Programs,” February 19, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/
statement-administrator-mills-continuing-support-small-businesses-through-sba-recovery-programs; and SBA, “SBA statement-administrator-mills-continuing-support-small-businesses-through-sba-recovery-programs; and SBA, “SBA
Recovery Lending Extended Through April 30,” March 29, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/Recovery Lending Extended Through April 30,” March 29, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/
press-releases-media-advisories/sba-recovery-lending-extended-through-april-30. press-releases-media-advisories/sba-recovery-lending-extended-through-april-30.
89 Susan Eckerly, “NFIB Responds to President’s Small Business Lending Initiatives,” Washington, DC, October 21, 89 Susan Eckerly, “NFIB Responds to President’s Small Business Lending Initiatives,” Washington, DC, October 21,
2009; and NFIB, “Government Spending,” Washington, DC. Also, see NFIB, “Government Spending: Small 2009; and NFIB, “Government Spending,” Washington, DC. Also, see NFIB, “Government Spending: Small
Businesses Have a Bottom Line – Government Should, Too,” at https://www.nfib.com/content/issues/economy/Businesses Have a Bottom Line – Government Should, Too,” at https://www.nfib.com/content/issues/economy/
government-spending-small-businesses-have-a-bottom-line-government-should-too-49051/. government-spending-small-businesses-have-a-bottom-line-government-should-too-49051/.
90 Community Advantage Recovery Loans in a regular servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) up until October 1, 2020, 90 Community Advantage Recovery Loans in a regular servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) up until October 1, 2020,
were eligible for six months of loan payments. See SBA, “Guidance on the Implementation of the Extension of the were eligible for six months of loan payments. See SBA, “Guidance on the Implementation of the Extension of the
Section 1112 Debt Relief Program for the 7(a) and 504 Loan Programs, as Authorized by Section 325 of the Economic Section 1112 Debt Relief Program for the 7(a) and 504 Loan Programs, as Authorized by Section 325 of the Economic
Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act,” Procedural Notice 5000-20079, January 19, 2021, at Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act,” Procedural Notice 5000-20079, January 19, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20079-guidance-implementation-extension-section-1112-debt-https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20079-guidance-implementation-extension-section-1112-debt-
relief-program-7a-504-loan-programs-authorized. relief-program-7a-504-loan-programs-authorized.
~~91 P.L. 116-260 authorized a second round of monthly payments for covered loans approved on or before September~~
~~27, 2020, even if the loan was not fully disbursed on or before September 27, 2020.~~
~~Existing 7(a) and 504/CDC loans that were previously deemed ineligible for monthly payments because they had not~~
~~been fully disbursed on or before September 27, 2020 (referred to as newly eligible first round loans), received three~~
~~monthly payments (instead of six as authorized under the CARES Act).~~
~~Existing 7(a) and 504/CDC loans (except for Community Advantage Pilot Program loans) approved before March 27,~~
~~2020, received two additional monthly payments. Businesses in specified economically hard-hit industries (food~~
~~service and accommodation; arts, entertainment and recreation; education; and laundry and personal care services)~~
~~received an additional three monthly payments (a total of five additional monthly payments). Existing Community~~
~~Advantage loans and Microloans approved before March 27, 2020, received five (instead of eight) additional monthly~~
~~payments.~~
~~New 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloans approved from February 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021, received three~~
~~(instead of six) additional monthly payments. No second round payments were provided to covered loans approved~~
~~from March 28, 2020, through September 26, 2020. These loans were eligible for either three or six monthly payments~~
~~under round one, depending on their disbursement date. See SBA, “Adjustment to Number of Months of Section 1112~~
~~Payments in the 7(a), 504 and Microloan Programs Due to Insufficiency of Funds,” SBA Procedural Notice, 5000-~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

19

~~link to page 23 link to page 24~~ ~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~
Congressional Research Service 19 link to page 24 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program industry.91 The act also waived the 504/CDC loan guarantee fee and the CDC processing fee in FY2021.
Program Statistics
Loan Volume
Table 2 shows the number and amount of 504/CDC loans that the SBA approved in FY2005-shows the number and amount of 504/CDC loans that the SBA approved in FY2005-
FY2021 and the number and amount of 504/CDC loans after cancellations and other FY2021 and the number and amount of 504/CDC loans after cancellations and other
modifications are taken into account in FY2005-FY2019. Each year, 5% to 15% of SBA-modifications are taken into account in FY2005-FY2019. Each year, 5% to 15% of SBA-
approved 504/CDC loans are subsequently canceled for a variety of reasons, typically by the approved 504/CDC loans are subsequently canceled for a variety of reasons, typically by the
borrower (e.g., funds are no longer needed or there was a change in ownership). borrower (e.g., funds are no longer needed or there was a change in ownership).
As the data indicate, the number and amount of 504/CDC loans declined in FY2008 and FY2009. As the data indicate, the number and amount of 504/CDC loans declined in FY2008 and FY2009.
The most likely causes for the decline were decreased small business demand for capital during The most likely causes for the decline were decreased small business demand for capital during
the recession; difficulties in secondary credit markets, especially from October 2008 to February the recession; difficulties in secondary credit markets, especially from October 2008 to February
2009; and a tightening of small business credit lending standards. 2009; and a tightening of small business credit lending standards.
The number and amount of 504/CDC loans increased during FY2010 and FY2011 and reached The number and amount of 504/CDC loans increased during FY2010 and FY2011 and reached
prerecession levels in FY2012. The SBA attributed the increase in FY2010 and FY2011 to the prerecession levels in FY2012. The SBA attributed the increase in FY2010 and FY2011 to the
continuation of 504/CDC fee subsidies, which were in place through most of FY2010 and the first continuation of 504/CDC fee subsidies, which were in place through most of FY2010 and the first
quarter of FY2011.92 quarter of FY2011.92
The continuing economic recovery, which contributed to increased demand for small business The continuing economic recovery, which contributed to increased demand for small business
loans generally, and the temporary two-year loans generally, and the temporary two-year ~~expansion of the types of projects eligible for~~
~~504/CDC program refinancing of existing commercial debt~~504/CDC Debt Refinancing without Expansion program (through September 27, 2012) under (through September 27, 2012) under
~~P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, most likely also contributed to the program’s~~
~~increased loan volume in FY2011 and FY2012 (see Table 3).93~~
~~As expected, given the expiration of the temporary refinancing expansion, 504/CDC loan volume~~
~~declined in FY2013 and FY2014. The program’s loan volume has generally increased since then.~~
~~Table 2. Number and Amount of 504/CDC Loans, FY2005-FY2021~~
~~($ amounts in billions)~~
~~Amount of the~~
~~Number (after~~
~~Amount of the~~
~~Debentures (after~~
~~Number~~
~~full~~
~~Debentures~~
~~modifications and~~
~~Fiscal Year~~
~~Approved~~
~~cancellations)~~
~~Approved~~
~~cancellations)~~
~~2005~~
~~9,194~~
~~7,672~~
~~$5.05~~
~~$4.22~~
~~2006~~
~~9,943~~
~~8,325~~
~~$5.73~~
~~$4.77~~
~~2007~~
~~10,669~~
~~8,941~~
~~$6.31~~
~~$5.22~~
~~2008~~
~~8,883~~
~~7,328~~
~~$5.29~~
~~$4.25~~

~~20095, February 16, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20095-adjustment-number-~~
~~months-section-1112-payments-7a-504-microloan-programs-due-insufficiency-funds.~~
~~92 SBA, Press Office, “Recovery Loan Incentives Spurred Continued Rebound in SBA Lending in FY2010,” October 4,~~
~~2010, at https://www.sba.gov/content/recovery-loan-incentives-spurred-continued-rebound-sba-lending-fy2010; and~~
~~SBA, “Jobs Act Supported More Than $12 Billion in SBA Lending to Small Businesses in Just Three Months,”~~
~~January 3, 2011, at https://www.sba.gov/content/jobs-act-supported-more-12-billion-sba-lending-small-businesses-just-~~
~~three-months.~~
~~93 The expanded 504/CDC refinancing program became operational on February 17, 2011, began accepting loan~~
~~applications on February 28, 2011, and ended on September 27, 2012. See SBA, “Temporary 504 Loan Refinancing for~~
~~Eligible Small Business Assets Under the Jobs Act: Fact Sheet,” at https://thebusinesstimes.com/504-loan-refinancing-~~
~~program/.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

20

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

~~Amount of the~~
~~Number (after~~
~~Amount of the~~
~~Debentures (after~~
~~Number~~
~~full~~
~~Debentures~~
~~modifications and~~
~~Fiscal Year~~
~~Approved~~
~~cancellations)~~
~~Approved~~
~~cancellations)~~P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, 91 P.L. 116-260 authorized a second round of monthly payments for covered loans approved on or before September 27, 2020, even if the loan was not fully disbursed on or before September 27, 2020. Existing 7(a) and 504/CDC loans that were previously deemed ineligible for monthly payments because they had not been fully disbursed on or before September 27, 2020 (referred to as newly eligible first round loans), received three monthly payments (instead of six as authorized under the CARES Act). Existing 7(a) and 504/CDC loans (except for Community Advantage Pilot Program loans) approved before March 27, 2020, received two additional monthly payments. Businesses in specified economically hard-hit industries (food service and accommodation; arts, entertainment and recreation; education; and laundry and personal care services) received an additional three monthly payments (a total of five additional monthly payments). Existing Community Advantage loans and Microloans approved before March 27, 2020, received five (instead of eight) additional monthly payments. New 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloans approved from February 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021, received three (instead of six) additional monthly payments. No second round payments were provided to covered loans approved from March 28, 2020, through September 26, 2020. These loans were eligible for either three or six monthly payments under round one, depending on their disbursement date. See SBA, “Adjustment to Number of Months of Section 1112 Payments in the 7(a), 504 and Microloan Programs Due to Insufficiency of Funds,” SBA Procedural Notice, 5000-20095, February 16, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20095-adjustment-number-months-section-1112-payments-7a-504-microloan-programs-due-insufficiency-funds. 92 SBA, Press Office, “Recovery Loan Incentives Spurred Continued Rebound in SBA Lending in FY2010,” October 4, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/content/recovery-loan-incentives-spurred-continued-rebound-sba-lending-fy2010; and SBA, “Jobs Act Supported More Than $12 Billion in SBA Lending to Small Businesses in Just Three Months,” January 3, 2011, at https://www.sba.gov/content/jobs-act-supported-more-12-billion-sba-lending-small-businesses-just-three-months. Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 25 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program most likely also contributed to the program’s increased loan volume in FY2011 and FY2012 (see Table 3).93 As expected, given the expiration of the temporary refinancing expansion, 504/CDC loan volume declined in FY2013 and FY2014. The program’s loan volume has generally increased since then. Table 2. Number and Amount of 504/CDC Loans, FY2005-FY2021 ($ amounts in billions) Amount of the Number (after Amount of the Debentures (after Number full Debentures modifications and Fiscal Year Approved cancellations) Approved cancellations) 2005 9,194 7,672 $5.05 $4.22 2006 9,943 8,325 $5.73 $4.77 2007 10,669 8,941 $6.31 $5.22 2008 8,883 7,328 $5.29 $4.25
2009 2009
6,608 6,608
5,471 5,471
$3.83 $3.83
$3.09 $3.09
2010 2010
7,833 7,833
6,642 6,642
$4.47 $4.47
$3.68 $3.68
2011 2011
8,015 8,015
6,913 6,913
$4.99 $4.99
$4.19 $4.19
2012 2012
9,594 9,594
8,399 8,399
$7.28 $7.28
$6.34 $6.34
2013 2013
7,708 7,708
6,626 6,626
$5.23 $5.23
$4.33 $4.33
2014 2014
5,885 5,885
5,246 5,246
$4.20 $4.20
$3.70 $3.70
2015 2015
5,787 5,787
5,313 5,313
$4.30 $4.30
$3.94 $3.94
2016 2016
5,938 5,938
5,557 5,557
$4.74 $4.74
$4.94 $4.94
2017 2017
6,218 6,218
5,925 5,925
$5.01 $5.01
$4.23 $4.23
2018 2018
5,874 5,874
5,774 5,774
$4.75 $4.75
$4.38 $4.38
2019 2019
6,099 6,099
6,006 6,006
$4.96 $4.96
$4.89 $4.89
2020 2020
7,119 7,119
NA NA
$5.83 $5.83
NA NA
2021 2021
9,676 9,676
NA NA
$8.22 $8.22
NA NA
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report
Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 2019: DRAFT Table 2.7. Approvals by Program and Cohort,” Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 2019: DRAFT Table 2.7. Approvals by Program and Cohort,”
October 18, 2018; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of October 18, 2018; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of
September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2021-weekly-lending-reports. September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2021-weekly-lending-reports.
93 The expanded 504/CDC refinancing program became operational on February 17, 2011, began accepting loan applications on February 28, 2011, and ended on September 27, 2012. See SBA, “Temporary 504 Loan Refinancing for Eligible Small Business Assets Under the Jobs Act: Fact Sheet,” at https://thebusinesstimes.com/504-loan-refinancing-program/. Congressional Research Service 21 link to page 25 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program Table 3. Number and Amount of 504/CDC Debt Refinancing Without Expansion Program Loans, ~~Table 3. Number and Amount of 504/CDC Refinance Loans,~~
FY2011, FY2012, FY2016-FY2021
($ amounts in millions) ($ amounts in millions)
Amount of the
Debentures
Amount of the
(after
Number
Number (after
Debentures
modifications and
Fiscal Year
Approved
full cancellations)
Approved
cancellations)
2011 2011
307 307
272 272
$255.3 $255.3
$226.0 $226.0
2012 2012
2,424 2,424
2,119 2,119
$2,268.2 $2,268.2
$2,007.2 $2,007.2
2016 2016
45 45
41 41
$41. $41.46
$38.9 $38.9
2017 2017
266 266
244 244
$ $~~287.4~~289.5
$262.3 $262.3
2018 2018
181 181
166 166
$154. $154.17
$142.7 $142.7
2019 2019
166 166
161 161
$ $~~154.8~~156.1
$149.7 $149.7
2020 2020
386 386
NA NA
$ $~~370.2~~374.7
NA NA
2021 2021
693 693
NA NA
$709.0 $709.0
NA NA
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report
Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 2019: DRAFT Table 2.7. Approvals by Program and Cohort,” Amount and Count Summary, September 30, 2019: DRAFT Table 2.7. Approvals by Program and Cohort,”
~~October 18, 2018;~~ October 18, 2018; U.S. Small Business Administration, “Debt Refinancing in the 504 Loan Program,” 86 Federal Register 40777-40778, July 29, 2021; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of and U.S. Small Business Administration, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of
September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2021-weekly-lending-reports. September 30, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-2021-weekly-lending-reports.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

21

~~link to page 25~~ ~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Note: The SBA approved 193 504/CDC Debt Refinancing with Expansion loans totaling $230.9 million in FY2016, 219 totaling $244.5 million in FY2017, 181 totaling $215.3 million in FY2018, 181 totaling $197.5 million in FY2019, and 236 totaling $301.2 million in FY2020. Appropriations for Subsidy Costs
The SBA’s goal is to achieve a zero subsidy rate for its loan guaranty programs. A zero subsidy The SBA’s goal is to achieve a zero subsidy rate for its loan guaranty programs. A zero subsidy
rate occurs when the SBA’s loan guaranty programs generate sufficient revenue through fees and rate occurs when the SBA’s loan guaranty programs generate sufficient revenue through fees and
recoveries of collateral on purchased (defaulted) loans to not require appropriations to issue new recoveries of collateral on purchased (defaulted) loans to not require appropriations to issue new
loan guarantees. loan guarantees.
As indicated in As indicated in Table 4, fees and recoveries did not generate enough revenue to cover 7(a) loan fees and recoveries did not generate enough revenue to cover 7(a) loan
losses from FY2010 through FY2013, and in FY2020 and FY2021. Appropriations were provided losses from FY2010 through FY2013, and in FY2020 and FY2021. Appropriations were provided
to address the shortfalls. to address the shortfalls.
The 504/CDC loan guaranty program experienced loan losses from FY2012 through FY2015. The 504/CDC loan guaranty program experienced loan losses from FY2012 through FY2015.
Appropriations were provided to address the shortfalls. Appropriations were provided to address the shortfalls.
Table 4. Business Loan Credit Subsidies, 7(a) and 504/CDC Loan Guaranty
Programs, FY2005-FY2022
($ amounts in millions) ($ amounts in millions)
FY
7(a)
504/CDC
Total Subsidy
2005 2005
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2006 2006
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2007 2007
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2008 2008
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
Congressional Research Service 22 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program FY 7(a) 504/CDC Total Subsidy 2009 2009
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2010 2010
$80.0 $80.0
$0.0 $0.0
$80.0 $80.0
2011 2011
$80.0 $80.0
$0.0 $0.0
$80.0 $80.0
2012 2012
$139.4 $139.4
$67.7 $67.7
$207.1 $207.1
2013 2013
$213.8 $213.8
$102.5 $102.5
$316.3 $316.3
2014 2014
$0.0 $0.0
$107.0 $107.0
$107.0 $107.0
2015 2015
$0.0 $0.0
$45.0 $45.0
$45.0 $45.0
2016 2016
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2017 2017
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2018 2018
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2019 2019
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
2020 2020
$99.0 $99.0
$0.0 $0.0
$99.0 $99.0
2021 2021
$15.0 $15.0
$0.0 $0.0
$15.0 $15.0
2022 2022
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
$0.0 $0.0
Sources: P.L. 108-447, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, P.L. 108-447, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice,
Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006; U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006; U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA),
Congressional Budget Justification: FY2008 Annual Performance Report, p. 17; SBA, , p. 17; SBA, FY2010 Congressional Budget
Justification and FY2008 Annual Performance Report, p. 11; SBA, , p. 11; SBA, FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009
Annual Performance Report, p. 19; SBA, , p. 19; SBA, FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance
Report, p. 22; SBA, , p. 22; SBA, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011 Annual Performance Report, p. 19; SBA, , p. 19; SBA,
FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 25; SBA, , p. 25; SBA, FY2015 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance Report, p. 24; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidation and Further , p. 24; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidation and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, P.L. 115-31, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, P.L. 115-31, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6,
~~Congressional Research Service~~

22

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019; P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019; P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-
260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021; and P.L. 117-103, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. 260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021; and P.L. 117-103, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022.
Notes: The Microloan program also receives a credit subsidy, primarily for providing below market interest The Microloan program also receives a credit subsidy, primarily for providing below market interest
rates to Microloan intermediaries. The subsidies were $1.45 million in FY2005, $1.3 million in FY2006 and rates to Microloan intermediaries. The subsidies were $1.45 million in FY2005, $1.3 million in FY2006 and
FY2007, $2.0 million in FY2008, $8.5 million in FY2009 ($6 million added by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery FY2007, $2.0 million in FY2008, $8.5 million in FY2009 ($6 million added by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009), $3.0 million in FY2010 and FY2011, $3.678 million in FY2012, $3.498 million and Reinvestment Act of 2009), $3.0 million in FY2010 and FY2011, $3.678 million in FY2012, $3.498 million
(after sequestration) in FY2013, $4.6 million in FY2014, $2.5 million in FY2015, $3.3 million in FY2016, $4.3 (after sequestration) in FY2013, $4.6 million in FY2014, $2.5 million in FY2015, $3.3 million in FY2016, $4.3
million in FY2017, $3.44 million in FY2018; $4 million in FY2019; $5 million in FY2020, and $12 million in million in FY2017, $3.44 million in FY2018; $4 million in FY2019; $5 million in FY2020, and $12 million in
FY2021. The Biden Administration has requested $6 million for Microloan credit subsidies in FY2022. FY2021. The Biden Administration has requested $6 million for Microloan credit subsidies in FY2022.
In addition, P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, appropriated $17 billion and P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-In addition, P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, appropriated $17 billion and P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-
Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2021) appropriated $3.5 billion for loan credit subsidies related to the provision of monthly debt relief payments 2021) appropriated $3.5 billion for loan credit subsidies related to the provision of monthly debt relief payments
to 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. P.L. 116-260 also appropriated $1.918 billion for 7(a) and to 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. P.L. 116-260 also appropriated $1.918 billion for 7(a) and
504/CDC loan credit subsidies related to temporarily increasing the 7(a) loan guarantee to 90%, temporarily 504/CDC loan credit subsidies related to temporarily increasing the 7(a) loan guarantee to 90%, temporarily
increasing the SBAExpress program’s maximum loan amount to $1 million, temporarily increasing the increasing the SBAExpress program’s maximum loan amount to $1 million, temporarily increasing the
SBAExpress program’s loan guarantee from 50% to 75% for loans of $350,000 and less, and waiving specified 7(a) SBAExpress program’s loan guarantee from 50% to 75% for loans of $350,000 and less, and waiving specified 7(a)
and 504/CDC fees. and 504/CDC fees.
Use of Proceeds and Borrower Satisfaction
In FY2016 (the latest available data), borrowers used 504/CDC loan proceeds to In FY2016 (the latest available data), borrowers used 504/CDC loan proceeds to
 purchase land and existing building (51.56%),  purchase land and existing building (51.56%),
 building (construction, remodeling, improvements, etc.) (21.10%),  building (construction, remodeling, improvements, etc.) (21.10%),
Congressional Research Service 23 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program  machinery and equipment (purchase, installation, etc.) (7.09%),  machinery and equipment (purchase, installation, etc.) (7.09%),
 make renovations to a building (4.90%),  make renovations to a building (4.90%),
 purchase land (5.18%),  purchase land (5.18%),
 other expenses (eligible contingency expenses, interim interest, etc.) (2.84%),  other expenses (eligible contingency expenses, interim interest, etc.) (2.84%),
 purchase improvements (2.30%),  purchase improvements (2.30%),
 debt to be refinanced (1.51%),  debt to be refinanced (1.51%),
 professional fees (appraiser, architect, legal, etc.) (1.41%),  professional fees (appraiser, architect, legal, etc.) (1.41%),
 add an addition to a building (1.04%),  add an addition to a building (1.04%),
 purchase or install fixtures (0.55%), or  purchase or install fixtures (0.55%), or
 make leasehold improvements to a building (0.52%).94  make leasehold improvements to a building (0.52%).94
In 2008, the Urban Institute surveyed 504/CDC borrowers and found that two-thirds of the In 2008, the Urban Institute surveyed 504/CDC borrowers and found that two-thirds of the
respondents rated their overall satisfaction with their 504/CDC loan and loan terms as either respondents rated their overall satisfaction with their 504/CDC loan and loan terms as either
excellent (21%) or good (45%). About one out of every four borrowers (23%) rated their overall excellent (21%) or good (45%). About one out of every four borrowers (23%) rated their overall
satisfaction with their loan and loan terms as fair, 8% rated their overall satisfaction as poor, and satisfaction with their loan and loan terms as fair, 8% rated their overall satisfaction as poor, and
4% reported that they did not know or did not respond.95 In addition, 87% of the survey’s 4% reported that they did not know or did not respond.95 In addition, 87% of the survey’s
respondents reported that the 504/CDC loan was either very important (53%) or somewhat respondents reported that the 504/CDC loan was either very important (53%) or somewhat

~~94 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, correspondence with the author, August 24, 2017.~~
~~95 Christopher Hayes,~~ ~~An Assessment of Small Business Administration Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of~~
~~Assisted Businesses~~ ~~(Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 5, at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/~~
~~411599_assisted_business_survey.pdf (hereinafter Christopher Hayes,~~ ~~An Assessment of Small Business Administration~~
~~Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of Assisted Businesses). The percentage total exceeds 100 because~~
~~recipients were allowed to name more than one use for the loan proceeds.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

23

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

important (34%) to their business success (4% reported that it was somewhat unimportant, 4% important (34%) to their business success (4% reported that it was somewhat unimportant, 4%
reported very unimportant, and 6% reported that they did not know or did not respond).96 reported very unimportant, and 6% reported that they did not know or did not respond).96
A March 2014 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report examining the 504/CDC A March 2014 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report examining the 504/CDC
program found that, from FY2003 through March 31, 2013, the top four types of small businesses program found that, from FY2003 through March 31, 2013, the top four types of small businesses
funded by 504/CDC loans were hotels (12%), restaurants (5%), doctor’s offices (4%), and funded by 504/CDC loans were hotels (12%), restaurants (5%), doctor’s offices (4%), and
dentist’s offices (3%). GAO also reported that 85% of approved 504/CDC loans and dollars went dentist’s offices (3%). GAO also reported that 85% of approved 504/CDC loans and dollars went
to existing small businesses and 15% went to new small businesses.97 to existing small businesses and 15% went to new small businesses.97
Borrower Demographics
In 2008, the Urban Institute found that about 9.9% of private-sector small business loans were In 2008, the Urban Institute found that about 9.9% of private-sector small business loans were
issued to minority-owned small businesses and about 16% of those loans were issued to women-issued to minority-owned small businesses and about 16% of those loans were issued to women-
owned businesses.98 owned businesses.98
In FY2021, 22.9% of the total amount of 504/CDC approved loans went to minority-owned In FY2021, 22.9% of the total amount of 504/CDC approved loans went to minority-owned
businesses (13.5% Asian, 7.7% Hispanic, 1.3% African American, and 0.3% Native American) businesses (13.5% Asian, 7.7% Hispanic, 1.3% African American, and 0.3% Native American)
94 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, correspondence with the author, August 24, 2017. 95 Christopher Hayes, An Assessment of Small Business Administration Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of Assisted Businesses (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 5, at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411599_assisted_business_survey.pdf (hereinafter Christopher Hayes, An Assessment of Small Business Administration Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of Assisted Businesses). The percentage total exceeds 100 because recipients were allowed to name more than one use for the loan proceeds. 96 Christopher Hayes, An Assessment of Small Business Administration Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of Assisted Businesses, p. 5. 97 GAO, Small Business Administration: Actions Needed to Ensure Planned Improvements Address Key Requirements of the Development Company (504) Loan Program, GAO-14-233, March 6, 2014, p. 8, at http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/661428.pdf. 98 Kenneth Temkin, Brett Theodos, with Kerstin Gentsch, Competitive and Special Competitive Opportunity Gap Analysis of the 7(A) and 504 Programs (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 13, at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411596_504_gap_analysis.pdf. Congressional Research Service 24 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program and 8.7% went to women-owned businesses.99 Based on its comparative analysis of private-sector and 8.7% went to women-owned businesses.99 Based on its comparative analysis of private-sector
small business loans and the SBA’s loan guaranty programs, the Urban Institute concluded that small business loans and the SBA’s loan guaranty programs, the Urban Institute concluded that
Overall, loans under the 7(a) and 504 programs were more likely to be made to minority- Overall, loans under the 7(a) and 504 programs were more likely to be made to minority-
owned, women-owned, and start-up businesses (firms that have historically faced capital owned, women-owned, and start-up businesses (firms that have historically faced capital
gaps) as compared to conventional small business loans. Moreover, the average amounts gaps) as compared to conventional small business loans. Moreover, the average amounts
for loans made under the 7(a) and 504 programs to these types of firms were substantially for loans made under the 7(a) and 504 programs to these types of firms were substantially
greater than conventional small business loans to such firms. These findings suggest that greater than conventional small business loans to such firms. These findings suggest that
the 7(a) and 504 programs are being used by lenders in a manner that is consistent with the 7(a) and 504 programs are being used by lenders in a manner that is consistent with
SBA’s objective of making credit available to firms that face a capital opportunity gap.100 SBA’s objective of making credit available to firms that face a capital opportunity gap.100
Congressional Issues
Fee Subsidies and the 7(a) Program’s 90% Maximum Loan
Guaranty Percentage
As mentioned, the SBA was provided more than $1.1 billion in funding in 2009 and 2010 to As mentioned, the SBA was provided more than $1.1 billion in funding in 2009 and 2010 to
subsidize the 504/CDC program’s third-party participation fee and CDC processing fee, subsidize subsidize the 504/CDC program’s third-party participation fee and CDC processing fee, subsidize
the SBA’s 7(a) program’s guaranty fee, and increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty the SBA’s 7(a) program’s guaranty fee, and increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty
percentage from up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding percentage from up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding

~~96 Christopher Hayes,~~ ~~An Assessment of Small Business Administration Loan and Investment Performance: Survey of~~
~~Assisted Businesses, p. 5.~~
~~97 GAO,~~ ~~Small Business Administration: Actions Needed to Ensure Planned Improvements Address Key Requirements~~
~~of the Development Company (504) Loan Program, GAO-14-233, March 6, 2014, p. 8, at http://www.gao.gov/assets/~~
~~670/661428.pdf.~~
~~98 Kenneth Temkin, Brett Theodos, with Kerstin Gentsch,~~ ~~Competitive and Special Competitive Opportunity Gap~~
~~Analysis of the 7(A) and 504 Programs~~ ~~(Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 13, at http://www.urban.org/~~
~~UploadedPDF/411596_504_gap_analysis.pdf.~~
~~99 SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September 30, 2021).”~~
~~100 Kenneth Temkin, Brett Theodos, with Kerstin Gentsch,~~ ~~Competitive and Special Competitive Opportunity Gap~~
~~Analysis of the 7(A) and 504 Programs~~ ~~(Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 21, at http://www.urban.org/~~
~~UploadedPDF/411596_504_gap_analysis.pdf.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

24

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

~~$150,000 to 90% for all standard 7(a) loans.101 The Obama Administration argued that this~~
~~additional funding improved the small business lending environment, increased both the number~~
~~and amount of SBA guaranteed loans, and supported hundreds of thousands of jobs.102 Critics~~
~~argued that small business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and federal~~
~~fiscal restraint are a better means to assist small business economic growth and job creation.103~~
~~As mentioned, P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, and P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit~~
~~Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated~~
~~Appropriations Act, 2021) appropriated $17 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, to provide~~
~~monthly debt relief payments for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. P.L. 116-260 also~~
~~appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including the waiver of the 504/CDC~~
~~loan guaranty and processing fees from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020) through~~
~~September 30, 2021.~~
~~Lender Oversight~~
~~The SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG) has included lender oversight in its list of the most~~
~~serious management and performance challenges facing the SBA each year from FY2008 through~~
~~FY2022.104 In its FY2022 report, the OIG argued that SBA loans~~
~~are originated by lenders and non-bank lenders that have various degrees of expertise in~~
~~SBA loan program requirements.~~
~~Lenders often rely on the services of loan agents and lender service providers to help~~
~~originate, close, service, and liquidate SBA loans ... [and many] traditional SBA 7(a) and~~
~~504 Certified Development Company loans are originated by lenders with delegated~~

$150,000 to 90% for all standard 7(a) loans.101 The Obama Administration argued that this additional funding improved the small business lending environment, increased both the number and amount of SBA guaranteed loans, and supported hundreds of thousands of jobs.102 Critics argued that small business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and federal fiscal restraint are a better means to assist small business economic growth and job creation.103 99 SBA, “SBA Lending Statistics for Major Programs (as of September 30, 2021).” 100 Kenneth Temkin, Brett Theodos, with Kerstin Gentsch, Competitive and Special Competitive Opportunity Gap Analysis of the 7(A) and 504 Programs (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2008), p. 21, at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411596_504_gap_analysis.pdf. 101 P.L. 111-5, the ARRA, provided $375 million for fee subsidies and the 7(a) program’s 90% guaranty for all 101 P.L. 111-5, the ARRA, provided $375 million for fee subsidies and the 7(a) program’s 90% guaranty for all
standard 7(a) loans. ARRA’s funding for these purposes was exhausted on November 23, 2009. P.L. 111-118, the standard 7(a) loans. ARRA’s funding for these purposes was exhausted on November 23, 2009. P.L. 111-118, the
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, enacted on December 19, 2009, provided $125 million to extend the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, enacted on December 19, 2009, provided $125 million to extend the
fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through February 28, 2010. P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010, fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through February 28, 2010. P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010,
enacted on March 2, 2010, provided $60 million to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through March 28, 2010. enacted on March 2, 2010, provided $60 million to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through March 28, 2010.
P.L. 111-150, an act to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, enacted on March 26, 2010, authorized the P.L. 111-150, an act to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, enacted on March 26, 2010, authorized the
use of $40 million in SBA-appropriated funds to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through April 30, 2010. use of $40 million in SBA-appropriated funds to extend the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through April 30, 2010.
P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010, enacted on April 15, 2010, provided $80 million to extend the fee P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010, enacted on April 15, 2010, provided $80 million to extend the fee
subsides and 90% guaranty through May 31, 2010. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enacted on subsides and 90% guaranty through May 31, 2010. P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enacted on
September 27, 2010, provided $505 million (plus $5 million for related administrative expenses) to extend the fee September 27, 2010, provided $505 million (plus $5 million for related administrative expenses) to extend the fee
subsidies and 90% guaranty through December 31, 2010. P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface subsidies and 90% guaranty through December 31, 2010. P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface
Transportation Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through Transportation Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and 90% guaranty through
March 4, 2011, or until the funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for these purposes was exhausted March 4, 2011, or until the funding provided by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 for these purposes was exhausted
(which occurred on January 3, 2011). (which occurred on January 3, 2011).
102 SBA, “Statement from Administrator Mills on Continuing Support for Small Businesses through SBA Recovery 102 SBA, “Statement from Administrator Mills on Continuing Support for Small Businesses through SBA Recovery
Programs,” February 19, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/Programs,” February 19, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/
statement-administrator-mills-continuing-support-small-businesses-through-sba-recovery-programs; and SBA, “SBA statement-administrator-mills-continuing-support-small-businesses-through-sba-recovery-programs; and SBA, “SBA
Recovery Lending Extended Through April 30,” March 29, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/content/sba-recovery-Recovery Lending Extended Through April 30,” March 29, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/content/sba-recovery-
lending-extended-through-april-30. lending-extended-through-april-30.
103 Susan Eckerly, “NFIB Responds to President’s Small Business Lending Initiatives,” Washington, DC, October 21, 103 Susan Eckerly, “NFIB Responds to President’s Small Business Lending Initiatives,” Washington, DC, October 21,
2009; and NFIB, “Government Spending,” Washington, DC. Also, see NFIB, “Government Spending: Small 2009; and NFIB, “Government Spending,” Washington, DC. Also, see NFIB, “Government Spending: Small
Businesses Have a Bottom Line – Government Should, Too,” at https://www.nfib.com/content/issues/economy/Businesses Have a Bottom Line – Government Should, Too,” at https://www.nfib.com/content/issues/economy/
~~government-spending-small-businesses-have-a-bottom-line-government-should-too-49051/.~~
~~104 SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), “Report on the Most Serious Management and Performance Challenges By~~
~~Office of Inspector General,” reports from FY2008-FY2022, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-report-most-~~
~~serious-management-performance-challenges-office-inspector-general.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

25

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Congressional Research Service 25 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program As mentioned, P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, and P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021) appropriated $17 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, to provide monthly debt relief payments for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. P.L. 116-260 also appropriated $1.918 billion for SBA loan enhancements, including the waiver of the 504/CDC loan guaranty and processing fees from the date of enactment (December 27, 2020) through September 30, 2021. Lender Oversight The SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG) has included lender oversight in its list of the most serious management and performance challenges facing the SBA each year from FY2008 through FY2022.104 In its FY2022 report, the OIG argued that SBA loans are originated by lenders and non-bank lenders that have various degrees of expertise in SBA loan program requirements. Lenders often rely on the services of loan agents and lender service providers to help originate, close, service, and liquidate SBA loans ... [and many] traditional SBA 7(a) and 504 Certified Development Company loans are originated by lenders with delegated approval authority. Our previous audits have found SBA has not adequately recognized or approval authority. Our previous audits have found SBA has not adequately recognized or
managed significant lender weaknesses.105 managed significant lender weaknesses.105
The SBA’s Office of Credit Risk Management (OCRM) manages SBA lending program risk, The SBA’s Office of Credit Risk Management (OCRM) manages SBA lending program risk,
monitors lender performance, and enforces SBA lending program requirements.106 OCRM monitors lender performance, and enforces SBA lending program requirements.106 OCRM
monitors portfolio risk through the SBA’s Loan and Lender Monitoring System (L/LMS), which monitors portfolio risk through the SBA’s Loan and Lender Monitoring System (L/LMS), which
tracks monthly lender and loan performance and quarterly credit scores for all 7(a) and 504/CDC tracks monthly lender and loan performance and quarterly credit scores for all 7(a) and 504/CDC
loans. The L/LMS system is designed to help OCRM assess risks for 7(a) and CDC lenders, and loans. The L/LMS system is designed to help OCRM assess risks for 7(a) and CDC lenders, and
it identifies lenders “whose portfolio performance or other lender-specific risk-related factors it identifies lenders “whose portfolio performance or other lender-specific risk-related factors
demonstrated the need for additional SBA monitoring.”107 In FY2020, the SBA conducted 622 demonstrated the need for additional SBA monitoring.”107 In FY2020, the SBA conducted 622
risk-based reviews of 7(a) and 504/CDC lenders. risk-based reviews of 7(a) and 504/CDC lenders.
In an effort to further enhance its ability to detect risks and to determine prospective trends, In an effort to further enhance its ability to detect risks and to determine prospective trends,
OCRM created new metrics in 2015 for monitoring 504/CDC lender loan performance called OCRM created new metrics in 2015 for monitoring 504/CDC lender loan performance called
SMART (measuring the lender’s solvency and financial condition, management and governance, SMART (measuring the lender’s solvency and financial condition, management and governance,
asset quality and servicing, regulatory compliance, and technical issues and mission) and updated asset quality and servicing, regulatory compliance, and technical issues and mission) and updated
those metrics in 2016.108 SMART is designed to “assist OCRM in identifying high risk lenders those metrics in 2016.108 SMART is designed to “assist OCRM in identifying high risk lenders
~~and ensuring that lender oversight drives meaningful review activities, findings, and corrective~~
~~actions that reduce risk to the SBA.”109 OCRM also created a “detailed bench-marking analysis~~
~~project that will serve to establish quantitative performance metrics and indicators of quality~~
~~(Preferred, Acceptable and Less than Acceptable) to be incorporated into each area of risk~~
~~assessment identified in the ... SMART protocol measurement attributes.”110~~
~~In a 2019 audit, the SBA’s OIG reported that OCRM “did not always conduct planned high-risk~~
~~lender reviews, recommend adequate and consistent risk mitigation actions, or communicate loan~~
~~deficiencies they noted during their high-risk lender reviews to SBA approval and purchase loan~~
~~centers.”111 The OIG made six recommendations to address these and other issues (including the~~
~~development and implementation of policies and procedures to document OCRM’s justification~~

government-spending-small-businesses-have-a-bottom-line-government-should-too-49051/. 104 SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), “Report on the Most Serious Management and Performance Challenges By Office of Inspector General,” reports from FY2008-FY2022, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-report-most-serious-management-performance-challenges-office-inspector-general. 105 SBA, OIG, “Top Management and Performance Challenges Facing the Small Business Administration in Fiscal 105 SBA, OIG, “Top Management and Performance Challenges Facing the Small Business Administration in Fiscal
Year 2022,” Report 22-02, October 15, 2021, p. 14, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-report-most-serious-Year 2022,” Report 22-02, October 15, 2021, p. 14, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-report-most-serious-
management-performance-challenges-office-inspector-general. management-performance-challenges-office-inspector-general.
106 P.L. 115-189, the Small Business 7(a) Lending Oversight Reform Act of 2018, codified the SBA’s Office of Credit 106 P.L. 115-189, the Small Business 7(a) Lending Oversight Reform Act of 2018, codified the SBA’s Office of Credit
Risk Management (OCRM), required that it be headed by a Director who is a career appointee in the Senior Executive Risk Management (OCRM), required that it be headed by a Director who is a career appointee in the Senior Executive
Service, and provided OCRM with a list of duties, including submitting a report to Congress on each December 1st Service, and provided OCRM with a list of duties, including submitting a report to Congress on each December 1st
“containing the results of each portfolio risk analysis conducted ... during the fiscal year preceding the submission of “containing the results of each portfolio risk analysis conducted ... during the fiscal year preceding the submission of
the report.” the report.”
107 SBA, 107 SBA, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification FY2021 Annual Performance Report, p. 39. , p. 39.
108 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can be Strengthened,” July 2, 2013, p. 19, at 108 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can be Strengthened,” July 2, 2013, p. 19, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/oig/Audit%20Evaluation%20Report%2013-https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/oig/Audit%20Evaluation%20Report%2013-
~~17%20The%20SBA's%20Portfolio%20Risk%20Management%20Program%20Can%20Be%20Strengthened.pdf, SBA,~~
~~“SBA Information Notice 5000-1348: Revised Risk-Based Review Protocol for Certified Development Companies,”~~
~~October 3, 2017 (effective August 5, 2015), at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1348.pdf;~~
~~and SBA, “SBA Information Notice 5000-1398: Updated SMART Methodology for Oversight of CDCs,” October 3,~~
~~2017 (effective November 9, 2016), at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/SBA_Info_Notice_5000-~~
~~1398_SM.pdf.~~
~~109 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can be Strengthened,” July 2, 2013, p. 19, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/oig/Audit%20Evaluation%20Report%2013-~~
~~17%20The%20SBA's%20Portfolio%20Risk%20Management%20Program%20Can%20Be%20Strengthened.pdf.~~
~~110 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can Be Strengthened.”~~
~~111 SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), Audit of SBA’s Oversight of High-Risk Lenders, Report Number 20-03,~~
~~November 12, 2019, p. i, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-20-03-audit-sbas-oversight-high-risk-lenders~~
~~(hereinafter SBA, OIG, Audit of SBA’s Oversight of High-Risk Lenders).~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

26

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Congressional Research Service 26 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program and ensuring that lender oversight drives meaningful review activities, findings, and corrective actions that reduce risk to the SBA.”109 OCRM also created a “detailed bench-marking analysis project that will serve to establish quantitative performance metrics and indicators of quality (Preferred, Acceptable and Less than Acceptable) to be incorporated into each area of risk assessment identified in the ... SMART protocol measurement attributes.”110 In a 2019 audit, the SBA’s OIG reported that OCRM “did not always conduct planned high-risk lender reviews, recommend adequate and consistent risk mitigation actions, or communicate loan deficiencies they noted during their high-risk lender reviews to SBA approval and purchase loan centers.”111 The OIG made six recommendations to address these and other issues (including the development and implementation of policies and procedures to document OCRM’s justification for not conducting planned reviews and to communicate systemic lender issues and material loan for not conducting planned reviews and to communicate systemic lender issues and material loan
deficiencies to the appropriate SBA loan approval and purchase centers). SBA agreed with the deficiencies to the appropriate SBA loan approval and purchase centers). SBA agreed with the
OIG’s findings and recommendations and indicated that it would take actions to resolve all of the OIG’s findings and recommendations and indicated that it would take actions to resolve all of the
recommendations.112 recommendations.112
Legislation
Congress has always shown a great interest in the SBA’s loan guarantee programs because of Congress has always shown a great interest in the SBA’s loan guarantee programs because of
concerns that small businesses might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable concerns that small businesses might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable
them to create and retain jobs. That interest has grown especially acute in recent years due to the them to create and retain jobs. That interest has grown especially acute in recent years due to the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s adverse economic impact on the national Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s adverse economic impact on the national
economy. economy.
During the 111th Congress, legislation was enacted to assist small businesses during and During the 111th Congress, legislation was enacted to assist small businesses during and
immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009). For example, immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009). For example,
 P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA),  P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA),
provided $375 million to temporarily reduce fees in the SBA’s 7(a) and 504/CDC provided $375 million to temporarily reduce fees in the SBA’s 7(a) and 504/CDC
loan guaranty programs ($299 million) and to temporarily increase the 7(a) loan guaranty programs ($299 million) and to temporarily increase the 7(a)
program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage to 90% ($76 million).113 Congress program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage to 90% ($76 million).113 Congress
subsequently appropriated another $265 million and authorized the SBA to subsequently appropriated another $265 million and authorized the SBA to
reprogram another $40 million to extend those subsidies and the loan reprogram another $40 million to extend those subsidies and the loan
modification through May 31, 2010. ARRA also modification through May 31, 2010. ARRA also ~~authorized the SBA to allow,~~
~~under specified circumstances, the use of 504/CDC program funds to refinance~~
~~existing debt for business expansion.114~~
~~ P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, increased the 504/CDC~~
~~program’s loan guaranty limits from $1.5 million to $5 million for “regular”~~
~~borrowers, from $2 million to $5 million if the loan proceeds are directed toward~~
~~one or more specified public policy goals, and from $4 million to $5.5 million for~~
~~manufacturers. The act also temporarily expanded for two years after the date of~~
~~enactment (or until September 27, 2012) the types of projects eligible for~~
~~refinancing of existing debt under the 504/CDC program; provided $505 million~~
~~(plus an additional $5 million for administrative expenses) to continue fee~~
~~subsidies for the 7(a) loan guaranty program and the 504/CDC program through~~
~~December 31, 2010; and established an alternative size standard that allows more~~
~~companies to qualify for 504/CDC assistance.~~

created the 504/CDC Debt Refinancing with Expansion program which allows, under specified 17%20The%20SBA's%20Portfolio%20Risk%20Management%20Program%20Can%20Be%20Strengthened.pdf, SBA, “SBA Information Notice 5000-1348: Revised Risk-Based Review Protocol for Certified Development Companies,” October 3, 2017 (effective August 5, 2015), at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/5000-1348.pdf; and SBA, “SBA Information Notice 5000-1398: Updated SMART Methodology for Oversight of CDCs,” October 3, 2017 (effective November 9, 2016), at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/lender_notices/SBA_Info_Notice_5000-1398_SM.pdf. 109 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can be Strengthened,” July 2, 2013, p. 19, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/oig/Audit%20Evaluation%20Report%2013-17%20The%20SBA's%20Portfolio%20Risk%20Management%20Program%20Can%20Be%20Strengthened.pdf. 110 SBA, OIG, “The SBA’s Portfolio Risk Management Program Can Be Strengthened.” 111 SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), Audit of SBA’s Oversight of High-Risk Lenders, Report Number 20-03, November 12, 2019, p. i, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-20-03-audit-sbas-oversight-high-risk-lenders (hereinafter SBA, OIG, Audit of SBA’s Oversight of High-Risk Lenders). 112 SBA, OIG, 112 SBA, OIG, Audit of SBA’s Oversight of High-Risk Lenders, pp. 11-12. , pp. 11-12.
113 SBA, “Recovery Act Agency Plan,” May 15, 2009, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/113 SBA, “Recovery Act Agency Plan,” May 15, 2009, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/
sba_recovery_act_plan.pdf. sba_recovery_act_plan.pdf.
~~114 The specified circumstances include the following: the amount of existing indebtedness does not exceed 50% of the~~
~~project cost of the expansion; the proceeds of the indebtedness were used to acquire land, including the building~~
~~situated thereon, to construct a building thereon, or to purchase equipment; the existing indebtedness is collateralized~~
~~by fixed assets; the existing indebtedness was incurred for the benefit of a small business; the financing is used only for~~
~~refinancing existing indebtedness or costs related to the project being financed; the refinancing provides a substantial~~
~~benefit to the borrower; the borrower has been current on all payments due on the existing debt for not less than one~~
~~year preceding the date of refinancing; and the financing provided will have better terms or rate of interest than the~~
~~existing indebtedness. See P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), Section 504.~~
~~Stimulus for Community Development Lending.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

27

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

Congressional Research Service 27 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program circumstances, the use of 504/CDC program funds to refinance existing debt for business expansion.114  P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, increased the 504/CDC program’s loan guaranty limits from $1.5 million to $5 million for “regular” borrowers, from $2 million to $5 million if the loan proceeds are directed toward one or more specified public policy goals, and from $4 million to $5.5 million for manufacturers. The act also created, for two years (until September 27, 2012), the 504/CDC Debt Refinancing without Expansion program which allowed, under specified circumstances, the use of 504/CDC program funds to refinance existing debt for purposes other than business expansion; provided $505 million (plus an additional $5 million for administrative expenses) to continue fee subsidies for the 7(a) loan guaranty program and the 504/CDC program through December 31, 2010; and established an alternative size standard that allows more companies to qualify for 504/CDC assistance.  P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface Transportation  P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface Transportation
Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and the Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to continue the fee subsidies and the
7(a) program’s 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage through March 4, 2011, 7(a) program’s 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage through March 4, 2011,
or until funding provided for these purposes in P.L. 111-240 was exhausted or until funding provided for these purposes in P.L. 111-240 was exhausted
(which occurred on January 3, 2011). (which occurred on January 3, 2011).
During the 114th Congress, P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, reinstated During the 114th Congress, P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, reinstated
the the ~~expansion of the types of projects eligible for refinancing under the 504/CDC loan guaranty~~
504/CDC Debt Refinancing without Expansion program, but only in any fiscal year in which program, but only in any fiscal year in which ~~the refinancing~~that program and the 504/CDC program program and the 504/CDC program
as a whole do not have credit subsidy costs. (P.L. 116-260 repealed this limitation.) The act as a whole do not have credit subsidy costs. (P.L. 116-260 repealed this limitation.) The act
required each CDC to limit its refinancing so that, during any fiscal year, the new refinancings do required each CDC to limit its refinancing so that, during any fiscal year, the new refinancings do
not exceed 50% not exceed 50% ~~(now 100%)~~ of the dollars it loaned under the 504/CDC program during the of the dollars it loaned under the 504/CDC program during the
previous fiscal year.115 The SBA was authorized to waive the 50% limit for good cause. previous fiscal year.115 The SBA was authorized to waive the 50% limit for good cause. (P.L. 116-260 increased this limit to 100%.) An An
interim final rule implementing the new refinancing program was issued by the SBA on May 25, interim final rule implementing the new refinancing program was issued by the SBA on May 25,
2016, effective June 24, 2016.116 2016, effective June 24, 2016.116
During the 115th Congress, P.L. 115-371, the Small Business Access to Capital and Efficiency During the 115th Congress, P.L. 115-371, the Small Business Access to Capital and Efficiency
(ACE) Act, amended the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 to increase the threshold amount (ACE) Act, amended the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 to increase the threshold amount
for determining when a CDC is required to secure an independent real estate appraisal for a for determining when a CDC is required to secure an independent real estate appraisal for a
504/CDC loan (from if the estimated value of the project property is greater than $250,000 to if 504/CDC loan (from if the estimated value of the project property is greater than $250,000 to if
~~the estimated value of the project property is greater than the federal banking regulator appraisal~~
~~threshold, which was increased from $250,000 to $500,000 in 2018).117~~
~~In addition, the Trump Administration proposed in its FY2020 and FY2021 budget requests that~~
~~the maximum dollar amount for a 504 loan to a small manufacturer be increased to $6.5 million~~
~~from $5.5 million.118~~
~~During the 116th Congress, legislation was enacted to assist small businesses adversely affected~~
~~by the COVID-19 pandemic. For example,~~
~~ P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES~~
~~Act), among other provisions, created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP),~~
~~which provides low-interest, forgivable loans to small businesses adversely~~
~~affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and appropriated $17 billion for six-month~~
~~payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers in a regular~~
~~servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) beginning with the next payment due date.~~
~~Loans already on deferment received six months of SBA payments beginning~~
~~with the first payment after the deferral period. Loans in a regular servicing status~~

~~115 The act also eliminated an alternative job retention goal for the expanded refinancing program authorized by P.L.~~
~~111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010. It also increased the SBA’s Small Business Investment Company~~
~~program’s family of funds limit (the amount of outstanding leverage allowed for two or more SBIC licenses under~~
~~common control) to $350 million from $225 million and increased the 7(a) loan program’s authorization limit to~~
~~$26.5 billion for FY2016 from $23.5 billion for FY2015.~~
~~116 SBA, “Debt Refinancing in 504 Loan Program,” 81 Federal Register 33123-33126, May 25, 2016.~~
114 The specified circumstances include the following: the amount of existing indebtedness does not exceed 50% of the project cost of the expansion; the proceeds of the indebtedness were used to acquire land, including the building situated thereon, to construct a building thereon, or to purchase equipment; the existing indebtedness is collateralized by fixed assets; the existing indebtedness was incurred for the benefit of a small business; the financing is used only for refinancing existing indebtedness or costs related to the project being financed; the refinancing provides a substantial benefit to the borrower; the borrower has been current on all payments due on the existing debt for not less than one year preceding the date of refinancing; and the financing provided will have better terms or rate of interest than the existing indebtedness. See P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), Section 504. Stimulus for Community Development Lending. 115 The act also eliminated an alternative job retention goal for the expanded refinancing program authorized by P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010. It also increased the SBA’s Small Business Investment Company program’s family of funds limit (the amount of outstanding leverage allowed for two or more SBIC licenses under common control) to $350 million from $225 million and increased the 7(a) loan program’s authorization limit to $26.5 billion for FY2016 from $23.5 billion for FY2015. 116 SBA, “Debt Refinancing in 504 Loan Program,” 81 Federal Register 33123-33126, May 25, 2016. Congressional Research Service 28 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program the estimated value of the project property is greater than the federal banking regulator appraisal threshold, which was increased from $250,000 to $500,000 in 2018).117 In addition, the Trump Administration proposed in its FY2020 and FY2021 budget requests that the maximum dollar amount for a 504 loan to a small manufacturer be increased to $6.5 million from $5.5 million.118 During the 116th Congress, legislation was enacted to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. For example,  P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other provisions, created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which provides low-interest, forgivable loans to small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and appropriated $17 billion for six-month payment relief for existing 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers in a regular servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) beginning with the next payment due date. Loans already on deferment received six months of SBA payments beginning with the first payment after the deferral period. Loans in a regular servicing status up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020) were also eligible for six monthly payments of debt relief.119  P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), among other provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion to resume monthly payment relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per month per borrower. Payments are dependent on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type of loan received, and the business’s industry. The act also waived specified 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guarantee program fees in FY2021, expanded borrower access to 504/CDC refinancing by increasing the amount of existing indebtedness that may be refinanced under the Debt Refinancing with Expansion program from not more than 50% of the expansion’s project cost to not more than 100% of the expansion’s project cost, and, among other changes, by eliminating the requirement that the Debt Refinancing without Expansion program can be in effect in a fiscal year only when that program and the 504/CDC loan program as a whole do not have credit subsidy costs.120 The act 117 Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Reserve System, and Federal 117 Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Reserve System, and Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation, “Real Estate Appraisals,” 83Deposit Insurance Corporation, “Real Estate Appraisals,” 83 Federal Register 15,019, April 9, 2018. 15,019, April 9, 2018.
118 SBA, 118 SBA, FY2020 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2018 Annual Performance Report, p. 35, at , p. 35, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/
SBA%20FY%202020%20Congressional%20Justification_final%20508%20%204%2023%202019.pdf; and SBA, SBA%20FY%202020%20Congressional%20Justification_final%20508%20%204%2023%202019.pdf; and SBA,
FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 32. , p. 32.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

28

~~Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program~~

~~up to six months after enactment (until September 27, 2020) were also~~119 Community Advantage Recovery Loans in a regular servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) up until October 1, 2020, were eligible eligible
~~for six monthly payments of debt relief.119~~
~~ P.L. 116-260,~~for six months of loan payments. See SBA, “Guidance on the Implementation of the Extension of the Section 1112 Debt Relief Program for the 7(a) and 504 Loan Programs, as Authorized by Section 325 of the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and
~~Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021),~~
~~among other provisions, appropriated $3.5 billion to resume monthly payment~~
~~relief for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers, capped at $9,000 per month~~
~~per borrower. Payments are dependent on the availability of funds, when the loan~~
~~was disbursed, the type of loan received, and the business’s industry. The act also~~
~~waived specified 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guarantee program fees in FY2021,~~
~~modified 504/CDC refinancing regulations to expand borrower access to the~~
~~refinancing program and create reciprocity for refinancing under the 7(a) and~~
~~504/CDC programs, and~~Venues Act,” Procedural Notice 5000-20079, January 19, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20079-guidance-implementation-extension-section-1112-debt-relief-program-7a-504-loan-programs-authorized. 120 SBA, “Debt Refinancing in the 504 Loan Program,” 86 Federal Register 40775-40779, July 29, 2021. P.L. 116-260 also eliminated the requirement that a community development corporation (CDC) limit its 504/CDC financings so that, during any fiscal year, new financings under the Debt Refinancing without Expansion program do not exceed 50% of the dollars the CDC loaned under the 504/CDC program, including under the Debt Refinancing without Expansion program, during the previous fiscal year, unless otherwise waived; eliminated the prohibition Congressional Research Service 29 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program also temporarily authorized the SBA, through September 30, temporarily authorized the SBA, through September 30,
2023, to establish a 504/CDC Express Loan program to expedite the approval of 2023, to establish a 504/CDC Express Loan program to expedite the approval of
504/CDC loans that do not exceed $500,000. 504/CDC loans that do not exceed $500,000.
During the 117th Congress, after a series of continuing appropriations acts, P.L. 117-103, the During the 117th Congress, after a series of continuing appropriations acts, P.L. 117-103, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, appropriated over $1.03 billion for the SBA in FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, appropriated over $1.03 billion for the SBA in FY2022
and increased the loan authorization limit for “regular” 504/CDC loans to $11.0 billion from $7.5 and increased the loan authorization limit for “regular” 504/CDC loans to $11.0 billion from $7.5
billion and decreased the loan authorization limit for 504/CDC refinancing loans not involving billion and decreased the loan authorization limit for 504/CDC refinancing loans not involving
expansions to $4.0 billion from $7.5 billion.expansions to $4.0 billion from $7.5 billion.~~120~~121
Concluding Observations
The small business relief legislation enacted during the 116th Congress included several The small business relief legislation enacted during the 116th Congress included several
provisions enacted during the 111th Congress to address the Great Recession, such as fee waivers, provisions enacted during the 111th Congress to address the Great Recession, such as fee waivers,
increased loan limits, and increased loan guarantee percentages. However, the legislation enacted increased loan limits, and increased loan guarantee percentages. However, the legislation enacted
during the 116th Congress is fundamentally different from that enacted during the 111th Congress. during the 116th Congress is fundamentally different from that enacted during the 111th Congress.
First, it is much larger in scale ($1.086 trillion in supplemental appropriations) than the legislation First, it is much larger in scale ($1.086 trillion in supplemental appropriations) than the legislation
enacted during the 111th Congress ($1.693 billion in supplemental appropriations). Second, enacted during the 111th Congress ($1.693 billion in supplemental appropriations). Second,
expectations about repayment are much different, as the small business relief legislation enacted expectations about repayment are much different, as the small business relief legislation enacted
during the 116th Congress includes PPP loan forgiveness and monthly debt relief payments for during the 116th Congress includes PPP loan forgiveness and monthly debt relief payments for
7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. Third, the legislation enacted during the 116th Congress 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers. Third, the legislation enacted during the 116th Congress
greatly expanded program eligibility, including, for the first time, eligibility for specific types of greatly expanded program eligibility, including, for the first time, eligibility for specific types of
nonprofit organizations. nonprofit organizations.
In terms of recent program changes, providing 504/CDC fee waivers, expanding 504/CDC In terms of recent program changes, providing 504/CDC fee waivers, expanding 504/CDC
refinancing, and creating a 504/CDC Express Loan program were (and are) designed to create refinancing, and creating a 504/CDC Express Loan program were (and are) designed to create
and retain jobs by increasing the ability of 504/CDC borrowers to access credit at affordable and retain jobs by increasing the ability of 504/CDC borrowers to access credit at affordable
rates. rates.

~~119 Community Advantage Recovery Loans in a regular servicing status (i.e., fully disbursed) up until October 1, 2020,~~
~~were eligible for six months of loan payments. See SBA, “Guidance on the Implementation of the Extension of the~~
~~Section 1112 Debt Relief Program for the 7(a) and 504 Loan Programs, as Authorized by Section 325 of the Economic~~
~~Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act,” Procedural Notice 5000-20079, January 19, 2021, at~~
~~https://www.sba.gov/document/procedural-notice-5000-20079-guidance-implementation-extension-section-1112-debt-~~
~~relief-program-7a-504-loan-programs-authorized.~~
~~120~~ Initially, Congress focused on providing relief as quickly as possible to prevent small business failures and job loss. In the coming months, congressional oversight is likely to focus increased attention on the SBA’s administration of these programs, especially the SBA’s efforts to deter fraud, and the impact these programs have on small business survival and job creation and retention. Among the lessons learned from the 111th Congress are the potential benefits that could derive from providing additional funding for the SBA’s OIG and for GAO. GAO and the SBA’s OIG against Premier Certified Lender Program (PCLP) CDCs using delegated authority to approve loan applications for Debt Refinancing without Expansion; reinstated an alternate job retention standard that was previously removed from the Debt Refinancing without Expansion Program by P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; revised the definition of “qualified debt” to mean debt that was incurred not less than 6 months before the date of application instead of 2 years before the date of application; removed from the definition of “qualified debt” the condition that the debt not be subject to a guarantee by a federal agency; and eliminated from the definition of “qualified debt” the requirement that the borrower be current on all payments for not less than 1 year before the date of the application for refinancing. 121 P.L. 117-43, the Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, provided continuing P.L. 117-43, the Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, provided continuing
FY2022 appropriations for federal agencies, including the SBA, through December 3, 2021. The SBA was authorized FY2022 appropriations for federal agencies, including the SBA, through December 3, 2021. The SBA was authorized
to appropriate available funds up to the rate necessary to accommodate increased demand for commitments for several to appropriate available funds up to the rate necessary to accommodate increased demand for commitments for several
SBA programs, including 7(a) and 504/CDC business loans. The act also appropriated $1.189 billion for SBA disaster SBA programs, including 7(a) and 504/CDC business loans. The act also appropriated $1.189 billion for SBA disaster
loans, including $620 million for disaster loan administrative expenses. loans, including $620 million for disaster loan administrative expenses.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2930

Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program

~~Initially, Congress focused on providing relief as quickly as possible to prevent small business~~
~~failures and job loss. In the coming months, congressional oversight is likely to focus increased~~
~~attention on the SBA’s administration of these programs, especially the SBA’s efforts to deter~~
~~fraud, and the impact these programs have on small business survival and job creation and~~
~~retention.~~
~~Among the lessons learned from the 111th Congress are the potential benefits that could derive~~
~~from providing additional funding for the SBA’s OIG and for GAO. GAO and the SBA’s OIG~~
can provide Congress information that could prove useful as Congress engages in congressional can provide Congress information that could prove useful as Congress engages in congressional
oversight of the SBA’s administration of these programs, provide an early warning if unforeseen oversight of the SBA’s administration of these programs, provide an early warning if unforeseen
Congressional Research Service 31 Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program administrative problems should arise, and, through investigations and audits, serve as a deterrent administrative problems should arise, and, through investigations and audits, serve as a deterrent
to fraud. to fraud.
Requiring the SBA to report regularly on its implementation of these programs could also Requiring the SBA to report regularly on its implementation of these programs could also
promote transparency and assist Congress in performing its oversight responsibilities. In addition, promote transparency and assist Congress in performing its oversight responsibilities. In addition,
requiring output and outcome performance measures and requiring the SBA to report this requiring output and outcome performance measures and requiring the SBA to report this
information directly to both Congress and the public by posting that information on the SBA’s information directly to both Congress and the public by posting that information on the SBA’s
website could enhance both congressional oversight and public confidence in the SBA’s efforts to website could enhance both congressional oversight and public confidence in the SBA’s efforts to
assist small businesses. assist small businesses.

Author Information

Robert Jay Dilger Robert Jay Dilger
Anthony A. Cilluffo Anthony A. Cilluffo
Senior Specialist in American National Government Analyst in Public Finance Senior Specialist in American National Government Analyst in Public Finance

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