Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations

Changes from April 18, 2022 to July 22, 2022

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and
~~April 18~~July 22, 2022 , 2022
Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and
Emily M. Morgenstern
Appropriations
Analyst in Foreign Analyst in Foreign
Assistance and Foreign Assistance and Foreign
Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and
Policy Policy
activities. One of these is the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs activities. One of these is the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

(SFOPS) appropriations bill, which includes funding for U.S. diplomatic activities, cultural (SFOPS) appropriations bill, which includes funding for U.S. diplomatic activities, cultural
Cory R. Gill
exchanges, development, security, humanitarian assistance, and participation in multilateral exchanges, development, security, humanitarian assistance, and participation in multilateral
Analyst in Foreign Affairs Analyst in Foreign Affairs
organizations, among other international activities. On March 28, 2022, the Biden Administration organizations, among other international activities. On March 28, 2022, the Biden Administration

released its proposed FY2023 budget request, which called for $66.00 billion in new budget released its proposed FY2023 budget request, which called for $66.00 billion in new budget
authority for SFOPS accounts ($65.94 billion after rescissions of prior year funding). authority for SFOPS accounts ($65.94 billion after rescissions of prior year funding).

The FY2023 request, including rescissions, The FY2023 request, including rescissions, ~~represents a 17.3~~represented a 17.2% increase from FY2022 enacted base appropriations (excluding % increase from FY2022 enacted base appropriations (excluding
emergency funding to address crises in Afghanistan and Ukraine) and a emergency funding to address crises in Afghanistan and Ukraine) and a ~~0.9~~22.8% decrease from total FY2022 enacted % decrease from total FY2022 enacted
~~appropriations~~appropriations (this calculation has changed and may continue to change with the enactment of supplemental FY2022 appropriations). Consistent with previous budget requests and annual SFOPS appropriations measures, the budget request . Consistent with previous budget requests and annual SFOPS appropriations measures, the budget request
~~divides~~divided SFOPS into two main components: SFOPS into two main components:
  Department of State and Related Agency. TheseThese accounts, which are provided in Title I of the SFOPS accounts, which are provided in Title I of the SFOPS
bill, primarily support Department of State diplomatic and security activities. The FY2023 proposal bill, primarily support Department of State diplomatic and security activities. The FY2023 proposal
~~includes~~included $18.58 billion for Title I accounts, $18.58 billion for Title I accounts, ~~representing~~which represented a 7.9% increase from FY2022 enacted base a 7.9% increase from FY2022 enacted base
appropriations and a appropriations and a ~~4.8~~3.0% increase from total FY2022 enacted levels. % increase from total FY2022 enacted levels.
  Foreign Operations and Related Programs. TheseThese accounts, which are provided in Titles II-VI of the accounts, which are provided in Titles II-VI of the
SFOPS bill, fund most foreign assistance activities and would SFOPS bill, fund most foreign assistance activities and would ~~see~~have seen a total of $47.42 billion for FY2023, a a total of $47.42 billion for FY2023, a
15.8% increase when compared to FY2022 enacted base levels and a 15.8% increase when compared to FY2022 enacted base levels and a ~~6.4~~31.6% decrease when compared to % decrease when compared to
~~total FY2022 enacted levels.~~
total FY2022 enacted levels. On June 29, 2022, the House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2023 SFOPS bill, which would provide a total of $65.18 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts ($64.73 billion after rescissions). Of that total, the bill provides $18.01 billion for Department of State and Related Agency accounts and $47.16 billion for Foreign Operations and Related Programs accounts. Appendix A provides an account-by-account comparison of the FY2023 request to FY2022 enacted and FY2021 actual provides an account-by-account comparison of the FY2023 request to FY2022 enacted and FY2021 actual
funding levfunding levels. Appendix B offers a similar comparison focused specifically on the International Affairs budget. Both offers a similar comparison focused specifically on the International Affairs budget. Both
appendices will be updated to reflect congressional actionappendices will be updated to reflect congressional action.. Appendix BC depicts the SFOPS account structure.depicts the SFOPS account structure.
This report tracks SFOPS budget requests and appropriations, comparing funding levels for accounts and purposes. It does This report tracks SFOPS budget requests and appropriations, comparing funding levels for accounts and purposes. It does
not provide extensive analysis of international affairs policy issues. For in-depth analysis and contextual information on not provide extensive analysis of international affairs policy issues. For in-depth analysis and contextual information on
international affairs issues, please consult the wide range of CRS reports on specific subjects, such as global health, international affairs issues, please consult the wide range of CRS reports on specific subjects, such as global health,
diplomatic security, and U.S. participation in the United Nations. For more information on SFOPS accounts, see CRS Report diplomatic security, and U.S. participation in the United Nations. For more information on SFOPS accounts, see CRS Report
R40482, R40482, Department of State, Foreign Operations Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts, by Nick M. Brown and , by Nick M. Brown and
Cory R. Gill. Cory R. Gill.

Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations

Overview
Annual Department of State, Foreign Annual Department of State, Foreign
A Note on Numbers
Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS)
The Biden Administration prepared its FY2023 budget The Biden Administration prepared its FY2023 budget
appropriations support a range of U.S. appropriations support a range of U.S.
request prior to passage of FY2022 ful year request prior to passage of FY2022 ful year
activities around the world, including the activities around the world, including the
appropriations; it is unclear how it prepared FY2022 appropriations; it is unclear how it prepared FY2022
operation of U.S. embassies; diplomatic operation of U.S. embassies; diplomatic
“estimates” presented in the budget request. As such, “estimates” presented in the budget request. As such,
and to remain consistent with prior year analyses, CRS and to remain consistent with prior year analyses, CRS
activities; development, security, and activities; development, security, and
is comparing the FY2023 SFOPS request and is comparing the FY2023 SFOPS request and
humanitarian assistance; U.S. participation in humanitarian assistance; U.S. participation in
subsequent appropriations bil s to FY2022 enacted subsequent appropriations bil s to FY2022 enacted
multilateral organizations; and certain U.S. multilateral organizations; and certain U.S.
funding levels and/or FY2021 actual funding. funding levels and/or FY2021 actual funding.
export promotion activities. The SFOPS export promotion activities. The SFOPS
Unless otherwise indicated, CRS is using the FY2023 Unless otherwise indicated, CRS is using the FY2023
appropriation closely aligns with the appropriation closely aligns with the
SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2021 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2021
International Affairs budget function (150), International Affairs budget function (150),
“actuals “actuals”,,” and P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, and P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, P.L. 117-103, and P.L. 117-and P.L. 117-~~103~~
128 for FY2022 enacted levels. for FY2022 enacted levels.
which typically represents about 1% of the which typically represents about 1% of the
annual federal budget annual federal budget (Figure 1).1 1
Figure 1. International Affairs as a Portion of the Federal Budget, FY2023 Estimate

Source: Prepared by CRS using Office of Management and Budget FY2023 Budget Historical Table 5.1. CRS using Office of Management and Budget FY2023 Budget Historical Table 5.1.
Notes: Reflects estimated budget authority for FY2023.
The Biden Administration’s budget request for FY2023, released on March 28, 2022, The Biden Administration’s budget request for FY2023, released on March 28, 2022, ~~proposes~~proposed
$66.00 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts, or $65.94 billion when including $66.00 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts, or $65.94 billion when including
proposed rescissions of prior year funding.2 The total request, including rescissions, proposed rescissions of prior year funding.2 The total request, including rescissions, ~~represents~~represented a a
17.2% increase from FY2022 enacted base appropriations and a 17.2% increase from FY2022 enacted base appropriations and a ~~0.9~~22.8% decrease from total % decrease from total
FY2022 enacted appropriations (including emergency supplemental funds to address crises in FY2022 enacted appropriations (including emergency supplemental funds to address crises in
Afghanistan and Ukraine). The request Afghanistan and Ukraine). The request iswas lower than the Biden Administration’s FY2022 request lower than the Biden Administration’s FY2022 request
but higher than every other SFOPS request from the past decade in current U.S. dollars but higher than every other SFOPS request from the past decade in current U.S. dollars (Table 1).

1 The SFOPS budget aligns closely but not exactly with the International Affairs budget (Function 150). The primary 1 The SFOPS budget aligns closely but not exactly with the International Affairs budget (Function 150). The primary
differences are that international food aid programs are part of Function 150 but funded through the Agriculture differences are that international food aid programs are part of Function 150 but funded through the Agriculture
appropriation, and that SFOPS includes funding for international commissions that are part of the Function 300 budget. appropriation, and that SFOPS includes funding for international commissions that are part of the Function 300 budget.
2 Rescissions of prior year funding do not affect new budget authority but are considered when calculating budget totals 2 Rescissions of prior year funding do not affect new budget authority but are considered when calculating budget totals
for purposes such as compliance with Appropriations Committees’ 302(b) allocations or statutory spending caps. for purposes such as compliance with Appropriations Committees’ 302(b) allocations or statutory spending caps.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Table 1. SFOPS Request vs. Actual/Enacted Funding, FY2014-FY2023
(In billions of current U.S. dollars) (In billions of current U.S. dollars)

FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023
Request
51.96 51.96
55.01 55.01
54.83 54.83
60.21 60.21
40.21 40.21
41.66 41.66
43.10 43.10
44.12 44.12
71.37 71.37
66.00 66.00
Actual/Enacted
50.89 50.89
54.39 54.39
54.52 54.52
59.78 59.78
54.18 54.18
54.38 54.38
57.37 57.37
71.38 71.38
~~66.51~~85.45

Difference
-2.1% -2.1%
-1.1% -1.1%
-0.6% -0.6%
-0.7% -0.7%
34.7% 34.7%
30.5% 30.5%
33.1% 33.1%
61.8% 61.8%
~~-6.8~~19.7% %

Source: Annual SFOPS Congressional Budget Justifications (CBJs) prepared by the Department of State and U.S. Annual SFOPS Congressional Budget Justifications (CBJs) prepared by the Department of State and U.S.
Agency for International Development; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70;Agency for International Development; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128. .
Notes: Includes supplemental and emergency funds and rescissions. FY2022 figures are enacted, while FY2014- Includes supplemental and emergency funds and rescissions. FY2022 figures are enacted, while FY2014-
FY2021 figures are actual. FY2021 figures are actual.
Emergency Funds
Congress periodically has appropriated funding designated as “emergency” to address a range of Congress periodically has appropriated funding designated as “emergency” to address a range of
activities outside of pre-established budget caps. From FY2012-FY2021, SFOPS appropriations activities outside of pre-established budget caps. From FY2012-FY2021, SFOPS appropriations
included funding designated as “Overseas Contingency Operations” (OCO), emergency funding included funding designated as “Overseas Contingency Operations” (OCO), emergency funding
initially used by Congress in the “frontline” states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.3 OCO was initially used by Congress in the “frontline” states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.3 OCO was
also one of the mechanisms by which Congress sought to also one of the mechanisms by which Congress sought to ~~funds~~fund various activities while still various activities while still
adhering to discretionary spending caps established by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; adhering to discretionary spending caps established by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA;
P.L. 112-25). Congress and successive Administrations expanded OCO’s use considerably in P.L. 112-25). Congress and successive Administrations expanded OCO’s use considerably in
funding level and scope, with OCO funds supporting a broader range of programs, including funding level and scope, with OCO funds supporting a broader range of programs, including
those that were considered to be base budget programs in the later years. The BCA discretionary those that were considered to be base budget programs in the later years. The BCA discretionary
caps expired in FY2021; the Administration did not request and Congress did not enact any OCO-caps expired in FY2021; the Administration did not request and Congress did not enact any OCO-
designated funding in FY2022.designated funding in FY2022.
Congress has also enacted emergency funds outside of OCO to address unanticipated situations Congress has also enacted emergency funds outside of OCO to address unanticipated situations
both during the regular budget cycle in annual appropriations bills and in off-cycle supplemental both during the regular budget cycle in annual appropriations bills and in off-cycle supplemental
measures. In FY2021 and FY2022, Congress enacted emergency SFOPS funding as part of measures. In FY2021 and FY2022, Congress enacted emergency SFOPS funding as part of
annual omnibus appropriations, annual omnibus appropriations, ~~two~~three off-budget supplemental funding measures, and two off-budget supplemental funding measures, and two
Continuing Resolutions Continuing Resolutions (Table 2). Such funding was enacted primarily to address needs related to . Such funding was enacted primarily to address needs related to
the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic abroad; humanitarian assistance for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic abroad; humanitarian assistance for
Afghanistan and Afghan refugees; and security, humanitarian, and economic assistance for Afghanistan and Afghan refugees; and security, humanitarian, and economic assistance for
Ukraine.Ukraine.
3 For more on OCO, see CRS In Focus IF10143, Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding: Background and Current Status, by Emily M. Morgenstern. Congressional Research Service 2 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Table 2. Emergency Supplemental Funds, FY2021-FY2022 Enacted
(In millions of current U.S. dollars) (In millions of current U.S. dollars)
FY2021
FY2022
P.L. 116-260,
P.L. 117-2,
P.L. 117-103, P.L. 117-128, Div. K, ~~Div. K, Title~~
Title X
P.L. 117-31,
P.L. 117-43,
P.L. 117-70,
~~P.L. 117-103,~~

Div. N Title V Title IX
(ARPA)
Title IV
Div. C
Div. B
~~Div. N~~(USAA) (AUSAA) Diplomatic Programs 204.00 44.30 125.00 190.00 Capital Investment Fund 10.00 Consular & Border Security 300.00 Programs Emergencies in the Diplomatic & 276.90 36.00 Consular Services Office of Inspector General 4.00 4.00 Embassy Security, Construction 110.00 and Maintenance Sudan Claims 150.00 International Broadcasting 25.00 Operations Total, State, Broadcasting & 450.00 204.00 — 276.90 80.30 154.00 314.00 Related Agencies USAID Operating Expenses 41.00 25.00 17.00 USAID Office of Inspector 4.00 1.00 General Global Health Programs 4,000.00 International Disaster Assistance 400.00 2,650.00 4,348.00 Transition Initiatives 120.00 Economic Support Fund 700.00 8,675.00 647.00 8,766.00 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia 1,120.00 and Central Asia Migration & Refugee Assistance 500.00 100.00 415.00 1,400.00 350.00 Emergency Refugee & Migration 500.00 1,076.10 1,200.00 Assistance Dept. of the Treasury Debt 120.00 Restructuring Int’l Organizations & Programs 580.00 Int’l Narcotics Control & Law 30.00 400.00 Enforcement Nonproliferation, Anti- 100.00 Terrorism, Demining and Related Programs Foreign Military Financing 650.00 4,000.00 European Bank for 500.00 Reconstruction & Development Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 8 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations FY2021 FY2022 P.L. 116-260, P.L. 117-2, P.L. 117-103, P.L. 117-128, Div. K, Title X P.L. 117-31, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, Div. N Title V Title IX (ARPA) Title IV Div. C Div. B (USAA) (AUSAA) Global Agriculture and Food 150.00 Security Program Total Foreign Operations 4,820.00 9,796.00 600.00 1,819.10 1,200.00 6,646.00 18,632.00 SFOPS Total 5,270.00 10,000.00 600.00 2,168.00 1,280.30 6,800.00 18,946.00 Source: P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-2; P.L. 117-31; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128. Notes: USAA = Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act; AUSAA = Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act.
~~Diplomatic Programs~~

~~204.00~~

~~44.30~~
~~125.00~~
~~Consular & Border Security~~
~~300.00~~

~~Programs~~

~~3 For more on OCO, see CRS In Focus IF10143,~~ ~~Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding:~~
~~Background and Current Status, by Emily M. Morgenstern.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 8~~ ~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~P.L. 116-260,~~
~~P.L. 117-2,~~
~~Div. K, Title~~
~~Title X~~
~~P.L. 117-31,~~
~~P.L. 117-43,~~
~~P.L. 117-70,~~
~~P.L. 117-103,~~

IX
~~(ARPA)~~
~~Title IV~~
~~Div. C~~
~~Div. B~~
~~Div. N~~
~~Emergencies in the Diplomatic &~~

~~276.90~~
~~36.00~~

~~Consular Services~~
~~Office of Inspector General~~

~~4.00~~
~~Sudan Claims~~
~~150.00~~

~~International Broadcasting~~

~~25.00~~
~~Operations~~
~~Total, State, Broadcasting &~~
~~450.00~~
~~204.00~~
—
~~276.90~~
~~80.30~~
~~154.00~~
~~Related Agencies~~
~~USAID Operating Expenses~~

~~41.00~~

~~25.00~~
~~USAID Office of Inspector~~

~~4.00~~
~~General~~
~~Global Health Programs~~
~~4,000.00~~

~~International Disaster Assistance~~

~~400.00~~

~~2,650.00~~
~~Transition Initiatives~~

~~120.00~~
~~Economic Support Fund~~
~~700.00~~
~~8,675.00~~

~~647.00~~
~~Assistance for Europe, Eurasia~~

~~1,120.00~~
~~and Central Asia~~
~~Migration & Refugee Assistance~~

~~500.00~~
~~100.00~~
~~415.00~~

~~1,400.00~~
~~Emergency Refugee & Migration~~

~~500.00~~
~~1,076.10~~
~~1,200.00~~

~~Assistance~~
~~Dept. of the Treasury Debt~~
~~120.00~~

~~Restructuring~~
~~Int’l Organizations & Programs~~

~~580.00~~

~~Int’l Narcotics Control & Law~~

~~30.00~~
~~Enforcement~~
~~Foreign Military Financing~~

~~650.00~~
~~Total Foreign Operations~~
~~4,820.00~~
~~9,796.00~~
~~600.00~~
~~1,819.10~~
~~1,200.00~~
~~6,646.00~~
~~SFOPS Total~~
~~5,270.00~~
~~10,000.00~~
~~600.00~~
~~2,168.00~~
~~1,280.30~~
~~6,800.00~~
Source: P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-2; P.L. 117-31; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103.
~~Notes:~~ Because OCO-designated funding was largely indistinguishable from base (also referred to as enduring) Because OCO-designated funding was largely indistinguishable from base (also referred to as enduring)
funding in FY2021, it is not included in this table. funding in FY2021, it is not included in this table.
For more on SFOPS supplemental funds for Ukraine, see CRS Insight IN11877, Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS), by Emily M. Morgenstern. Emergency and OCO-designated funding for SFOPS accounts has fluctuated from year to year, at Emergency and OCO-designated funding for SFOPS accounts has fluctuated from year to year, at
times accounting for a significant portion of total annual SFOPS appropriations times accounting for a significant portion of total annual SFOPS appropriations (Figure 2). In . In
FY2017, OCO-designated SFOPS funding peaked at $20.80 billion, or 36.1% of SFOPS funds FY2017, OCO-designated SFOPS funding peaked at $20.80 billion, or 36.1% of SFOPS funds
that year. In FY2021, OCO and emergency supplemental funds totaled $23.51 billion, that year. In FY2021, OCO and emergency supplemental funds totaled $23.51 billion,
representing 32.9% of SFOPS funding that year. representing 32.9% of SFOPS funding that year.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

~~Figure 2. SFOPS Funding, FY2012-FY2023~~
~~(In billions of current U.S. dollars)~~

~~Source~~Thus far for FY2022, appropriated emergency supplemental funding totals $28.7 billion, representing 33.8% of total appropriated SFOPS funding. Figure 2. SFOPS Funding, FY2012-FY2023 Sources: CRS using data from annual SFOPS Congressional Budget Justifications, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, CRS using data from annual SFOPS Congressional Budget Justifications, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, P.L. 117-103, and and
P.L. 117-P.L. 117-~~103~~128. Congressional Action House Legislation. On June 29, 2022, the House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2023 SFOPS bill, which would provide a total of $65.18 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts ($64.73 billion after rescissions). Of that total, the bill provides $18.01 billion for Department of State and Related Agency accounts and $47.16 billion for Foreign Operations and Related Programs accounts. Congressional Research Service 4 link to page 10 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations .
~~Congressional Action~~
~~Congressional action on FY2023 appropriations is scheduled to begin in late April 2022 with~~
~~subcommittee hearings. Subsequent action will be detailed below in future report updates.~~
State Department Operations and Related Agency
Funding Highlights
The Biden Administration’s FY2023 request The Biden Administration’s FY2023 request ~~seeks~~sought $18.58 billion in funding for the Department $18.58 billion in funding for the Department
of State and Related Agency appropriations accounts. This of State and Related Agency appropriations accounts. This ~~totals 4.8~~totaled 3.0% more than the FY2022 % more than the FY2022
enacted funding level of $enacted funding level of $~~17.72~~18.04 billion (including all base and emergency funding). When billion (including all base and emergency funding). When
considering base budget funding only, the Administration’s request considering base budget funding only, the Administration’s request iswas 7.9% above the FY2022 7.9% above the FY2022
funding total. The Biden Administration funding total. The Biden Administration ~~has~~ identified several key priorities it identified several key priorities it ~~intends~~intended to fund to fund
through these accounts in FY2023, including through these accounts in FY2023, including
 enabling the State Department to meet critical staffing gaps and attract and retain  enabling the State Department to meet critical staffing gaps and attract and retain
a diverse workforce; a diverse workforce;
 ensuring the safety and security of the overseas workforce;  ensuring the safety and security of the overseas workforce;
 paying U.S. assessed contributions to international organizations and  paying U.S. assessed contributions to international organizations and
international peacekeeping missions on time and in full; and international peacekeeping missions on time and in full; and
 modernizing the State Department’s information technology to improve  modernizing the State Department’s information technology to improve
efficiency, collaboration, data analysis capabilities, and information security.4 efficiency, collaboration, data analysis capabilities, and information security.4

~~4 U.S. Department of State,~~ ~~Congressional Budget Justification: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related~~
~~Programs, Fiscal Year 2023, pp. i-iii; U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, March 28,~~
~~2022, pp 5-6.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

House Legislation. H.R. 8282, the FY2022 House SFOPS appropriations bill, would provide approximately $18.02 billion for the State Department and Related Agency appropriations accounts. This funding level totals about 4.7% more than the base funding Congress provided in FY2022, 0.1% less than FY2022 total funding (which includes OCO and emergency funds), and 3.0% less than the Biden Administration’s FY2023 request for these accounts. Table 3. State Department and Related Agency: Selected Accounts, FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of current U.S. dollars; includes OCO and emergency funds) (In millions of current U.S. dollars; includes OCO and emergency funds)
FY2023
FY2023
Request
Request
as %
as %
Change
Change
from
from
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2022
FY2022
FY2023 Account
Actual
~~Enacted~~Enacteda
Request
Base
Total House
Diplomatic Programs
8,963.14 8,963.14
9, 9,~~348~~538.09 .09
9,637.80 9,637.80
5.0% 5.0%
~~3.1%~~
1.0% 9,637.71 Worldwide Security Protection
3,903.60
3,788.20
3,813.71
0.7% 0.7%
0.7% 0.7%
3,813.71 Embassy Security, Construction & Maintenance
1,950.45 1,950.45
~~1,983~~2,093.15 .15
1,957.82 1,957.82
-1.3% -1.3%
- -~~1.3%~~6.5% 1,957.82
Educational & Cultural Exchange Programs
740.30 740.30
753.00 753.00
741.30 741.30
-1.6% -1.6%
-1.6% -1.6%
773.00 International Organizations
2,962.14 2,962.14
3,161.54 3,161.54
3,985.47 3,985.47
26.1% 26.1%
26.1% 26.1%
3,457.24 U.S. Agency for Global Media
802.96 802.96
885.00 885.00
840.00 840.00
-2.3% -2.3%
-5.1% -5.1%
862.00 State and Related Agency Total
17,233.05
~~17,724~~18,038.68
18,577.45
7.9%
~~4.8%~~3.0% 18,016.23
(includes Function 300 funding and other commissions) 4 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, Fiscal Year 2023, pp. i-iii; U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, March 28, 2022, pp 5-6. Congressional Research Service 5 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations ~~commissions)~~
Sources: FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; CRS CRS
calculations. State and Related Agency totals include additional funding for accounts not listed abovecalculations. State and Related Agency totals include additional funding for accounts not listed above. a. Includes supplemental funding provided in P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, and P.L. 117-128. .
Note: Percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding. Percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding.
Diplomatic Programs
The Diplomatic Programs account is the State Department’s principal operating appropriation and The Diplomatic Programs account is the State Department’s principal operating appropriation and
funds several programs and functions, including funds several programs and functions, including
 most domestic and overseas Foreign Service and Civil Service personnel salaries;  most domestic and overseas Foreign Service and Civil Service personnel salaries;
 the State Department’s recruitment, training, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and  the State Department’s recruitment, training, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and
access programs; access programs;
 public diplomacy programs;  public diplomacy programs;
 operating costs at U.S. overseas posts, including embassies and consulates; and  operating costs at U.S. overseas posts, including embassies and consulates; and
 the operations and programs of the State Department’s strategic and managerial  the operations and programs of the State Department’s strategic and managerial
units, including the Bureaus of Budget and Planning, Information Resource units, including the Bureaus of Budget and Planning, Information Resource
Management (the State Department’s information technology bureau), and Management (the State Department’s information technology bureau), and
Legislative Affairs, as well as the new Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy.5 Legislative Affairs, as well as the new Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy.5
The Biden Administration’s FY2023 request for the Diplomatic Programs account The Biden Administration’s FY2023 request for the Diplomatic Programs account ~~totals~~totaled $9.64 $9.64
billion, billion, 3.or about 1% more than the $9.1% more than the $9.3554 billion Congress appropriated in FY2022 (including all base billion Congress appropriated in FY2022 (including all base
~~and emergency~~and supplemental funding). The Biden Administration funding). The Biden Administration ~~is requesting~~requested that Congress make the entirety that Congress make the entirety
of this appropriation (with the exception of the Worldwide Security Protection, or WSP, of this appropriation (with the exception of the Worldwide Security Protection, or WSP,
component, which Congress generally makes available until expended) available for expenditure component, which Congress generally makes available until expended) available for expenditure
for two fiscal years (also known as “two-year funding”). For FY2022, Congress made 15% of this for two fiscal years (also known as “two-year funding”). For FY2022, Congress made 15% of this
appropriation (excluding WSP and appropriation (excluding WSP and ~~emergency and~~ supplemental funding) available for two fiscal supplemental funding) available for two fiscal
years, with budget authority for the remainder of the funds expiring at the end of the fiscal year years, with budget authority for the remainder of the funds expiring at the end of the fiscal year
for which they were appropriated. However, the Biden Administration for which they were appropriated. However, the Biden Administration ~~cites~~cited “ongoing crises, ~~“ongoing crises,~~

~~5 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 14-24.~~
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~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

future of work, and domestic facilities projects, and the endemic posture due to COVID-19” to future of work, and domestic facilities projects, and the endemic posture due to COVID-19” to
justify its request that Congress make all FY2023 funds available as two-year funding.6 justify its request that Congress make all FY2023 funds available as two-year funding.6
The Biden Administration’s request The Biden Administration’s request ~~expands~~expanded on its ongoing efforts to strengthen the State on its ongoing efforts to strengthen the State
Department’s workforce.7 It Department’s workforce.7 It ~~seeks~~sought resources for an additional resources for an additional ~~570~~629 Foreign Service and Civil Foreign Service and Civil
Service positions, Service positions, ~~560~~619 of which the Administration of which the Administration ~~intends~~intended to fund through the Diplomatic to fund through the Diplomatic
Programs account.8 Focus areas of newly funded positions Programs account.8 Focus areas of newly funded positions ~~include~~included implementation of the implementation of the
Administration’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and countering the malign influence of state and non-state Administration’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and countering the malign influence of state and non-state
actors.9 Also within actors.9 Also within ~~this~~the request request iswas funding for an additional 250 Foreign Service and Civil funding for an additional 250 Foreign Service and Civil
Service positions to expand the State Department’s Professional Development and Training Float Service positions to expand the State Department’s Professional Development and Training Float
(“training float,” or component of employees participating in training and professional (“training float,” or component of employees participating in training and professional
development programs rather than serving in policy assignments).10 Expansion of the training development programs rather than serving in policy assignments).10 Expansion of the training
5 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 14-24. 6 Ibid., p. 15. 7 For more detail on these efforts as they pertain to the Biden Administration’s FY2022 request, see CRS Report R46935, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by Cory R. Gill, Marian L. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, pp. 6-8. 8 U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification Appendix I: Department of State Diplomatic Engagement, pp. 7-8. 9 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 15. 10 Ibid., p. 16. Congressional Research Service 6 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations float might~~float may~~ enable the State Department to provide opportunities for more staff to participate in enable the State Department to provide opportunities for more staff to participate in
training and learning modules while maintaining the personnel strength needed to advance U.S. training and learning modules while maintaining the personnel strength needed to advance U.S.
national security and foreign policy interests. national security and foreign policy interests.
The Biden Administration The Biden Administration ~~is also seeking~~also sought $65.6 million within its request for Diplomatic $65.6 million within its request for Diplomatic
Programs for diversity, equity, inclusion, and access (DEIA) programs for staff in support of Programs for diversity, equity, inclusion, and access (DEIA) programs for staff in support of
several executive orders President Biden has issued that are intended to advance DEIA in the several executive orders President Biden has issued that are intended to advance DEIA in the
federal workforce. Such programs federal workforce. Such programs ~~include~~included a new initiative to modernize the State Department’s a new initiative to modernize the State Department’s
recruitment practices to better ensure the department is able to attract a diverse workforce, recruitment practices to better ensure the department is able to attract a diverse workforce,
increased paid internship opportunities, and a new Civil Service diversity fellowship program. increased paid internship opportunities, and a new Civil Service diversity fellowship program.
Furthermore, the Administration Furthermore, the Administration ~~is requesting~~requested 30 additional State Department positions focused 30 additional State Department positions focused
on DEIA efforts.11 on DEIA efforts.11
~~Diplomatic Security~~
~~The Worldwide Security Protection (WSP)~~House Legislation. H.R. 8282, if enacted, would provide $89,000 less for the Diplomatic Programs account than the Biden Administration requested.12 The bill does not implement the Biden Administration’s request that all non-WSP Diplomatic Programs funding be made available as two-year funding. Instead, it mirrors the FY2022 appropriations law (Division K of P.L. 117-103) in making 15% of the Diplomatic Programs appropriation available for two fiscal years, with budget authority for the remaining funds expiring at the end of FY2023.13 H.R. 8282 fully funds the Administration’s request for additional State Department Foreign Service and Civil Service positions and the expansion of the State Department’s training float. The House Appropriations Committee report accompanying this bill expressly prioritizes staffing increases in areas including Central America sanctions issues, management and oversight of security assistance programs, and cybersecurity.14 The committee report also states that the bill includes funding for “not less than the budget request” to expand the State Department’s DEIA programming, including recruitment, retention, and professional development initiatives.15 The report specifically allocates not less than $18 million for paid internships (a figure which equals the Biden Administration’s request), while also requiring the State Department to submit reports to Congress describing all of its workforce diversity activities and separately, barriers to equity in Foreign and Civil Service staff promotions.16 Diplomatic Security The WSP allocation within the Diplomatic Programs account allocation within the Diplomatic Programs account
and the Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM) account are often referred to and the Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM) account are often referred to
as the “diplomatic security accounts” within SFOPS. WSP funds the Bureau of Diplomatic as the “diplomatic security accounts” within SFOPS. WSP funds the Bureau of Diplomatic
Security (DS), which is tasked with implementing the State Department’s security programs to Security (DS), which is tasked with implementing the State Department’s security programs to
protect U.S. embassies and other overseas posts, diplomatic residences, and domestic State protect U.S. embassies and other overseas posts, diplomatic residences, and domestic State
Department offices.Department offices.1217 Other bureaus that receive funding through WSP include the Bureau of Other bureaus that receive funding through WSP include the Bureau of
~~Information Resource Management, which shares responsibility with DS for protecting the State~~
~~Department’s information technology assets. The ESCM account funds the Bureau of Overseas~~
~~Buildings Operations, which is responsible for providing U.S. diplomatic and consular missions~~
~~overseas with secure, safe, and functional facilities abroad.13~~

~~6 Ibid., p. 15.~~
~~7 For more detail on these efforts as they pertain to the Biden Administration’s FY2022 request, see CRS Report~~
~~R46935, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by~~
~~Cory R. Gill, Marian L. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, pp. 6-8.~~
~~8 U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, pp. 14-15.~~
~~9 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 15.~~
~~10 Ibid., p. 16.~~
~~11 Ibid., pp. 15-16.~~
~~12 Ibid., p. 19.~~
~~13 Ibid., p. 37.~~
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~~link to page 11~~ ~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

~~The Biden Administration is requesting~~Information Resource Management, 11 Ibid., pp. 15-16. 12 The Biden Administration’s request for Diplomatic Programs totaled $9,637,796,000. If enacted, the House bill would provide $9,637,707,000 for Diplomatic Programs. 13 See Diplomatic Programs heading in Title I of H.R. 8282 and Division K, Title I of P.L. 117-103. 14 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, report to accompany H.R. 8282, 117th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 117-401, (Washington, DC: GPO, 2022), p. 12. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid, pp. 14-15, 18. 17 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 19. Congressional Research Service 7 link to page 12 link to page 10 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations which shares responsibility with DS for protecting the State Department’s information technology assets. The ESCM account funds the Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations, which is responsible for providing U.S. diplomatic and consular missions overseas with secure, safe, and functional facilities abroad.18 The Biden Administration requested approximately $5.77 billion for the diplomatic security approximately $5.77 billion for the diplomatic security
accounts: $3.81 billion for WSP and $1.96 billion for ESCM. The Administration’s request accounts: $3.81 billion for WSP and $1.96 billion for ESCM. The Administration’s request is
~~slightly more ($180,000)~~was 1.9% less than the funding Congress provided for these accounts in FY2022 ( than the funding Congress provided for these accounts in FY2022 (including supplemental funding, see see
Table 4 and footnote below).and footnote below).1419
Table 4. Diplomatic Security Annual Appropriations, FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of current U.S. dollars, includes OCO (In millions of current U.S. dollars, includes OCO ~~funds)~~and emergency funds) FY2023
FY2023
Request
Request as % as %
Change
Change from from
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2022
FY2022 FY2023 Account
Actual
~~Enacted~~Enacteda
Request
Base Total House~~Total~~
Worldwide Security Protection Worldwide Security Protection
3 3.,903.60 ,903.60
3,788.20 3,788.20
3,813.71 3,813.71
0.67% 0.67%
0.67% 3,813.71 Embassy Security, Construction, Embassy Security, Construction, ~~and Maintenance~~
1,950.45 1,950.45
~~1,983~~2,093.15 .15
1,957.82 1,957.82
-1.30% -1.30%
-6.5% 1,957.82 and Maintenance Diplomatic Security (total)
5,854.05
5,~~771~~881.35
5,771.53
0.00%
-1.9% 5,771.53 Sources: FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; H.R. 8282; CRS CRS
calculations. calculations.
Notes: Sums and percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding. Annual Sums and percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding. Annual
appropriations data do not reflect available carryover funds.appropriations data do not reflect available carryover funds.1520 a. Includes supplemental funding provided in P.L. 117-128.
For FY2023, the Biden Administration For FY2023, the Biden Administration ~~is seeking~~sought WSP funding for 64 additional positions, WSP funding for 64 additional positions,
including 30 new Civil Service positions to focus on areas including security clearance including 30 new Civil Service positions to focus on areas including security clearance
processing and cybersecurity initiatives.processing and cybersecurity initiatives.1621 The request also The request also ~~identifies~~identified several cybersecurity several cybersecurity
initiatives and enhancements, including enterprise vulnerability scanning and network intrusion initiatives and enhancements, including enterprise vulnerability scanning and network intrusion
detection modernization, which the Biden Administration intends to prioritize. While the request detection modernization, which the Biden Administration intends to prioritize. While the request
~~reflects a~~ reflected a $538 million reduction due to suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in $538 million reduction due to suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in
Afghanistan, it also Afghanistan, it also ~~calls~~called for nearly $42 million to implement an agreement the United States for nearly $42 million to implement an agreement the United States
reached with Qatar to provide some consular services to U.S. citizens in Afghanistan and monitor reached with Qatar to provide some consular services to U.S. citizens in Afghanistan and monitor
the condition of U.S. diplomatic facilities there.the condition of U.S. diplomatic facilities there.1722 With regard to ESCM, the request With regard to ESCM, the request ~~includes~~included the the
State Department’s $940 million ESCM funding share of the Capital Security Cost Sharing and State Department’s $940 million ESCM funding share of the Capital Security Cost Sharing and
~~Maintenance Cost Sharing Programs (CSCS/MCS), which fund the construction and maintenance~~
~~of U.S. diplomatic posts. The Administration maintains that this request, when combined with~~
~~contributions from other agencies with overseas personnel, will fund these programs at the $2.2~~
~~billion level recommended by the State Department Accountability Review Board convened after~~
~~the 2012 terrorist attack against U.S. personnel in Benghazi, Libya.18~~

14Maintenance Cost 18 Ibid., p. 37. 19 The FY2022 enacted appropriation for the diplomatic security accounts totaled $5,771,348,000. The FY2023 request The FY2022 enacted appropriation for the diplomatic security accounts totaled $5,771,348,000. The FY2023 request
for these accounts totaled $5,771,528,000. for these accounts totaled $5,771,528,000.
1520 Over the past several years, Congress provided no-year appropriations for both WSP and ESCM, thereby authorizing Over the past several years, Congress provided no-year appropriations for both WSP and ESCM, thereby authorizing
the State Department to indefinitely retain appropriated funds beyond the fiscal year for which they were appropriated. the State Department to indefinitely retain appropriated funds beyond the fiscal year for which they were appropriated.
As a result, the department has carried over balances of unexpired, unobligated WSP and ESCM funds each year that it As a result, the department has carried over balances of unexpired, unobligated WSP and ESCM funds each year that it
is authorized to obligate for purposes including multiyear construction projects and unexpected security contingencies. is authorized to obligate for purposes including multiyear construction projects and unexpected security contingencies.
1621 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 37. , p. 37.
1722 Ibid., p. 19; Humeyra Pamuk and Jonathan Landay, “Blinken says Qatar to act as U.S. diplomatic representative in Ibid., p. 19; Humeyra Pamuk and Jonathan Landay, “Blinken says Qatar to act as U.S. diplomatic representative in
Afghanistan,” Afghanistan,” Reuters, November 12, 2021. , November 12, 2021.
~~18 Ibid., p. 37.~~
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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link to page link to page 1214 link to page link to page 1214 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Sharing Programs (CSCS/MCS), which fund the construction and maintenance of U.S. diplomatic posts. The Administration maintained that this request, when combined with contributions from other agencies with overseas personnel, would fund these programs at the $2.2 billion level recommended by the State Department Accountability Review Board convened after the 2012 terrorist attack against U.S. personnel in Benghazi, Libya.23 House Legislation. The FY2023 House SFOPS bill funds the diplomatic security accounts at levels equal to the Biden Administration’s request. While the bill does not directly address many of the security programs the Biden Administration has prioritized, the committee report notes that WSP resources are intended to support “enhanced high threat protection, security technology, [and] cyber and information security,” along with protective services for senior State Department officials and foreign dignitaries visiting the United States.24 The bill also provides funding equal to what the Biden Administration requested for WSP salaries, which may allow the State Department to move forward with creating additional WSP positions described in the FY2023 request.25 The committee report allocates $940 million provided within ESCM for the State Department’s CSCS/MCS funding requirements, which equals the Biden Administration’s request.26 The House bill further includes notification and reporting requirements similar to those included in past SFOPS appropriations laws to enable Congress to conduct oversight of ongoing overseas diplomatic facility construction projects.27 ~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

Assessed Contributions to International Organizations and
Peacekeeping Missions
The Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) account is the funding vehicle for the The Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) account is the funding vehicle for the
United States’ payments of its annual assessed contributions (membership dues) to 43 United States’ payments of its annual assessed contributions (membership dues) to 43
international organizations. These include the United Nations (U.N.) and organizations in the international organizations. These include the United Nations (U.N.) and organizations in the
U.N. system (among them the World Health Organization, or WHO, and the Food and Agriculture U.N. system (among them the World Health Organization, or WHO, and the Food and Agriculture
Organization, or FAO) and regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization, or FAO) and regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO).(NATO).1928 Separately, the United States pays its assessed contributions to U.N. peacekeeping Separately, the United States pays its assessed contributions to U.N. peacekeeping
missions through the Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account.missions through the Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account.2029
The United States provides additional funding to international organizations through various The United States provides additional funding to international organizations through various
SFOPS humanitarian and multilateral assistance accounts. SFOPS humanitarian and multilateral assistance accounts.
The Biden Administration’s FY2023 SFOPS request The Biden Administration’s FY2023 SFOPS request ~~includes~~included a combined $3.99 billion for these a combined $3.99 billion for these
accounts. This request accounts. This request ~~comprises~~comprised a 26.1% increase from the FY2022 enacted funding level a 26.1% increase from the FY2022 enacted funding level. Table
5 illustrates recent funding for each account. illustrates recent funding for each account.
23 Ibid., p. 37. 24 House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, p. 11. 25 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 22; see paragraph (1) under the Diplomatic Programs heading in Title I of H.R. 8282. 26 House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, p. 11. 27 See Section 7004 of H.R. 8282 and House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, pp. 23-25. 28 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 48-50. 29 Ibid., pp. 52-55. Congressional Research Service 9 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Table 5. U.S. Payments of Assessments to International Organizations and
Peacekeeping Missions, FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of current U.S. dollars; includes OCO funds) (In millions of current U.S. dollars; includes OCO funds)
FY2023
Request as
% as % Change
from
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2022
FY2023 Account
Actual
Enacted
Request
Total House
Contributions to International Contributions to International ~~Organizations~~
1,505.93 1,505.93
1,662.93 1,662.93
1,658.24 1,658.24
-0.28% -0.28%
1,659.74 Organizations Contributions for International Contributions for International ~~Peacekeeping~~
1,456.21 1,456.21
1,498.61 1,498.61
2,327.24 2,327.24
55.29% 55.29%
1,797.50 Peacekeeping Activities Activities
Total
2,962.14
3,161.54
3,985.47
26.06%
3,457.24 Sources: FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; H.R. 8282; CRS CRS
calculations. calculations.
~~Notes~~Note: Percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding. Percentage changes may not reflect numbers included in this table due to rounding.
Among other priorities, the Biden Administration’s request Among other priorities, the Biden Administration’s request ~~seeks~~sought $150 million to begin paying $150 million to begin paying
U.S. arrears (overdue assessed contributions) to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and U.S. arrears (overdue assessed contributions) to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the intention of rejoining the organization. The United Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the intention of rejoining the organization. The United
States previously withheld funding to UNESCO after the organization admitted the Palestinians States previously withheld funding to UNESCO after the organization admitted the Palestinians
as a member in 2011 pursuant to U.S. laws prohibiting funding to U.N. entities that take such as a member in 2011 pursuant to U.S. laws prohibiting funding to U.N. entities that take such
actions. The United States later withdrew from UNESCO in 2018.actions. The United States later withdrew from UNESCO in 2018.~~21The~~30 The Biden Administration Biden Administration is
also also ~~seeking~~sought a waiver to allow it to expend these funds, which Congress previously refrained from a waiver to allow it to expend these funds, which Congress previously refrained from
providing when the Administration included funding for UNESCO in its FY2022 request.providing when the Administration included funding for UNESCO in its FY2022 request.~~22 The~~

~~19 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 48-50.~~
~~20 Ibid., pp. 52-55.~~
~~21 For additional detail, see CRS Insight IN10802,~~ ~~U.S. Withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific~~
~~and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), by Luisa Blanchfield.~~
~~22 U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, pp. 37, 50. CRS Report R46935,~~ ~~Department~~
~~of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by Cory R. Gill, Marian L.~~
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31 The FY2023 request further FY2023 request further ~~calls~~called for nearly $58 million to support increased funding for NATO’s civil for nearly $58 million to support increased funding for NATO’s civil
budget, which funds personnel expenses, operating costs, and program expenditures at the NATO budget, which funds personnel expenses, operating costs, and program expenditures at the NATO
Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.2332 The Biden Administration The Biden Administration ~~asserts~~asserted that increased funding for that increased funding for
the civil budget the civil budget ~~will~~would enable NATO to “maintain its technological and operational edge in the enable NATO to “maintain its technological and operational edge in the
evolving strategic and security environment that includes threats and challenges such as a more evolving strategic and security environment that includes threats and challenges such as a more
aggressive and assertive Russia and China, the need for strengthened cybersecurity, and threats aggressive and assertive Russia and China, the need for strengthened cybersecurity, and threats
posed by emerging and destructive technologies.”posed by emerging and destructive technologies.”2433
With regard to CIPA, the Biden Administration With regard to CIPA, the Biden Administration ~~maintains~~maintained that its FY2023 request that its FY2023 request ~~advances~~would advance its its
intention to fund the United States’ U.N. peacekeeping commitments at its current assessed rate intention to fund the United States’ U.N. peacekeeping commitments at its current assessed rate
of 26.94%. This assessment exceeds the enacted 25% cap on U.S. contributions Congress has of 26.94%. This assessment exceeds the enacted 25% cap on U.S. contributions Congress has
kept in place since the 1990s due to concerns that assessed rates are too high.kept in place since the 1990s due to concerns that assessed rates are too high.~~25 The~~
~~Administration is also once again requesting~~34 The 30 For additional detail, see CRS Insight IN10802, U.S. Withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), by Luisa Blanchfield. 31 U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, pp. 37, 50. CRS Report R46935, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by Cory R. Gill, Marian L. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, p. 12. 32 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 49; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Funding NATO, April 1, 2022. The Administration notes that this request is an estimate subject to the final outcome of 2023 NATO budget negotiations that will conclude in June 2022. 33 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 49. 34 Over the years, the gap between the actual U.S. assessment and the cap led to funding shortfalls. The State Congressional Research Service 10 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Administration also once again requested language to authorize the State Department to pay language to authorize the State Department to pay
assessed contributions above the 25% statutory cap; Congress refrained from including such a assessed contributions above the 25% statutory cap; Congress refrained from including such a
measure in the FY2022 SFOPS appropriations law despite the State Department’s request.measure in the FY2022 SFOPS appropriations law despite the State Department’s request.2635 The The
FY2023 request also FY2023 request also ~~includes~~included $620 million for the State Department to pay some peacekeeping $620 million for the State Department to pay some peacekeeping
arrears accrued from FY2017 to FY2020 due to the 25% cap and an additional $110.3 million to arrears accrued from FY2017 to FY2020 due to the 25% cap and an additional $110.3 million to
pay arrears from the 2021-2022 peacekeeping year (also due to the cap).pay arrears from the 2021-2022 peacekeeping year (also due to the cap).2736 The Biden The Biden
Administration similarly sought additional funding as part of its FY2022 request for CIPA to pay Administration similarly sought additional funding as part of its FY2022 request for CIPA to pay
down arrears accumulated over the previous four years, yet Congress funded CIPA at a level down arrears accumulated over the previous four years, yet Congress funded CIPA at a level
much closer to the FY2021 appropriation for that account.much closer to the FY2021 appropriation for that account.28
~~Foreign Operations Highlights~~
~~SFOPS Foreign Operations accounts comprise the majority of U.S. foreign assistance included in~~
~~the international affairs budget; the remainder is enacted in the Agriculture appropriations bill,~~
~~which provides funding for the Food for Peace Act, Title II (FFP) and McGovern-Dole~~
~~International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Programs.29 The FY2023 request for~~
~~Foreign Operations totals $47.42 billion, an increase of 15.8% over FY2022 enacted base funding~~
~~and 6.4% below total FY2022 enacted funding. The total foreign assistance request, including~~

~~Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, p. 12.~~
~~23 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 49; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),~~
Funding NATO, April 1, 2022. The Administration notes that this request is an estimate subject to the final outcome of
~~2023 NATO budget negotiations that will conclude in June 2022.~~
~~24 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 49.~~
~~25 Over the years, the gap between the actual U.S. assessment and the cap led to funding shortfalls. The State~~
37 House Legislation. The House SFOPS bill includes a combined $3.46 billion for CIO and CIPA, or about 13.3% less than the Biden Administration’s request and 9.4% more than the FY2022 funding provided by Congress. This lower overall figure relative to the Administration’s request is attributable entirely to CIPA, as the House bill funds CIO slightly above (about 0.09% more) the request. The House bill includes waiver authority similar to what the Administration requested that, if exercised, would allow the State Department to begin paying U.S. arrears to UNESCO.38 While neither the bill nor the committee report directly address NATO in the context of CIO, the bill’s provision of slightly more funding than the Biden Administration requested for this account appears to allow the State Department to fund NATO’s civil budget at requested levels. With regard to CIPA, the committee report notes that this bill includes “more than $200 million” to enable the State Department to begin paying down peacekeeping arrears.39 This appears lower than the $620 million the Biden Administration requested for this purpose. H.R. 8282 further includes language similar to what the Biden Administration requested that would authorize the State Department to pay assessed peacekeeping contributions above the 25% statutory cap, which the committee report maintains will enable the State Department to use FY2023 funds to pay the full share of the United States’ assessed peacekeeping costs.40 The bill also requires that any State Department payment of peacekeeping arrears shall be subject to prior consultation with Congress, Department and Congress often covered these shortfalls by raising the cap for limited periods and allowing for the Department and Congress often covered these shortfalls by raising the cap for limited periods and allowing for the
application of U.N. peacekeeping credits (excess U.N. funds from previous missions) to fund outstanding U.S. application of U.N. peacekeeping credits (excess U.N. funds from previous missions) to fund outstanding U.S.
balances. For several years, these actions allowed the United States to pay its peacekeeping assessments in full. balances. For several years, these actions allowed the United States to pay its peacekeeping assessments in full.
However, since FY2017 Congress has declined to raise the cap, and in mid-2017, the Trump Administration allowed However, since FY2017 Congress has declined to raise the cap, and in mid-2017, the Trump Administration allowed
for the application of peacekeeping credits up to, but not beyond, the 25% cap—which has led to the accumulation of for the application of peacekeeping credits up to, but not beyond, the 25% cap—which has led to the accumulation of
about $920 million in U.S. arrears from FY2017 to FY2020. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10354, about $920 million in U.S. arrears from FY2017 to FY2020. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10354, United
Nations Issues: U.S. Funding to the U.N. System, by Luisa Blanchfield. , by Luisa Blanchfield.
2635 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, p. 52; CRS Report R46935, , slide presentation, p. 52; CRS Report R46935, Department of
State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by Cory R. Gill, Marian L. , by Cory R. Gill, Marian L.
Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, p. 12. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, p. 12.
2736 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 52. , p. 52.
2837 For additional detail, see CRS Report R46935, For additional detail, see CRS Report R46935, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs:
FY2022 Budget and Appropriations, by Cory R. Gill, Marian L. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, pp. 10-12. , by Cory R. Gill, Marian L. Lawson, and Emily M. Morgenstern, pp. 10-12.
~~29 For more on international food assistance programs, see CRS Report R45422,~~ ~~U.S. International Food Assistance:~~
~~An Overview, by Alyssa R. Casey and Emily M. Morgenstern.~~
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~~food aid provided for in the agriculture appropriation, is $49.39 billion. Se~~e38 Section 7071 of H.R. 8282. While operatively similar to the language included the State Department included in its request, this waiver authority includes several conditions that the State Department did not make part of its requested language. To review the State Department’s requested language, see the State Department requested Section 7025(i)(11) language at U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification Appendix I: Department of State Diplomatic Engagement, p. 39. 39 House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, p. 28. 40 See the final clause under the “Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities” heading under Title I of H.R. 8282 and proposed legislative language under the same heading at U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification Appendix I: Department of State Diplomatic Engagement, p. 35. See also House Committee on Appropriations, State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2023, p. 28. Congressional Research Service 11 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 17 link to page 17 link to page 17 link to page 17 link to page 17 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations while also stipulating that no CIPA funding may be used for the procurement of Russian equipment unless the Secretary of State reports to Congress on a case-by-case basis that this prohibition “would pose a substantial risk to human health or welfare.”41 Foreign Operations Highlights SFOPS Foreign Operations accounts comprise the majority of U.S. foreign assistance included in the international affairs budget; the remainder is enacted in the Agriculture appropriations bill, which provides funding for the Food for Peace Act, Title II (FFP) and McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Programs.42 The FY2023 request for Foreign Operations totaled $47.42 billion, an increase of 15.8% over FY2022 enacted base funding and 31.6% below total FY2022 enacted funding. The total foreign assistance request, including food aid provided for in the agriculture appropriation, was $49.39 billion. See Table 6 for a more for a more
detailed breakdown of foreign assistance funding by type. detailed breakdown of foreign assistance funding by type.
Table 6. Foreign Assistance by Type, FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of current U.S (In millions of current U.S. dollars) dollars)
FY2023
FY2023
Request as %
Request as %
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Change from
Change from
FY2022 Type
Actuala
Enactedb
Request
FY2022 Base
FY2022 Total
House USAID Administrationc~~USAID Administration~~
1,752.45 1,752.45
2, 2,~~003~~021.15 .15
2,112.95 2,112.95
7.03% 7.03%
~~5.48%~~
4.54% 2,087.35 Global Health Programs Global Health Programs
13,195.95 13,195.95
9,830.00 9,830.00
10,576.00 10,576.00
7.59% 7.59%
7.59% 7.59%
10,976.50 Global Health Programs, Mandatory Global Health Programs, Mandatory

6,500.00 6,500.00

(non-add (non-add)cd
Non-Health Development Non-Health Development
17,797.04 17,797.04
~~11,344~~20,110.19 .19
10,644.49 10,644.49
12.55% 12.55%
- -~~6.17%~~
~~Assistanced~~47.07% 10,622.09 Assistancee
Humanitarian Assistan Humanitarian Assistan~~cee~~cef
11,467.46 11,467.46
~~15,903~~20,601.85 .85
10,451.36 10,451.36
22.13% 22.13%
- -~~34.28%~~
~~Independent Agencies~~49.27% 9,895.10 Independent Agenciesg
1,393.50 1,393.50
1,404.50 1,404.50
1,431.50 1,431.50
1.92% 1.92%
1.92% 1.92%
1,437.50 Security Assistance Security Assistance
9,004.03 9,004.03
~~9,579~~14,079.35 .35
8,999.78 8,999.78
1.13% 1.13%
- -~~6.05%~~
36.08% 8,996.98 Multilateral Assistance Multilateral Assistance
2,620.82 2,620.82
~~2,374~~3,024.46 .46
4,726.72 4,726.72
99.06% 99.06%
~~99.06%~~
56.28% 4,671.51 Export Promotion Export Promotion
264.99 264.99
323.80 323.80
451.05 451.05
39.30% 39.30%
39.30% 39.30%
540.63 Foreign Assistance Total
57,496.24 57,496.24
~~52,763~~71,395.30 .30
49,393.85 49,393.85
15.07% 15.07%
- -~~6.39%~~
30.82% 49,227.67 Source: SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; and H.R. 8282. .
a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117- Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-
2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31. 2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31.
b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act
2022 (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental funding from 2022 (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental funding from ~~both~~ the FY2022 Extending Funding and the FY2022 Extending Funding and
Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43)Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43) ~~and~~, the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L. the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L.
~~117-70).~~
c117-70), and the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-128). 41 To review this language, see “Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities” heading under Title I of H.R. 8282 42 For more on international food assistance programs, see CRS Report R45422, U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview, by Alyssa R. Casey and Emily M. Morgenstern. Congressional Research Service 12 link to page 17 link to page 17 link to page 17 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations c. Includes USAID Operating Expenses, Capital Investment Fund, and the USAID Inspector General. d. Historically, funding for all Foreign Operations appropriations accounts has been discretionary; . Historically, funding for all Foreign Operations appropriations accounts has been discretionary;
Administration budget requests for SFOPS have remained consistent with that approach. For FY2023, Administration budget requests for SFOPS have remained consistent with that approach. For FY2023,
however, the Biden Administration is requesting $6.5 bil ion in mandatory budget authority for Global however, the Biden Administration is requesting $6.5 bil ion in mandatory budget authority for Global
Health Programs. This mandatory line is considered a “non-add” in the budget request and therefore is not Health Programs. This mandatory line is considered a “non-add” in the budget request and therefore is not
included in the total. For more information, see included in the total. For more information, see “Global Health Programs (GHP)” below. elow.
de. Includes Treasury Technical Assistance (appropriated in SFOPS) and the McGovern-Dole International Food . Includes Treasury Technical Assistance (appropriated in SFOPS) and the McGovern-Dole International Food
for Education and Child Nutrition Program (appropriated in Agriculture appropriations). for Education and Child Nutrition Program (appropriated in Agriculture appropriations).
e. f. Includes Food for Peace Act, Title II funds appropriated in annual Agriculture appropriations. Includes Food for Peace Act, Title II funds appropriated in annual Agriculture appropriations.
g. Includes the Peace Corps, Mil ennium Challenge Corporation, Inter-American Foundation, and the U.S. African Development Foundation. The Administration asserted~~The Administration asserts~~ that the FY2023 budget request that the FY2023 budget request ~~will~~would, among other priorities, support , among other priorities, support
U.S. efforts to combat COVID-19 abroad, invest in climate mitigation and adaptation programs, U.S. efforts to combat COVID-19 abroad, invest in climate mitigation and adaptation programs,
lead global humanitarian assistance vis-a-vis other donors in countries such as Ukraine and lead global humanitarian assistance vis-a-vis other donors in countries such as Ukraine and
Afghanistan, address root causes of migration, and defend democratic institutions globally.Afghanistan, address root causes of migration, and defend democratic institutions globally.30 43 The The
request also request also ~~includes~~included funding to increase USAID Direct Hire staff by 200 (100 Civil Service and funding to increase USAID Direct Hire staff by 200 (100 Civil Service and
100 Foreign Service) and invest in agency systems to support the proposed overall increase in 100 Foreign Service) and invest in agency systems to support the proposed overall increase in
funding and program operations. For more detail on selected sectors, see funding and program operations. For more detail on selected sectors, see “Foreign Operations
Sectors” below. below.

~~30 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 74-77.~~
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~~Foreign Operations Sectors~~
~~Global Health Programs (GHP)31~~
~~The Administration requests $10.58 billion for Global Health Programs (GHP) funding for~~
~~FY2023. This represents a 7.6% increase from FY2022 enacted funding levels. The majority of~~
~~the proposed increase is targeted towards expanding~~ House Legislation. The House SFOPS bill for FY2023 would provide a total of $49.2 billion for foreign assistance, nearly level with the Administration’s request. The bill includes a 20% increase in funding for export promotion and a nearly 12% increase for global health programs. All other types of foreign assistance would see level funding or modest decreases (-5% for Humanitarian Assistance and -1% for both USAID Administration and Multilateral Assistance) compared to the Administration’s request. When compared to FY2022 enacted base funding, the House bill represents a nearly 15% overall increase with the largest increases provided to Multilateral Assistance (+96.7%) and Export Promotion (+67.0%). When compared to the FY2022 total enacted level, including emergency supplemental funding, the House bill represents a decrease of 31.0% with three foreign assistance types severely reduced (-52.0% for Humanitarian Assistance, -47.2% for Non-Health Development Assistance, and -36.1% for Security Assistance). Foreign Operations Sectors Global Health Programs (GHP)44 The Administration requested $10.98 billion for Global Health Programs (GHP) funding for FY2023. This represented an 11.7% increase from FY2022 enacted funding levels. The largest increases were for family planning and reproductive health family planning and reproductive health
programs (programs (+9.2%), raising U.S. contributions to the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS, 9.2%), raising U.S. contributions to the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis, and Malaria (Global Fund, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (Global Fund, +28.2%), and bolstering global health security (28.2%), and bolstering global health security (+42.42.19%)—%)—
the latter of which the latter of which ~~includes~~ included strengthening health systems worldwide and enhancing their capacity strengthening health systems worldwide and enhancing their capacity
to fight diseases with pandemic potential, such as COVID-19.to fight diseases with pandemic potential, such as COVID-19.3245 The Administration The Administration ~~maintains~~
maintained historical practices of requesting the bulk (historical practices of requesting the bulk (7073%) of GHP funds for fighting HIV/AIDS, %) of GHP funds for fighting HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis (TB), and malaria through the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief tuberculosis (TB), and malaria through the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR) and the Global Fund (PEPFAR) and the Global Fund ~~(see Table 7). The request also includes $10 million for~~
~~establishing a new Health Resilience Fund.33 The Administration seeks~~ 43 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 74-77. 44 Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, Specialist in Global Health, contributed to this section. 45 The Administration proposes that the increases be used to “mitigate program losses ... due to COVID-19.” U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification. Congressional Research Service 13 link to page 18 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations (see Table 7). The Administration sought decreases in five decreases in five
subaccounts: subaccounts: bilateral HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS funding through the State Department (-0~~funding (-9~~.5%), Maternal and Child Health (-1.2%), Nutrition (-.5%), Maternal and Child Health (-1.2%), Nutrition (-3.2~~3.3~~%), %),
Tuberculosis (-5.Tuberculosis (-5.78%), and Vulnerable Children (-9.1%). %), and Vulnerable Children (-9.1%).
Notably, the request Notably, the request ~~includes~~included a proposal to make available $6.5 billion in “mandatory” funding a proposal to make available $6.5 billion in “mandatory” funding
“to make transformative investments in global health security and pandemic and other biological “to make transformative investments in global health security and pandemic and other biological
threat preparedness” over five years.threat preparedness” over five years. 3446 The Administration The Administration ~~does~~did not count these funds in its not count these funds in its
FY2023 international affairs budget request total. It is unclear from what subaccounts these funds FY2023 international affairs budget request total. It is unclear from what subaccounts these funds
would be drawn and what portion of this funding would would be drawn and what portion of this funding would ~~need~~have needed to be appropriated given references to be appropriated given references
to related funding in previous fiscal years. For example, the budget proposal to related funding in previous fiscal years. For example, the budget proposal ~~includes~~ included within the within the
multi-year funding commitment pledges by the Administration to the Coalition for Epidemic multi-year funding commitment pledges by the Administration to the Coalition for Epidemic
Preparedness and Innovation (CEPI) and other stakeholders in previous fiscal years, and amounts Preparedness and Innovation (CEPI) and other stakeholders in previous fiscal years, and amounts
provided through P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA), subject to Congressional provided through P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA), subject to Congressional
approval. The Administration approval. The Administration ~~counts~~counted $1.05 billion of the FY2023 global health security request $1.05 billion of the FY2023 global health security request
($775 million from USAID and $250 million from the Department of State) towards the multi-($775 million from USAID and $250 million from the Department of State) towards the multi-
~~year funding authority.~~
~~The budget request includes a reduction in bilateral funding for fighting HIV/AIDS and TB~~
~~worldwide accompanied by a proposed boost in funding for the multilateral Global Fund to fight~~
~~the diseases. Similarly, the bulk ($4.50 billion) of the five-year $6.50 billion “mandatory” budget~~
~~request would be provided to the World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO). These~~
~~proposals raise questions about the Administration’s views on the relative roles of bilateral and~~
~~multilateral assistance in confronting global health threats.~~

~~31 Prepared by Sara Tharakan, CRS Analyst in Global Health and International Development.~~
~~32 The Administration proposes that the increases be used to “mitigate program losses ... due to COVID-19.” U.S.~~
~~Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification.~~
~~33 Ibid. The Health Resilience Fund will be managed by USAID and aimed at supporting “cross-cutting health systems~~
~~strengthening in challenging environments or countries emerging from crisis. The Administration is requesting that~~
~~these funds be issued as no-year funding.~~
~~34 FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification, p. 146.~~
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~~Table 7. Global Health Appropriations by Subaccount, FY2021-FY2023~~
~~(In millions of current U.S. dollars)~~
~~FY2023 Request~~
~~as % Change~~
~~from FY2022~~
~~GHP Subaccount~~
~~FY2021 Enacted~~
~~FY2022 Enacted~~
~~FY2023 Request~~
~~Total~~year funding authority. Table 7. Global Health Appropriations by Subaccount, FY2021-FY2023 (In millions of current U.S. dollars) FY2023 Request as % GHP FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 Change from FY2023 Subaccount Enacted Enacted Request FY2022 Total House
HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
4,370.0 4,370.0
4,390.0 4,390.0
4,370.0 4,370.0
-0.46% -0.46%
4,395.0 Global Fund Global Fund
1,560.0 1,560.0
1,560.0 1,560.0
2,000.0 2,000.0
28.21% 28.21%
2,000.0 GHS GHS

250.0 250.0

Total, State- Total, State-~~GHP~~
5,930.0 5,930.0
5,950.0 5,950.0
6,620.0 6,620.0
11.26% 11.26%
6,395.0 GHP HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
330.0 330.0
330.0 330.0
330.0 330.0
0.00% 0.00%
330.0 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis
319.0 319.0
371.5 371.5
350.0 350.0
-5.79% -5.79%
469.0 Malaria Malaria
770.0 770.0
775.0 775.0
780.0 780.0
0.65% 0.65%
820.0 MCH MCH
855.0 855.0
890.0 890.0
879.5 879.5
-1.18% -1.18%
890.0 Nutrition Nutrition
150.0 150.0
155.0 155.0
150.0 150.0
-3.33% -3.33%
~~Vulnerable Children~~160.0 Vulnerable
25.0 25.0
27.5 27.5
25.0 25.0
-9.09% -9.09% 30.0 Children
FP/RH FP/RH
524.0 524.0
524.0 524.0
572.0 572.0
9.16% 9.16% 760.0 Other Public 10.0 Health Threats
NTDs NTDs
102.5 102.5
107.5 107.5
114.5 114.5
6.51% 6.51%
112.5 GHS GHS
190.0 190.0
700.0 700.0
755.0 755.0
7.96% 7.96%
1,000.0 Total, USAID-Total, USAID-~~GHP~~
3,265.5 3,265.5
3,880.5 3,880.5
3,956.0 3,956.0
1.96% 1.96%
4,581.5 GHP Emergency GHP 4,000.0 46 FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification, p. 146. Congressional Research Service 14 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations FY2023 Request as % GHP FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 Change from FY2023 Subaccount Enacted Enacted Request FY2022 Total House ~~Emergency GHP~~
~~4,000.0~~

Total, GHP Total, GHP
13,195.5 13,195.5
9,830.0 9,830.0
10,576.0 10,576.0
7.59% 7.59%
10,976.5 Mandatory GHP Mandatory GHP

6,500.0 6,500.0

(non-add) (non-add)
~~Source~~Sources: FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-103FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-103; H.R. 8282. .
Notes: FY2021 emergency supplemental funding to combat COVID-19 abroad was enacted in Title IX of P.L. FY2021 emergency supplemental funding to combat COVID-19 abroad was enacted in Title IX of P.L.
116-260, but subaccount allocations were not specified. Table does not include funding for global health from 116-260, but subaccount allocations were not specified. Table does not include funding for global health from
other appropriations vehicles (e.g., CDC funding for global health activities appropriated through Labor-HHS). other appropriations vehicles (e.g., CDC funding for global health activities appropriated through Labor-HHS).
MCH = Maternal and Child Health; FP/RH = Family Planning and Reproductive Health; NTDs = Neglected MCH = Maternal and Child Health; FP/RH = Family Planning and Reproductive Health; NTDs = Neglected
Tropical Diseases; GHS = Global Health Security. “Mandatory” GHP refers to a request from the Administration Tropical Diseases; GHS = Global Health Security. “Mandatory” GHP refers to a request from the Administration
to make available $6.5 bil ion for the Department of State and USAID over five years “to make transformative to make available $6.5 bil ion for the Department of State and USAID over five years “to make transformative
investments in global health security and pandemic and other biological threats preparedness.” investments in global health security and pandemic and other biological threats preparedness.”
House Legislation. The House SFOPS bill for FY2023 would provide a total of $10.976 billion for Global Health Programs, an increase of 3.8% over the President’s request. The measure would provide more than the President requested for most global health subaccounts, with the exception of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), which would receive $2 million less than the budget request. When compared to the FY2022 enacted level, the bill represents an increase of 11.7% and provides level or increased funding for all subaccounts. While the House bill does not mention the Administration’s request for mandatory spending, the report accompanying the bill expresses the Committee’s support for CEPI and World Health Organization’s ACT-Accelerator and urges USAID “to integrate global health security programming with other health programming at the country level.”47 Additionally, the Committee notes that while it did not establish a Health Resilience Fund as the Administration requested, it would provide the requested $10.0 million under the “Other Public Health Threats” subaccount. Humanitarian Assistance48~~Humanitarian Assistance35~~
The U.S. government consistently provides about one-third of total global humanitarian The U.S. government consistently provides about one-third of total global humanitarian
assistance to support those affected by conflict and natural disasters. Such assistance is generally assistance to support those affected by conflict and natural disasters. Such assistance is generally
appropriated through global humanitarian accounts administered by the State Department and appropriated through global humanitarian accounts administered by the State Department and
USAID, including the Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA), Emergency Refugee and USAID, including the Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA), Emergency Refugee and
Migration Assistance (ERMA), and International Disaster Assistance (IDA) accounts in the Migration Assistance (ERMA), and International Disaster Assistance (IDA) accounts in the
SFOPS appropriation, and the Food for Peace, Title II account (FFP) in the Agriculture SFOPS appropriation, and the Food for Peace, Title II account (FFP) in the Agriculture

~~35 Prepared by Rhoda Margesson, CRS Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy.~~
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~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

appropriation. Historically, Congress has appropriated global humanitarian funding well above appropriation. Historically, Congress has appropriated global humanitarian funding well above
Administration budget requests. Administration budget requests.
The projected numbers of those displaced or requiring humanitarian assistance in 2022 are the The projected numbers of those displaced or requiring humanitarian assistance in 2022 are the
highest on record, and are expected to increase again with new emergencies like Ukraine.highest on record, and are expected to increase again with new emergencies like Ukraine.3649 The The
Biden Administration’s FY2023 budget request calls for $10.45 billion in humanitarian assistance Biden Administration’s FY2023 budget request calls for $10.45 billion in humanitarian assistance
to support displaced and vulnerable persons and to invest in migration management, including to support displaced and vulnerable persons and to invest in migration management, including
$4.70 billion for IDA, $3.91 billion for MRA, $1.74 billion for FFP, and $100 million for ERMA. $4.70 billion for IDA, $3.91 billion for MRA, $1.74 billion for FFP, and $100 million for ERMA.
~~The request is about 4% above the Administration’s FY2022 budget request of $10.1 billion. Base~~
47 H.Rept. 117-401. 48 Prepared by Rhoda Margesson, CRS Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy. 49 The U.N. 2022 global humanitarian appeal for $41.00 billion is the highest ever and almost double the level from five years ago. U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Global Humanitarian Overview 2022, December 2, 2021. U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends Report, June 2022. Congressional Research Service 15 link to page 20 link to page 7 link to page 21 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations The request is about 4% above the Administration’s FY2022 budget request of $10.1 billion, and nearly 50% less than the total FY2022 enacted funding level. It is common for the humanitarian assistance request to be lower than prior year enacted funding, and also common for appropriators to provide significantly more funding than is requested, often through emergency supplemental appropriations. Base humanitarian funding enacted in FY2021 and FY2022 totaled $9.57 billion and $8.56 billion, humanitarian funding enacted in FY2021 and FY2022 totaled $9.57 billion and $8.56 billion,
respectively; the total for each year increased with supplemental funding (primarily in response to respectively; the total for each year increased with supplemental funding (primarily in response to
the Afghanistan and Ukraine crises) to $11.47 billion in FY2021 and the Afghanistan and Ukraine crises) to $11.47 billion in FY2021 and ~~$15.80~~$20.46 billion in billion in ~~FY2022~~
FY2022 (Figure 3 and Table 2). .
Figure 3. Humanitarian Assistance by Account, FY2021-FY2023
(In billions of U.S. dollars) (In billions of U.S. dollars)

~~Source~~Sources: CRS using data from the FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70, CRS using data from the FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification, P.L. 117-43, P.L. 117-70,
~~and~~ P.L. 117-103P.L. 117-103, P.L. 117-128, and H.R. 8282. .
Notes: IDA = International Disaster Assistance; MRA = Migration and Refugee Assistance; ERMA = Emergency IDA = International Disaster Assistance; MRA = Migration and Refugee Assistance; ERMA = Emergency
Refugee and Migration Assistance; FFP = Food for Peace Act, Title IIRefugee and Migration Assistance; FFP = Food for Peace Act, Title II. House Legislation. The House SFOPS bill for FY2023 would provide a total of $8.1 billion for global humanitarian assistance through the IDA, MRA, and ERMA accounts (and excluding FFP, which is funded through the agriculture appropriation50). For these three SFOPS accounts, this is roughly 8% less than the Administration’s FY2023 request and about 16% above the base humanitarian funding enacted in FY2022 without emergency supplemental measures. The report accompanying the bill highlights several issues related to children in humanitarian emergencies, including child malnutrition, protection, and education. Under IDA, it also stresses the potential use of air drops, support for programs addressing gender-based violence, the role of local and national NGOs in the humanitarian response, and the continued use of the Emergency Food Security Program. Under MRA, the Committee notes its support, but not specific funding allocations, for aid to specific populations, including vulnerable migrants in Mexico; Rohingya, Tibetan, and Uyghur refugees; and Venezuelan migrants and refugees. Security Assistance For FY2023, the Administration requested a total of $9.0.
~~Security Assistance~~
~~For FY2023, the Administration is requesting a total of $9.00~~ billion for security assistance billion for security assistance
accounts, representing a 1.1% increase from FY2022 enacted base funding and a accounts, representing a 1.1% increase from FY2022 enacted base funding and a 636.1% decrease .1% decrease
from FY2022 total funding from FY2022 total funding (Figure 4). The FY2022 enacted total included $. The FY2022 enacted total included $~~680 million~~5.2 billion in in
emergency funding for security assistance for Ukraine and allies in the region, of which $emergency funding for security assistance for Ukraine and allies in the region, of which $~~650~~
~~million was for Foreign Military Financing [FMF] and $30~~4.65 billion was for 50 The House Agriculture Bill for FY2023, H.R. 8239, provides $1.8 billion for FFP. Congressional Research Service 16 link to page 22 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Foreign Military Financing (FMF), $430 million was for International million was for International
Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement ~~[INCLE]~~(INCLE), and $100 million was for Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining and Related Programs (NADR). The largest proposed increase for FY2023 . The largest proposed increase for FY2023 is
was for INCLE, which would for INCLE, which would ~~see~~have seen a 5.4% increase from FY2022 enacted base funding a 5.4% increase from FY2022 enacted base funding ~~and a 3.2%~~
~~increase~~but a 19.5% decrease from total FY2022 enacted funding. The Administration from total FY2022 enacted funding. The Administration ~~asserts~~asserted that the proposed funds that the proposed funds
would support global programming that would support global programming that ~~“will~~ would “reflect a heightened emphasis on advancing U.S. reflect a heightened emphasis on advancing U.S.
objectives on anticorruption and objectives on anticorruption and ~~will~~[would] consolidate important investments in combating ~~consolidate important investments in combating~~

~~36 The U.N. 2022 global humanitarian appeal for $41.00 billion is the highest ever and almost double the level from~~
~~five years ago. U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Global Humanitarian Overview 2022,~~
~~December 2, 2021. U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Mid-Year Trends Report, November 2021 (latest available).~~
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transnational organized crime (TOC) and other national security threats by addressing the opioid transnational organized crime (TOC) and other national security threats by addressing the opioid
crisis, financial crimes, cybercrime, wildlife trafficking, and police peacekeeping.”crisis, financial crimes, cybercrime, wildlife trafficking, and police peacekeeping.”3751
Figure 4. Security Assistance by Account, FY2021-FY2023
(In billions of current U.S. dollars) (In billions of current U.S. dollars)

~~Source~~Sources: CRS using data from the FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget JustificationCRS using data from the FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification ~~and P.L. 117-103~~; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; and H.R. 8282. .
Notes: NADR = Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs; PKO = Peacekeeping NADR = Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs; PKO = Peacekeeping
Operations; IMET = International Military Education and Training; FMF = Foreign Military Financing; INCLE = Operations; IMET = International Military Education and Training; FMF = Foreign Military Financing; INCLE =
International Narcotics Control and Law EnforcementInternational Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement. House Legislation. The House SFOPS bill for FY2023 would provide a total of $9.0 billion for security assistance accounts, essentially level with the President’s request for FY2023 and slightly higher than FY2022 enacted base funding. When compared to total enacted levels for FY2022, though, the House measure represents a decrease of 36.1%. .
Development Assistance, Export Promotion, and Related Assistance
Approximately one third of the FY2023 foreign operations request Approximately one third of the FY2023 foreign operations request iswas for non-health development for non-health development
sectors (e.g., education, food security, and the environment), independent agencies (e.g., the sectors (e.g., education, food security, and the environment), independent agencies (e.g., the
Peace Corps and Millennium Challenge Corporation), multilateral assistance, and export Peace Corps and Millennium Challenge Corporation), multilateral assistance, and export
promotion and development finance agencies. promotion and development finance agencies.
Non-Health Development Sectors
As in prior years, the Administration’s request for FY2023 As in prior years, the Administration’s request for FY2023 ~~does~~did not specify dollar amounts for not specify dollar amounts for
many non-health development sectors but many non-health development sectors but ~~offers~~offered detail on program priorities within certain detail on program priorities within certain
sectors. (For FY2021 and FY2022 enacted levels for select development sectors, seesectors. (For FY2021 and FY2022 enacted levels for select development sectors, see Table 8). .
51 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 118. Congressional Research Service 17 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Consistent with the Administration’s broader foreign operations priorities, focus areas within the Consistent with the Administration’s broader foreign operations priorities, focus areas within the
non-health development sectors for FY2023 non-health development sectors for FY2023 ~~include~~included climate mitigation and adaptation, climate mitigation and adaptation,
addressing root causes of migration, defending democratic institutions, promoting education and addressing root causes of migration, defending democratic institutions, promoting education and
food security, and spurring economic growth, particularly in countries that experienced severe food security, and spurring economic growth, particularly in countries that experienced severe
economic downturns as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. economic downturns as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Table 8. Select Development Sectors, FY2021-FY2022
(In millions of (In millions of current U.S. dollars) U.S. dollars)
Sector
FY2021 Enacted
FY2022 Enacted
FY2023 House Democracy Programs (excluding NED) Democracy Programs (excluding NED)
2,417.00 2,417.00
2,600 2,600.00 2,800.00 .00
Education (basic and higher) Education (basic and higher)
1,235.00 1,235.00
1,200.00 1,200.00

~~37 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 118.~~
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~~Sector~~
~~FY2021 Enacted~~
~~FY2022 Enacted~~ 1,235.00
Cooperative Development Programs Cooperative Development Programs
18.50 18.50
18.50 18.50
20.00 American Schools and Hospitals Abroad American Schools and Hospitals Abroad ~~(ASHA)~~
30.00 30.00
31.50 31.50
33.00 (ASHA) Food Security Food Security
1,010.60 1,010.60
1,010.60 1,010.60
1,200.00 Environment Environment
986.66 986.66
1,295.00 1,295.00
1,860.00 Water and Sanitation Water and Sanitation
450.00 450.00
475.00 475.00
500.00 Gender Gender
560.00 560.00
560.00 560.00
650.00 Trafficking in Persons Trafficking in Persons
99.00 99.00
106.40 106.40
112.20 Reconciliation Programs Reconciliation Programs
25.00 25.00
25.00 25.00
30.00 Micro and Small Enterprise Micro and Small Enterprise
265.00 265.00
265.00 265.00
~~Source~~265.00 Sources: P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-103P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-103; H.R. 8282. Note.
Notes: NED = National Endowment for Democracy.
: NED = National Endowment for Democracy. House Legislation. The House bill for FY2023 would provide increases for all selected non-health development sectors when compared to FY2022 enacted levels. The largest increases are provided for the Environment (+43.6%), Reconciliation Programs (+20%), Food Security (+18.7%), and Gender (+16.1%) sectors. Independent Agencies
The Biden Administration’s budget proposal for FY2023 The Biden Administration’s budget proposal for FY2023 ~~includes~~included $1.43 billion for independent $1.43 billion for independent
agencies, a 1.9% increase from FY2022 enacted levels. Both the Peace Corps and Millennium agencies, a 1.9% increase from FY2022 enacted levels. Both the Peace Corps and Millennium
Challenge Corporation would Challenge Corporation would ~~see~~have seen funding increases under the request ( funding increases under the request (+4.9% and 4.9% and +2.0%, 2.0%,
respectively) when compared to FY2022 enacted levels, and the Inter-American Foundationrespectively) when compared to FY2022 enacted levels, and the Inter-American Foundation (IAF) and and
U.S. African Development Foundation U.S. African Development Foundation ~~would see~~(USADF) would have seen funding decreases (-9.5% and -17.5%, funding decreases (-9.5% and -17.5%,
~~respectively).38~~
~~Multilateral Assistance~~
~~The Administration proposes a near doubling of funding for multilateral assistance for FY2023~~
~~when compared to FY2022 enacted levels. This increase is largely a result of proposed~~
respectively).52 House Legislation. The House bill for FY2023 would provide a total of $1.44 billion for independent agencies, which is nearly level with the President’s request. The bill includes level funding for the Peace Corps as compared to the request, a moderate decrease for MCC (-1.6%), and significant increases for IAF (+23.7%) and USADF (+36.4%). When compared to the FY2022 enacted level, the House’s FY2023 bill would provide an overall increase of 2.4% for 52 For more on the Peace Corps, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown. For more on the Millennium Challenge Corporation, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge Corporation: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown. Congressional Research Service 18 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations independent agencies with IAF and USADF again receiving the greatest funding increases (+11.9% and +12.5%, respectively). Multilateral Assistance The Administration proposed a near doubling of funding for multilateral assistance for FY2023 when compared to FY2022 base enacted levels and a 56.3% increase when compared to total FY2022 enacted levels. The FY2022 enacted total included a total of $650 million in emergency supplemental funds provided in the AUSAA (P.L. 117-128): $500 million for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and $150 million for the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program. The Administration’s proposed increase in multilateral funding for FY2023 was largely a result of requested investments in the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Climate Investment Funds, which the investments in the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Climate Investment Funds, which the
Administration Administration ~~contends~~contended would “accelerate progress toward meeting the goals of the Paris would “accelerate progress toward meeting the goals of the Paris
Agreement by assisting developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to Agreement by assisting developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to
climate change and building resilience, and investing in sustainable infrastructure.”climate change and building resilience, and investing in sustainable infrastructure.”3953 The The
Administration had proposed funding for both the GCF and Climate Investment Funds for Administration had proposed funding for both the GCF and Climate Investment Funds for
FY2022; both the House-passed and Senate drafted SFOPS bills for FY2022 included funds for FY2022; both the House-passed and Senate drafted SFOPS bills for FY2022 included funds for
the GCF ($1.60 billion and $1.45 billion, respectively), however the FY2022 consolidated the GCF ($1.60 billion and $1.45 billion, respectively), however the FY2022 consolidated
appropriation did not include any funding for GCF or the proposed Climate Investment Funds.appropriation did not include any funding for GCF or the proposed Climate Investment Funds.4054
The request The request ~~includes~~included other substantial changes to multilateral assistance accounts when compared other substantial changes to multilateral assistance accounts when compared
to FY2022 enacted levels. These to FY2022 enacted levels. These ~~include~~included a significant increase to the International Development a significant increase to the International Development
Association (Association (+42.8%); significant decreases to the Asian Development Fund (-18.2%), African Development Fund (-18.9%), and the International Monetary Fund (-80.4%); and a zeroing out of the Global Agriculture and Food Security. House Legislation. The House bill for FY2023 includes a total of $4.67 billion for multilateral assistance accounts, a 1.2% decrease from the President’s request. The decrease is largely due to the House bill not accepting the President’s proposed contributions to Climate Investment Funds; all other multilateral accounts are funded at the President’s request, with the exception of International Organizations and Programs, which would see a 29.5% increase. When compared to FY2022 total enacted funding for multilateral assistance, the House measure provides a 54.5% increase with the most significant increases to the Clean Technology Fund (+180.0%), the International Development Association (+42.8%), and International Organizations and Programs (+40.0%)~~42.8%); significant decreases to the Asian Development Fund (-18.2%), African~~

~~38 For more on the Peace Corps, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown.~~
~~For more on the Millennium Challenge Corporation, see CRS Report RL32427,~~ ~~Millennium Challenge Corporation:~~
~~Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown.~~
~~39 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 135.~~
~~40 House-passed SFOPS was H.R. 4373, Senate-drafted SFOPS was S. 3075, and the Consolidated Appropriations Act,~~
~~2022 was P.L. 117-103. The Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying P.L. 117-103 did not include details on the~~
~~decision not to fund GCF for FY2022.~~
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~~Development Fund (-18.9%), and the International Monetary Fund (-80.4%); and a zeroing out of~~
~~the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program~~. .
Regional Assistance
As with prior year budget requests, the Administration did not propose regional funding As with prior year budget requests, the Administration did not propose regional funding
allocations that allocations that ~~capture~~captured all appropriations accounts. For example, funding for humanitarian all appropriations accounts. For example, funding for humanitarian
assistance assistance iswas proposed for what are referred to as “global” accounts, wherein funding would be proposed for what are referred to as “global” accounts, wherein funding would be
allocated throughout the fiscal year based on assessed needs and U.S. humanitarian priorities. allocated throughout the fiscal year based on assessed needs and U.S. humanitarian priorities.
The Administration, however, did propose regional funding for certain accounts. These The Administration, however, did propose regional funding for certain accounts. These ~~include~~included
GHP; DA; ESF; Assistance to Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (AEECA); and all five security GHP; DA; ESF; Assistance to Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (AEECA); and all five security
assistance accounts. Compared to FY2021 actuals (including emergency funding), for FY2023, assistance accounts. Compared to FY2021 actuals (including emergency funding), for FY2023,
53 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 135. 54 House-passed SFOPS was H.R. 4373, Senate-drafted SFOPS was S. 3075, and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 was P.L. 117-103. The Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying P.L. 117-103 did not include details on the decision not to fund GCF for FY2022. Congressional Research Service 19 link to page 24 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations the Administration proposed~~the Administration proposes~~ the largest increase in funding for the Western Hemisphere (58.4%), the largest increase in funding for the Western Hemisphere (58.4%),
followed by Europe and Eurasia, South and Central Asia, and East Asia and the Pacific; the followed by Europe and Eurasia, South and Central Asia, and East Asia and the Pacific; the
proposal reduces funding from FY2022 levels for both sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East proposal reduces funding from FY2022 levels for both sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East
(Figure 5). The Administration also . The Administration also ~~sets~~set out priorities for certain regions, including addressing out priorities for certain regions, including addressing
the root causes of migration and bolstering civil society and governance in Central America; the root causes of migration and bolstering civil society and governance in Central America;
countering Russia’s malign influence and supporting Ukraine and other regional allies in Europe countering Russia’s malign influence and supporting Ukraine and other regional allies in Europe
and Eurasia; and advancing the Indo-Pacific strategy. and Eurasia; and advancing the Indo-Pacific strategy.
Figure 5. Regional Assistance, FY2021 Actual vs. FY2023 Request
(In billions of current U.S. dollars) (In billions of current U.S. dollars)

Source: CRS using FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification. CRS using FY2023 SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification.
Notes: FY2021 is the most recent year for which “actual” data are available. FY2021 Actual includes emergency FY2021 is the most recent year for which “actual” data are available. FY2021 Actual includes emergency
funding. funding.
House Legislation. The House legislation and accompanying report do not provide comprehensive regional allocations, but do specify assistance levels for several countries and regions. The legislation directs that $3.3 billion be made available for Israel, $1.7 billion for the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Strategy, $1.4 billion for Egypt, $487.4 million for Colombia, and $132.0 million for Georgia. Notably, the House bill does not include a designated funding level for Ukraine as existed in previous fiscal years. General Provisions
The SFOPS General Provisions (generally Title VII of the bill) set policy; direct, condition, and The SFOPS General Provisions (generally Title VII of the bill) set policy; direct, condition, and
restrict appropriated funding; and outline notification and reporting requirements among other restrict appropriated funding; and outline notification and reporting requirements among other
functions. As many SFOPS appropriations accounts do not receive regular reauthorization, functions. As many SFOPS appropriations accounts do not receive regular reauthorization,
legislative language related to policy priorities is often found in the General Provisions title. legislative language related to policy priorities is often found in the General Provisions title.
While some sections remain unchanged from year to year, others are dynamic, indicating While some sections remain unchanged from year to year, others are dynamic, indicating
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Members’ use of the General Provisions—and the SFOPS appropriations measure more Members’ use of the General Provisions—and the SFOPS appropriations measure more
broadly—to address current and emerging global issues. broadly—to address current and emerging global issues.
For FY2023, the Administration For FY2023, the Administration ~~is requesting~~requested legislative language in a number of areas to address legislative language in a number of areas to address
its policy priorities. Selected examples of such requests its policy priorities. Selected examples of such requests ~~include~~included the following: the following:
  Consular and Border Security Programs. The Biden Administration The Biden Administration ~~has~~
~~requested~~ requested General Provisions pertaining to consular fees the State Department General Provisions pertaining to consular fees the State Department
~~collects and~~ collects and Congressional Research Service 20 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations deposits into the Consular and Border Security programs account to deposits into the Consular and Border Security programs account to
fund consular services.fund consular services.4155 One proposal would One proposal would ~~authorize~~have authorized the State Department to the State Department to
adjust machine-readable visa fees to account for the costs it incurs for consular adjust machine-readable visa fees to account for the costs it incurs for consular
services for which there is currently no fee or surcharge collected, or for which services for which there is currently no fee or surcharge collected, or for which
the State Department is required to remit the applicable fee or surcharge to the the State Department is required to remit the applicable fee or surcharge to the
Treasury. The State Department requested an additional General Provision that Treasury. The State Department requested an additional General Provision that
would, among other measures, amend the fee collection and expenditure would, among other measures, amend the fee collection and expenditure
authorities for passport and immigrant visa surcharges to encompass a broader authorities for passport and immigrant visa surcharges to encompass a broader
array of consular services.array of consular services.4256
  Global Engagement Center Extension. The authorizing statute for the State The authorizing statute for the State
Department’s Global Engagement Center Department’s Global Engagement Center (GEC), which is responsible for leading inter-, which is responsible for leading inter-
agency efforts to recognize, understand, expose, and counter foreign state and agency efforts to recognize, understand, expose, and counter foreign state and
non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts aimed at the United States and non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts aimed at the United States and
its allies and partners, currently provides that the GEC will terminate on its allies and partners, currently provides that the GEC will terminate on
December 23, 2024.December 23, 2024.4357 The Biden Administration The Biden Administration ~~is requesting~~requested a General a General
Provision that would extend this date to December 31, 2027.Provision that would extend this date to December 31, 2027.4458
  Build Back Better World (B3W) Fund. The Administration The Administration ~~is requesting~~requested that that
Congress make available up to $350 million of Title III funds for a new B3W Congress make available up to $350 million of Title III funds for a new B3W
Fund that would provide for “assistance, including through contributions, to Fund that would provide for “assistance, including through contributions, to
address climate, health and health security, digital connectivity, and gender address climate, health and health security, digital connectivity, and gender
equity.”equity.”4559 Such funds would Such funds would behave been in addition to SFOPS funding made available for in addition to SFOPS funding made available for
~~such purposes elsewhere in the bill.~~
~~Outlook~~
~~As Congress holds subcommittee hearings (expected to start in late April 2022) on the FY2023~~
~~budget request and begins drafting legislation, issues that may feature in debates include~~
Ukraine. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine affected consideration of FY2022 SFOPS appropriations
~~and is expected to remain a subject of debate in the FY2023 budget cycle. For FY2022, the~~
~~Administration submitted to Congress a supplemental funding request that included $5.00 billion~~
~~for SFOPS funding to address security, economic, and humanitarian needs in Ukraine and~~
~~neighboring countries.46 Congress included $6.80 billion in emergency SFOPS funds in the~~

41such purposes elsewhere in the bill. House Legislation. The House measure introduces new general provisions and makes adjustments to a number of general provisions from prior year appropriations bills. Selected examples include renaming funds previously appropriated for “Women’s Leadership” as the “Madeleine Albright Women’s Leadership Program”; adjusting standard notification requirements to include information not previously required; and requiring new or updated reporting on topics such as activities related to democracy and gender equality, the prioritization of funding to marginalized groups, and security assistance coordination. The House measure does accept certain Administration proposals, including the aforementioned consular fee proposals, the requested B3W Fund, and the extension of the GEC’s statutory mandate. Outlook It is unclear whether the House and Senate may take further action on individual SFOPS bills in the coming months. The House may or may not consider H.R. 8282 as a stand-alone measure on the House floor prior to the August recess.60 Reportedly, consistent with the past two fiscal years, the Senate Appropriations Committee is planning to release draft bills in late July but is not 55 The authorization statute for the Consular and Border Security Programs account can be accessed as codified at 8 The authorization statute for the Consular and Border Security Programs account can be accessed as codified at 8
U.S.C. §1715. U.S.C. §1715.
4256 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, pp. 50-51. , slide presentation, pp. 50-51.
4357 See “Global Engagement Center” at 22 U.S.C. §2656 note and U.S. Department of State, “Global Engagement See “Global Engagement Center” at 22 U.S.C. §2656 note and U.S. Department of State, “Global Engagement
Center.” Center.”
4458 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, FY2023 Budget Request, slide presentation, p. 54. , slide presentation, p. 54.
4559 Office of Management and Budget, Office of Management and Budget, FY2023 Budget Appendix, p. 886. p. 886.
~~46 Letter from Shalanda Young, Acting Director, Office of Management and Budget, to Hon. Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of~~60 Aidan Quigley and Avery Roe, "House spending bills make headway as lawmakers eye exits," CQ, July 19, 2022.
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~~FY2022 omnibus (P.L. 117-103) for such purposes~~planning on marking up the measures.61 Congress aims to complete all 12 appropriations bills by the start of FY2023—October 1, 2022. If that deadline is not met, Congress may pursue a Continuing Resolution (or multiple CRs) to keep the government funded while it completes negotiations.62 As Congress debates FY2023 SFOPS appropriations, issues that may feature in debates include the following. Ukraine. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine affected consideration of FY2022 SFOPS appropriations and is expected to remain a subject of debate in the FY2023 budget cycle. As the fighting in Ukraine continues and the . As the fighting in Ukraine continues and the
displacement displacement ~~crisis worsens~~and humanitarian crises worsen, Congress may consider further supplemental appropriations to , Congress may consider further supplemental appropriations to
provide immediate aid to the region and/or regular appropriations in anticipation of longer-term provide immediate aid to the region and/or regular appropriations in anticipation of longer-term
assistance to stabilize and rebuild the country after the war’s conclusion.assistance to stabilize and rebuild the country after the war’s conclusion.47
63 Congress has also expressed interest in the broader effects of the conflict—for example on global food security—and may seek additional foreign assistance resources to address such challenges. COVID-19. Congress may continue to debate how, if at all, to address the global COVID-19 Congress may continue to debate how, if at all, to address the global COVID-19
response in the FY2023 SFOPS bill. The FY2022 supplemental funding request included $4.25 response in the FY2023 SFOPS bill. The FY2022 supplemental funding request included $4.25
billion for SFOPS accounts to “support the global COVID-19 pandemic response.”billion for SFOPS accounts to “support the global COVID-19 pandemic response.”4864 Such funds Such funds
were proposed to support the U.S. Government’s Global VAX initiative, procure and distribute were proposed to support the U.S. Government’s Global VAX initiative, procure and distribute
therapeutics and other related medical supplies, and provide humanitarian assistance to vulnerable therapeutics and other related medical supplies, and provide humanitarian assistance to vulnerable
populations. The draft FY2022 omnibus included supplemental funds to address COVID-19, populations. The draft FY2022 omnibus included supplemental funds to address COVID-19,
including $5.00 billion for SFOPS accounts.including $5.00 billion for SFOPS accounts.4965 However, prior to the bill’s passage, and reportedly However, prior to the bill’s passage, and reportedly
in response to a lack of bipartisan support for such funds, the COVID-19 funds were removed in response to a lack of bipartisan support for such funds, the COVID-19 funds were removed
from the measure.from the measure.5066 At an April 2022, event, Deputy Secretary of State Brian McKeon suggested At an April 2022, event, Deputy Secretary of State Brian McKeon suggested
that the Administration would continue to advocate for additional funding to address COVID-19 that the Administration would continue to advocate for additional funding to address COVID-19
abroadabroad ~~and that Congress could enact such funds in supplemental funding measures such as one~~
~~that would also address continued security, humanitarian, and economic assistance needs in~~
~~Ukraine.51~~
State Department Information Technology Enterprise Modernization. As part of the
~~Administration’s “Modernization of American Diplomacy” initiative, Secretary of State Antony~~
~~Blinken is prioritizing enhancing the State Department’s information technology (IT)~~
~~infrastructure.52 The State Department has faced several cyberattacks and was among the federal~~
~~agencies targeted in the so-called “SolarWinds” cyber espionage campaign that the U.S.~~
~~government attributed to the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).53 The State~~
~~Department’s Office of Inspector General has also identified “information security and~~
~~management” among the major management challenges the State Department faces in annual~~
~~reporting going back to at least FY2016. In addition to aforementioned funding for cybersecurity~~
~~requested for the Diplomatic Programs account (see above), the State Department is requesting~~
~~$470.2 million for its Capital Investment Fund for IT programs, or 57% more than Congress~~
~~appropriated in FY2022. Stated uses for this funding include modernizing the State Department’s~~

~~the House, March 2, 2022.~~
47.67 If Congress does not enact such funds in a FY2022 supplemental funding measure, the Administration and some Members of Congress may seek to bolster COVID-related funding in FY2023. Consular Operations Resources. The Consular and Border Security Programs (CBSP) account funds many of the State Department’s core consular functions, including the adjudication of visa and passport applications. While CBSP is typically funded through consular fees and surcharges 61 Paul M. Krawzak and Aidan Quigley, “Senate panel to skip fiscal 2023 appropriations markups,” CQ, July 12, 2022. 62 In the absence of a continuing resolution, the government would shut down. 63 Some have suggested that more needs to be done to invest in Ukraine’s long-term needs. For example, European Some have suggested that more needs to be done to invest in Ukraine’s long-term needs. For example, European
Budget Commissioner Johannes Hahn reportedly announced on April 6th that Ukraine would need an “updated model Budget Commissioner Johannes Hahn reportedly announced on April 6th that Ukraine would need an “updated model
of the Marshall Plan.” “Ukraine needs new Marshall Plan after Russian invasion -EU Commission,” of the Marshall Plan.” “Ukraine needs new Marshall Plan after Russian invasion -EU Commission,” Reuters, April 6, , April 6,
2022. 2022.
4864 Letter from Shalanda Young, March 2, 2022. Letter from Shalanda Young, March 2, 2022.
4965 Division M included $15 million for Diplomatic Programs, $35 million for USAID’s Operating Expenses, $4.45 Division M included $15 million for Diplomatic Programs, $35 million for USAID’s Operating Expenses, $4.45
billion for Global Health Programs, $425 million for International Disaster Assistance, and $75 million for Migration billion for Global Health Programs, $425 million for International Disaster Assistance, and $75 million for Migration
and Refugee Assistance. and Refugee Assistance.
5066 For example, a March 2, 2022, letter from 36 Senators to President Biden noted that “before [they] would consider For example, a March 2, 2022, letter from 36 Senators to President Biden noted that “before [they] would consider
supporting an additional $30 billion for COVID-19 relief, Congress must receive a full accounting of how the supporting an additional $30 billion for COVID-19 relief, Congress must receive a full accounting of how the
government has already spent the first $6 trillion.” Letter from Senators Mitt Romney et al. to President Joseph R. government has already spent the first $6 trillion.” Letter from Senators Mitt Romney et al. to President Joseph R.
Biden, March 2, 2022. Biden, March 2, 2022.
5167 Noted during the question and answer portion of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition’s April 6, 2022, event titled Noted during the question and answer portion of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition’s April 6, 2022, event titled
Modernizing Foreign Aid: Building a State Department for the 21st Century. Event recording available at Event recording available at
https://www.usglc.org/events/modernizing-foreign-aid-building-a-state-department-for-the-21st-century/. https://www.usglc.org/events/modernizing-foreign-aid-building-a-state-department-for-the-21st-century/.
~~52 U.S. Department of State, “Secretary Antony J. Blinken on the Modernization of American Diplomacy,” October 27,~~
~~2021.~~
~~53 White House Fact Sheet, “Imposing Costs for Harmful Foreign Activities by the Russian Government,” April 15,~~
~~2021.~~
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18

~~SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations~~

Congressional Research Service 22 link to page 24 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations retained by the State Department rather than appropriations, fee collections declined considerably amid global travel restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.68 Throughout the pandemic, Congress has sought to ensure that the State Department maintains sufficient resources for consular operations. For example, Congress has provided appropriations for the CBSP account, directed the State Department to retain greater shares of the consular fees it collects rather than remit them to the Treasury, and authorized the State Department to spend fee collections on consular services generally rather than services related only to the collection of the applicable fee.69 If international travel continues to recover, State Department fee collections will increase, which may lead some to consider whether Congress should keep new fee-related authorities in place (for examples of additional authorities of this kind that the Biden Administration requested for FY2023, see the preceding “General Provisions” section). Conversely, should COVID-19 cases around the world reach a degree of severity that once again significantly impacts international travel, Congress may need to weigh whether it should provide additional appropriations and/or flexible fee authorities to sustain consular operations. State Department Information Technology Enterprise Modernization. As part of the Administration’s “Modernization of American Diplomacy” initiative, Secretary of State Antony Blinken is prioritizing enhancing the State Department’s information technology (IT) infrastructure.70 The State Department has faced several cyberattacks and was among the federal agencies targeted in the so-called “SolarWinds” cyber espionage campaign that the U.S. government attributed to the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).71 The State Department’s Office of Inspector General has also identified “information security and management” among the major management challenges the State Department faces in annual reporting going back to at least FY2016. In addition to aforementioned funding for cybersecurity requested for the Diplomatic Programs account (see above), the Biden Administration is requesting $470.2 million for the State Department’s Capital Investment Fund (CIF) for IT programs, or 57% more than Congress appropriated in FY2022. Stated uses for this funding include modernizing the State Department’s IT systems, including financial, personnel, and logistics systems; updating critical enterprise IT systems, including financial, personnel, and logistics systems; updating critical enterprise
software licenses; and increasing cloud security.software licenses; and increasing cloud security.54

~~54 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 31.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

19

~~link to page 30 link to page 30~~72 The House SFOPS appropriations bill, H.R. 8282, includes $350 million for the CIF, which totals 25.6% less than the Administration’s request. 68 To review the statutory authorization for the CBSP account, see Division J, Title VII, Section 7081 of P.L. 115-31. 69 Congress provided a line item appropriation of $300 million for CBSP in Division K, Title IX of P.L. 116-260. Additionally Section 7069(e) of Division K of P.L. 117-103 provided the State Department the authority to deposit passport fees currently transferred to the General Fund of the Treasury to the CBSP account. Congress estimated in the Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying that law that this measure will provide at least $340 million in additional resources for consular operations in FY2022. Congress also extended other provisions intended to provide the State Department more flexibility regarding spending consular fees within Section 7069 of that law. 70 U.S. Department of State, “Secretary Antony J. Blinken on the Modernization of American Diplomacy,” October 27, 2021. 71 White House Fact Sheet, “Imposing Costs for Harmful Foreign Activities by the Russian Government,” April 15, 2021. 72 U.S. Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, p. 31. Congressional Research Service 23 link to page 33 link to page 33
Appendix A. SFOPS Funding by Account
Table A-1. Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations: FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of (In millions of current U.S. dollars; numbers in parentheses are the portion of the account totals designated as OCO or emergency funds) U.S. dollars; numbers in parentheses are the portion of the account totals designated as OCO or emergency funds)
FY2023
FY2023
Request as %
Request as %
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Change from
Change from

Actuala
Enactedb
Request
FY2022 Base
FY2022 Total FY2023 House
Title I. State, Broadcasting & Related Agencies TOTAL
17,233.05 17,233.05
~~17,724~~18,038.68 .68
18,577.45 18,577.45
7.92% 7.92%
~~4.81%~~2.99% 18,016.23
(4,201.42) (4,201.42)
( (~~511~~825.20) .20)
Administration of Foreign Affairs, Subtotal Administration of Foreign Affairs, Subtotal
12,891.92 12,891.92
13, 13,~~072~~386.31 .31
13,181.51 13,181.51
4.73% 4.73%
~~0.84%~~-1.53% 13,092.94
(3,399.19) (3,399.19)
( (~~486~~800.20) .20)
Diplomatic Programs Diplomatic Programs
8,963.14 8,963.14
9, 9,~~348~~538.09 .09
9,637.80 9,637.80
5.00% 5.00%
~~3.10%~~1.05% 9,637.71
(2,070.00) (2,070.00)
( (~~169~~359.30) .30)
of which Worldwide Security Protection
3,903.60
3,788.20
3,813.71
0.67%
~~0.67%~~0.67% 3,813.71
(2,226.12)
Consular and Border Security Programs Consular and Border Security Programs
300.00 300.00

(300.00) (300.00)
Capital Investment Fund Capital Investment Fund
250.00 250.00
~~300~~310.00 .00
470.18 470.18
56.73% 56.73%
~~56.73%~~
51.67% 350.00 (10.00) Office of Inspector General Office of Inspector General
145.73 145.73
~~135~~139.46 .46
133.70 133.70
1.71% 1.71%
- -~~1.30%~~
4.13% 133.70 (54.90) (54.90)
( (48.00) .00)
Educational & Cultural Exchanges Educational & Cultural Exchanges
740.30 740.30
753.00 753.00
741.30 741.30
-1.55% -1.55%
-1.55% -1.55%
773.00 Representation Expenses Representation Expenses
7.42 7.42
7.42 7.42
7.42 7.42
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
7.42 Protection of Foreign Missions & Officials Protection of Foreign Missions & Officials
30.89 30.89
30.89 30.89
30.89 30.89
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
30.89 Embassy Security, Construction & Maintenance Embassy Security, Construction & Maintenance
1,950.45 1,950.45
~~1,983~~2,093.15 .15
1,957.82 1,957.82
-1.28% -1.28%
- -~~1.28%~~
~~(824.29~~6.47% 1,957.82 (824.29) (110.00) )
of which Worldwide Security Upgrades
1,181.39
1,132.43
1,055.21
-6.82%
~~-6.82%~~-6.82% 1,055.21
(824.29)
CRS- CRS-2024

link to page link to page 3033 link to page link to page 3033
FY2023
FY2023
Request as %
Request as %
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Change from
Change from

Actuala
Enactedb
Request
FY2022 Base
FY2022 Total
FY2023 House Emergencies in the Diplomatic & Consular Services Emergencies in the Diplomatic & Consular Services
157.89 157.89
320.79 320.79
8.89 8.89
12.68% 12.68%
-97.23% -97.23%
8.89 (312.90) (312.90)
Repatriation Loans Program Repatriation Loans Program
2.50 2.50
1.30 1.30
1.30 1.30
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
1.30 Payment to the American Institute in Taiwan Payment to the American Institute in Taiwan
31.96 31.96
32.58 32.58
32.58 32.58
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
32.58 International Chancery Center International Chancery Center
2.74 2.74
0.74 0.74
0.74 0.74
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
0.74 Sudan Claims Sudan Claims
150.00 150.00
0.00 0.00

(150.00) (150.00)
Foreign Service Retirement (mandatory) Foreign Service Retirement (mandatory)
158.90 158.90
158.90 158.90
158.90 158.90
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
158.90 International Organizations, Subtotal International Organizations, Subtotal
2,962.14 2,962.14
3,161.54 3,161.54
3,985.47 3,985.47
26.06% 26.06%
26.06% 26.06%
3,457.24 (802.23) (802.23)
Contributions to International Organizations Contributions to International Organizations
1,505.93 1,505.93
1,662.93 1,662.93
1,658.24 1,658.24
-0.28% -0.28%
-0.28% -0.28%
1,659.74 (96.24) (96.24)
Contributions to International Peacekeeping Contributions to International Peacekeeping
1,456.21 1,456.21
1,498.61 1,498.61
2,327.24 2,327.24
55.29% 55.29%
55.29% 55.29%
1,797.50 (705.99) (705.99)
International Commissions, Subtotal (Function 300) International Commissions, Subtotal (Function 300)
176.62 176.62
180.85 180.85
168.71 168.71
-6.72% -6.72%
-6.72% -6.72%
182.05 International Boundary/U.S. Mexico International Boundary/U.S. Mexico
98.77 98.77
103.00 103.00
101.74 101.74
-1.23% -1.23%
-1.23% -1.23%
103.00 American Sections American Sections
15.01 15.01
15.01 15.01
13.20 13.20
-12.02% -12.02%
-12.02% -12.02%
16.20 International Fisheries International Fisheries
62.85 62.85
62.85 62.85
53.77 53.77
-14.45% -14.45%
-14.45% -14.45%
62.85 Agency for Global Media, Subtotal Agency for Global Media, Subtotal
802.96 802.96
885.00 885.00
840.00 840.00
-2.33% -2.33%
-5.08% -5.08%
862.00 (25.00) (25.00)
Broadcasting Operations Broadcasting Operations
793.26 793.26
875.30 875.30
830.30 830.30
-2.35% -2.35%
-5.14% -5.14%
852.30 (25.00) (25.00)
Capital Improvements Capital Improvements
9.70 9.70
9.70 9.70
9.70 9.70
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
9.70 Related Programs, Subtotal Related Programs, Subtotal
385.12 385.12
410.67 410.67
387.39 387.39
-5.67% -5.67%
-5.67% -5.67%
407.47 Asia Foundation 20.00 21.50 20.00 -6.98% -6.98% 22.00 CRS-25~~CRS-21~~

link to page link to page 3033 link to page link to page 3033
FY2023
FY2023
Request as %
Request as %
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Change from
Change from

Actuala
Enactedb
Request
FY2022 Base
FY2022 Total
~~Asia Foundation~~
~~20.00~~
~~21.50~~
~~20.00~~
~~-6.98%~~
~~-6.98%~~FY2023 House
U.S. Institute of Peace U.S. Institute of Peace
45.00 45.00
54.00 54.00
47.25 47.25
-12.50% -12.50%
-12.50% -12.50%
54.00 Center for Middle East-West Dialogue Center for Middle East-West Dialogue
0.20 0.20
0.18 0.18
0.18 0.18
-1.67% -1.67%
-1.67% -1.67%
0.18 Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship
0.09 0.09
0.17 0.17
0.18 0.18
2.94% 2.94%
2.94% 2.94%
0.17 Israeli-Arab Scholarship Israeli-Arab Scholarship
0.12 0.12
0.12 0.12
0.09 0.09
-23.53% -23.53%
-23.53% -23.53%
0.12 East-West Center East-West Center
19.70 19.70
19.70 19.70
19.70 19.70
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
21.00 National Endowment for Democracy National Endowment for Democracy
300.00 300.00
315.00 315.00
300.00 300.00
-4.76% -4.76%
-4.76% -4.76%
310.00 Other Commissions, Subtotal Other Commissions, Subtotal
14.30 14.30
14.30 14.30
14.36 14.36
0.44% 0.44%
0.44% 0.44%
14.53 Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad
0.64 0.64
0.64 0.64
0.66 0.66
2.02% 2.02%
2.02% 2.02%
0.82 International Religious Freedom International Religious Freedom
4.50 4.50
4.50 4.50
4.50 4.50
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
4.50 Security & Cooperation in Europe Security & Cooperation in Europe
2.91 2.91
2.91 2.91
2.91 2.91
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
2.91 Cong.-Exec. on People’s Republic of China Cong.-Exec. on People’s Republic of China
2.25 2.25
2.25 2.25
2.30 2.30
2.22% 2.22%
2.22% 2.22%
2.30 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review U.S.-China Economic and Security Review
4.00 4.00
4.00 4.00
4.00 4.00
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
4.00 Foreign Operations, TOTAL
54,726.24 54,726.24
~~50,686~~69,318.30 .30
47,423.73 47,423.73
15.81% 15.81%
- -~~6.44%~~31.59% 47,162.67
(19,733.58) (19,733.58)
( (~~9,737~~28,369.10) .10)
Title II. Administration of Foreign Assistance Title II. Administration of Foreign Assistance
1,752/45 1,752/45
2, 2,~~003~~021.15 .15
2,112.95 2,112.95
7.03% 7.03%
~~5.48%~~
4.54% 2,087.35 (41.00) (41.00)
( (2947.00) .00)
USAID Operating Expenses USAID Operating Expenses
1,418.75 1,418.75
1, 1,~~660~~677.95 .95
1,743.35 1,743.35
6.57% 6.57%
~~4.96%~~
3.90% 1,743.35 (41.00) (41.00)
( (2542.00) .00)
USAID Capital Investment Fund USAID Capital Investment Fund
258.20 258.20
258.20 258.20
289.10 289.10
11.97% 11.97%
11.97% 11.97%
263.50 USAID Inspector General USAID Inspector General
75.50 75.50
8485.00 .00
80.50 80.50
0.63% 0.63%
- -~~4.17%~~
~~(4.00)~~
~~CRS-22~~

~~link to page 30 link to page 30~~5.29% 80.50 (5.00) Title III. Bilateral Assistance 41,083.95 49,869.54 31,133.24 13.72% -37.57% 30,866.19 (18,210.46) (22,492.10) Global Health Programs 13,195.95 9,830.00 10,576.00 7.59% 7.59% 10,976.50 (4,000.00) CRS-26 link to page 33 link to page 33
FY2023
FY2023
Request as %
Request as %
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Change from
Change from

Actuala
Enactedb
Request
FY2022 Base
FY2022 Total
~~Title III. Bilateral Assistance~~
~~41,083.95~~
~~36,405.54~~
~~31,133.24~~
~~13.72%~~
~~-14.48%~~
~~(18,210.46)~~
~~(9,028.10)~~
~~Global Health Programs~~
~~13,195.95~~
~~9,830.00~~
~~10,576.00~~
~~7.59%~~
~~7.59%~~
~~(4,000.00)~~FY2023 House
of which USAID
7,265.95
3,880.00
3,956.00 3,956.00
1.96% 1.96%
1.96% 1.96%
4,581.50 (4,000)
of which State
5,930.00
5,950.00
6,620.00 6,620.00
11.26% 11.26%
11.26% 11.26%
6,395.00 Global Health Programs (mandatory, non-add) Global Health Programs (mandatory, non-add)

6,500.00 6,500.00

Development Assistance Development Assistance
3,500.00 3,500.00
4,140.49 4,140.49
4,769.79 4,769.79
15.20% 15.20%
15.20% 15.20%
4,769.79 International Disaster Assistance International Disaster Assistance
4,395.36 4,395.36
~~6,955~~11,303.46 .46
4,699.36 4,699.36
20.33% 20.33%
- -~~32.44%~~
58.43% 4,395.00 (1,914.04) (1,914.04)
( (~~3,050~~7,398.00) .00)
Transition Initiatives Transition Initiatives
92.04 92.04
200.00 200.00
102.00 102.00
27.50% 27.50%
-49.00% -49.00%
93.00 (120.00) (120.00)
Complex Crisis Fund Complex Crisis Fund
30.00 30.00
60.00 60.00
40.00 40.00
-33.33% -33.33%
-33.33% -33.33%
60.00 Economic Support Fund Economic Support Fund
12,526.96 12,526.96
~~4,746~~13,512.00 .00
4,122.46 4,122.46
0.57% 0.57%
- -~~13.14%~~
69.49% 4,128.27 (9,375.00) (9,375.00)
( (~~647~~9,413.00) .00)
Democracy Fund Democracy Fund
290.70 290.70
340.70 340.70
290.70 290.70
-14.68% -14.68%
-14.68% -14.68%
345.70 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia & Central Asia Assistance for Europe, Eurasia & Central Asia
770.33 770.33
1,620.00 1,620.00
984.43 984.43
96.89% 96.89%
-39.23% -39.23%
850.33 (1,120.00) (1,120.00)
Migration & Refugee Assistance Migration & Refugee Assistance
4,032.00 4,032.00
~~4,727~~5,077.19 .19
3,912.00 3,912.00
34.33% 34.33%
- -~~17.24%~~
22.95% 3,700.00 (2,301.42) (2,301.42)
( (~~1,815~~2,165.00) .00)
Emergency Refugee & Migration Assistance Emergency Refugee & Migration Assistance
500.10 500.10
2,276.20 2,276.20
100.00 100.00
99900.00% 99900.00%
-95.61% -95.61%
0.10 (500.00) (500.00)
(2,276.10) (2,276.10)
Independent Agencies, Subtotal Independent Agencies, Subtotal
1,393.50 1,393.50
1,404.50 1,404.50
1,431.50 1,431.50
1.92% 1.92%
1.92% 1.92%
~~CRS-23~~

~~link to page 30 link to page 30~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2023~~
~~Request as %~~
~~Request as %~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~Change from~~
~~Change from~~

~~Actuala~~
~~Enactedb~~
~~Request~~
~~FY2022 Base~~
~~FY2022 Total~~1,437.50
Peace Corps Peace Corps
410.50 410.50
410.50 410.50
430.50 430.50
4.87% 4.87%
4.87% 4.87%
430.50 Mil ennium Challenge Corporation Mil ennium Challenge Corporation
912.00 912.00
912.00 912.00
930.00 930.00
1.97% 1.97%
1.97% 1.97%
915.00 Inter-American Foundation Inter-American Foundation
38.00 38.00
42.00 42.00
38.00 38.00
-9.52% -9.52%
-9.52% -9.52%
47.00 U.S. Africa Development Foundation U.S. Africa Development Foundation
33.00 33.00
40.00 40.00
33.00 33.00
-17.50% -17.50%
-17.50% -17.50%
45.00 Dept. of the Treasury, Subtotal Dept. of the Treasury, Subtotal
357.00 357.00
105.00 105.00
105.00 105.00
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
110.00 (120.00) CRS-27 link to page 33 link to page 33 FY2023 FY2023 Request as % Request as % FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 Change from Change from Actuala Enactedb Request FY2022 Base FY2022 Total FY2023 House ~~(120.00)~~
International Affairs Technical Assistance International Affairs Technical Assistance
33.00 33.00
38.00 38.00
38.00 38.00
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
38.00 Treasury Debt Restructuring Treasury Debt Restructuring
324.00 324.00
67.00 67.00
67.00 67.00
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
52.00 (120.00) (120.00)
Title IV. International Security Assistance Title IV. International Security Assistance
9,004.03 9,004.03
~~9,579~~14,079.35 .35
8,999.78 8,999.78
1.13% 1.13%
- -~~6.05%~~
36.08% 20.00 (902.12) (902.12)
( (~~680~~5,180.00) .00)
International Narcotics Control & Law Enforcement International Narcotics Control & Law Enforcement
1,385.57 1,385.57
1, 1,~~412~~821.00 .00
1,466.00 1,466.00
5.39% 5.39%
~~3.17%~~
~~(30~~-19.49% 8,996.98 (430.00) .00)
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining
889.25 889.25
~~900~~1,000.00 .00
900.25 900.25
0.03% 0.03%
~~0.03%~~-9.98% 1,450.00 (100.00)
Peacekeeping Operations Peacekeeping Operations
440.76 440.76
455.00 455.00
463.56 463.56
1.88% 1.88%
1.88% 1.88%
920.25 (325.21) (325.21)
International Military Education & Training International Military Education & Training
112.93 112.93
112.93 112.93
112.93 112.93
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00% 460.76
Foreign Military Financing Foreign Military Financing
6,175.52 6,175.52
610,690.42 ,690.42
6,057.05 6,057.05
0.28% 0.28%
- -~~9.47%~~
43.34% 112.93 (576.91) (576.91)
( (4,650.00) 650.00)
Title V. Multilateral Assistance Title V. Multilateral Assistance
2,620.82 2,620.82
~~2,374~~3,024.46 .46
4,726.72 4,726.72
99.06% 99.06%
~~99.06%~~
~~(580~~56.28% 4,671.51 (580.00) (650.00) .00)
International Organizations & Programs International Organizations & Programs
967.50 967.50
423.00 423.00
457.20 457.20
8.09% 8.09%
8.09% 8.09%
592.00 (580.00) (580.00)
Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Development Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Development
206.50 206.50
206.50 206.50
206.50 206.50
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
~~CRS-24~~

~~link to page 30 link to page 30~~
~~FY2023~~
~~FY2023~~
~~Request as %~~
~~Request as %~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2023~~
~~Change from~~
~~Change from~~

~~Actuala~~
~~Enactedb~~
~~Request~~
~~FY2022 Base~~
~~FY2022 Total~~206.50
Global Environment Facility Global Environment Facility
139.58 139.58
149.29 149.29
150.20 150.20
0.61% 0.61%
0.61% 0.61%
150.20 International Development Association International Development Association
1,001.40 1,001.40
1,001.40 1,001.40
1,430.26 1,430.26
42.83% 42.83%
42.83% 42.83%
1,430.26 Asian Development Fund Asian Development Fund
47.40 47.40
53.32 53.32
43.61 43.61
-18.22% -18.22%
-18.22% -18.22%
43.61 African Development Bank African Development Bank
54.65 54.65
54.65 54.65
54.65 54.65
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
54.65 African Development Fund African Development Fund
171.30 171.30
211.30 211.30
171.30 171.30
-18.93% -18.93%
-18.93% -18.93%
171.30 Green Climate Fund Green Climate Fund
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
1,600.00 1,600.00

~~Climate Investment Funds~~

1,600.00 Climate Investment Funds 0.00 0.00 550.00 CRS-28 link to page 33 link to page 33 FY2023 FY2023 Request as % Request as % FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 Change from Change from Actuala Enactedb Request FY2022 Base FY2022 Total FY2023 House ~~550.00~~

Clean Technology Fund Clean Technology Fund
0.00 0.00
125.00 125.00

0.00 -100.00% -100.00%
-100.00% -100.00%
350.00 International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund

0.00 102.00 102.00
20.00 20.00
-80.39% -80.39%
-80.39% -80.39%
20.00 International Fund for Agricultural Development International Fund for Agricultural Development
32.50 32.50
43.00 43.00
43.00 43.00
0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00%
43.00 Global Agriculture & Food Security Program Global Agriculture & Food Security Program
2,620.82 2,620.82
5155.00 .00

0.00 -100.00% -100.00%
-100.00% -100.00%
10.00 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 0.00 500.00 0.00 Title VI. Export Assistance Title VI. Export Assistance
264.99 264.99
323.80 323.80
451.05 451.05
39.30% 39.30%
39.30% 39.30%
540.63 Export-Import Bank (net) Export-Import Bank (net)
54.80 54.80
-74.50 -74.50
-202.09 -202.09
171.26% 171.26%
171.26% 171.26%
47.50 U.S. Development Finance Corporation (net.) U.S. Development Finance Corporation (net.)
130.69 130.69
318.80 318.80
555.13 555.13
74.13% 74.13%
74.13% 74.13%
406.13 Trade and Development Agency Trade and Development Agency
79.50 79.50
79.50 79.50
98.00 98.00
23.27% 23.27%
23.27% 23.27%
87.00 SFOPS Total
71,959.29 71,959.29
~~68,410~~87,356.98 .98
66,001.18 66,001.18
13.48% 13.48%
- -~~3.52%~~24.45% 65,178.90
(23,935.00) (23,935.00)
( (~~10,248~~29,194.30).30)
Rescissions, net Rescissions, net
-580.53 -580.53
-1,903.78 -1,903.78
-65.00 -65.00
-96.59% -96.59%
-96.59% -96.59%
-445.00 (-425.12) (-425.12)
SFOPS Total, Net of Rescissions
71,378.76 71,378.76
~~66,507~~85,453.20 .20
65,936.18 65,936.18
17.20% 17.20%
- -~~0.86%~~22.84% 64,733.90
(23,509.88) (23,509.88)
( (~~10,248~~29,194.30).30)
Source: SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; H.R. 8282. .
Notes: Figures in parentheses are amounts designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) or supplemental emergency funding and are subsumed in the larger Figures in parentheses are amounts designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) or supplemental emergency funding and are subsumed in the larger
account number above them. Numbers may not add due to rounding. account number above them. Numbers may not add due to rounding. ~~“n.a.” = not applicable.~~
~~CRS-25~~

a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the
American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31. American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31.
b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2022, (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2022, (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental
funding from both the FY2022 Extending Funding and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43) funding from both the FY2022 Extending Funding and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43) ~~and~~, the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L. the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L.
117-117-70), and the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act (AUSAA, P.L. 117-12870). ).

CRS- CRS-2629

link to page link to page 3134 link to page link to page 3134 SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations

Appendix B. International Affairs Budget
The International Affairs budget, or Function 150, includes funding that is not in the Department The International Affairs budget, or Function 150, includes funding that is not in the Department
of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriation; in particular, of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriation; in particular,
international food assistance programs (Food for Peace Act, Title II (FFP) and McGovern-Dole international food assistance programs (Food for Peace Act, Title II (FFP) and McGovern-Dole
International Food for Education and Child Nutrition programs) are in the Agriculture International Food for Education and Child Nutrition programs) are in the Agriculture
Appropriations, and the Foreign Claim Settlement Commission and the International Trade Appropriations, and the Foreign Claim Settlement Commission and the International Trade
Commission are in the Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations. In addition, the SFOPS Commission are in the Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations. In addition, the SFOPS
appropriation measure includes funding for certain international commissions that are not part of appropriation measure includes funding for certain international commissions that are not part of
the International Affairs Function 150 account. the International Affairs Function 150 account.
Table B-1. International Affairs Budget: FY2021-FY2023
(In millions of (In millions of current U.S. dollars; numbers in parentheses are the portion of the account totals U.S. dollars; numbers in parentheses are the portion of the account totals designated as designated as
OCO or emergency funds) OCO or emergency funds)
FY2023
FY2023
Request as
Request as
% as % as % Change
% Change
from
from
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2022
FY2022
FY2023
Actuala
Enactedb
Request
Base
Total House
State-Foreign ~~Operations,~~
71,202.14 71,202.14
~~66,326~~85,272.35 .35
65,767.48 65,767.48
17.28% 17.28%
- -~~0.84~~22.87% 64,551.85 Operations, excluding%
~~excluding Commissions~~
(23,509.88) (23,509.88)
~~(10,248.30)~~
(29,194.30) Commissions Commerce-Science-~~Justice~~
105.37 105.37
112.43 112.43
109.32 109.32
-2.77% -2.77%
-2.77% -2.77%
124.90 Justice Foreign Claims Settlement Foreign Claims Settlement
2.37 2.37
2.43 2.43
2.50 2.50
2.71% 2.71%
2.71% 2.71%
2.50 Commission Commission
Int’l Trade Commission Int’l Trade Commission
103.00 103.00
110.00 110.00
106.82 106.82
-2.89% -2.89%
-2.89% -2.89%
122.40 Agriculture
2,770.00 2,770.00
2,077.00 2,077.00
1,970.11 1,970.11
-0.35% -0.35%
-5.15% -5.15%
2,065.00 (800.00) (800.00)
(100.00) (100.00)
Food for Peace Act, Title II Food for Peace Act, Title II
2,540.00 2,540.00
1,840.00 1,840.00
1,740.00 1,740.00
0.00% 0.00%
-5.43% -5.43%
1,800.00 (800.00) (800.00)
(100.00) (100.00)
McGovern-Dole McGovern-Dole
230.00 230.00
237.00 237.00
230.11 230.11
-2.91% -2.91%
-2.91% -2.91%
265.00 Total International ~~Affairs~~
74,077.50
~~68,515~~87,461.78
67,846.91
16.64%
-~~0.98%~~
22.43% 66,741.75 Affairs (150)
(24,309.~~88)~~
~~(10,348.30)~~
~~Source~~8 (29,294.3 8) 0) Sources: SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103SFOPS Congressional Budget Justification for FY2023; P.L. 117-43; P.L. 117-70; P.L. 117-103; P.L. 117-128; H.R. 8282. .
Notes: Figures in parentheses are amounts designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) or Figures in parentheses are amounts designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) or
supplemental emergency funding and are subsumed in the larger account number above them. Numbers may not supplemental emergency funding and are subsumed in the larger account number above them. Numbers may not
add due to rounding. add due to rounding.
a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated a. Totals include base, OCO, and Title IX emergency supplemental funds from the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117- Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), emergency funding from the American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-
2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31. 2), and emergency supplemental funds from P.L. 117-31.
b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act b. Totals include base and emergency supplemental appropriations from the Consolidated Appropriations Act
2022, (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental funding from both the FY2022 Extending Funding and 2022, (P.L. 117-103) and emergency supplemental funding from both the FY2022 Extending Funding and
Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43)Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-43) ~~and~~, the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L. the FY2022 Further Extending Government Funding Act (P.L.
~~117-70~~117-70), and the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act (AUSAA, P.L. 117-128). ).
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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SFOPS: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations

Appendix C. International Affairs Components
Figure C-1. International Affairs Components

Source: Created by CRS. Created by CRS.

Author Information

Emily M. Morgenstern Emily M. Morgenstern
Cory R. Gill Cory R. Gill
Analyst in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Policy Analyst in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Policy
Analyst in Foreign Affairs Analyst in Foreign Affairs

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