Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: March March 1725, 2022 , 2022
Structural Features and Function
Julie M. Lawhorn
This report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of This report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of
Analyst in Economic Analyst in Economic
the seven federal regional commissions and authorities: the seven federal regional commissions and authorities:
Development Policy Development Policy

 the Appalachian Regional Commission;  the Appalachian Regional Commission;

 the Delta Regional Authority;  the Delta Regional Authority;
 the Denali Commission;  the Denali Commission;
 the Northern Border Regional Commission;  the Northern Border Regional Commission;
 the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority;  the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority;
 the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission; and the  the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission; and the
 Southwest Border Regional Commission.  Southwest Border Regional Commission.
All seven regional commissions and authorities are modeled after the Appalachian Regional Commission All seven regional commissions and authorities are modeled after the Appalachian Regional Commission
structure, which is composed of a federal co-chair appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the structure, which is composed of a federal co-chair appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the
Senate, and the member state governors, of which one is appointed the state co-chair. This structure is broadly Senate, and the member state governors, of which one is appointed the state co-chair. This structure is broadly
replicated in the other commissions and authorities, albeit with notable variations and exceptions to local contexts. replicated in the other commissions and authorities, albeit with notable variations and exceptions to local contexts.
In addition, the service areas for all of the federal regional commissions and authorities are defined in statute and In addition, the service areas for all of the federal regional commissions and authorities are defined in statute and
thus can only be amended or modified through congressional action. While the service areas for the federal thus can only be amended or modified through congressional action. While the service areas for the federal
regional commissions and authorities have shifted over time, those jurisdictions have not changed radically in regional commissions and authorities have shifted over time, those jurisdictions have not changed radically in
their respective service lives. their respective service lives.
Of the seven federal regional commissions and authorities, four could be considered active: the Appalachian Of the seven federal regional commissions and authorities, four could be considered active: the Appalachian
Regional Commission; the Delta Regional Authority; the Denali Commission; and the Northern Border Regional Regional Commission; the Delta Regional Authority; the Denali Commission; and the Northern Border Regional
Commission. In December 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed the first federal co-chairperson for the Southeast Commission. In December 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed the first federal co-chairperson for the Southeast
Crescent Regional Commission, thereby allowing it to convene and begin other activities. Crescent Regional Commission, thereby allowing it to convene and begin other activities.
The four currently active regional commissions and authority received $15 million to $195 million in annual The four currently active regional commissions and authority received $15 million to $195 million in annual
appropriations in FY2022 for their various activities. Each of the four functioning regional commissions and appropriations in FY2022 for their various activities. Each of the four functioning regional commissions and
authority engage in economic development to varying extents, and address multiple programmatic activities in authority engage in economic development to varying extents, and address multiple programmatic activities in
their respective service areas. These activities may include, but are not limited, to basic infrastructure; energy; their respective service areas. These activities may include, but are not limited, to basic infrastructure; energy;
ecology/environment and natural resources; workforce/labor; and business development. ecology/environment and natural resources; workforce/labor; and business development.
Though they are federally chartered, receive congressional appropriations for their administration and activities, Though they are federally chartered, receive congressional appropriations for their administration and activities,
and include an appointed federal representative in their respective leadership structures (the federal co-chair and and include an appointed federal representative in their respective leadership structures (the federal co-chair and
his/her alternate, as applicable), the federal regional commissions and authorities are quasi-governmental his/her alternate, as applicable), the federal regional commissions and authorities are quasi-governmental
partnerships between the federal government and the constituent state(s) of a given authority or commission. This partnerships between the federal government and the constituent state(s) of a given authority or commission. This
partnership structure, which also typically includes substantial input and efforts at the sub-state level, represents a partnership structure, which also typically includes substantial input and efforts at the sub-state level, represents a
unique federal approach to economic development and a potentially flexible mechanism for coordinating strategic unique federal approach to economic development and a potentially flexible mechanism for coordinating strategic
economic development goals and aligning them with local, state, and multi-state/regional priorities and contexts. economic development goals and aligning them with local, state, and multi-state/regional priorities and contexts.
Congress has expressed interest in the federal regional commissions and authorities pursuant to its appropriations Congress has expressed interest in the federal regional commissions and authorities pursuant to its appropriations
and oversight authority, as well as its interest in facilitating economic development programming. Given relevant and oversight authority, as well as its interest in facilitating economic development programming. Given relevant
congressional interest, the federal regional commissions and authorities provide a model of functioning economic congressional interest, the federal regional commissions and authorities provide a model of functioning economic
development approaches that are place-based, intergovernmental, and multifaceted in their programmatic development approaches that are place-based, intergovernmental, and multifaceted in their programmatic
orientation (e.g., infrastructure, energy, environment/ecology, workforce, business development). orientation (e.g., infrastructure, energy, environment/ecology, workforce, business development).
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Introduction
Congress authorized seven federal regional commissions and authorities to address instances of Congress authorized seven federal regional commissions and authorities to address instances of
major economic distress in certain defined socio-economic regions major economic distress in certain defined socio-economic regions (Table A-1):
 the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC);  the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC);
 the Delta Regional Authority (DRA);  the Delta Regional Authority (DRA);
 the Denali Commission;  the Denali Commission;
 the Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC);  the Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC);
 the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority (NGPRA);  the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority (NGPRA);
 the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC); and  the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC); and
 the Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC).  the Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC).
Four of the seven entities are currently active and receive regular annual appropriations: ARC, Four of the seven entities are currently active and receive regular annual appropriations: ARC,
DRA, the Denali Commission, and the NBRC. The SCRC has received regular annual DRA, the Denali Commission, and the NBRC. The SCRC has received regular annual
appropriations since FY2010, but lacked a Senate-confirmed federal co-chair until December appropriations since FY2010, but lacked a Senate-confirmed federal co-chair until December
2021. All but one (Alaska’s Denali Commission) serve multi-state regions 2021. All but one (Alaska’s Denali Commission) serve multi-state regions (Figure B-1). .
The federal regional commissions are functioning examples of place-based and intergovernmental The federal regional commissions are functioning examples of place-based and intergovernmental
approaches to economic development, which receive regular congressional interest.1 The federal approaches to economic development, which receive regular congressional interest.1 The federal
regional commissions and authorities integrate federal and state economic development priorities regional commissions and authorities integrate federal and state economic development priorities
alongside regional and local considerations alongside regional and local considerations (Figure A-1). As federally chartered agencies created . As federally chartered agencies created
by acts of Congress, the federal regional commissions and authorities depend on congressional by acts of Congress, the federal regional commissions and authorities depend on congressional
appropriations for their activities and administration, and are subject to congressional oversight. appropriations for their activities and administration, and are subject to congressional oversight.
The first such federal regional commission, the Appalachian Regional Commission, was founded The first such federal regional commission, the Appalachian Regional Commission, was founded
in 1965. The other commissions and authorities may have roots in the intervening decades, but in 1965. The other commissions and authorities may have roots in the intervening decades, but
were not founded until 1998 (Denali), 2000 (Delta Regional Authority), and 2002 (the Northern were not founded until 1998 (Denali), 2000 (Delta Regional Authority), and 2002 (the Northern
Great Plains Regional Authority). The most recent commissions—Northern Border Regional Great Plains Regional Authority). The most recent commissions—Northern Border Regional
Commission, Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, and Southwest Border Regional Commission, Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, and Southwest Border Regional
Commission—were authorized in 2008. Commission—were authorized in 2008.
Certain strategic emphases and programs have evolved over time in each of the functioning Certain strategic emphases and programs have evolved over time in each of the functioning
federal regional commissions and authorities. However, their overarching missions to address federal regional commissions and authorities. However, their overarching missions to address
economic distress have not changed, and their associated activities have broadly remained economic distress have not changed, and their associated activities have broadly remained
consistent to those goals as funding has allowed. In practice, the functioning federal regional consistent to those goals as funding has allowed. In practice, the functioning federal regional
commissions and authorities engage in their respective economic development efforts through commissions and authorities engage in their respective economic development efforts through
multiple program areas, which may include, but are not limited to basic infrastructure; energy; multiple program areas, which may include, but are not limited to basic infrastructure; energy;
ecology/environment and natural resources; workforce/labor; and business development. This ecology/environment and natural resources; workforce/labor; and business development. This
report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of seven federally report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of seven federally
chartered regional commissions and authorities. chartered regional commissions and authorities.

1 See, for example, recent congressional interest and legislative action on Opportunity Zones (CRS Report R45152, 1 See, for example, recent congressional interest and legislative action on Opportunity Zones (CRS Report R45152, Tax
Incentives for Opportunity Zones, by Sean Lowry and Donald J. Marples) and New Market Tax Credits (CRS Report , by Sean Lowry and Donald J. Marples) and New Market Tax Credits (CRS Report
RL34402, RL34402, New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction, by Donald J. Marples and Sean Lowry), and previous federal and , by Donald J. Marples and Sean Lowry), and previous federal and
congressional action on “Promise Zones” (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, congressional action on “Promise Zones” (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Promise Zones
Overview, https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/promise-zones/promise-zones-overview/); as well as various , https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/promise-zones/promise-zones-overview/); as well as various
legislation relating to the federal regional commissions and authorities themselves. legislation relating to the federal regional commissions and authorities themselves.
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Appalachian Regional Commission
The Appalachian Regional Commission was established in 1965 to address economic distress in The Appalachian Regional Commission was established in 1965 to address economic distress in
the Appalachian region.2 The ARC’s jurisdiction spans 423 counties in Alabama, Georgia, the Appalachian region.2 The ARC’s jurisdiction spans 423 counties in Alabama, Georgia,
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West VirginiCarolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia (Figure 1). The ARC was originally created to . The ARC was originally created to
address severe economic disparities between Appalachia and that of the broader United States; address severe economic disparities between Appalachia and that of the broader United States;
recently, its mission has grown to include regional competitiveness in a global economic recently, its mission has grown to include regional competitiveness in a global economic
environment. environment.
Figure 1. Map of the Appalachian Regional Commission
ARC service area, by designations of county distress, FY2022 ARC service area, by designations of county distress, FY2022

Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the Appalachian Regional Commission and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using data from the Appalachian Regional Commission and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
Notes: West Virginia is the only state with all counties within the ARC’s jurisdiction. West Virginia is the only state with all counties within the ARC’s jurisdiction.
Structure and Activities
Commission Structure
According to the authorizing legislation, the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, as According to the authorizing legislation, the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, as
amended,3 the ARC is a federally chartered, regional economic development entity led by a amended,3 the ARC is a federally chartered, regional economic development entity led by a

2 40 U.S.C. §§14101-14704. 2 40 U.S.C. §§14101-14704.
3 P.L. 89-4. 3 P.L. 89-4.
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federal co-chair, whose term is open-ended, and the 13 participating state governors, of which one federal co-chair, whose term is open-ended, and the 13 participating state governors, of which one
serves as the state co-chair for a term of “at least one year.”4 The federal co-chair is appointed by serves as the state co-chair for a term of “at least one year.”4 The federal co-chair is appointed by
the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The authorizing act also allows for the the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The authorizing act also allows for the
appointment of federal and state alternates to the commission. The ARC is a federal-state appointment of federal and state alternates to the commission. The ARC is a federal-state
partnership, with administrative costs shared equally by the federal government and member partnership, with administrative costs shared equally by the federal government and member
states, while economic development activities are funded by congressional appropriations. states, while economic development activities are funded by congressional appropriations.
Regional Development Plan
According to authorizing legislation and the ARC code,5 the ARC’s programs abide by a According to authorizing legislation and the ARC code,5 the ARC’s programs abide by a
Regional Development Plan (RDP), which includes documents prepared by the states and the Regional Development Plan (RDP), which includes documents prepared by the states and the
commission. The RDP is comprised of the ARC’s strategic plan, its bylaws, member state commission. The RDP is comprised of the ARC’s strategic plan, its bylaws, member state
development plans, each participating state’s annual strategy statement, the commission’s annual development plans, each participating state’s annual strategy statement, the commission’s annual
program budget, and the commission’s internal implementation and performance management program budget, and the commission’s internal implementation and performance management
guidelines. guidelines.
The RDP integrates local, state, and federal economic development priorities into a common The RDP integrates local, state, and federal economic development priorities into a common
regional agenda. Through state plans and annual work statements, states establish goals, regional agenda. Through state plans and annual work statements, states establish goals,
priorities, and agendas for fulfilling them. State planning typically includes consulting with local priorities, and agendas for fulfilling them. State planning typically includes consulting with local
development districts (LDDs), which are multicounty organizations that are associated with and development districts (LDDs), which are multicounty organizations that are associated with and
financially supported by the ARC and advise on local priorities.6 financially supported by the ARC and advise on local priorities.6
There are 74 ARC-associated LDDs. They may be conduits for funding for other eligible There are 74 ARC-associated LDDs. They may be conduits for funding for other eligible
organizations, and may also themselves be ARC grantees.7 State and local governments, organizations, and may also themselves be ARC grantees.7 State and local governments,
governmental entities, and nonprofit organizations are eligible for ARC investments, including governmental entities, and nonprofit organizations are eligible for ARC investments, including
both federal- and state-designated tribal entities. Notably, state-designated tribal entities that are both federal- and state-designated tribal entities. Notably, state-designated tribal entities that are
not federally recognized (or “lack federal recognition”) are nevertheless eligible to receive ARC not federally recognized (or “lack federal recognition”) are nevertheless eligible to receive ARC
funding. This is rare, as usually federal funding requires federal recognition.8 funding. This is rare, as usually federal funding requires federal recognition.8
ARC’s strategic plan is a five-year document, reviewed annually, and revised as necessary. The ARC’s strategic plan is a five-year document, reviewed annually, and revised as necessary. The
current strategic plan, adopted in October 2021,9 prioritizes five investment goals: current strategic plan, adopted in October 2021,9 prioritizes five investment goals:
1. entrepreneurial and business development; 1. entrepreneurial and business development;
2. workforce development; 2. workforce development;
3. infrastructure development; 3. infrastructure development;
4. natural and cultural assets; and 4. natural and cultural assets; and
5. leadership and community capacity. 5. leadership and community capacity.

4 Appalachian Regional Commission, 4 Appalachian Regional Commission, ARC Code, 2020, https://www.arc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ARC-, 2020, https://www.arc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ARC-
Code.pdf. Code.pdf.
5 Ibid. 5 Ibid.
6 LDDs are not exclusive to the ARC. The DRA and NBRC also make use of them, and other inactive commissions and 6 LDDs are not exclusive to the ARC. The DRA and NBRC also make use of them, and other inactive commissions and
authorities are authorized to organize and/or support them. Designated LDDs may also be organized as Economic authorities are authorized to organize and/or support them. Designated LDDs may also be organized as Economic
Development Administration (EDA)-designated economic development districts (EDDs), which serve a similar Development Administration (EDA)-designated economic development districts (EDDs), which serve a similar
purpose. They may also be co-located with Small Business Administration-affiliated small business development purpose. They may also be co-located with Small Business Administration-affiliated small business development
centers (SBDCs). centers (SBDCs).
7 Appalachian Regional Commission, 7 Appalachian Regional Commission, Local Development Districts, https://www.arc.gov/local-development-districts/. , https://www.arc.gov/local-development-districts/.
8 See U.S. Government Accountability Office, 8 See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Indian Issues: Federal Funding for Non-Federally Recognized Tribes, ,
12-348, April 2012, https://www.gao.gov/assets/600/590102.pdf. 12-348, April 2012, https://www.gao.gov/assets/600/590102.pdf.
9 Appalachian Regional Commission, 9 Appalachian Regional Commission, Appalachia Envisioned: A New Era of Opportunity, , Strategic Plan FY 2022-
2026, https://www.arc.gov/strategicplan/. , https://www.arc.gov/strategicplan/.
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While most funds are used for economic development grants, approximately $50 million is While most funds are used for economic development grants, approximately $50 million is
reserved for the Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization reserved for the Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization
(POWER) Initiative.10 The POWER Initiative began in 2015 to provide economic development (POWER) Initiative.10 The POWER Initiative began in 2015 to provide economic development
funding for addressing economic and labor dislocations caused by energy transition principally in funding for addressing economic and labor dislocations caused by energy transition principally in
coal communities in the Appalachian region.11 coal communities in the Appalachian region.11
Distressed Counties
The ARC is statutorily obligated to designate counties according to levels of economic distress.12 The ARC is statutorily obligated to designate counties according to levels of economic distress.12
Distress designations influence funding priority and determine grant match requirements. Using Distress designations influence funding priority and determine grant match requirements. Using
an index-based classification system, the ARC compares each county within its jurisdiction with an index-based classification system, the ARC compares each county within its jurisdiction with
national averages based on three economic indicators:13 (1) three-year average unemployment national averages based on three economic indicators:13 (1) three-year average unemployment
rates; (2) per capita market income; and (3) poverty rates. These factors are calculated into a rates; (2) per capita market income; and (3) poverty rates. These factors are calculated into a
composite index value for each county, which are ranked and sorted into designated distress composite index value for each county, which are ranked and sorted into designated distress
levels.14 Each distress level corresponds to a given county’s ranking relative to that of the United levels.14 Each distress level corresponds to a given county’s ranking relative to that of the United
States as a whole. These designations are defined as follows by the ARC, starting from “worst” States as a whole. These designations are defined as follows by the ARC, starting from “worst”
distress:15 distress:15
  distressed counties, or those with values in the “worst” 10% of U.S. counties; counties, or those with values in the “worst” 10% of U.S. counties;
  at-risk, which rank between worst 10% and 25%; , which rank between worst 10% and 25%;
  transitional, which rank between worst 25% and best 25%; , which rank between worst 25% and best 25%;
  competitive, which rank between “best” 25% and best 10%; and , which rank between “best” 25% and best 10%; and
  attainment, or those which rank in the best 10%. , or those which rank in the best 10%.
The designated level of distress is statutorily tied to allowable funding levels by the ARC The designated level of distress is statutorily tied to allowable funding levels by the ARC
(funding allowance), the balance of which must be met through grant matches from other funding (funding allowance), the balance of which must be met through grant matches from other funding
sources (including potentially other federal funds) unless a waiver or special dispensation is sources (including potentially other federal funds) unless a waiver or special dispensation is
permitted: distressed (80% funding allowance, 20% grant match); at-risk (70%); transitional permitted: distressed (80% funding allowance, 20% grant match); at-risk (70%); transitional
(50%); competitive (30%); and attainment (0% funding allowance). Exceptions can be made to (50%); competitive (30%); and attainment (0% funding allowance). Exceptions can be made to
grant match thresholds. Attainment counties may be able to receive funding for projects where grant match thresholds. Attainment counties may be able to receive funding for projects where
sub-county areas are considered to be at higher levels of distress, and/or in those cases where the sub-county areas are considered to be at higher levels of distress, and/or in those cases where the
inclusion of an attainment county in a multi-county project would benefit one or more non-inclusion of an attainment county in a multi-county project would benefit one or more non-
attainment counties or areas. In addition, special allowances may reduce or discharge matches, attainment counties or areas. In addition, special allowances may reduce or discharge matches,
and match requirements may be met with other federal funds. and match requirements may be met with other federal funds.

10 Appalachian Regional Commission, 10 Appalachian Regional Commission, Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization
(POWER) Initiative, https://www.arc.gov/funding/POWER.asp. , https://www.arc.gov/funding/POWER.asp.
11 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 11 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, FACT SHEET: The Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce
and Economic Revitalization (POWER) Initiative, March 27, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-, March 27, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-
office/2015/03/27/fact-sheet-partnerships-opportunity-and-workforce-and-economic-revitaliz. office/2015/03/27/fact-sheet-partnerships-opportunity-and-workforce-and-economic-revitaliz.
12 42 U.S.C. §14526. 12 42 U.S.C. §14526.
13 Appalachian Regional Commission, 13 Appalachian Regional Commission, County Economic Status and Distressed Areas in Appalachia, ,
https://www.arc.gov/appalachian_region/CountyEconomicStatusandDistressedAreasinAppalachia.asp. https://www.arc.gov/appalachian_region/CountyEconomicStatusandDistressedAreasinAppalachia.asp.
14 Appalachian Regional Commission, 14 Appalachian Regional Commission, Data Reports: County Economic Status, Fiscal Year 2020, https://www.arc.gov/, https://www.arc.gov/
reports/custom_report.asp?REPORT_ID=76. reports/custom_report.asp?REPORT_ID=76.
15 Appalachian Regional Commission, 15 Appalachian Regional Commission, Distressed Designation and County Economic Status Classification System, FY
2007–FY 2020, https://www.arc.gov/research/SourceandMethodologyCountyEconomicStatusFY2007FY2020.asp. , https://www.arc.gov/research/SourceandMethodologyCountyEconomicStatusFY2007FY2020.asp.
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Legislative History
Council of Appalachian Governors
In 1960,16 the Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, In 1960,16 the Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Virginia, and West Virginia governors formed the Council of Appalachian Governors to highlight Virginia, and West Virginia governors formed the Council of Appalachian Governors to highlight
Appalachia’s extended economic distress and to press for increased federal involvement. In 1963, Appalachia’s extended economic distress and to press for increased federal involvement. In 1963,
President John F. Kennedy formed the President’s Appalachian Regional Commission (PARC) President John F. Kennedy formed the President’s Appalachian Regional Commission (PARC)
and charged it with developing an economic development program for the region. PARC’s report, and charged it with developing an economic development program for the region. PARC’s report,
issued in 1964,17 called for the creation of an independent agency to coordinate federal and state issued in 1964,17 called for the creation of an independent agency to coordinate federal and state
efforts to address infrastructure, natural resources, and human capital issues in the region. The efforts to address infrastructure, natural resources, and human capital issues in the region. The
PARC also included some Ohio counties as part of the Appalachian region.PARC also included some Ohio counties as part of the Appalachian region.
Appalachian Regional Development Act
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Appalachian Regional Development Act,18 which In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Appalachian Regional Development Act,18 which
created the ARC to address the PARC’s recommendations, and added counties in New York and created the ARC to address the PARC’s recommendations, and added counties in New York and
Mississippi. The ARC was directed to administer or assist in the following initiatives:Mississippi. The ARC was directed to administer or assist in the following initiatives:
 The creation of the Appalachian Development Highway System;  The creation of the Appalachian Development Highway System;
 Establishing “Demonstration Health Facilities” to fund health infrastructure; Establishing “Demonstration Health Facilities” to fund health infrastructure;
 Land stabilization, conservation, and erosion control programs; Land stabilization, conservation, and erosion control programs;
 Timber development organizations, for purposes of forest management; Timber development organizations, for purposes of forest management;
 Mining area restoration, for rehabilitating and/or revitalizing mining sites;  Mining area restoration, for rehabilitating and/or revitalizing mining sites;
 A water resources survey;  A water resources survey;
 Vocational education programs; and Vocational education programs; and
 Sewage treatment infrastructure. Sewage treatment infrastructure.
Major Amendments to the ARC Before 2021
Appalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 1975
In 1975, the ARC’s authorizing legislation was amended to require that state governors In 1975, the ARC’s authorizing legislation was amended to require that state governors
themselves serve as the state representatives on the commission, overriding original statutory themselves serve as the state representatives on the commission, overriding original statutory
language in which governors were permitted to appoint designated representatives.19 The language in which governors were permitted to appoint designated representatives.19 The
amendments also included provisions to expand public participation in ARC plans and programs. amendments also included provisions to expand public participation in ARC plans and programs.
They also required states to consult with local development districts and local governments and They also required states to consult with local development districts and local governments and
authorized federal grants to the ARC to assist states in enhancing state development planning. authorized federal grants to the ARC to assist states in enhancing state development planning.

16 Appalachian Regional Commission, 16 Appalachian Regional Commission, ARC History, https://www.arc.gov/about/ARCHistory.asp. , https://www.arc.gov/about/ARCHistory.asp.
17 Appalachian Regional Commission, 17 Appalachian Regional Commission, Appalachia: A Report by the President’s Appalachian Regional Commission,
1964, April 1964, https://www.arc.gov/about/, April 1964, https://www.arc.gov/about/
ARCAppalachiaAReportbythePresidentsAppalachianRegionalCommission1964.asp. ARCAppalachiaAReportbythePresidentsAppalachianRegionalCommission1964.asp.
18 P.L. 89-4. 18 P.L. 89-4.
19 P.L. 94-188. 19 P.L. 94-188.
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Appalachian Regional Development Reform Act of 1998
Legislative reforms in 1998 introduced county-level designations of distress.20 The legislation Legislative reforms in 1998 introduced county-level designations of distress.20 The legislation
organized county-level distress into three bands, from “worst” to “best”: distressed counties; organized county-level distress into three bands, from “worst” to “best”: distressed counties;
competitive counties; and attainment counties. The act imposed limitations on funding for competitive counties; and attainment counties. The act imposed limitations on funding for
economically strong counties: (1) “competitive,” which could only accept ARC funding for 30% economically strong counties: (1) “competitive,” which could only accept ARC funding for 30%
of project costs (with the 70% balance being subject to grant match requirements); and (2) of project costs (with the 70% balance being subject to grant match requirements); and (2)
“attainment,” which were generally ineligible for funding, except through waivers or exceptions. “attainment,” which were generally ineligible for funding, except through waivers or exceptions.
In addition, the act withdrew the ARC’s legislative mandate for certain programs, including the In addition, the act withdrew the ARC’s legislative mandate for certain programs, including the
land stabilization, conservation, and erosion control program; the timber development program; land stabilization, conservation, and erosion control program; the timber development program;
the mining area restoration program; the water resource development and utilization survey; the the mining area restoration program; the water resource development and utilization survey; the
Appalachian airport safety improvements program (a program added in 1971); the sewage Appalachian airport safety improvements program (a program added in 1971); the sewage
treatment works program; and amendments to the Housing Act of 1954 from the original 1965 treatment works program; and amendments to the Housing Act of 1954 from the original 1965
act. act.
Appalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 2002
Legislation in 2002 expanded the ARC’s ability to support LDDs, introduced an emphasis on Legislation in 2002 expanded the ARC’s ability to support LDDs, introduced an emphasis on
ecological issues, and provided for a greater coordinating role by the ARC in federal economic ecological issues, and provided for a greater coordinating role by the ARC in federal economic
development activities.21 The amendments also provided new stipulations for the ARC’s grant development activities.21 The amendments also provided new stipulations for the ARC’s grant
making, limiting the organization to funding 50% of project costs or 80% in designated distressed making, limiting the organization to funding 50% of project costs or 80% in designated distressed
counties. The amendments also expanded the ARC’s efforts in human capital development counties. The amendments also expanded the ARC’s efforts in human capital development
projects, such as through various vocational, entrepreneurial, and skill training initiatives. projects, such as through various vocational, entrepreneurial, and skill training initiatives.
The Appalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 2008
The Appalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 2008 made adjustments to the The Appalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 2008 made adjustments to the
ARC’s grant authorities and extended its geographic reach. The amendments included ARC’s grant authorities and extended its geographic reach. The amendments included
1. various limitations on project funding amounts and commission contributions; 1. various limitations on project funding amounts and commission contributions;
2. the establishment of an economic and energy development initiative; 2. the establishment of an economic and energy development initiative;
3. the expansion of county designations to include an “at-risk” designation; and 3. the expansion of county designations to include an “at-risk” designation; and
4. the expansion of the number of counties under the ARC’s jurisdiction. 22 4. the expansion of the number of counties under the ARC’s jurisdiction. 22
The 2008 amendments introduced funding limitations for ARC grant activities as a whole, as well The 2008 amendments introduced funding limitations for ARC grant activities as a whole, as well
as to specific programs. According to the 2008 legislation, “the amount of the grant shall not as to specific programs. According to the 2008 legislation, “the amount of the grant shall not
exceed 50 percent of administrative expenses.” However, at the ARC’s discretion, an LDD that exceed 50 percent of administrative expenses.” However, at the ARC’s discretion, an LDD that
included a “distressed” county in its service area could provide for 75% of administrative included a “distressed” county in its service area could provide for 75% of administrative
expenses of a relevant project, or 70% for “at-risk” counties. Eligible activities could only be expenses of a relevant project, or 70% for “at-risk” counties. Eligible activities could only be
funded by the ARC at a maximum of 50% of the project cost,23 or 80% for distressed counties and funded by the ARC at a maximum of 50% of the project cost,23 or 80% for distressed counties and
70% for “at-risk” counties. The act introduced special project categories, including 70% for “at-risk” counties. The act introduced special project categories, including
 demonstration health projects;  demonstration health projects;
 assistance for proposed low- and middle-income housing projects;  assistance for proposed low- and middle-income housing projects;

20 P.L. 105-393. 20 P.L. 105-393.
21 P.L. 107-149. 21 P.L. 107-149.
22 P.L. 110-371. 22 P.L. 110-371.
23 Where allowable, non-appropriated funds—such as those from states or localities—or even other non-ARC federal 23 Where allowable, non-appropriated funds—such as those from states or localities—or even other non-ARC federal
funds may be used to fund the balance of the project costs. funds may be used to fund the balance of the project costs.
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 the telecommunications and technology initiative;  the telecommunications and technology initiative;
 the entrepreneurship initiative; and  the entrepreneurship initiative; and
 the regional skills partnership.  the regional skills partnership.
Finally, the “economic and energy development initiative” provided for the ARC to fund Finally, the “economic and energy development initiative” provided for the ARC to fund
activities supporting energy efficiency and renewable technologies. The legislation expanded activities supporting energy efficiency and renewable technologies. The legislation expanded
distress designations to include an “at-risk” category, or counties “most at risk of becoming distress designations to include an “at-risk” category, or counties “most at risk of becoming
economically distressed.” This raised the number of distress levels to five.24 The legislation also economically distressed.” This raised the number of distress levels to five.24 The legislation also
expanded ARC’s service area. Ten counties in four states were added to the ARC. expanded ARC’s service area. Ten counties in four states were added to the ARC.
Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58)
The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA), enacted in November 2021, extended the The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA), enacted in November 2021, extended the
ARC’s authorization and provided funding for it through FY2026. ARC’s authorization and provided funding for it through FY2026.
Division A of the IIJA authorized appropriations at $200 million a year for each fiscal year Division A of the IIJA authorized appropriations at $200 million a year for each fiscal year
through FY2026. Within those overall authorized appropriations, the act specifically authorizes through FY2026. Within those overall authorized appropriations, the act specifically authorizes
the ARC to use $20 million annually for expansion of high-speed broadband activities (an the ARC to use $20 million annually for expansion of high-speed broadband activities (an
increase from $10 million annually) and directed ARC to allocate $5 million annually for newly increase from $10 million annually) and directed ARC to allocate $5 million annually for newly
authorized Appalachian Regional Energy Hub activities. The act addressed the ARC’s broadband authorized Appalachian Regional Energy Hub activities. The act addressed the ARC’s broadband
authorization, and outlined additional aspects of the agency’s broadband and regional energy hub authorization, and outlined additional aspects of the agency’s broadband and regional energy hub
initiatives. The act also required congressional notification for grants over $50,000.25 initiatives. The act also required congressional notification for grants over $50,000.25
Additionally, three counties in two states were added to the ARC, which represents the most Additionally, three counties in two states were added to the ARC, which represents the most
recent expansion to the ARC’s region.26 Division J of the IIJA appropriated $1 billion for the recent expansion to the ARC’s region.26 Division J of the IIJA appropriated $1 billion for the
period FY2022-FY2026, which is discussed below. period FY2022-FY2026, which is discussed below.
Funding History
The ARC is a federal-state partnership, with administrative costs shared equally by the federal The ARC is a federal-state partnership, with administrative costs shared equally by the federal
government and states, while economic development activities are federally funded. The ARC is government and states, while economic development activities are federally funded. The ARC is
also the highest-funded of the federal regional commissions and authorities. Its fundingalso the highest-funded of the federal regional commissions and authorities. Its funding (Table 1)
increased 147% from approximately $73 million in FY2008 to $195 million in FY2022. As noted increased 147% from approximately $73 million in FY2008 to $195 million in FY2022. As noted
above, Division A of the IIJA authorized appropriations of $200 million for the ARC for each of above, Division A of the IIJA authorized appropriations of $200 million for the ARC for each of
FY2022 through FY2026, and Division J appropriated the authorized level of funding.27 The $1 FY2022 through FY2026, and Division J appropriated the authorized level of funding.27 The $1
billion appropriation in Division J is made available in equal $200 million shares across each of billion appropriation in Division J is made available in equal $200 million shares across each of
the five fiscal years, and each tranche remains available until it is expended. the five fiscal years, and each tranche remains available until it is expended.
The ARC’s funding growth is attributable to incremental increases in appropriations along with The ARC’s funding growth is attributable to incremental increases in appropriations along with
an approximately $50 million increase in annual appropriated funds in FY2016 set aside to an approximately $50 million increase in annual appropriated funds in FY2016 set aside to
support the POWER Initiative.28 The POWER Initiative was part of a wider federal effort under support the POWER Initiative.28 The POWER Initiative was part of a wider federal effort under

24 The five designations of distress are: distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, and attainment. The “transitional” 24 The five designations of distress are: distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, and attainment. The “transitional”
designation is not defined in statute, unlike the other four categories, but it is utilized as part of the five-level distress designation is not defined in statute, unlike the other four categories, but it is utilized as part of the five-level distress
criteria nonetheless. criteria nonetheless.
25 Division A, Sec. 11506 of P.L. 117-58. 25 Division A, Sec. 11506 of P.L. 117-58.
26 Union County, SC; Catawba County, NC; and Cleveland County, NC, were added to the ARC region (Division A, 26 Union County, SC; Catawba County, NC; and Cleveland County, NC, were added to the ARC region (Division A,
Sec. 11506(a) of P.L. 117-58). Sec. 11506(a) of P.L. 117-58).
27 P.L. 117-58, Division J, Title III. The IIJA also provided $1.25 billion over five years (FY2022-FY2026) for the 27 P.L. 117-58, Division J, Title III. The IIJA also provided $1.25 billion over five years (FY2022-FY2026) for the
Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) through the Federal Highway Administration (P.L. 117-58, Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) through the Federal Highway Administration (P.L. 117-58,
Division J, Title VIII). Division J, Title VIII).
28 P.L. 114-113. 28 P.L. 114-113.
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the Obama Administration to support coal communities affected by the decline of the coal the Obama Administration to support coal communities affected by the decline of the coal
industry.29 The FY2018 White House budget proposed to shutter the ARC as well as the other industry.29 The FY2018 White House budget proposed to shutter the ARC as well as the other
federal regional commissions and authorities.30 Congress did not adopt these provisions from the federal regional commissions and authorities.30 Congress did not adopt these provisions from the
President’s budget, and continued to fund the ARC and other commissions. President’s budget, and continued to fund the ARC and other commissions.
Table 1. ARC: Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions

FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20
FY21
FY22a
Appropriated Appropriated
76.0 76.0
68.4 68.4
68.3 68.3
68.3 68.3
80.3 80.3
90.0 90.0
146.0 146.0
152.0 152.0
155.0 155.0
165.0 165.0
175.0 175.0
180.0 180.0
395.0 395.0
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
105.0 105.0
108.0 108.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
110.0 110.0
200.0 200.0
Funding Funding
Sources: Authorized funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from P.L. 110-234, P.L. 113-79, P.L. 115-334, Authorized funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from P.L. 110-234, P.L. 113-79, P.L. 115-334,
and P.L. 116-159. Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-10; P.L. and P.L. 116-159. Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-10; P.L.
112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 116-94; 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 116-94;
P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 includes $195 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 appropriated a. FY2022 includes $195 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 appropriated
funding amounts include $200 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act funding amounts include $200 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act
(IIJA, P.L. 117-58). The IIJA provided $200 mil ion for the ARC in each fiscal year from FY2022 through (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). The IIJA provided $200 mil ion for the ARC in each fiscal year from FY2022 through
FY2026. FY2022 amounts do not include appropriations in Division A of P.L. 117-58 pertaining to the FY2026. FY2022 amounts do not include appropriations in Division A of P.L. 117-58 pertaining to the
Appalachian Development Highway System. Appalachian Development Highway System.
Delta Regional Authority
The Delta Regional Authority was established in 2000 to address economic distress in the The Delta Regional Authority was established in 2000 to address economic distress in the
Mississippi River Delta region.31 The DRA aims to “improve regional economic opportunity by Mississippi River Delta region.31 The DRA aims to “improve regional economic opportunity by
helping to create jobs, build communities, and improve the lives of the 10 million people”32 in helping to create jobs, build communities, and improve the lives of the 10 million people”32 in
252 designated counties and parishes in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, 252 designated counties and parishes in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee (Figure 2). .

29 For more information on the POWER Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, 29 For more information on the POWER Initiative, see CRS Report R46015, The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition
as Economic Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn. , by Julie M. Lawhorn.
30 Office of Management and Budget, 30 Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2018, Washington, DC, , Washington, DC,
May 23, 2017, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2018-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2018-BUD.pdf. May 23, 2017, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2018-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2018-BUD.pdf.
31 P.L. 106-554. 31 P.L. 106-554.
32 Delta Regional Authority, 32 Delta Regional Authority, About the Delta Regional Authority, https://dra.gov/about-dra/about-delta-regional-, https://dra.gov/about-dra/about-delta-regional-
authority/. authority/.
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Figure 2. Map of the Delta Regional Authority
DRA service area, by designations of county distress, FY2021 DRA service area, by designations of county distress, FY2021

Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the Delta Regional Authority and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using data from the Delta Regional Authority and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
Overview of Structure and Activities
Authority Structure
Like the ARC, the DRA is a federal-state partnership that shares administrative expenses equally, Like the ARC, the DRA is a federal-state partnership that shares administrative expenses equally,
while activities are federally funded. The DRA consists of a federal co-chair appointed by the while activities are federally funded. The DRA consists of a federal co-chair appointed by the
President with the advice and consent of the Senate, and the eight state governors, of which one is President with the advice and consent of the Senate, and the eight state governors, of which one is
state co-chair. The governors are permitted to appoint a designee to represent the state, who also state co-chair. The governors are permitted to appoint a designee to represent the state, who also
generally serves as the state alternate.33 generally serves as the state alternate.33
Entities that are eligible to apply for DRA funding include Entities that are eligible to apply for DRA funding include
1. state and local governments (state agencies, cities and counties/parishes); 1. state and local governments (state agencies, cities and counties/parishes);
2. public bodies; and 2. public bodies; and
3. nonprofit entities. 3. nonprofit entities.
These entities must apply for projects that operate in or are serving residents and communities These entities must apply for projects that operate in or are serving residents and communities
within the 252 counties/parishes of the DRA’s jurisdiction. Unlike the other federal regional within the 252 counties/parishes of the DRA’s jurisdiction. Unlike the other federal regional
commissions and authorities, the DRA’s service area is defined not in any one piece of legislation commissions and authorities, the DRA’s service area is defined not in any one piece of legislation
but through multiple legislative developments (see but through multiple legislative developments (see “Legislative History”). In addition, there . In addition, there
appears to be a mechanism for adding counties/parishes to the Authority administratively based appears to be a mechanism for adding counties/parishes to the Authority administratively based
on bill text in the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 from the 103rd Congress (P.L. 103-on bill text in the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 from the 103rd Congress (P.L. 103-

33 7 U.S.C. §2009aa. 33 7 U.S.C. §2009aa.
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433), which incorporated H.R. 4043, the Lower Mississippi Delta Initiatives Act of 1994 as Title 433), which incorporated H.R. 4043, the Lower Mississippi Delta Initiatives Act of 1994 as Title
XI of the bill.34 XI of the bill.34
DRA Strategic Planning
Funding determinations are assessed according to the DRA’s authorizing statute, its strategic Funding determinations are assessed according to the DRA’s authorizing statute, its strategic
plan, state priorities, and distress designation.35 The DRA strategic plan articulates the authority’s plan, state priorities, and distress designation.35 The DRA strategic plan articulates the authority’s
high-level economic development priorities. The current strategic plan—high-level economic development priorities. The current strategic plan—Moving the Delta
Forward, , Delta Regional Development Plan III—was released in April 2016.36 —was released in April 2016.36
The strategic plan lists three primary goals: The strategic plan lists three primary goals:
1. workforce competitiveness, to “advance the productivity and economic 1. workforce competitiveness, to “advance the productivity and economic
competitiveness of the Delta workforce”; competitiveness of the Delta workforce”;
2. strengthened infrastructure, to “strengthen the Delta’s physical, digital, and 2. strengthened infrastructure, to “strengthen the Delta’s physical, digital, and
capital connections to the global economy”; and capital connections to the global economy”; and
3. increased community capacity, to “facilitate local capacity building within Delta 3. increased community capacity, to “facilitate local capacity building within Delta
communities, organizations, businesses, and individuals.” communities, organizations, businesses, and individuals.”
State development plans are required by statute every five years to coincide with the strategic State development plans are required by statute every five years to coincide with the strategic
plan, and reflect the economic development goals and priorities of member states and LDDs.37 plan, and reflect the economic development goals and priorities of member states and LDDs.37
The DRA funds projects through 44 LDDs,38 which are multicounty economic development The DRA funds projects through 44 LDDs,38 which are multicounty economic development
organizations financially supported by the DRA and advise on local priorities. LDDs “provide organizations financially supported by the DRA and advise on local priorities. LDDs “provide
technical assistance, application support and review, and other services” to the DRA and entities technical assistance, application support and review, and other services” to the DRA and entities
applying for funding. LDDs receive administrative fees paid from awarded DRA funds, which are applying for funding. LDDs receive administrative fees paid from awarded DRA funds, which are
calculated as 5% of the first $100,000 of an award, and 1% for all dollars above that amount. calculated as 5% of the first $100,000 of an award, and 1% for all dollars above that amount.
Distress Designations
The DRA determines a county or parish as distressed on an annual basis through the following The DRA determines a county or parish as distressed on an annual basis through the following
criteria: criteria:
1. an unemployment rate of 1% higher than the national average for the most recent 1. an unemployment rate of 1% higher than the national average for the most recent
24-month period; and 24-month period; and
2. a per capita income of 80% or less than the national per capita income.39 2. a per capita income of 80% or less than the national per capita income.39

34 Of the 252 counties reported by the DRA to fall within its service area, 219 were incorporated through P.L. 100-460. 34 Of the 252 counties reported by the DRA to fall within its service area, 219 were incorporated through P.L. 100-460.
Another 20 counties in Alabama were included in P.L. 106-554 (16 counties) and P.L. 107-171 (four counties). P.L. Another 20 counties in Alabama were included in P.L. 106-554 (16 counties) and P.L. 107-171 (four counties). P.L.
110-234 added 10 Louisiana parishes and two Mississippi counties. By this count, one county appears to have been 110-234 added 10 Louisiana parishes and two Mississippi counties. By this count, one county appears to have been
included administratively. included administratively.
35 Delta Regional Authority, 35 Delta Regional Authority, Eligibility & Funding Priorities, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-
development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/eligibility-funding-priorities/. development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/eligibility-funding-priorities/.
36 Delta Regional Authority, 36 Delta Regional Authority, Moving the Delta Forward, Delta Regional Development Plan III, April 2016, , April 2016,
https://dra.gov/images/uploads/content_files/DRA_RDP3-FINAL_APRIL2016.pdf. https://dra.gov/images/uploads/content_files/DRA_RDP3-FINAL_APRIL2016.pdf.
37 Delta Regional Authority, 37 Delta Regional Authority, Strategic Economic Development Plans: State Strategic Economic Development Plans, ,
2016, https://dra.gov/funding-programs/strategic-economic-development-plans-by-state/. 2016, https://dra.gov/funding-programs/strategic-economic-development-plans-by-state/.
38 The DRA lists 44 LDDs in good standing on its website, but notes in the 38 The DRA lists 44 LDDs in good standing on its website, but notes in the 2018 States’ Economic Development
Assistance Program (SEDAP) Manual that the DRA works with 45 LDDs. Delta Regional Authority, that the DRA works with 45 LDDs. Delta Regional Authority, Local
Development Districts, https://dra.gov/funding-programs/local-development-districts/. , https://dra.gov/funding-programs/local-development-districts/.
39 Delta Regional Authority, 39 Delta Regional Authority, Distressed Counties and Parishes, https://dra.gov/funding-programs/states-economic-, https://dra.gov/funding-programs/states-economic-
development-assistance-program/distressed-counties-and-parishes/. development-assistance-program/distressed-counties-and-parishes/.
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The DRA designates counties as either distressed or not, and distressed counties received priority The DRA designates counties as either distressed or not, and distressed counties received priority
funding from DRA grant making activities. By statute, the DRA directs at least 75% of funds to funding from DRA grant making activities. By statute, the DRA directs at least 75% of funds to
distressed counties; half of those funds must target transportation and basic infrastructure. As of distressed counties; half of those funds must target transportation and basic infrastructure. As of
FY2018, 234 of the DRA’s 252 counties are considered distressed. FY2018, 234 of the DRA’s 252 counties are considered distressed.
States’ Economic Development Assistance Program
The principal investment tool used by the DRA is the States’ Economic Development Assistance The principal investment tool used by the DRA is the States’ Economic Development Assistance
Program (SEDAP), which “provides direct investment into community-based and regional Program (SEDAP), which “provides direct investment into community-based and regional
projects that address the DRA’s congressionally mandated four funding priorities.”40 projects that address the DRA’s congressionally mandated four funding priorities.”40
The DRA’s four funding priorities are The DRA’s four funding priorities are
1. basic public infrastructure; 1. basic public infrastructure;
2. transportation infrastructure; 2. transportation infrastructure;
3. workforce development; and 3. workforce development; and
4. business development (emphasizing entrepreneurship). 4. business development (emphasizing entrepreneurship).
The DRA’s SEDAP funding is made available to each state according to a four-factor, formula- The DRA’s SEDAP funding is made available to each state according to a four-factor, formula-
derived allocation that balances geographic breadth, population size, and economic distress derived allocation that balances geographic breadth, population size, and economic distress
(Table 2).41 41
The factors and their respective weights are calculated as follows: The factors and their respective weights are calculated as follows:
 Equity Factor (equal funding among eight states), 50%;  Equity Factor (equal funding among eight states), 50%;
 Distressed Population (DRA counties/parishes), 20%;  Distressed Population (DRA counties/parishes), 20%;
 Distressed County Area (DRA counties/parishes), 20%; and  Distressed County Area (DRA counties/parishes), 20%; and
 Population Factor (DRA counties/parishes), 10%.  Population Factor (DRA counties/parishes), 10%.
Table 2. DRA Allocations by State, FY2021
by order of funding allocation by order of funding allocation

Share of Funding
Funding Allocation
Louisiana Louisiana
20.16% 20.16%
$2,994,043.31 $2,994,043.31
Mississippi Mississippi
15.42% 15.42%
$2,290,216.42 $2,290,216.42
Arkansas Arkansas
14.62% 14.62%
$2,170,906.27 $2,170,906.27
Missouri Missouri
11.39% 11.39%
$1,691,142.97 $1,691,142.97
Tennessee Tennessee
10.91% 10.91%
$1,619,788.58 $1,619,788.58
Alabama Alabama
10.28% 10.28%
$1,526,997.65 $1,526,997.65
Kentucky Kentucky
9.10% 9.10%
$1,351,133.61 $1,351,133.61
Il inois Il inois
8.11% 8.11%
$1,203,694.19 $1,203,694.19
Total
100.00%
$14,847,923.00
Source: Data tabulated by CRS from the DRA website. Data tabulated by CRS from the DRA website.

40 Delta Regional Authority, 40 Delta Regional Authority, States’ Economic Development Assistance Program (SEDAP), https://dra.gov/funding-, https://dra.gov/funding-
programs-states-economic-development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/. programs-states-economic-development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/.
41 Delta Regional Authority, 41 Delta Regional Authority, State Funding Allocations, 2021, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-, 2021, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-
development/state-funding-allocations/. development/state-funding-allocations/.
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DRA investments are awarded from state allocations. SEDAP applications are accepted through DRA investments are awarded from state allocations. SEDAP applications are accepted through
LDDs, and projects are sorted into tiers of priority. While all projects must be associated with one LDDs, and projects are sorted into tiers of priority. While all projects must be associated with one
of the DRA’s four funding priorities, additional prioritization determines the rank order of of the DRA’s four funding priorities, additional prioritization determines the rank order of
awards, which include county-level distress designations; adherence to at least one of the federal awards, which include county-level distress designations; adherence to at least one of the federal
priority eligibility criteria (see below); adherence to at least one of the DRA Regional priority eligibility criteria (see below); adherence to at least one of the DRA Regional
Development Plan goals (from the strategic plan); and adherence to at least one of the state’s Development Plan goals (from the strategic plan); and adherence to at least one of the state’s
DRA priorities.42 DRA priorities.42
The federal priority eligibility criteria are as follows: The federal priority eligibility criteria are as follows:
 Regional impact  Regional impact
 Merging and consolidating  Merging and consolidating
 Multiple funding partners  Multiple funding partners
public utilities public utilities

 
 
Emergency funding need Emergency funding need
Broadband infrastructure Broadband infrastructure
 
 
Registered apprenticeship Registered apprenticeship
Water or wastewater rate Water or wastewater rate
study (i.e., projects with study (i.e., projects with
 Infrastructure  Infrastructure
accredited rate study) accredited rate study)
The DRA is also mandated to expend 50% of its appropriated SEDAP dollars on basic public and The DRA is also mandated to expend 50% of its appropriated SEDAP dollars on basic public and
transportation infrastructure projects, which lend additional weight to this particular criterion.43 transportation infrastructure projects, which lend additional weight to this particular criterion.43
Legislative History
In 1988, the Rural Development, Agriculture, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act for In 1988, the Rural Development, Agriculture, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act for
FY1989 (P.L. 100-460) appropriated $2 million and included language that authorized the FY1989 (P.L. 100-460) appropriated $2 million and included language that authorized the
creation of the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Commission. The LMDDC was a DRA creation of the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Commission. The LMDDC was a DRA
predecessor tasked with studying economic issues in the Delta and developing a 10-year predecessor tasked with studying economic issues in the Delta and developing a 10-year
economic development plan. The LMDDC consisted of two commissioners appointed by the economic development plan. The LMDDC consisted of two commissioners appointed by the
President as well as the governors of Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, President as well as the governors of Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Missouri, and Tennessee. The commission was chaired by then-Governor William J. Clinton of Missouri, and Tennessee. The commission was chaired by then-Governor William J. Clinton of
Arkansas, and the LMDDC released interim and final reports before completing its mandate in Arkansas, and the LMDDC released interim and final reports before completing its mandate in
1990. Later, in the White House, the Clinton Administration continued to show interest in an 1990. Later, in the White House, the Clinton Administration continued to show interest in an
expanded federal role in Mississippi Delta regional economic development. expanded federal role in Mississippi Delta regional economic development.
Notably, P.L. 100-460’s $2 million in appropriations were made available to “carry out H.R. 5378 Notably, P.L. 100-460’s $2 million in appropriations were made available to “carry out H.R. 5378
and S. 2836, the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Act, as introduced in the House of and S. 2836, the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Act, as introduced in the House of
Representatives on September 26, 1988, and in the Senate on September 27, 1988.” Using this Representatives on September 26, 1988, and in the Senate on September 27, 1988.” Using this
language, those previously un-enacted bills were “incorporated by reference” and enacted. P.L. language, those previously un-enacted bills were “incorporated by reference” and enacted. P.L.
100-460 also provided a definition of the Lower Mississippi Delta region through the 100-460 also provided a definition of the Lower Mississippi Delta region through the
incorporation of H.R. 5378 and S. 2836. incorporation of H.R. 5378 and S. 2836.
Key Legislative Activity
 In 1994, Congress enacted the Lower Mississippi Delta Region Heritage Study  In 1994, Congress enacted the Lower Mississippi Delta Region Heritage Study
Act, which built on the LMDDC’s recommendations. In particular, the 1994 act Act, which built on the LMDDC’s recommendations. In particular, the 1994 act

42 Delta Regional Authority, 42 Delta Regional Authority, Eligibility & Funding Priorities, 2021, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-, 2021, https://dra.gov/funding-programs-states-economic-
development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/eligibility-funding-priorities/. development/states-economic-development-assistance-program/eligibility-funding-priorities/.
43 Delta Regional Authority, 43 Delta Regional Authority, SEDAP Administrative Program Manual: FY2021, 2021, https://dra.gov/images/uploads/, 2021, https://dra.gov/images/uploads/
content_files/SEDAP-Manual-2021.pdf. content_files/SEDAP-Manual-2021.pdf.
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saw the Department of the Interior conduct a study on key regional cultural, saw the Department of the Interior conduct a study on key regional cultural,
natural, and heritage sites and locations in the Mississippi Delta region. natural, and heritage sites and locations in the Mississippi Delta region.
 In 1999, the Delta Regional Authority Act of 1999 was introduced in the House  In 1999, the Delta Regional Authority Act of 1999 was introduced in the House
(H.R. 2911) and Senate (S. 1622) to establish the DRA by amending the (H.R. 2911) and Senate (S. 1622) to establish the DRA by amending the
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act. Neither bill was enacted, but Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act. Neither bill was enacted, but
they established the structure and mission later incorporated into the DRA.44 they established the structure and mission later incorporated into the DRA.44
106th Congress
 In 2000, the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2001 (P.L. 106-554)  In 2000, the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2001 (P.L. 106-554)
included language authorizing the creation of the DRA based on the seven included language authorizing the creation of the DRA based on the seven
participating states of the LMDDC, with the addition of Alabama and 16 of its participating states of the LMDDC, with the addition of Alabama and 16 of its
counties. counties.
107th Congress
 The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, or 2002 farm bill (P.L.  The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, or 2002 farm bill (P.L.
107-171), amended voting procedures for DRA states, provided new funds for 107-171), amended voting procedures for DRA states, provided new funds for
Delta regional projects, and added four additional Alabama counties to the Delta regional projects, and added four additional Alabama counties to the
DRA—Butler, Conecuh, Escambia, and Monroe Counties. DRA—Butler, Conecuh, Escambia, and Monroe Counties.
110th Congress
 The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-  The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-
234) reauthorized the DRA from FY2008 through FY2012 and expanded it to 234) reauthorized the DRA from FY2008 through FY2012 and expanded it to
include Beauregard, Bienville, Cameron, Claiborne, DeSoto, Jefferson Davis, include Beauregard, Bienville, Cameron, Claiborne, DeSoto, Jefferson Davis,
Red River, St. Mary, Vermillion, and Webster Parishes in Louisiana; and Jasper Red River, St. Mary, Vermillion, and Webster Parishes in Louisiana; and Jasper
and Smith Counties in Mississippi. and Smith Counties in Mississippi.
113th Congress
 The Agricultural Act of 2014, or 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79) reauthorized the  The Agricultural Act of 2014, or 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79) reauthorized the
DRA through FY2018. DRA through FY2018.
115th Congress
 The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, or 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334),  The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, or 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334),
reauthorized the DRA from FY2019 to FY2023,45 and emphasized Alabama’s reauthorized the DRA from FY2019 to FY2023,45 and emphasized Alabama’s
position as a “full member” of the DRA. position as a “full member” of the DRA.
Funding History
Under “farm bill” legislation, the DRA has consistently received funding authorizations of $30 Under “farm bill” legislation, the DRA has consistently received funding authorizations of $30
million annually since it was first authorized.46 However, appropriations have fluctuated over the million annually since it was first authorized.46 However, appropriations have fluctuated over the
years. Although the DRA was appropriated $20 million in the same legislation authorizing its years. Although the DRA was appropriated $20 million in the same legislation authorizing its

44 The two bills contained the general basic authority, structure, geography, and mission that was carried over into the 44 The two bills contained the general basic authority, structure, geography, and mission that was carried over into the
DRA’s authorizing legislation. DRA’s authorizing legislation.
45 See CRS In Focus IF11126, 45 See CRS In Focus IF11126, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, by Renée Johnson and , by Renée Johnson and
Jim Monke. Jim Monke.
46 7 U.S.C. §2009aa–12. 46 7 U.S.C. §2009aa–12.
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creation,47 that amount was halved in 2002,48 and continued a downward trend through its funding creation,47 that amount was halved in 2002,48 and continued a downward trend through its funding
nadir of $5 million in FY2004. However, funding had increased by FY2006 to $12 million. Since nadir of $5 million in FY2004. However, funding had increased by FY2006 to $12 million. Since
FY2008, DRA’s annual appropriations have increased from almost $12 million to the current FY2008, DRA’s annual appropriations have increased from almost $12 million to the current
level of $30.1 million in FY2022 (excluding appropriations provided by the IIJA). The IIJA level of $30.1 million in FY2022 (excluding appropriations provided by the IIJA). The IIJA
provided the DRA with an increase in appropriations that was five times its annual appropriation provided the DRA with an increase in appropriations that was five times its annual appropriation
in FY2021 in FY2021 (Table 3). .
Table 3. DRA: Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions

FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22a
Appropriated 13.00 11.70 11.68 Appropriated 13.00 11.70 11.68
11.68 11.68
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
25.00 25.00
25.00 25.00
25.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 180.10 25.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 180.10
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
Funding Funding
Sources: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-
10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L.
116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103. 116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 includes $30.1 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 appropriated a. FY2022 includes $30.1 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 appropriated
funding amounts also include $150 mil ion from the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117- funding amounts also include $150 mil ion from the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-
58).58).
Denali Commission
The Denali Commission was established in 1998 to support rural economic development in The Denali Commission was established in 1998 to support rural economic development in
Alaska.49 It is “designed to provide critical utilities, infrastructure, and economic support Alaska.49 It is “designed to provide critical utilities, infrastructure, and economic support
throughout Alaska.” The Denali Commission is unique as a single-state commission, and in its throughout Alaska.” The Denali Commission is unique as a single-state commission, and in its
reliance on federal funding for both administration and activities. reliance on federal funding for both administration and activities.

47 P.L. 106-554. 47 P.L. 106-554.
48 P.L. 107-66. 48 P.L. 107-66.
49 P.L. 105-277. 49 P.L. 105-277.
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Figure 3. Map of the Denali Commission
service area by expanded and surrogate standards of distress, 2020 service area by expanded and surrogate standards of distress, 2020

Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the Denali Commission and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using data from the Denali Commission and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
Overview of Structure and Activities
The commission’s statutory mission includes providing workforce and other economic The commission’s statutory mission includes providing workforce and other economic
development assistance to distressed rural regions in Alaska. However, the commission no longer development assistance to distressed rural regions in Alaska. However, the commission no longer
engages in substantial activities in general economic development or transportation, which were engages in substantial activities in general economic development or transportation, which were
once core elements of the Denali Commission’s activities. Its recent activities are principally once core elements of the Denali Commission’s activities. Its recent activities are principally
limited to coastal infrastructure protection and energy infrastructure and fuel storage projects. limited to coastal infrastructure protection and energy infrastructure and fuel storage projects.
Commission Structure
The Denali Commission’s structure is unique as the only commission with a single-state mandate. The Denali Commission’s structure is unique as the only commission with a single-state mandate.
The commission is comprised of seven members (or a designated nominee), including the federal The commission is comprised of seven members (or a designated nominee), including the federal
co-chair, appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce; the Alaska governor, who is state co-co-chair, appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce; the Alaska governor, who is state co-
chair (or his/her designated representative); the University of Alaska president; the Alaska chair (or his/her designated representative); the University of Alaska president; the Alaska
Municipal League president; the Alaska Federation of Natives president; the Alaska State AFL-Municipal League president; the Alaska Federation of Natives president; the Alaska State AFL-
CIO president; and the Associated General Contractors of Alaska president.50 CIO president; and the Associated General Contractors of Alaska president.50
These structural novelties offer a different model compared to the organization typified by the These structural novelties offer a different model compared to the organization typified by the
ARC and broadly adopted by the other functioning federal regional commissions and authorities. ARC and broadly adopted by the other functioning federal regional commissions and authorities.
For example, the federal co-chair’s appointment by the Secretary of Commerce, and not the For example, the federal co-chair’s appointment by the Secretary of Commerce, and not the
President with Senate confirmation, allows for a potentially more expeditious appointment of a President with Senate confirmation, allows for a potentially more expeditious appointment of a
federal co-chair. federal co-chair.
The Denali Commission is required by law to create an annual work plan, which solicits project The Denali Commission is required by law to create an annual work plan, which solicits project
proposals, guides activities, and informs a five-year strategic plan.51 The work plan is reviewed proposals, guides activities, and informs a five-year strategic plan.51 The work plan is reviewed
by the federal co-chair, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Office of Management and Budget, by the federal co-chair, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Office of Management and Budget,

50 P.L. 105-277. 50 P.L. 105-277.
51 Denali Commission, 51 Denali Commission, Work Plans, https://www.denali.gov/work-plans/. , https://www.denali.gov/work-plans/.
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and is subject to a public comment period. The current FY2018-FY2022 strategic plan, released and is subject to a public comment period. The current FY2018-FY2022 strategic plan, released
in October 2017, lists four strategic goals and objectives: (1) facilities management; (2) in October 2017, lists four strategic goals and objectives: (1) facilities management; (2)
infrastructure protection from ecological change; (3) energy, including storage, production, infrastructure protection from ecological change; (3) energy, including storage, production,
heating, and electricity; and (4) innovation and collaboration. The commission’s recent activities heating, and electricity; and (4) innovation and collaboration. The commission’s recent activities
largely focus on energy and infrastructure protection.52 largely focus on energy and infrastructure protection.52
Distressed Areas
The Denali Commission’s authorizing statute obligates the commission to address economic The Denali Commission’s authorizing statute obligates the commission to address economic
distress in rural areas of Alaska.53 As of 2018, the commission utilizes two overlapping standards distress in rural areas of Alaska.53 As of 2018, the commission utilizes two overlapping standards
to assess distress: a “surrogate standard,” adopted by the commission in 2000, and an “expanded to assess distress: a “surrogate standard,” adopted by the commission in 2000, and an “expanded
standard.” These standards are applied to rural communities in Alaska and assessed by the Alaska standard.” These standards are applied to rural communities in Alaska and assessed by the Alaska
Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DOL&WD), Research and Analysis Section. Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DOL&WD), Research and Analysis Section.
DOL&WD uses the most current population, employment, and earnings data available to identify DOL&WD uses the most current population, employment, and earnings data available to identify
Alaska communities and Census Designated Places considered “distressed.” Alaska communities and Census Designated Places considered “distressed.”
Appeals can be made to community distress determinations, but only through a demonstration Appeals can be made to community distress determinations, but only through a demonstration
that DOL&WD data or analysis was erroneous, invalid, or outdated. New information “must that DOL&WD data or analysis was erroneous, invalid, or outdated. New information “must
come from a verifiable source, and be robust and representative of the entire community and/or come from a verifiable source, and be robust and representative of the entire community and/or
population.” Appeals are accepted and adjudicated only for the same reporting year in question. population.” Appeals are accepted and adjudicated only for the same reporting year in question.
Recent Activities
The Denali Commission’s scope is more constrained compared to the other federal regional The Denali Commission’s scope is more constrained compared to the other federal regional
commissions and authorities. The organization reports that due to funding constraints,54 the commissions and authorities. The organization reports that due to funding constraints,54 the
commission reduced its involvement in what might be considered traditional economic commission reduced its involvement in what might be considered traditional economic
development and, instead, focused on rural fuel and energy infrastructure and coastal protection development and, instead, focused on rural fuel and energy infrastructure and coastal protection
efforts.55 efforts.55
Since the Denali Commission’s founding, bulk fuel safety and security, energy reliability and Since the Denali Commission’s founding, bulk fuel safety and security, energy reliability and
security, transportation system improvements, and health care projects have commanded the vast security, transportation system improvements, and health care projects have commanded the vast
majority of Commission projects.56 Of these, only energy reliability and security and bulk fuel majority of Commission projects.56 Of these, only energy reliability and security and bulk fuel
safety and security projects remain active and are still funded. Village infrastructure protection—a safety and security projects remain active and are still funded. Village infrastructure protection—a
program launched in 2015 to address community infrastructure threatened by erosion, flooding program launched in 2015 to address community infrastructure threatened by erosion, flooding
and permafrost degradation—is a program that is relatively new and still being funded.57 By and permafrost degradation—is a program that is relatively new and still being funded.57 By
contrast, most “traditional” economic development programs are no longer being funded, contrast, most “traditional” economic development programs are no longer being funded,
including in housing, workforce development, and general economic development activities.58 including in housing, workforce development, and general economic development activities.58

52 Denali Commission, 52 Denali Commission, Denali Commission Strategic Plan: FY2018-2022, October 4, 2017, https://www.denali.gov/, October 4, 2017, https://www.denali.gov/
wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Denali_Commission_FY2018_-_2022_Strategic_Plan_-_Final_Executed_document_-wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Denali_Commission_FY2018_-_2022_Strategic_Plan_-_Final_Executed_document_-
_10-4-17.pdf. _10-4-17.pdf.
53 P.L. 105-277. 53 P.L. 105-277.
54 Denali Commission, 54 Denali Commission, Other Programs, https://www.denali.gov/programs/other-programs/ (accessed April 23, 2021). , https://www.denali.gov/programs/other-programs/ (accessed April 23, 2021).
55 Denali Commission, 55 Denali Commission, Denali Commission Strategic Plan: FY2018-2022, October 4, 2017, https://www.denali.gov/, October 4, 2017, https://www.denali.gov/
wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Denali_Commission_FY2018_-_2022_Strategic_Plan_-_Final_Executed_document_-wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Denali_Commission_FY2018_-_2022_Strategic_Plan_-_Final_Executed_document_-
_10-4-17.pdf. _10-4-17.pdf.
56 Denali Commission, 56 Denali Commission, Denali Commission Investment Summary, May 2017, https://www.denali.gov/programs/. , May 2017, https://www.denali.gov/programs/.
57 Denali Commission, 57 Denali Commission, Village Infrastructure Protection, https://www.denali.gov/programs/village-infrastructure-, https://www.denali.gov/programs/village-infrastructure-
protection/. protection/.
58 Denali Commission, 58 Denali Commission, Denali Commission Investment Summary, May 2017, https://www.denali.gov/programs/. , May 2017, https://www.denali.gov/programs/.
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Legislative History
106th Congress
 In 1999, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000 (P.L. 106-113) authorized the  In 1999, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000 (P.L. 106-113) authorized the
commission to enter into contracts and cooperative agreements, award grants, commission to enter into contracts and cooperative agreements, award grants,
and make payments “necessary to carry out the purposes of the commission.” and make payments “necessary to carry out the purposes of the commission.”
The act also established the federal co-chair’s compensation schedule, prohibited The act also established the federal co-chair’s compensation schedule, prohibited
using more than 5% of appropriated funds for administrative expenses, and using more than 5% of appropriated funds for administrative expenses, and
established “demonstration health projects” as authorized activities and established “demonstration health projects” as authorized activities and
authorized the Department of Health and Human Services to make grants to the authorized the Department of Health and Human Services to make grants to the
commission to that effect. commission to that effect.
108th Congress
 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 (P.L. 108-199) created an Economic  The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 (P.L. 108-199) created an Economic
Development Committee within the commission chaired by the Alaska Development Committee within the commission chaired by the Alaska
Federation of Natives president, and included the Alaska Commissioner of Federation of Natives president, and included the Alaska Commissioner of
Community and Economic Affairs, a representative of the Alaska Bankers Community and Economic Affairs, a representative of the Alaska Bankers
Association, the chairman of the Alaska Permanent Fund, a representative from Association, the chairman of the Alaska Permanent Fund, a representative from
the Alaska Chamber of Commerce, and representatives from each region. the Alaska Chamber of Commerce, and representatives from each region.
109th Congress
 In 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A  In 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A
Legacy for Users, or SAFETEA-LU (P.L. 109-59), established the Denali Access Legacy for Users, or SAFETEA-LU (P.L. 109-59), established the Denali Access
System Program among the commission’s authorized activities. The program was System Program among the commission’s authorized activities. The program was
part of its surface transportation efforts, which were active from 2005 through part of its surface transportation efforts, which were active from 2005 through
2009.59 2009.59
112th Congress
 2012’s Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, or MAP-21 (P.L. 112-  2012’s Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, or MAP-21 (P.L. 112-
141), authorized the commission to accept funds from federal agencies, allowed 141), authorized the commission to accept funds from federal agencies, allowed
it to accept gifts or donations of “service, property, or money” on behalf of the it to accept gifts or donations of “service, property, or money” on behalf of the
U.S. government, and included guidance regarding gifts. U.S. government, and included guidance regarding gifts.
114th Congress
 In 2016, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, or the WIIN  In 2016, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, or the WIIN
Act (P.L. 114-322), reauthorized the Denali Commission through FY2021, and Act (P.L. 114-322), reauthorized the Denali Commission through FY2021, and
established a four-year term for the federal co-chair (with allowances for established a four-year term for the federal co-chair (with allowances for
reappointment), but provided that other members were appointed for life. The act reappointment), but provided that other members were appointed for life. The act
also allowed for the Secretary of Commerce to appoint an interim federal co-also allowed for the Secretary of Commerce to appoint an interim federal co-
chair, and included clarifying language on the nonfederal status of commission chair, and included clarifying language on the nonfederal status of commission
staff and ethical issues regarding conflicts of interest and disclosure. staff and ethical issues regarding conflicts of interest and disclosure.

59 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 59 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Fact Sheet on Highway Provisions: Denali
Access System Program, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/denali.htm. , https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/denali.htm.
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117th Congress
 Division A of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, (P.L. 117-58)  Division A of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, (P.L. 117-58)
extends funding authorization for five years to carry out the Denali Access extends funding authorization for five years to carry out the Denali Access
System Program.60 The act also allows the Denali Commission to consider System Program.60 The act also allows the Denali Commission to consider
funding from another federal agency as no longer subject to requirements funding from another federal agency as no longer subject to requirements
previously attached to those funds, including any regulatory actions by the previously attached to those funds, including any regulatory actions by the
transferring agency.61 transferring agency.61
Funding History
Under its authorizing statute, the Denali Commission received funding authorizations for $20 Under its authorizing statute, the Denali Commission received funding authorizations for $20
million for FY1999,62 and “such sums as necessary” (SSAN) for FY2000 through FY2003. million for FY1999,62 and “such sums as necessary” (SSAN) for FY2000 through FY2003.
Legislation passed in 2003 extended the commission’s SSAN funding authorization through Legislation passed in 2003 extended the commission’s SSAN funding authorization through
2008.63 Its authorization lapsed after 2008; reauthorizing legislation was introduced in 2007,64 but 2008.63 Its authorization lapsed after 2008; reauthorizing legislation was introduced in 2007,64 but
was not enacted. The commission continued to receive annual appropriations for FY2009 and was not enacted. The commission continued to receive annual appropriations for FY2009 and
several years thereafter.65 In 2016, legislation was enacted reauthorizing the Denali Commission several years thereafter.65 In 2016, legislation was enacted reauthorizing the Denali Commission
through FY2021 with a $15 million annual funding authorization. The IIJA provided the Denali through FY2021 with a $15 million annual funding authorization. The IIJA provided the Denali
Commission with an increase in appropriations that was five times its most recent annual Commission with an increase in appropriations that was five times its most recent annual
appropriation appropriation (Table 4).66 66
Table 4. Denali Commission:
Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions

FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21
FY22a
Appropriated Appropriated
11.97 11.97
10.7 10.7
10.68 10.68
10.68 10.68
10.00 10.00
10.00 10.00
11.00 11.00
15.00 15.00
30.00 30.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
90.1 90.1
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
— —
Funding Funding
Sources: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-
10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L.
116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103. 116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 amounts include $15.1 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103).a. FY2022 amounts include $15.1 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 FY2022
appropriated funding amounts include $75 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment, appropriated funding amounts include $75 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment,
and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). ~~Amounts~~FY2022 amounts do not include do not include ~~appropriations in~~ amounts authorized to be appropriated in Division A of P.L. 117-58 Division A of P.L. 117-58
pertaining to the Denali Access System Program. pertaining to the Denali Access System Program.

60 The IIJA authorized $20 million to be appropriated for each of FY2022 through FY2026 to carry out the Denali 60 The IIJA authorized $20 million to be appropriated for each of FY2022 through FY2026 to carry out the Denali
Access System Program (Division A, Sec. 11507(a) of P.L. 117-58). Access System Program (Division A, Sec. 11507(a) of P.L. 117-58).
61 Division A, Sec. 11507(b) of P.L. 117-58. 61 Division A, Sec. 11507(b) of P.L. 117-58.
62 P.L. 105-277. 62 P.L. 105-277.
63 P.L. 108-7, §504. 63 P.L. 108-7, §504.
64 S. 1368, 110th Cong. (2007). 64 S. 1368, 110th Cong. (2007).
65 P.L. 111-8. 65 P.L. 111-8.
66 P.L. 114-322. 66 P.L. 114-322.
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Northern Border Regional Commission
The Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC) was created by the Food, Conservation, and The Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC) was created by the Food, Conservation, and
Energy Act of 2008, otherwise known as the 2008 farm bill.67 The act also created the Southeast Energy Act of 2008, otherwise known as the 2008 farm bill.67 The act also created the Southeast
Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) and the Southwest Border Regional Commission Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) and the Southwest Border Regional Commission
(SBRC). All three commissions share common authorizing language modeled after the ARC. (SBRC). All three commissions share common authorizing language modeled after the ARC.
The NBRC is the only one of the three new commissions that has been both reauthorized and The NBRC is the only one of the three new commissions that has been both reauthorized and
received progressively increasing annual appropriations since it was established in 2008. The received progressively increasing annual appropriations since it was established in 2008. The
NBRC was founded to alleviate economic distress in the northern border areas of Maine, New NBRC was founded to alleviate economic distress in the northern border areas of Maine, New
Hampshire, New York, and, as of 2018, the entire state of Vermont Hampshire, New York, and, as of 2018, the entire state of Vermont (Figure 4). .
Figure 4. Map of the Northern Border Regional Commission

Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the NBRC and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using data from the NBRC and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
Notes: Vermont is the only state with all counties within the NBRC’s jurisdiction. Vermont is the only state with all counties within the NBRC’s jurisdiction.
The stated mission of the NBRC is “to catalyze regional, collaborative, and transformative The stated mission of the NBRC is “to catalyze regional, collaborative, and transformative
community economic development approaches that alleviate economic distress and position the community economic development approaches that alleviate economic distress and position the
region for economic growth.”68 Eligible counties within the NBRC’s jurisdiction may receive region for economic growth.”68 Eligible counties within the NBRC’s jurisdiction may receive
funding “for community and economic development” projects pursuant to regional, state, and funding “for community and economic development” projects pursuant to regional, state, and
local planning and priorities local planning and priorities (Table D-4). .
Overview of Structure and Activities
The NBRC is led by a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of The NBRC is led by a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of
the Senate, and four state governors, of which one is appointed state co-chair. There is no term the Senate, and four state governors, of which one is appointed state co-chair. There is no term

67 P.L. 110-234. 67 P.L. 110-234.
68 Northern Border Regional Commission, 68 Northern Border Regional Commission, About the NBRC, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/about. , http://www.nbrc.gov/content/about.
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limit for the federal co-chair. The state co-chair is limited to two consecutive terms, but may not limit for the federal co-chair. The state co-chair is limited to two consecutive terms, but may not
serve a term of less than one year. Each of the four governors may appoint an alternate; each state serve a term of less than one year. Each of the four governors may appoint an alternate; each state
also designates an NBRC program manager to handle the day-to-day operations of coordinating, also designates an NBRC program manager to handle the day-to-day operations of coordinating,
reviewing, and recommending economic development projects to the full membership.69 reviewing, and recommending economic development projects to the full membership.69
While program funding depends on congressional appropriations, administrative costs are shared While program funding depends on congressional appropriations, administrative costs are shared
equally between the federal government and the four states of the NBRC. Through commission equally between the federal government and the four states of the NBRC. Through commission
votes, applications are ranked by priority, and are approved in that order as grant funds allow. votes, applications are ranked by priority, and are approved in that order as grant funds allow.
Program Areas
All projects are required to address at least one of the NBRC’s four authorized program areas and All projects are required to address at least one of the NBRC’s four authorized program areas and
its five-year strategic plan. The NBRC’s four program areas are: its five-year strategic plan. The NBRC’s four program areas are:
 state economic and infrastructure development (SEID);  state economic and infrastructure development (SEID);
 the regional forest economy partnership;  the regional forest economy partnership;
 local development districts; and  local development districts; and
 comprehensive planning for states.70  comprehensive planning for states.70
State Economic and Infrastructure Development (SEID)
The NBRC’s SEID investment program is the chief mechanism for investing in economic The NBRC’s SEID investment program is the chief mechanism for investing in economic
development programs in the participating states. The SEID program prioritizes projects focusing development programs in the participating states. The SEID program prioritizes projects focusing
on infrastructure, telecommunications, energy costs, business development, entrepreneurship, on infrastructure, telecommunications, energy costs, business development, entrepreneurship,
workforce development, leadership, and regional strategic planning.71 The SEID program workforce development, leadership, and regional strategic planning.71 The SEID program
provides approximately $4.6 million to each state for such activities.72 Eligible applicants include provides approximately $4.6 million to each state for such activities.72 Eligible applicants include
public bodies, 501(c) organizations, Native American tribes, and the four state governments. public bodies, 501(c) organizations, Native American tribes, and the four state governments.
SEID projects may require matching funds of up to 50% depending on the level of distress. SEID projects may require matching funds of up to 50% depending on the level of distress.
Regional Forest Economy Partnership (RFEP)
The RFEP is an NBRC program to address economic distress caused by the decline of the The RFEP is an NBRC program to address economic distress caused by the decline of the
regional forest products industry.73 The program provides funding to rural communities for regional forest products industry.73 The program provides funding to rural communities for
“economic diversity, independence, and innovation.” The NBRC received $3 million in FY2018 “economic diversity, independence, and innovation.” The NBRC received $3 million in FY2018
and $4 million FY2019 to address the decline in the forest-based economies in the NBRC and $4 million FY2019 to address the decline in the forest-based economies in the NBRC
region.74 In FY2020, FY2021, and FY2022, $4 million was made available for the program each region.74 In FY2020, FY2021, and FY2022, $4 million was made available for the program each
year.75 year.75

69 Northern Border Regional Commission, 69 Northern Border Regional Commission, About the NBRC, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/about. , http://www.nbrc.gov/content/about.
70 Northern Border Regional Commission, 70 Northern Border Regional Commission, Program Areas, https://www.nbrc.gov/content/program-areas. https://www.nbrc.gov/content/program-areas.
71 Northern Border Regional Commission, 71 Northern Border Regional Commission, State Economic & Infrastructure Development Investment Program, ,
http://www.nbrc.gov/content/economic-infrastructure-development-investments. http://www.nbrc.gov/content/economic-infrastructure-development-investments.
72 Northern Border Regional Commission, 72 Northern Border Regional Commission, FY2021 Annual Report, https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/ https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/
Annual%20Reports/NBRC-2021-Annual-Report_Final-web.pdf. Annual%20Reports/NBRC-2021-Annual-Report_Final-web.pdf.
73 Northern Border Regional Commission, 73 Northern Border Regional Commission, Regional Forest Economy Partnership, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/
Regional-Forest-Economy-Partnership. Regional-Forest-Economy-Partnership.
74 Northern Border Regional Commission, 74 Northern Border Regional Commission, Regional Forest Economy Partnership: Notice of Funding Opportunity, ,
http://www.nbrc.gov/uploads/RegionalForestEconomyParternship(5).pdf. http://www.nbrc.gov/uploads/RegionalForestEconomyParternship(5).pdf.
75 Northern Border Regional Commission, 75 Northern Border Regional Commission, Northern Border Regional Commission Announces 2020 Regional Forest
Economy Partnership Grant Round, July 1, 2020, https://www.nbrc.gov/articles/94, and , July 1, 2020, https://www.nbrc.gov/articles/94, and 2021 Regional Forest
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Local Development Districts (LDD)
The NBRC uses 20 multicounty LDDs to advise on local priorities, identify opportunities, The NBRC uses 20 multicounty LDDs to advise on local priorities, identify opportunities,
conduct outreach, and administer grants, from which the LDDs receive fees. LDDs receive fees conduct outreach, and administer grants, from which the LDDs receive fees. LDDs receive fees
according to a graduated schedule tied to total project funds. The rate is 5% for the first $100,000 according to a graduated schedule tied to total project funds. The rate is 5% for the first $100,000
awarded and 1% in excess of $100,000.76 Notably, this formula does not apply to Vermont-only awarded and 1% in excess of $100,000.76 Notably, this formula does not apply to Vermont-only
projects. Vermont is the only state where grantees are not required to contract with an LDD for projects. Vermont is the only state where grantees are not required to contract with an LDD for
the administration of grants, though this requirement may be waived.77 the administration of grants, though this requirement may be waived.77
Comprehensive Planning
The NBRC may also assist states in developing comprehensive economic and infrastructure The NBRC may also assist states in developing comprehensive economic and infrastructure
development plans for their NBRC counties. These initiatives are undertaken in collaboration development plans for their NBRC counties. These initiatives are undertaken in collaboration
with LDDs, localities, institutions of higher education, and other relevant stakeholders.78 with LDDs, localities, institutions of higher education, and other relevant stakeholders.78
Strategic Plan
The NBRC’s activities are guided by a five-year strategic plan,79 which is developed through The NBRC’s activities are guided by a five-year strategic plan,79 which is developed through
“extensive engagement with NBRC stakeholders” alongside “local, state, and regional economic “extensive engagement with NBRC stakeholders” alongside “local, state, and regional economic
development strategies already in place.” The 2017-2022 strategic plan lists three goals: development strategies already in place.” The 2017-2022 strategic plan lists three goals:
1. modernizing infrastructure; 1. modernizing infrastructure;
2. creating and sustaining jobs; and 2. creating and sustaining jobs; and
3. anticipating and capitalizing on shifting economic and demographic trends.80 3. anticipating and capitalizing on shifting economic and demographic trends.80
The strategic plan also lists five-year performance goals, which are The strategic plan also lists five-year performance goals, which are
 5,000 jobs created or retained;  5,000 jobs created or retained;
 10,000 households and businesses with access to improved infrastructure;  10,000 households and businesses with access to improved infrastructure;
 1,000 businesses representing 5,000 employees benefit from NBRC investments;  1,000 businesses representing 5,000 employees benefit from NBRC investments;
 7,500 workers provided with skills training;  7,500 workers provided with skills training;
 250 communities and 1,000 leaders engaged in regional leadership, learning  250 communities and 1,000 leaders engaged in regional leadership, learning
and/or innovation networks supported by the NBRC; and and/or innovation networks supported by the NBRC; and
 3:1 NBRC investment leverage.81  3:1 NBRC investment leverage.81

Economy Partnership Overview, https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/2021_RFEP_Documents/https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/2021_RFEP_Documents/
2021%20RFEP%20Program%20Overview%20FINAL.pdf.2021%20RFEP%20Program%20Overview%20FINAL.pdf.
76 Northern Border Regional Commission, 76 Northern Border Regional Commission, Local Development Districts, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/local-, http://www.nbrc.gov/content/local-
development-districts. development-districts.
77 Northern Border Regional Commission, 77 Northern Border Regional Commission, Administration: General Grant Administration, http://www.nbrc.gov/, http://www.nbrc.gov/
content/administration. content/administration.
78 Northern Border Regional Commission, 78 Northern Border Regional Commission, Comprehensive Planning Investments for States, http://www.nbrc.gov/, http://www.nbrc.gov/
content/planning-for-states. content/planning-for-states.
79 Northern Border Regional Commission, 79 Northern Border Regional Commission, 2017-2022 Strategic Plan, Concord, NH, 2017, http://www.nbrc.gov/, Concord, NH, 2017, http://www.nbrc.gov/
content/strategic-plan. content/strategic-plan.
80 Northern Border Regional Commission, 80 Northern Border Regional Commission, Northern Border Regional Commission: 2017-2022 Strategic Plan, ,
http://www.nbrc.gov/uploads/004%20RESOURCES/Five%20Yr%20Strat%20Plan/http://www.nbrc.gov/uploads/004%20RESOURCES/Five%20Yr%20Strat%20Plan/
NBRC%20Strategic%20Plan%2C%20Full%20Study.pdf. NBRC%20Strategic%20Plan%2C%20Full%20Study.pdf.
81 Northern Border Regional Commission, 81 Northern Border Regional Commission, 2017-2021 Strategic Plan, Concord, NH, 2017, p. 6. , Concord, NH, 2017, p. 6.
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The strategic plan also takes stock of various socioeconomic trends in the northern border region, The strategic plan also takes stock of various socioeconomic trends in the northern border region,
including (1) population shifts; (2) distressed communities; and (3) changing workforce needs. including (1) population shifts; (2) distressed communities; and (3) changing workforce needs.
Economic and Demographic Distress
The NBRC is unique in that it is statutorily obligated to assess distress according to economic as The NBRC is unique in that it is statutorily obligated to assess distress according to economic as
well as demographic factorwell as demographic factors (Table D-4). These designations are made and refined annually. The . These designations are made and refined annually. The
NBRC defines levels of “distress” for counties that “have high rates of poverty, unemployment, NBRC defines levels of “distress” for counties that “have high rates of poverty, unemployment,
or outmigration” and “are the most severely and persistently economic distressed and or outmigration” and “are the most severely and persistently economic distressed and
underdeveloped.”82 The NBRC is required to allocate 50% of its total appropriations to projects in underdeveloped.”82 The NBRC is required to allocate 50% of its total appropriations to projects in
distressed counties.83 distressed counties.83
The NBRC’s county designations are as follows, in descending levels of distress: The NBRC’s county designations are as follows, in descending levels of distress:
  Distressed counties (80% maximum funding allowance); counties (80% maximum funding allowance);
  Transitional counties (50%); and counties (50%); and
  Attainment (0%). (0%).
Transitional counties are defined as counties that do not exhibit the same levels of economic and Transitional counties are defined as counties that do not exhibit the same levels of economic and
demographic distress as a distressed county, but suffer from “high rates of poverty, demographic distress as a distressed county, but suffer from “high rates of poverty,
unemployment, or outmigration.” Attainment counties are not allowed to be funded by the NBRC unemployment, or outmigration.” Attainment counties are not allowed to be funded by the NBRC
except for those projects that are located within an “isolated area of distress,” or have been except for those projects that are located within an “isolated area of distress,” or have been
granted a waiver.84 granted a waiver.84
Distress is calculated in tiers of primary and secondary distress categories and constituent factors: Distress is calculated in tiers of primary and secondary distress categories and constituent factors:
 Primary Distress Categories  Primary Distress Categories
1. Percent of population below the poverty level 1. Percent of population below the poverty level
2. Unemployment rate 2. Unemployment rate
3. Percent change in population 3. Percent change in population
 Secondary Distress Categories  Secondary Distress Categories
1. Percent of population below the poverty level 1. Percent of population below the poverty level
2. Median household income 2. Median household income
3. Percent of secondary and/or seasonal homes 3. Percent of secondary and/or seasonal homes
Each county is assessed by the primary and secondary distress categories and factors and Each county is assessed by the primary and secondary distress categories and factors and
compared to the figures for the United States as a whole. Designations of county distress are compared to the figures for the United States as a whole. Designations of county distress are
made by tallying those factors against the following criteria: made by tallying those factors against the following criteria:

82 P.L. 110-234. 82 P.L. 110-234.
83 Northern Border Regional Commission, NBRC Annual Economic & Demographic Research for Fiscal Year 2021: 83 Northern Border Regional Commission, NBRC Annual Economic & Demographic Research for Fiscal Year 2021:
To Determine Categories of Distress within the NBRC Service Area, Concord, NH, March 2021, To Determine Categories of Distress within the NBRC Service Area, Concord, NH, March 2021,
https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/Resource%20Guides/https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/Resource%20Guides/
NBRC%20Annual%20Economic%20%26%20Demographic%20Research%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202021_FINANBRC%20Annual%20Economic%20%26%20Demographic%20Research%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202021_FINA
L.pdf. L.pdf.
84 Northern Border Regional Commission, NBRC Annual Economic & Demographic Research for Fiscal Year 2021: 84 Northern Border Regional Commission, NBRC Annual Economic & Demographic Research for Fiscal Year 2021:
To Determine Categories of Distress within the NBRC Service Area, Concord, NH, March 2021, To Determine Categories of Distress within the NBRC Service Area, Concord, NH, March 2021,
https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/Resource%20Guides/https://www.nbrc.gov/userfiles/files/Resource%20Guides/
NBRC%20Annual%20Economic%20%26%20Demographic%20Research%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202021_FINANBRC%20Annual%20Economic%20%26%20Demographic%20Research%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202021_FINA
L.pdf. L.pdf.
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 Distressed counties are those with at least three factors from both primary and  Distressed counties are those with at least three factors from both primary and
secondary distress categories and at least one from each category; secondary distress categories and at least one from each category;
 Transitional counties are those with at least one factor from either category; and  Transitional counties are those with at least one factor from either category; and
 Attainment counties are those which show no measures of distress.  Attainment counties are those which show no measures of distress.
Legislative History
110th Congress
 The NBRC was first proposed in the Northern Border Economic Development  The NBRC was first proposed in the Northern Border Economic Development
Commission Act of 2007 (H.R. 1548), introduced on March 15, 2007. H.R. 1548 Commission Act of 2007 (H.R. 1548), introduced on March 15, 2007. H.R. 1548
proposed the creation of a federally chartered, multi-state economic development proposed the creation of a federally chartered, multi-state economic development
organization—modeled after the ARC—covering designated northern border organization—modeled after the ARC—covering designated northern border
counties in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. The bill would counties in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. The bill would
have authorized the appropriation of $40 million per year for FY2008 through have authorized the appropriation of $40 million per year for FY2008 through
FY2012 (H.R. 1548). The bill received regional co-sponsorship from Members of FY2012 (H.R. 1548). The bill received regional co-sponsorship from Members of
Congress representing areas in the northern border region.85 Congress representing areas in the northern border region.85
 The NBRC was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure  The NBRC was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure
Development Act of 2007 (H.R. 3246), which would have authorized the NBRC, Development Act of 2007 (H.R. 3246), which would have authorized the NBRC,
the SCRC, and the SBRC, and reauthorized the DRA and the NGPRA (discussed the SCRC, and the SBRC, and reauthorized the DRA and the NGPRA (discussed
in the next section) in a combined bill.86 H.R. 3246 won a broader range of in the next section) in a combined bill.86 H.R. 3246 won a broader range of
support, which included 18 co-sponsors in addition to the original bill sponsor, support, which included 18 co-sponsors in addition to the original bill sponsor,
and passed the House by a vote of 264-154 on October 4, 2007. and passed the House by a vote of 264-154 on October 4, 2007.
 Upon House passage, H.R. 3246 was referred to the Senate Committee on  Upon House passage, H.R. 3246 was referred to the Senate Committee on
Environment and Public Works. The Senate incorporated authorizations for the Environment and Public Works. The Senate incorporated authorizations for the
establishment of the NBRC, SCRC, and the SBRC in the 2008 farm bill.87 The establishment of the NBRC, SCRC, and the SBRC in the 2008 farm bill.87 The
2008 farm bill authorized annual appropriations of $30 million for FY2008 2008 farm bill authorized annual appropriations of $30 million for FY2008
through FY2012 for all three new commissions. through FY2012 for all three new commissions.
115th Congress
 The only major changes to the NBRC since its creation were made in the  The only major changes to the NBRC since its creation were made in the
Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334, “2018 farm bill”), which Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334, “2018 farm bill”), which
authorized the state capacity building grant program. authorized the state capacity building grant program.
 In addition, the 2018 farm bill expanded the NBRC to include the following  In addition, the 2018 farm bill expanded the NBRC to include the following
counties: Belknap and Cheshire counties in New Hampshire; Genesee, Greene, counties: Belknap and Cheshire counties in New Hampshire; Genesee, Greene,
Livingston, Montgomery, Niagara, Oneida, Orleans, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Livingston, Montgomery, Niagara, Oneida, Orleans, Rensselaer, Saratoga,
Schenectady, Sullivan, Washington, Warren, Wayne, and Yates counties in New Schenectady, Sullivan, Washington, Warren, Wayne, and Yates counties in New
York; and Addison, Bennington, Chittenden, Orange, Rutland, Washington, York; and Addison, Bennington, Chittenden, Orange, Rutland, Washington,
Windham, and Windsor counties in Vermont, making it the only state entirely Windham, and Windsor counties in Vermont, making it the only state entirely
within the NBRC. within the NBRC.

85 The bill was introduced by Rep. Hodes, Paul [D-NH-2] and co-sponsored by: Rep. Arcuri, Michael A. [D-NY-24]; 85 The bill was introduced by Rep. Hodes, Paul [D-NH-2] and co-sponsored by: Rep. Arcuri, Michael A. [D-NY-24];
Rep. Allen, Thomas H. [D-ME-1]; Rep. McHugh, John M. [R-NY-23]; Rep. Michaud, Michael H. [D-ME-2]; Rep. Rep. Allen, Thomas H. [D-ME-1]; Rep. McHugh, John M. [R-NY-23]; Rep. Michaud, Michael H. [D-ME-2]; Rep.
Shea-Porter, Carol [D-NH-1]; and Rep. Welch, Peter [D-VT-At Large]. Shea-Porter, Carol [D-NH-1]; and Rep. Welch, Peter [D-VT-At Large].
86 The Regional Economic and Infrastructure Development Act of 2007, H.R. 3246. 86 The Regional Economic and Infrastructure Development Act of 2007, H.R. 3246.
87 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, P.L. 110-234. 87 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, P.L. 110-234.
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Funding History
Since its creation, the NBRC has received consistent authorizations of appropriations Since its creation, the NBRC has received consistent authorizations of appropriations (Table 5). .
The 2008 farm bill authorized the appropriation of $30 million for the NBRC for each of FY2008 The 2008 farm bill authorized the appropriation of $30 million for the NBRC for each of FY2008
through FY2013 (P.L. 110-234); the same in the 2014 farm bill for each of FY2014 through through FY2013 (P.L. 110-234); the same in the 2014 farm bill for each of FY2014 through
FY2018 (P.L. 113-79); and $33 million for each of FY2019 through FY2023 (P.L. 115-334). FY2018 (P.L. 113-79); and $33 million for each of FY2019 through FY2023 (P.L. 115-334).
Due to its statutory linkages to the SCRC and SBRC, all three commissions also share common Due to its statutory linkages to the SCRC and SBRC, all three commissions also share common
authorizing legislation and identical funding authorizations. Congress has funded the NBRC since authorizing legislation and identical funding authorizations. Congress has funded the NBRC since
FYFY2010 (Table 5). The NBRC’s appropriated funding level increased over twentyfold from . The NBRC’s appropriated funding level increased over twentyfold from
FY2013 ($1.5 million) through FY2022 ($35 million). In FY2022, the NBRC, like the other FY2013 ($1.5 million) through FY2022 ($35 million). In FY2022, the NBRC, like the other
commissions, received five times the amount of their FY2021 annual appropriations in the commissions, received five times the amount of their FY2021 annual appropriations in the
Infrastructure Improvement and Jobs Act (Division J of P.L. 117-58). Infrastructure Improvement and Jobs Act (Division J of P.L. 117-58).

Table 5. NBRC Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions

FY10
FY11 FY12 FY13
FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22a
Appropriated Appropriated
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
7.5 7.5
10.0 10.0
15.0 15.0
20.0 20.0
25.0 25.0
30.0 30.0
185.00 185.00
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
Funding Funding
Sources: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-
10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L.
116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103. 116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 amounts include $35 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 a. FY2022 amounts include $35 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022
appropriated funding amounts also include $150 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, appropriated funding amounts also include $150 mil ion from Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure,
Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58).
Northern Great Plains Regional Authority
The Northern Great Plains Regional Authority was created by the 2002 farm bill.88 The NGPRA The Northern Great Plains Regional Authority was created by the 2002 farm bill.88 The NGPRA
was created to address economic distress in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri (other than counties was created to address economic distress in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri (other than counties
included in the Delta Regional Authority), North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota. included in the Delta Regional Authority), North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota.

88 P.L. 107-171. 88 P.L. 107-171.
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Figure 5. Map of the Northern Great Plains Regional Authority

Source: Compiled by CRS using the NGPRA jurisdiction defined in P.L. 107-171 and Esri Data and Maps 2018. Compiled by CRS using the NGPRA jurisdiction defined in P.L. 107-171 and Esri Data and Maps 2018.
Notes: Missouri’s jurisdiction was defined as those counties not already included in the DRA. Missouri’s jurisdiction was defined as those counties not already included in the DRA.
The NGPRA appears to have been briefly active shortly after it was created, when it received its The NGPRA appears to have been briefly active shortly after it was created, when it received its
only annual appropriation from Congress. The NGPRA’s funding authorization lapsed at the end only annual appropriation from Congress. The NGPRA’s funding authorization lapsed at the end
of FY2018; it was not reauthorized. of FY2018; it was not reauthorized.
Structure and Activities
Authority Structure
The NGPRA featured broad similarities to the basic structure shared among most of the federal The NGPRA featured broad similarities to the basic structure shared among most of the federal
regional authorities and commissions, being a federal-state partnership led by a federal co-chair regional authorities and commissions, being a federal-state partnership led by a federal co-chair
(appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate) and governors of the (appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate) and governors of the
participating states, of which one was designated as the state co-chair. participating states, of which one was designated as the state co-chair.
Unique to the NGPRA were certain structural novelties reflective of regional socio-political Unique to the NGPRA were certain structural novelties reflective of regional socio-political
features. The NGPRA also included a Native American tribal co-chair, who was the chairperson features. The NGPRA also included a Native American tribal co-chair, who was the chairperson
of an Indian tribe in the region (or their designated representative), and appointed by the of an Indian tribe in the region (or their designated representative), and appointed by the
President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The tribal co-chair served as the “liaison President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The tribal co-chair served as the “liaison
between the governments of Indian tribes in the region and the [NGPRA].” No term limit is between the governments of Indian tribes in the region and the [NGPRA].” No term limit is
established in statute; the only term-related proscription is that the state co-chair “shall be elected established in statute; the only term-related proscription is that the state co-chair “shall be elected
by the state members for a term of not less than 1 year.” by the state members for a term of not less than 1 year.”
Another novel feature among the federal regional commissions and authorities was also the Another novel feature among the federal regional commissions and authorities was also the
NGPRA’s statutory reliance on a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation—Northern Great Plains, Inc.—NGPRA’s statutory reliance on a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation—Northern Great Plains, Inc.—
in furtherance of its mission. While Northern Great Plains, Inc. was statutorily organized to in furtherance of its mission. While Northern Great Plains, Inc. was statutorily organized to
complement the NGPRA’s activities, it effectively served as the sole manifestation of the complement the NGPRA’s activities, it effectively served as the sole manifestation of the
NGPRA concept and rationale while it was active, given that the NGPRA was only once NGPRA concept and rationale while it was active, given that the NGPRA was only once
appropriated funds and never appeared to exist as an active organization. The Northern Great appropriated funds and never appeared to exist as an active organization. The Northern Great
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Plains, Inc. was active for several years, and reportedly received external funding,89 but is Plains, Inc. was active for several years, and reportedly received external funding,89 but is
currently defunct. currently defunct.
Activities and Administration
Under its authorizing statute,90 the federal government would initially fund all administrative Under its authorizing statute,90 the federal government would initially fund all administrative
costs in FY2002, which would decrease to 75% in FY2003, and 50% in FY2004. Also, the costs in FY2002, which would decrease to 75% in FY2003, and 50% in FY2004. Also, the
NGPRA would have designated levels of county economic distress; 75% of funds were reserved NGPRA would have designated levels of county economic distress; 75% of funds were reserved
for the most distressed counties in each state, and 50% reserved for transportation, for the most distressed counties in each state, and 50% reserved for transportation,
telecommunications, and basic infrastructure improvements. Accordingly, non-distressed telecommunications, and basic infrastructure improvements. Accordingly, non-distressed
communities were eligible to receive no more than 25% of appropriated funds. communities were eligible to receive no more than 25% of appropriated funds.
The NGPRA was also structured to include a network of designated, multi-county LDDs at the The NGPRA was also structured to include a network of designated, multi-county LDDs at the
sub-state levels. As with its sister organizations, the LDDs would have served as nodes for project sub-state levels. As with its sister organizations, the LDDs would have served as nodes for project
implementation and reporting, and as advisors to their respective states and the NGPRA as a implementation and reporting, and as advisors to their respective states and the NGPRA as a
whole. whole.
Legislative History
103rd Congress
 The Northern Great Plains Rural Development Act (P.L. 103-318), which became  The Northern Great Plains Rural Development Act (P.L. 103-318), which became
law in 1994, established the Northern Great Plains Rural Development law in 1994, established the Northern Great Plains Rural Development
Commission to study economic conditions and provide economic development Commission to study economic conditions and provide economic development
planning for the Northern Great Plains region. The commission was comprised of planning for the Northern Great Plains region. The commission was comprised of
the governors (or designated representative) from the Northern Great Plains the governors (or designated representative) from the Northern Great Plains
states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota (prior to states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota (prior to
Missouri’s inclusion), along with one member from each of those states Missouri’s inclusion), along with one member from each of those states
appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture. appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture.
104th Congress
 The Agricultural, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and  The Agricultural, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1995 (P.L. 103-330) provided $1,000,000 Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1995 (P.L. 103-330) provided $1,000,000
to carry out the Northern Great Plains Rural Development Act. The commission to carry out the Northern Great Plains Rural Development Act. The commission
produced a 10-year plan to address economic development and distress in the produced a 10-year plan to address economic development and distress in the
five states. After a legislative extension (P.L. 104-327), the report was submitted five states. After a legislative extension (P.L. 104-327), the report was submitted
in 1997.91 The Northern Great Plains Initiative for Rural Development in 1997.91 The Northern Great Plains Initiative for Rural Development
(NGPIRD), a nonprofit 501(c)(3), was established to implement the (NGPIRD), a nonprofit 501(c)(3), was established to implement the
commission’s advisories. commission’s advisories.
107th Congress
 The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, or 2002 farm bill (P.L.  The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, or 2002 farm bill (P.L.
107-171), authorized the NGPRA, which superseded the commission. The statute 107-171), authorized the NGPRA, which superseded the commission. The statute

89 W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 89 W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Grants: Northern Great Plains, Inc., https://www.wkkf.org/grants/grant/2007/09/the-, https://www.wkkf.org/grants/grant/2007/09/the-
meadowlark-project-a-leadership-laboratory-on-the-future-of-the-northern-great-plains-3004879. meadowlark-project-a-leadership-laboratory-on-the-future-of-the-northern-great-plains-3004879.
90 P.L. 107-171. 90 P.L. 107-171.
91 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, “Great Plains Commission Completes Work, Looks to Region’s Future,” 91 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, “Great Plains Commission Completes Work, Looks to Region’s Future,”
Minneapolis, MN, April 1, 1997, https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/fedgazette/great-plains-commission-Minneapolis, MN, April 1, 1997, https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/fedgazette/great-plains-commission-
completes-work-looks-to-regions-future. completes-work-looks-to-regions-future.
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also created Northern Great Plains, Inc., a 501(c)(3), as a resource for regional also created Northern Great Plains, Inc., a 501(c)(3), as a resource for regional
issues and international trade, which supplanted the NGPIRD with a broader issues and international trade, which supplanted the NGPIRD with a broader
remit that included research, education, training, and issues of international trade. remit that included research, education, training, and issues of international trade.
110th Congress
 The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-  The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-
246), extended the NGPRA’s authorization through FY2012. The legislation also 246), extended the NGPRA’s authorization through FY2012. The legislation also
expanded the authority to include areas of Missouri not covered by the DRA, and expanded the authority to include areas of Missouri not covered by the DRA, and
provided mechanisms to enable the NGPRA to begin operations even without the provided mechanisms to enable the NGPRA to begin operations even without the
Senate confirmation of a federal co-chair, as well as in the absence of a Senate confirmation of a federal co-chair, as well as in the absence of a
confirmed tribal co-chair. confirmed tribal co-chair.
 The Agricultural Act of 2014, or 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79), reauthorized the  The Agricultural Act of 2014, or 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79), reauthorized the
NGPRA and the DRA, and extended their authorizations from FY2012 to NGPRA and the DRA, and extended their authorizations from FY2012 to
FY2018. FY2018.
Funding History
The NGPRA was authorized to receive $30 million annually from FY2002 to FY2018. It received The NGPRA was authorized to receive $30 million annually from FY2002 to FY2018. It received
appropriations once for $1.5 million in FY2004.92 Its authorization of appropriations lapsed at the appropriations once for $1.5 million in FY2004.92 Its authorization of appropriations lapsed at the
end of FY2018. end of FY2018.
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
The Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) was created by the 2008 farm bill,93 The Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) was created by the 2008 farm bill,93
which also created the NBRC and the Southwest Border Regional Commission. All three which also created the NBRC and the Southwest Border Regional Commission. All three
commissions share common authorizing language modeled after the ARC. commissions share common authorizing language modeled after the ARC.
The SCRC received regular appropriations of $250,000 annually from FY2010 through FY2020 The SCRC received regular appropriations of $250,000 annually from FY2010 through FY2020
but did not form during that time due to the absence of an appointed federal co-chair.94 On but did not form during that time due to the absence of an appointed federal co-chair.94 On
December 8, 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed the SCRC’s first federal co-chairperson, thereby December 8, 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed the SCRC’s first federal co-chairperson, thereby
allowing the SCRC to convene and begin other activities.95 allowing the SCRC to convene and begin other activities.95
The SCRC was created to address economic distress in areas of Virginia, North Carolina, South The SCRC was created to address economic distress in areas of Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida (Figure 6) not served by the ARC or the not served by the ARC or the
DRADRA (Table D-6).

92 P.L. 108-199. 92 P.L. 108-199.
93 P.L. 110-234. 93 P.L. 110-234.
94 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11744, 94 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11744, Forming a Funded Federal Regional Commission, by Julie M. , by Julie M.
Lawhorn. Lawhorn.
95 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 95 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing on the Nominations of Christopher
Frey to be Assistant Administrator for Research and Development, at the Environmental Protection Agency and
Jennifer Clyburn Reed to be Federal Co-Chair of the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, 117th Cong., 1st sess., 117th Cong., 1st sess.,
October 27, 2021, https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings?ID=A654BF51-1207-411A-BD0E-October 27, 2021, https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings?ID=A654BF51-1207-411A-BD0E-
914CCFBDB60B, and Congress.gov, “Nomination: Jennifer Clyburn Reed—Southeast Crescent Regional 914CCFBDB60B, and Congress.gov, “Nomination: Jennifer Clyburn Reed—Southeast Crescent Regional
Commission,” PN957, https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/957. Commission,” PN957, https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/957.

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Figure 6. Map of the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission

Source: Compiled by CRS using the jurisdiction defined in P.L. 110-234 and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using the jurisdiction defined in P.L. 110-234 and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
Notes: The SCRC is statutorily defined as including those counties in the named states that are not already The SCRC is statutorily defined as including those counties in the named states that are not already
included in the ARC or the DRA. Florida is the only state with all counties defined as being within the SCRC. included in the ARC or the DRA. Florida is the only state with all counties defined as being within the SCRC.
The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58; enacted November 15, 2021) added three The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58; enacted November 15, 2021) added three
counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the ARC region. counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the ARC region.
Overview of Structure and Activities
As authorized, the SCRC would share an organizing structure with the NBRC and the Southwest As authorized, the SCRC would share an organizing structure with the NBRC and the Southwest
Border Regional Commission, as all three share common statutory authorizing language modeled Border Regional Commission, as all three share common statutory authorizing language modeled
after the ARC. after the ARC.
As authorized, the SCRC would consist of a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the As authorized, the SCRC would consist of a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the
advice and consent of the Senate, along with the participating state governors (or their designated advice and consent of the Senate, along with the participating state governors (or their designated
representatives), of which one would be named by the state representatives as state co-chair. representatives), of which one would be named by the state representatives as state co-chair.
There is no term limit for the federal co-chair. However, the state co-chair is limited to two There is no term limit for the federal co-chair. However, the state co-chair is limited to two
consecutive terms, but may not serve a term of less than one year. In December 2021, the U.S. consecutive terms, but may not serve a term of less than one year. In December 2021, the U.S.
Senate confirmed the first federal co-chair for the SCRC, but it has yet to convene its members or Senate confirmed the first federal co-chair for the SCRC, but it has yet to convene its members or
engage in economic development activities in its service area. engage in economic development activities in its service area.
Legislative History
The SCRC concept was first introduced by university researchers working on rural development The SCRC concept was first introduced by university researchers working on rural development
issues in 1990 at Tuskegee University’s Annual Professional Agricultural Worker’s Conference issues in 1990 at Tuskegee University’s Annual Professional Agricultural Worker’s Conference
for 1862 and 1890 Land-Grant Universities. for 1862 and 1890 Land-Grant Universities.
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In 1994, the Southern Rural Development Commission Act was introduced in the House In 1994, the Southern Rural Development Commission Act was introduced in the House
Agricultural Committee, which would provide the statutory basis for a “Southern Black Belt Agricultural Committee, which would provide the statutory basis for a “Southern Black Belt
Commission.”96 While the concept was not reintroduced in Congress until the 2000s, various Commission.”96 While the concept was not reintroduced in Congress until the 2000s, various
nongovernmental initiatives sustained discussion and interest in the concept in the intervening nongovernmental initiatives sustained discussion and interest in the concept in the intervening
period. Supportive legislation was reintroduced in 2002, which touched off other accompanying period. Supportive legislation was reintroduced in 2002, which touched off other accompanying
legislative efforts until the SCRC was authorized in 2008.97 legislative efforts until the SCRC was authorized in 2008.97
Funding History
Congress authorized $30 million funding levels for each year from FY2008 to FY2018 and $33 Congress authorized $30 million funding levels for each year from FY2008 to FY2018 and $33
million for each year from FY2019 through FY2023,98 and appropriated $250,000 in each fiscal million for each year from FY2019 through FY2023,98 and appropriated $250,000 in each fiscal
year from FY2010 to FY2020. However, for FY2021, Congress provided an annual appropriation year from FY2010 to FY2020. However, for FY2021, Congress provided an annual appropriation
of $1 million, which was followed by $5 million in FY2022. Congress also provided $5 million of $1 million, which was followed by $5 million in FY2022. Congress also provided $5 million
in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58, Division J, Title III) in FY202299 in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58, Division J, Title III) in FY202299
(Table 5). Prior to the confirmation of the federal co-chair in FY2022, the SCRC was unable to . Prior to the confirmation of the federal co-chair in FY2022, the SCRC was unable to
form, despite receiving annual appropriations.100 form, despite receiving annual appropriations.100
Table 6. SCRC Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions
FY10
FY11
FY12
FY13
FY14
FY15
FY16
FY17
FY18
FY19
FY20
FY21
FY22a

Appropriated Appropriated
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
1.00 1.00
10.00 10.00
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
33.00 33.00
33.00 33.00
33.00 33.00
33.00 33.00
Funding Funding
Sources: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the fol owing: P.L. 111-85; P.L. 112-
10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L. 10; P.L. 112-74; P.L. 113-6; P.L. 113-76; P.L. 113-235; P.L. 114-113; P.L. 115-31; P.L. 115-141; P.L. 115-244; P.L.
116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103. 116-94; P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 appropriated funding amounts include $5 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-a. FY2022 appropriated funding amounts include $5 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-
103). FY2022 appropriated funding amounts also include $5 mil ion provided in Division J, Title III of the 103). FY2022 appropriated funding amounts also include $5 mil ion provided in Division J, Title III of the
Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58).
Southwest Border Regional Commission
The Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC) was created with the enactment of the The Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC) was created with the enactment of the
Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-234), which also Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-234), which also

96 H.R. 3901. 96 H.R. 3901.
97 40 U.S.C. §15731. 97 40 U.S.C. §15731.
98 40 U.S.C. §15751. 98 40 U.S.C. §15751.
99 P.L. 116-260 and P.L. 117-58. 99 P.L. 116-260 and P.L. 117-58.
100 According to statute, a federal co-chair is required for the formation of a commission quorum and making decisions. 100 According to statute, a federal co-chair is required for the formation of a commission quorum and making decisions.
40 U.S.C. §15302. Despite receiving regular appropriations since it was authorized in 2008, a review of government 40 U.S.C. §15302. Despite receiving regular appropriations since it was authorized in 2008, a review of government
budgetary and fiscal sources yields no record of the SCRC receiving, obligating, or spending funds appropriated by budgetary and fiscal sources yields no record of the SCRC receiving, obligating, or spending funds appropriated by
Congress. In successive presidential administration budget requests (FY2013, FY2015-FY2017), no funding was Congress. In successive presidential administration budget requests (FY2013, FY2015-FY2017), no funding was
requested. In addition, in a review of the relevant SF 133 Reports on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources, the requested. In addition, in a review of the relevant SF 133 Reports on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources, the
SCRC is not listed by the Office of Management and Budget in its list of reported agencies, and subsequently offers no SCRC is not listed by the Office of Management and Budget in its list of reported agencies, and subsequently offers no
relevant funding reports on the SCRC. The SF 133 Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources fulfills the relevant funding reports on the SCRC. The SF 133 Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources fulfills the
requirement in 31 U.S.C. §§1511-1514 that the President review federal expenditures at least four times a year. requirement in 31 U.S.C. §§1511-1514 that the President review federal expenditures at least four times a year.
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created the NBRC and the SCRC. All three commissions share common statutory authorizing created the NBRC and the SCRC. All three commissions share common statutory authorizing
language modeled after the ARC. language modeled after the ARC.
The SBRC was created to address economic distress in the southern border regions of Arizona, The SBRC was created to address economic distress in the southern border regions of Arizona,
California, New Mexico, and TexaCalifornia, New Mexico, and Texas (Figure 7; Table D-7). The SBRC does not have a federal co-. The SBRC does not have a federal co-
chair and is not currently active. chair and is not currently active.
Figure 7. Map of the Southwest Border Regional Commission

Source: Compiled by CRS using the jurisdictional data defined in P.L. 110-234 and Esri Data and Maps 2018. Compiled by CRS using the jurisdictional data defined in P.L. 110-234 and Esri Data and Maps 2018.
Overview of Structure and Activities
As authorized, the SBRC would share an organizing structure with the NBRC and the SCRC, as As authorized, the SBRC would share an organizing structure with the NBRC and the SCRC, as
all three commissions share common statutory authorizing language modeled after the ARC. all three commissions share common statutory authorizing language modeled after the ARC.
By statute, the SBRC consists of a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the advice By statute, the SBRC consists of a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with the advice
and consent of the Senate, along with the participating state governors (or their designated and consent of the Senate, along with the participating state governors (or their designated
representatives), of which one would be named by the state representatives as state co-chair. As representatives), of which one would be named by the state representatives as state co-chair. As
enacted in statute, there is no term limit for the federal co-chair. However, the state co-chair is enacted in statute, there is no term limit for the federal co-chair. However, the state co-chair is
limited to two consecutive terms, but may not serve a term of less than one year. However, as no limited to two consecutive terms, but may not serve a term of less than one year. However, as no
federal co-chair has been appointed since the SCRC was authorized, it is not operational. federal co-chair has been appointed since the SCRC was authorized, it is not operational.
Legislative History
The concept of an economic development agency focusing on the southwest border region has The concept of an economic development agency focusing on the southwest border region has
existed at least since 1976, though the SBRC was established through more recent efforts. existed at least since 1976, though the SBRC was established through more recent efforts.
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 Executive Order 13122 in 1999 created the Interagency Task Force on the  Executive Order 13122 in 1999 created the Interagency Task Force on the
Economic Development of the Southwest Border,101 which examined issues of Economic Development of the Southwest Border,101 which examined issues of
socioeconomic distress and economic development in the southwest border socioeconomic distress and economic development in the southwest border
regions and advised on federal efforts to address them. regions and advised on federal efforts to address them.
108th Congress
 In February 2003, a “Southwest Regional Border Authority” was proposed in S.  In February 2003, a “Southwest Regional Border Authority” was proposed in S.
458. A companion bill, H.R. 1071, was introduced in March 2003. The SBRC 458. A companion bill, H.R. 1071, was introduced in March 2003. The SBRC
was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure Development Act was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure Development Act
of 2003 (H.R. 3196), which would have authorized the SBRC, the DRA, the of 2003 (H.R. 3196), which would have authorized the SBRC, the DRA, the
NGPRA, and the SCRC. NGPRA, and the SCRC.
109th Congress
 In 2006, the proposed Southwest Regional Border Authority Act would have  In 2006, the proposed Southwest Regional Border Authority Act would have
created the “Southwest Regional Border Authority” (H.R. 5742), similar to S. created the “Southwest Regional Border Authority” (H.R. 5742), similar to S.
458 in 2003. 458 in 2003.
110th Congress
 In 2007, SBRC was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure  In 2007, SBRC was reintroduced in the Regional Economic and Infrastructure
Development Act of 2007 (H.R. 3246), which would have authorized the SBRC, Development Act of 2007 (H.R. 3246), which would have authorized the SBRC,
the SCRC, and the NBRC, and reauthorized the DRA and the NGPRA in a the SCRC, and the NBRC, and reauthorized the DRA and the NGPRA in a
combined bill. combined bill.
 Upon House passage, the Senate incorporated authorizations for the  Upon House passage, the Senate incorporated authorizations for the
establishment of the NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC in the 2008 farm bill. The 2008 establishment of the NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC in the 2008 farm bill. The 2008
farm bill authorized annual appropriations of $30 million for FY2008 through farm bill authorized annual appropriations of $30 million for FY2008 through
FY2012 for all three of the new organizations. FY2012 for all three of the new organizations.
Funding History
Congress authorized annual funding of $30 million for the SBRC from FY2008 to FY2018 and Congress authorized annual funding of $30 million for the SBRC from FY2008 to FY2018 and
$33 million for each fiscal year from FY2019 through FY2023.102 For FY2021, Congress $33 million for each fiscal year from FY2019 through FY2023.102 For FY2021, Congress
provided $250,000 for the SBRC through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-provided $250,000 for the SBRC through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-
260). For FY2022, Congress provided $1.25 million for the SBRC through the IIJA (Division J of 260). For FY2022, Congress provided $1.25 million for the SBRC through the IIJA (Division J of
P.L. 117-58) and $2.5 million through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103). P.L. 117-58) and $2.5 million through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103).
The IIJA provided the SBRC with an increase in appropriations that was five times the amount of The IIJA provided the SBRC with an increase in appropriations that was five times the amount of
its annual appropriation in FY2021. its annual appropriation in FY2021.
The SBRC is not active. Upon the appointment of a federal co-chair, the SBRC could convene The SBRC is not active. Upon the appointment of a federal co-chair, the SBRC could convene
and begin the process of activation.103 and begin the process of activation.103

101 Executive Order 13122, “Interagency Task Force on the Economic Development of the Southern Border,” 64101 Executive Order 13122, “Interagency Task Force on the Economic Development of the Southern Border,” 64
Federal Register 29201-29202, May 25, 1999. 29201-29202, May 25, 1999.
102 40 U.S.C. §15751. 102 40 U.S.C. §15751.
103 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11744, 103 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11744, Forming a Funded Federal Regional Commission, by Julie M. , by Julie M.
Lawhorn. Lawhorn.
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Table 7. SBRC Authorized and Appropriated Funding, FY2010-FY2022
$ in millions $ in millions

FY10
FY11
FY12
FY13
FY14
FY15
FY16
FY17
FY18
FY19
FY20
FY21
FY22a
Appropriated Appropriated
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
0.25 0.25
3.75 3.75
Funding Funding
Authorized Authorized
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
30.00 30.00
33.00 33.00
33.00 33.00
33.00 33.00
33.0 33.0
Funding Funding
Source: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L. Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from P.L. 116-260; P.L. 117-58; and P.L.
117-103. 117-103.
Note: For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, s For an expanded historical and comparative view of appropriations, see Table C-1.
a. FY2022 amounts include $2.5 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022 a. FY2022 amounts include $2.5 mil ion provided through annual appropriations (P.L. 117-103). FY2022
appropriated funding amounts also include $1.25 mil ion provided by Division J, Title III of the appropriated funding amounts also include $1.25 mil ion provided by Division J, Title III of the
Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58).
Concluding Notes
Given their geographic reach, broad activities, and integrated intergovernmental structures, the Given their geographic reach, broad activities, and integrated intergovernmental structures, the
federal regional commissions and authorities are a significant element of federal economic federal regional commissions and authorities are a significant element of federal economic
development efforts. At the same time, as organizations that are largely governed by the development efforts. At the same time, as organizations that are largely governed by the
respective state-based commissioners, the federal regional commissions and authorities are not respective state-based commissioners, the federal regional commissions and authorities are not
typical federal agencies but federally chartered entities that integrate federal funding and direction typical federal agencies but federally chartered entities that integrate federal funding and direction
with state and local economic development priorities. with state and local economic development priorities.
This structure provides Congress with a flexible platform to support economic development This structure provides Congress with a flexible platform to support economic development
efforts. The intergovernmental structure allows for strategic-level economic development efforts. The intergovernmental structure allows for strategic-level economic development
initiatives to be launched at the federal level and implemented across multi-state jurisdictions initiatives to be launched at the federal level and implemented across multi-state jurisdictions
with extensive state and local input, and more adaptable to regional needs. with extensive state and local input, and more adaptable to regional needs.
The federal regional commissions and authorities reflect an emphasis by the federal government The federal regional commissions and authorities reflect an emphasis by the federal government
on place-based economic development strategies sensitive to regional and local contexts. on place-based economic development strategies sensitive to regional and local contexts.
However, the geographic specificity and varying functionality of the statutorily authorized federal However, the geographic specificity and varying functionality of the statutorily authorized federal
regional commissions and authorities, both active and inactive, potentially raise questions about regional commissions and authorities, both active and inactive, potentially raise questions about
the efficacy and equity of federal economic development policies. the efficacy and equity of federal economic development policies.

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Appendix A. Basic Information at a Glance
Table A-1. Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities
$ in millions $ in millions
FY2022
FY2022 IIJA
Year
Number
Appropriations Appropriations

Authorized of States
Counties
(P.L. 117-103)
(P.L. 117-58)a
ARC
1965 1965
13 13
423 counties in Alabama, 423 counties in Alabama,
$195.00 $195.00
$1,000.00 $1,000.00
Georgia, Kentucky, Georgia, Kentucky,
Maryland, Mississippi, New Maryland, Mississippi, New
York, North Carolina, York, North Carolina,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Ohio, Pennsylvania, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia, and the entire Virginia, and the entire
state of West Virginia state of West Virginia
DRA
2000 2000
8 8
252 counties in Alabama, 252 counties in Alabama,
$30.10 $30.10
$150.00 $150.00
Arkansas, Il inois, Kentucky, Arkansas, Il inois, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Missouri, and Tennessee Missouri, and Tennessee
Denali
1998 1998
1 1
Entire state of Alaska Entire state of Alaska
$15.10 $15.10
$75.00 $75.00
Commission
NBRC
2008 2008
4 4
60 counties in Maine, New 60 counties in Maine, New
$35.00 $35.00
$150.00 $150.00
Hampshire, New York, and Hampshire, New York, and
Vermont Vermont
NGPRC NGPRC
2002 2002
6 86 counties in Missouri and 6 86 counties in Missouri and
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
the entire states of Iowa, the entire states of Iowa,
Minnesota, North Dakota, Minnesota, North Dakota,
Nebraska, and South Nebraska, and South
Dakota Dakota
SCRC SCRC
2008 2008
7 7
Counties in Alabama, Counties in Alabama,
$5.00 $5.00
$5.00 $5.00
Georgia, Mississippi, North Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Carolina, South Carolina,
and Virginia not already and Virginia not already
served by the ARC or served by the ARC or
DRA, and the entire state DRA, and the entire state
of Florida of Florida
SBRC SBRC
2008 2008
4 4
93 counties in Arizona, 93 counties in Arizona,
$2.50 $2.50
$1.25 $1.25
California, New Mexico, California, New Mexico,
and Texas and Texas
Sources: Data compiled by CRS from relevant legislation and official sources of various federal regional Data compiled by CRS from relevant legislation and official sources of various federal regional
commissions and authorities. Authorizing statutes include, in order of tabulation: P.L. 89-4; P.L. 106-554; P.L. commissions and authorities. Authorizing statutes include, in order of tabulation: P.L. 89-4; P.L. 106-554; P.L.
105-277; P.L. 110-234; P.L. 107-171; P.L. 110-234; and P.L. 110-234. 105-277; P.L. 110-234; P.L. 107-171; P.L. 110-234; and P.L. 110-234.
Notes: The commissions and authorities in The commissions and authorities in bold are considered to be active and functioning. are considered to be active and functioning.
a. Funding in the IIJA has varying periods of availability. Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, a. Funding in the IIJA has varying periods of availability. Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026,
with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting in FY2022 through FY2026. Appropriations for the with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting in FY2022 through FY2026. Appropriations for the
DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC are available until expended.DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC are available until expended. ~~Amounts do not include~~
~~appropriations in Division A of P.L. 117-58 pertaining to the Appalachian Development Highway System and~~
~~Denali Access System Program.~~

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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

Figure A-1. Structure and Activities of the Commissions and Authorities

Sources: Compiled by CRS with information from the federal regional commissions and authorities. Compiled by CRS with information from the federal regional commissions and authorities.
Notes: For the commissions and authority that are not considered to be functioning, structural characteristics For the commissions and authority that are not considered to be functioning, structural characteristics
are tabulated according to their statutory design. As noted, the first federal co-chair of the SCRC was confirmed are tabulated according to their statutory design. As noted, the first federal co-chair of the SCRC was confirmed
in December 2021. The SCRC has yet to convene and begin operations as of the date of publication. in December 2021. The SCRC has yet to convene and begin operations as of the date of publication.
Contact Information
(for active commissions and authorities) (for active commissions and authorities)
Contact
Address/Phone/Website
Appalachian Regional Commission Appalachian Regional Commission
1666 Connecticut Avenue, NW 1666 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 700 Suite 700
Washington, DC 20009-1068 Washington, DC 20009-1068
Phone: Phone:
(202) 884-7700 (202) 884-7700
Website: http://www.arc.gov Website: http://www.arc.gov
Delta Regional Authority Delta Regional Authority
236 Sharkey Avenue 236 Sharkey Avenue
Suite 400 Suite 400
Clarksdale, MS 38614 Clarksdale, MS 38614
Phone: Phone:
(662) 624-8600 (662) 624-8600
Website: http://www.dra.gov Website: http://www.dra.gov
Denali Commission Denali Commission
510 L Street 510 L Street
Suite 410 Suite 410
Anchorage, AK 99501 Anchorage, AK 99501
Phone: Phone:
(907) 271-1414 (907) 271-1414
Website: http://www.denali.gov Website: http://www.denali.gov
Northern Border Regional Commission Northern Border Regional Commission
James Cleveland Federal Building, Suite 1201 James Cleveland Federal Building, Suite 1201
53 Pleasant Street 53 Pleasant Street
Concord, NH 03301 Concord, NH 03301
Phone: Phone:
(603) 369-3001 (603) 369-3001
Website: http://www.NBRC.gov Website: http://www.NBRC.gov

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Appendix B. Map of Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities
Figure B-1. National Map of the Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities
by county by county

Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the various commissions and authorities and Esri Data and Maps 2019. Compiled by CRS using data from the various commissions and authorities and Esri Data and Maps 2019.
CRS-35 CRS-35

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Appendix C. Historical Appropriations
Table C-1. Historical Appropriations: Federal Regional Commissions (FY1986-FY2022)
in millions of dollars in millions of dollars
Fiscal Year
Legislation
ARC
Denali
DRA
NGPRA
NBRC
SBRC
SCRC
1986 1986
P.L. 99-141 P.L. 99-141
130.00 130.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1987 1987
P.L. 99-591 P.L. 99-591
105.00 105.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1988 1988
P.L. 100-202 P.L. 100-202
107.00 107.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1989 1989
P.L. 100-371 P.L. 100-371
110.70 110.70
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1990 1990
P.L. 101-101 P.L. 101-101
150.00 150.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1991 1991
P.L. 101-514 P.L. 101-514
170.00 170.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1992 1992
P.L. 102-104 P.L. 102-104
190.00 190.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1993 1993
P.L. 102-377 P.L. 102-377
190.00 190.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1994 1994
P.L. 103-126 P.L. 103-126
249.00 249.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1995 1995
P.L. 103-316 P.L. 103-316
282.00 282.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1996 1996
P.L. 104-46 P.L. 104-46
170.00 170.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1997 1997
P.L. 104-206 P.L. 104-206
160.00 160.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1998 1998
P.L. 105-62 P.L. 105-62
170.00 170.00
(Authoriz (Authorized)a
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
1999 1999
P.L. 105-245 P.L. 105-245
66.40 66.40
20.00 20.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2000 2000
P.L. 106-60 P.L. 106-60
66.40 66.40
20.00 20.00
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2001 2001
P.L. 106-377 P.L. 106-377
66.40 66.40
30.00 30.00
20.0 20.00b
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2002 2002
P.L. 107-66 P.L. 107-66
71.29 71.29
38.00 38.00
10.00 10.00
(Authoriz (Authorized)c
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2003 2003
P.L. 108-7 P.L. 108-7
71.29 71.29
48.00 48.00
8.00 8.00
— —
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2004 2004
P.L. 108-137 / P.L. 108-137 /
66.00 66.00
55.00 55.00
5.00 5.00
1.50 1.50
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
P.L. 108-10 P.L. 108-100d
2005 2005
P.L. 108-447 P.L. 108-447
66.00 66.00
67.00 67.00
6.05 6.05
1.5 1.50e
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
CRS-36 CRS-36

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Fiscal Year
Legislation
ARC
Denali
DRA
NGPRA
NBRC
SBRC
SCRC
2006 2006
P.L. 109-103 P.L. 109-103
65.47 65.47
50.00 50.00
12.00 12.00
— —
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2007 2007
P.L. 110- P.L. 110-5f
65.47 65.47
50.00 50.00
12.00 12.00
— —
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
2008 2008
P.L. 110-161 P.L. 110-161
73.03 73.03
21.80 21.80
11.69 11.69
— —
(Authoriz (Authorized)g
(Authoriz (Authorized)g
(Authoriz (Authorized)g
2009 2009
P.L. 111-8 P.L. 111-8
75.00 75.00
11.80 11.80
13.00 13.00
— —
— —
— —
— —
2010 2010
P.L. 111-85 P.L. 111-85
76.00 76.00
11.97 11.97
13.00 13.00
— —
1.50 1.50
— —
0.25 0.25
2011 2011
P.L. 112- P.L. 112-10h
68.40 68.40
10.70 10.70
11.70 11.70
— —
1.50 1.50
— —
0.25 0.25
2012 2012
P.L. 112-74 P.L. 112-74
68.26 68.26
10.68 10.68
11.68 11.68
— —
1.50 1.50
— —
0.25 0.25
2013 2013
P.L. 113- P.L. 113-6i
68.26 68.26
10.68 10.68
11.68 11.68
— —
1.50 1.50
— —
0.25 0.25
2014 2014
P.L. 113-76 P.L. 113-76
80.32 80.32
10.00 10.00
12.00 12.00
— —
5.00 5.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2015 2015
P.L. 113-235 P.L. 113-235
90.00 90.00
10.00 10.00
12.00 12.00
— —
5.00 5.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2016 2016
P.L. 114-113 P.L. 114-113
146.00 146.00
11.00 11.00
25.00 25.00
— —
7.50 7.50
— —
0.25 0.25
2017 2017
P.L. 115-31 P.L. 115-31
152.00 152.00
15.00 15.00
25.00 25.00
— —
10.00 10.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2018 2018
P.L. 115-141 P.L. 115-141
155.00 155.00
30.00 30.00
25.00 25.00
— —
15.00 15.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2019 2019
P.L. 115-244 P.L. 115-244
165.00 165.00
15.00 15.00
25.00 25.00
— —
20.00 20.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2020 2020
P.L. 116-94 P.L. 116-94
175.00 175.00
15.00 15.00
30.00 30.00
— —
25.00 25.00
— —
0.25 0.25
2021 2021
P.L. 116-260 P.L. 116-260
180.00 180.00
15.00 15.00
30.00 30.00
— —
30.00 30.00
0.25 0.25
1.00 1.00
2022 2022
P.L. 117-103, P.L. 117- P.L. 117-103, P.L. 117-58 j, k
395.00 395.00
90.10 90.10
180.10 180.10
— —
185.00 185.00
3.75 3.75
10.00 10.00
Source: Tabulated by CRS from appropriations legislation. Tabulated by CRS from appropriations legislation.
Notes: AA dash (“-“) indicates that no appropriation was provided. Despite receiving appropriations between FY2010 and FY2020, no federal co-chair had been dash (“-“) indicates that no appropriation was provided. Despite receiving appropriations between FY2010 and FY2020, no federal co-chair had been
appointed to lead the SCRC, and it has yet to form. appointed to lead the SCRC, and it has yet to form.
a. P.L. 105-277. a. P.L. 105-277.
b. The DRA was authorized in FY2001 (P.L. 106-554) and received its initial appropriations in that same fiscal year (P.L. 106-337). b. The DRA was authorized in FY2001 (P.L. 106-554) and received its initial appropriations in that same fiscal year (P.L. 106-337).
c. P.L. 107-171. c. P.L. 107-171.
d. For FY2004, the NGPRA received appropriations in separate legislation from the rest of the federal regional commissions. d. For FY2004, the NGPRA received appropriations in separate legislation from the rest of the federal regional commissions.
e. The NGPRA was appropriated separately from the other federal regional commission, which can be found in Section 759 of the same legislation. e. The NGPRA was appropriated separately from the other federal regional commission, which can be found in Section 759 of the same legislation.
f. f.
FY2007 appropriations were provided to the federal regional commissions under ful -year continuing resolution legislation. FY2007 appropriations were provided to the federal regional commissions under ful -year continuing resolution legislation.
CRS-37 CRS-37

g. In FY2008, P.L. 110-234 established the NBRC, the SBRC, and the SCRC. g. In FY2008, P.L. 110-234 established the NBRC, the SBRC, and the SCRC.
h. For FY2011, appropriations for the ARC, Denali, and the DRA were appropriated separately from the broader appropriations legislation under a continuing h. For FY2011, appropriations for the ARC, Denali, and the DRA were appropriated separately from the broader appropriations legislation under a continuing
resolution. The NBRC, however, was subject to the continuing resolution. resolution. The NBRC, however, was subject to the continuing resolution.
i. i.
FY2013 appropriations were provided to the federal regional commissions under continuing resolution legislation. FY2013 appropriations were provided to the federal regional commissions under continuing resolution legislation.
j. j.
FY2022 appropriated funding amounts include funding provided in Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). Amounts do FY2022 appropriated funding amounts include funding provided in Division J, Title III of the Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). Amounts do
not include appropriations in Division A of P.L. 117-58 pertaining to the Appalachian Development Highway Systemnot include appropriations in Division A of P.L. 117-58 pertaining to the Appalachian Development Highway System ~~and Denali Access System Program~~. .
k. Division J, Title III of the IIJA provided $1 bil ion in appropriations for the ARC, divided into $200 mil ion tranches, one for each fiscal year FY2022-FY2026. Of the k. Division J, Title III of the IIJA provided $1 bil ion in appropriations for the ARC, divided into $200 mil ion tranches, one for each fiscal year FY2022-FY2026. Of the
regional commissions funded in the IIJA, the ARC was the only one to receive such a structured appropriation: all other commissions received their appropriation regional commissions funded in the IIJA, the ARC was the only one to receive such a structured appropriation: all other commissions received their appropriation
solely in FY2022. All IIJA funds remain available until expended. solely in FY2022. All IIJA funds remain available until expended.

CRS-38 CRS-38

Appendix D. Service Areas of Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities
Appalachian Regional Commission
Table D-1. ARC Counties by Designated Distress, FY2022

Attainment
Competitive
Transitional
At-Risk
Distressed
Alabama
Shelby Shelby
Madison Madison
Blount, Calhoun, Blount, Calhoun,
Bibb, DeKalb, Fayette, Bibb, DeKalb, Fayette,
Macon Macon
Chambers, Cherokee, Chambers, Cherokee,
Hale, Lamar, Marion, Hale, Lamar, Marion,
Chilton, Clay, Cleburne, Chilton, Clay, Cleburne,
Pickens, Randolph, Pickens, Randolph,
Colbert, Coosa, Cul man, Colbert, Coosa, Cul man,
Talladega Talladega
Elmore, Etowah, Franklin, Elmore, Etowah, Franklin,
Jackson, Jefferson, Jackson, Jefferson,
Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lauderdale, Lawrence,
Limestone, Marshall, Limestone, Marshall,
Morgan, St. Clair, Morgan, St. Clair,
Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa,
Walker, Winston Walker, Winston
Georgia
Forsyth Forsyth
Cherokee, Dawson Cherokee, Dawson
Banks, Barrow, Bartow, Banks, Barrow, Bartow,
Chattooga, Elbert, Chattooga, Elbert,

Carrol , Catoosa, Dade, Carrol , Catoosa, Dade,
Franklin, Murray, Polk, Franklin, Murray, Polk,
Douglas, Fannin, Floyd, Douglas, Fannin, Floyd,
Towns Towns
Gilmer, Gordon, Gilmer, Gordon,
Gwinnett, Habersham, Gwinnett, Habersham,
Hall, Haralson, Hart, Hall, Haralson, Hart,
Heard, Jackson, Lumpkin, Heard, Jackson, Lumpkin,
Madison, Paulding, Madison, Paulding,
Pickens, Rabun, Stephens, Pickens, Rabun, Stephens,
Union, Walker, White, Union, Walker, White,
Whitfield Whitfield
Kentucky

Clark, Garrard, Madison Clark, Garrard, Madison
Boyd, Cumberland, Boyd, Cumberland,
Adair, Bath, Bell, Adair, Bath, Bell,
Edmonson, Fleming, Edmonson, Fleming,
Breathitt, Carter, Casey, Breathitt, Carter, Casey,
Green, Greenup, Hart, Green, Greenup, Hart,
Clay, Clinton, El iott, Clay, Clinton, El iott,
Laurel, Lincoln, Monroe, Laurel, Lincoln, Monroe,
Estil , Floyd, Harlan, Estil , Floyd, Harlan,
Montgomery, Pulaski Montgomery, Pulaski
Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Jackson, Johnson, Knott,
Knox, Lawrence, Lee, Knox, Lawrence, Lee,
Leslie, Letcher, Lewis, Leslie, Letcher, Lewis,
CRS-39 CRS-39

Attainment
Competitive
Transitional
At-Risk
Distressed
Magoffin, Martin, Magoffin, Martin,
McCreary, Menifee, McCreary, Menifee,
Metcalfe, Morgan, Metcalfe, Morgan,
Nicholas, Owsley, Perry, Nicholas, Owsley, Perry,
Pike, Powel , Robertson, Pike, Powel , Robertson,
Rockcastle, Rowan, Rockcastle, Rowan,
Russell, Wayne, Whitley, Russell, Wayne, Whitley,
Wolfe Wolfe
Maryland

Allegany, Garrett, Allegany, Garrett,

Washington Washington
Mississippi

Alcorn, Itawamba, Lee, Alcorn, Itawamba, Lee,
Calhoun, Chickasaw, Calhoun, Chickasaw,
Benton, Clay, Kemper, Benton, Clay, Kemper,
Pontotoc, Union Pontotoc, Union
Choctaw, Lowndes, Choctaw, Lowndes,
Montgomery, Noxubee, Montgomery, Noxubee,
Marshall, Monroe, Marshall, Monroe,
Oktibbeha, Panola, Oktibbeha, Panola,
Prentiss, Tippah, Prentiss, Tippah,
Winston Winston
Tishomingo, Webster, Tishomingo, Webster,
Yalobusha Yalobusha
New York

Broome, Cattaraugus, Broome, Cattaraugus,
Allegany Allegany

Chautauqua, Chemung, Chautauqua, Chemung,
Chenango, Cortland, Chenango, Cortland,
Delaware, Otsego, Delaware, Otsego,
Schoharie, Schuyler, Schoharie, Schuyler,
Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins
North Carolina

Buncombe Buncombe
Alexander, Ashe, Avery, Alexander, Ashe, Avery,
Alleghany, Cherokee, Alleghany, Cherokee,

Burke, Caldwell, Burke, Caldwell,
Clay, Cleveland,* Graham, Clay, Cleveland,* Graham,
Catawba,* Davie, Catawba,* Davie,
Rutherford Rutherford
Forsyth, Haywood, Forsyth, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, Henderson, Jackson,
McDowell, Macon, McDowell, Macon,
Madison, Mitchell, Polk, Madison, Mitchell, Polk,
Stokes, Surry, Swain, Stokes, Surry, Swain,
Transylvania, Watauga, Transylvania, Watauga,
Wilkes, Yadkin, Yancey Wilkes, Yadkin, Yancey
Ohio

Clermont, Holmes Clermont, Holmes
Belmont, Brown, Carrol , Belmont, Brown, Carrol ,
Ashtabula, Coshocton, Ashtabula, Coshocton,
Adams, Athens, Meigs, Adams, Athens, Meigs,
Columbiana, Harrison, Columbiana, Harrison,
Gallia, Guernsey, Gallia, Guernsey,
Monroe, Noble Monroe, Noble
Hocking, Mahoning, Hocking, Mahoning,
Highland, Jackson, Highland, Jackson,
Jefferson, Lawrence, Jefferson, Lawrence,
CRS-40 CRS-40

Attainment
Competitive
Transitional
At-Risk
Distressed
Muskingum, Ross, Muskingum, Ross,
Morgan, Perry, Pike, Morgan, Perry, Pike,
Tuscarawas, Washington Tuscarawas, Washington
Scioto, Trumbul , Vinton Scioto, Trumbul , Vinton
Pennsylvania

Allegheny, Butler, Allegheny, Butler,
Armstrong, Beaver, Armstrong, Beaver,
Fayette Fayette
Forest Forest
Montour, Washington Montour, Washington
Bedford, Blair, Bradford, Bedford, Blair, Bradford,
Cambria, Cameron, Cambria, Cameron,
Carbon, Centre, Clarion, Carbon, Centre, Clarion,
Clearfield, Clinton, Clearfield, Clinton,
Columbia, Crawford, Elk, Columbia, Crawford, Elk,
Erie, Fulton, Greene, Erie, Fulton, Greene,
Huntingdon, Indiana, Huntingdon, Indiana,
Jefferson, Juniata, Jefferson, Juniata,
Lackawanna, Lawrence, Lackawanna, Lawrence,
Luzerne, Lycoming, Luzerne, Lycoming,
McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin,
Monroe, Monroe,
Northumberland, Perry, Northumberland, Perry,
Pike, Potter, Schuylkil , Pike, Potter, Schuylkil ,
Snyder, Somerset, Snyder, Somerset,
Sul ivan, Susquehanna, Sul ivan, Susquehanna,
Tioga, Union, Venango, Tioga, Union, Venango,
Warren, Wayne, Warren, Wayne,
Westmoreland, Wyoming Westmoreland, Wyoming
South Carolina

Greenvil e Greenvil e
Anderson, Oconee, Anderson, Oconee,
Cherokee, Union* Cherokee, Union*

Pickens, Spartanburg Pickens, Spartanburg
Tennessee

Anderson, Blount, Anderson, Blount,
Campbell, Carter, Campbell, Carter,
Bledsoe, Clay, Cocke, Bledsoe, Clay, Cocke,
Bradley, Cannon, Coffee, Bradley, Cannon, Coffee,
Claiborne, Grainger, Claiborne, Grainger,
Grundy, Hancock, Scott Grundy, Hancock, Scott
Cumberland, DeKalb, Cumberland, DeKalb,
Greene, Fentress, Greene, Fentress,
Franklin, Hamblen, Franklin, Hamblen,
Hawkins, Jackson, Hawkins, Jackson,
Hamilton, Jefferson, Hamilton, Jefferson,
Johnson, Lewis, Meigs, Johnson, Lewis, Meigs,
Knox, Lawrence, Loudon, Knox, Lawrence, Loudon,
Monroe, Morgan, Pickett, Monroe, Morgan, Pickett,
Macon, Marion, McMinn, Macon, Marion, McMinn,
Rhea, Sequatchie, Unicoi, Rhea, Sequatchie, Unicoi,
Overton, Polk, Putnam, Overton, Polk, Putnam,
Union, Van Buren, Union, Van Buren,
Roane, Sevier, Smith, Roane, Sevier, Smith,
Warren Warren
Sul ivan, Washington, Sul ivan, Washington,
White White
CRS-41 CRS-41

Attainment
Competitive
Transitional
At-Risk
Distressed
Virginia
Bath, Botetourt Bath, Botetourt

Alleghany (+ Covington Alleghany (+ Covington
Grayson, Russell, Grayson, Russell,
Buchanan, Dickenson, Buchanan, Dickenson,
city), Bland, Carrol (+ city), Bland, Carrol (+
Lee, Wise (+ Norton city) Lee, Wise (+ Norton city)
Galax city), Craig, Floyd, Galax city), Craig, Floyd,
Giles, Henry (+ Giles, Henry (+
Martinsvil e city), Martinsvil e city),
Highland, Montgomery (+ Highland, Montgomery (+
Radford city), Patrick, Radford city), Patrick,
Pulaski, Rockbridge (+ Pulaski, Rockbridge (+
Buena Vista city + Buena Vista city +
Lexington city), Scott, Lexington city), Scott,
Smyth, Tazewel , Smyth, Tazewel ,
Washington (+ Bristol Washington (+ Bristol
city), Wythe city), Wythe
West Virginia

Jefferson Jefferson
Berkeley, Brooke, Cabell, Berkeley, Brooke, Cabell,
Lewis, Fayette, Mason, Lewis, Fayette, Mason,
Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Barbour, Boone, Braxton,
Doddridge, Grant, Doddridge, Grant,
Mercer, Monroe, Mercer, Monroe,
Calhoun, Clay, Gilmer, Calhoun, Clay, Gilmer,
Greenbrier, Hampshire, Greenbrier, Hampshire,
Pocahontas, Randolph, Pocahontas, Randolph,
Lincoln, Logan, McDowell, Lincoln, Logan, McDowell,
Hancock, Hardy, Hancock, Hardy,
Ritchie, Tyler, Upshur, Ritchie, Tyler, Upshur,
Mingo, Nicholas, Roane, Mingo, Nicholas, Roane,
Harrison, Jackson, Harrison, Jackson,
Wayne Wayne
Summers, Webster, Summers, Webster,
Kanawha, Marion, Kanawha, Marion,
Wetzel, Wirt, Wyoming Wetzel, Wirt, Wyoming
Marshall, Mineral, Marshall, Mineral,
Monongalia, Morgan, Monongalia, Morgan,
Ohio, Pendleton, Ohio, Pendleton,
Pleasants, Preston, Pleasants, Preston,
Putnam, Raleigh, Taylor, Putnam, Raleigh, Taylor,
Tucker, Wood Tucker, Wood
Source: Information compiled by CRS from ARC data. Information compiled by CRS from ARC data.
Note: The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58; enacted November 15, 2021) added three counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58; enacted November 15, 2021) added three counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the
ARC region. The asterisk (*) indicates counties added to the ARC region by the IIJA. ARC region. The asterisk (*) indicates counties added to the ARC region by the IIJA.

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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

Delta Regional Authority
Table D-2. DRA Counties by State and Distress, FY2021

Distressed Counties
Non-Distressed Counties
Alabama
Barbour, Bul ock, Butler, Choctaw, Clarke, Barbour, Bul ock, Butler, Choctaw, Clarke,

Conecuh, Dallas, Escambia, Greene, Hale, Conecuh, Dallas, Escambia, Greene, Hale,
Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Monroe, Perry, Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Monroe, Perry,
Pickens, Russell, Sumter, Washington, Wilcox Pickens, Russell, Sumter, Washington, Wilcox
Arkansas
Ashley, Baxter, Bradley, Calhoun, Chicot, Clay, Arkansas, Pulaski Ashley, Baxter, Bradley, Calhoun, Chicot, Clay, Arkansas, Pulaski
Cleveland, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Cleveland, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross,
Dallas, Desha, Drew, Fulton, Grant, Greene, Dallas, Desha, Drew, Fulton, Grant, Greene,
Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson,
Lawrence, Lee, Lincoln, Lonoke, Marion, Lawrence, Lee, Lincoln, Lonoke, Marion,
Mississippi, Monroe, Ouachita, Phil ips, Mississippi, Monroe, Ouachita, Phil ips,
Poinsett, Prairie, Randolph, Searcy, Sharp, St. Poinsett, Prairie, Randolph, Searcy, Sharp, St.
Francis, Stone, Union, Van Buren, White, Francis, Stone, Union, Van Buren, White,
WoodruffWoodruff
Illinois
Alexander, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Alexander, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton,
White, Wil iamson White, Wil iamson
Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Perry, Pope, Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Perry, Pope,
Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Union Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Union
Kentucky
Ballard,Caldwel , Calloway, Carlisle, Christian, Ballard,Caldwel , Calloway, Carlisle, Christian,
McCracken McCracken
Crittenden, Fulton, Graves, Henderson, Crittenden, Fulton, Graves, Henderson,
Hickman, Hopkins, Livingston, Lyon, McLean, Hickman, Hopkins, Livingston, Lyon, McLean,
Marshall, Muhlenberg, Todd, Trigg, Union, Marshall, Muhlenberg, Todd, Trigg, Union,
Webster Webster
Louisiana
Acadia, Allen, Assumption, Avoyelles, Acadia, Allen, Assumption, Avoyelles,
Ascension, Cameron, East Baton Rouge, Ascension, Cameron, East Baton Rouge,
Beauregard, Bienvil e, Caldwell, Catahoula, Beauregard, Bienvil e, Caldwell, Catahoula,
Jefferson, Lafourche, Plaquemines, Pointe Jefferson, Lafourche, Plaquemines, Pointe
Claiborne, Concordia, De Soto, East Carrol , Claiborne, Concordia, De Soto, East Carrol ,
Coupee, Rapides, St. Charles, West Baton Coupee, Rapides, St. Charles, West Baton
East Feliciana, Evangeline, Franklin, Grant, East Feliciana, Evangeline, Franklin, Grant,
Rouge Rouge
Iberia, Ibervil e, Jackson, Jefferson Davis, La Iberia, Ibervil e, Jackson, Jefferson Davis, La
Salle, Lincoln, Livingston, Madison, Morehouse, Salle, Lincoln, Livingston, Madison, Morehouse,
Natchitoches, Orleans, Ouachita, Red River, Natchitoches, Orleans, Ouachita, Red River,
Richland, St. Bernard, St. Helena, St. James, St. Richland, St. Bernard, St. Helena, St. James, St.
John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St.
Mary, Tangipahoa, Tensas, Union, Vermil ion, Mary, Tangipahoa, Tensas, Union, Vermil ion,
Washington, Webster, West Carrol , West Washington, Webster, West Carrol , West
Feliciana, Winn Feliciana, Winn
Mississippi
Adams, Amite, Attala, Benton, Bolivar, Carrol , Adams, Amite, Attala, Benton, Bolivar, Carrol ,
Madison, Rankin Madison, Rankin
Claiborne, Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, De Claiborne, Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, De
Soto, Franklin, Grenada, Hinds, Holmes, Soto, Franklin, Grenada, Hinds, Holmes,
Humphreys, Issaquena, Jasper, Jefferson, Humphreys, Issaquena, Jasper, Jefferson,
Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, Lawrence, Leflore, Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, Lawrence, Leflore,
Lincoln, Marion, Marshall, Montgomery, Lincoln, Marion, Marshall, Montgomery,
Panola, Pike, Quitman, Sharkey, Simpson, Panola, Pike, Quitman, Sharkey, Simpson,
Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tate, Tippah, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tate, Tippah,
Tunica, Union, Walthall, Warren, Washington, Tunica, Union, Walthall, Warren, Washington,
Wilkinson, Yalobusha, Yazoo Wilkinson, Yalobusha, Yazoo
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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

Distressed Counties
Non-Distressed Counties
Missouri
Bol inger, Butler, Carter, Crawford, Dent, Bol inger, Butler, Carter, Crawford, Dent,
Cape Girardeau Cape Girardeau
Douglas, Dunklin, Howell, Iron, Madison, Douglas, Dunklin, Howell, Iron, Madison,
Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon, Ozark, Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon, Ozark,
Pemiscot, Perry, Phelps, Reynolds, Ripley, Pemiscot, Perry, Phelps, Reynolds, Ripley,
Scott, Shannon, Ste. Genevieve, St. Francois, Scott, Shannon, Ste. Genevieve, St. Francois,
Stoddard, Texas, Washington, Wayne, Wright Stoddard, Texas, Washington, Wayne, Wright
Tennessee
Benton, Carrol , Chester, Crockett, Decatur, Benton, Carrol , Chester, Crockett, Decatur,
Fayette, Shelby Fayette, Shelby
Dyer, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Dyer, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood,
Henderson, Henry, Lake, Lauderdale, Madison, Henderson, Henry, Lake, Lauderdale, Madison,
McNairy, Obion, Tipton, Weakley McNairy, Obion, Tipton, Weakley
Source: Compiled by CRS from the Delta Regional Authority website. Compiled by CRS from the Delta Regional Authority website.
Denali Commission
Table D-3. Denali Commission Distressed Communities List, 2020
by standard of community distress, in alphabetical order by standard of community distress, in alphabetical order
Surrogate
Akiachak, Akiak, Alakanuk, Alcan Border, Aleneva, Alexander Creek, Allakaket, Ambler, Akiachak, Akiak, Alakanuk, Alcan Border, Aleneva, Alexander Creek, Allakaket, Ambler,
Standard
Anchor Point, Angoon, Anvik, Atmautluak, Beaver, Beluga, Big Delta, Birch Creek, Brevig Anchor Point, Angoon, Anvik, Atmautluak, Beaver, Beluga, Big Delta, Birch Creek, Brevig
Mission, Cantwell, Central, Chalkyitsik, Chase, Chefornak, Chenega, Chevak, Chickaloon, Mission, Cantwell, Central, Chalkyitsik, Chase, Chefornak, Chenega, Chevak, Chickaloon,
Chicken, Chignik Lake, Chiniak, Chisana, Chitina, Chuathbaluk, Circle, Coffman Cove, Cohoe, Chicken, Chignik Lake, Chiniak, Chisana, Chitina, Chuathbaluk, Circle, Coffman Cove, Cohoe,
Cooper Landing, Copper Center, Covenant Life, Crooked Creek, Crown Point, Deltana, Cooper Landing, Copper Center, Covenant Life, Crooked Creek, Crown Point, Deltana,
Diomede, Dot Lake, Dot Lake Vil age, Dry Creek, Eagle, Eagle Vil age, Edna Bay, Eek, Eielson Diomede, Dot Lake, Dot Lake Vil age, Dry Creek, Eagle, Eagle Vil age, Edna Bay, Eek, Eielson
Afb, Ekwok, Elfin Cove, Emmonak, Eureka Roadhouse, Excursion Inlet, Ferry, Fort Greely, Fox Afb, Ekwok, Elfin Cove, Emmonak, Eureka Roadhouse, Excursion Inlet, Ferry, Fort Greely, Fox
River, Fritz Creek, Gambell, Game Creek, Glacier View, Goodnews Bay, Grayling, Gustavus, River, Fritz Creek, Gambell, Game Creek, Glacier View, Goodnews Bay, Grayling, Gustavus,
Halibut Cove, Happy Valley, Harding-Birch Lakes, Healy Lake, Holy Cross, Hooper Bay, Hope, Halibut Cove, Happy Valley, Harding-Birch Lakes, Healy Lake, Holy Cross, Hooper Bay, Hope,
Hughes, Huslia, Hyder, Kachemak, Kaltag, Kasigluk, Kenny Lake, Kipnuk, Klukwan, Kodiak Hughes, Huslia, Hyder, Kachemak, Kaltag, Kasigluk, Kenny Lake, Kipnuk, Klukwan, Kodiak
Station, Kokhanok, Kongiganak, Kotlik, Koyuk, Koyukuk, Kupreanof, Kwethluk, Kwigil ingok, Station, Kokhanok, Kongiganak, Kotlik, Koyuk, Koyukuk, Kupreanof, Kwethluk, Kwigil ingok,
Lake Louise, Lake Minchumina, Lime, Livengood, Lower Kalskag, Lutak, Manley Hot Springs, Lake Louise, Lake Minchumina, Lime, Livengood, Lower Kalskag, Lutak, Manley Hot Springs,
Marshall, Mccarthy, Mekoryuk, Mentasta Lake, Minto, Mosquito Lake, Mountain Vil age, Mud Marshall, Mccarthy, Mekoryuk, Mentasta Lake, Minto, Mosquito Lake, Mountain Vil age, Mud
Bay, Nabensa, Nanwalek, Napakiak, Naukati Bay, Nelchina, New Stuyahok, Newhalen, Bay, Nabensa, Nanwalek, Napakiak, Naukati Bay, Nelchina, New Stuyahok, Newhalen,
Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolaevsk, Nikolai, Ninilchik, Nondalton, Noorvik, Northway, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolaevsk, Nikolai, Ninilchik, Nondalton, Noorvik, Northway,
Northway Junction, Northway Vil age, Nulato, Nunam Iqua, Nunapitchuk, Old Harbor, Northway Junction, Northway Vil age, Nulato, Nunam Iqua, Nunapitchuk, Old Harbor,
Ouzinkie, Pelican, Perryvil e, Petersvil e, Pilot Station, Pitkas Point, Platinum, Point Baker, Point Ouzinkie, Pelican, Perryvil e, Petersvil e, Pilot Station, Pitkas Point, Platinum, Point Baker, Point
Mackenzie, Point Possession, Pope-Vannoy Landing, Port Alexander, Port Graham, Port Lions, Mackenzie, Point Possession, Pope-Vannoy Landing, Port Alexander, Port Graham, Port Lions,
Port Protection, Portage Creek, Primrose, Quinhagak, Rampart, Red Devil, Ruby, Russian Port Protection, Portage Creek, Primrose, Quinhagak, Rampart, Red Devil, Ruby, Russian
Mission, Salcha, Savoonga, Scammon Bay, Selawik, Seldovia, Shageluk, Shishmaref, Skwentna, Mission, Salcha, Savoonga, Scammon Bay, Selawik, Seldovia, Shageluk, Shishmaref, Skwentna,
Slana, Sleetmute, St. Michael, Stebbins, Stevens Vil age, Susitna North, Takotna, Tanacross, Slana, Sleetmute, St. Michael, Stebbins, Stevens Vil age, Susitna North, Takotna, Tanacross,
Tatitlek, Teller, Tenakee Springs, Tetlin, Thorne Bay, Togiak, Toksook Bay, Tonsina, Trapper Tatitlek, Teller, Tenakee Springs, Tetlin, Thorne Bay, Togiak, Toksook Bay, Tonsina, Trapper
Creek, Tuluksak, Tuntutuliak, Tununak, Twin Hil s, Tyonek, Ugashik, Venetie, Wales, Whale Creek, Tuluksak, Tuntutuliak, Tununak, Twin Hil s, Tyonek, Ugashik, Venetie, Wales, Whale
Pass, Whitestone, Wil ow, Wil ow Creek, Wiseman Pass, Whitestone, Wil ow, Wil ow Creek, Wiseman
Expanded
Akhiok, Aleknagik, Buckland, Clark’s Point, Denali Park, Diamond Ridge, Elim, Fort Yukon, Akhiok, Aleknagik, Buckland, Clark’s Point, Denali Park, Diamond Ridge, Elim, Fort Yukon,
Standard
Funny River, Hoonah, Houston, Kake, Kalskag, Kiana, Manokotak, Moose Pass, Seldovia Vil age, Funny River, Hoonah, Houston, Kake, Kalskag, Kiana, Manokotak, Moose Pass, Seldovia Vil age,
Shungnak, South Naknek, Stony River, St. Mary's, Talkeetna, Tok, Wrangell Shungnak, South Naknek, Stony River, St. Mary's, Talkeetna, Tok, Wrangell
Source: Compiled by CRS from the 2020 Distressed Communities Report, Denali Commission. Compiled by CRS from the 2020 Distressed Communities Report, Denali Commission.
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Northern Border Regional Commission
Table D-4. NBRC Counties by Distress Designation, FY2021
by state in alphabetical order by state in alphabetical order

Attainment
Transitional
Distressed
Maine

Hancock, Knox, Waldo Hancock, Knox, Waldo
Androscoggin, Aroostook, Androscoggin, Aroostook,
Franklin, Kennebec, Oxford, Franklin, Kennebec, Oxford,
Penobscot, Piscataquis, Penobscot, Piscataquis,
Somerset, Washington Somerset, Washington
New
Grafton Grafton
Belknap, Carrol , Cheshire Belknap, Carrol , Cheshire
Coos, Sul ivan Coos, Sul ivan
Hampshire
New York

Rensselaer, Saratoga, Rensselaer, Saratoga,
Cayuga, Clinton, Essex, Cayuga, Clinton, Essex,
Franklin, Fulton, Genesee, Franklin, Fulton, Genesee,
Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer,
Jefferson, Lewis, Livingston, Jefferson, Lewis, Livingston,
Madison, Montgomery, Madison, Montgomery,
Niagara, Oneida, Orleans, Niagara, Oneida, Orleans,
Oswego, St. Lawrence, Oswego, St. Lawrence,
Schenectady, Seneca, Sul ivan, Schenectady, Seneca, Sul ivan,
Warren, Washington, Warren, Washington,
Wayne, Yates Wayne, Yates
Vermont

Addison, Bennington, Addison, Bennington,
Caledonia, Essex, Orleans, Caledonia, Essex, Orleans,
Chittenden, Franklin, Grand Chittenden, Franklin, Grand
Rutland, Windham Rutland, Windham
Isle, Lamoil e, Orange, Isle, Lamoil e, Orange,
Washington, Windsor Washington, Windsor
Source: Compiled and tabulated by CRS from NBRC data. Compiled and tabulated by CRS from NBRC data.
Notes: Vermont is the only NBRC state with all counties within the NBRC jurisdiction. Vermont is the only NBRC state with all counties within the NBRC jurisdiction.
Northern Great Plains Regional Authority
Table D-5. Statutory Jurisdiction of NGPRA
states and counties states and counties

NGPRA Jurisdiction
Iowa
Entire State Entire State
Minnesota
Entire State Entire State
Missouri
Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Barton, Bates, Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Caldwell, Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Barton, Bates, Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Caldwell,
(counties)
Callaway, Camden, Carrol , Cass, Cedar, Chariton, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper, Callaway, Camden, Carrol , Cass, Cedar, Chariton, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper,
Dade, Dallas, Daviess, DeKalb, Franklin, Gasconade, Gentry, Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Henry, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, DeKalb, Franklin, Gasconade, Gentry, Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Henry,
Hickory, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette, Lawrence, Hickory, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette, Lawrence,
Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Maries, Marion, McDonald, Mercer, Mil er, Moniteau, Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Maries, Marion, McDonald, Mercer, Mil er, Moniteau,
Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Newton, Nodaway, Osage, Pettis, Pike, Platte, Polk, Pulaski, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Newton, Nodaway, Osage, Pettis, Pike, Platte, Polk, Pulaski,
Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, Saline, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, St. Charles, St. Clair, St. Louis, St. Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, Saline, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, St. Charles, St. Clair, St. Louis, St.
Louis City, Stone, Sul ivan, Taney, Vernon, Warren, Webster, Worth Louis City, Stone, Sul ivan, Taney, Vernon, Warren, Webster, Worth
Nebraska
Entire State Entire State
North
Entire State Entire State
Dakota
South
Entire State Entire State
Dakota
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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

Source: Tabulated by CRS with information from P.L. 107-171. Tabulated by CRS with information from P.L. 107-171.
Notes: Missouri jurisdiction represents all those counties not currently included in the DRA. Missouri jurisdiction represents all those counties not currently included in the DRA.
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
Table D-6. Statutory Jurisdiction of SCRC
states and counties states and counties

SCRC Jurisdiction
Alabama
Autauga, Baldwin, Coffee, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lee, Mobile, Autauga, Baldwin, Coffee, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lee, Mobile,
Montgomery County, Pike Montgomery County, Pike
Georgia
Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Baldwin, Ben Hil , Berrien, Bibb, Bleckley, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan, Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Baldwin, Ben Hil , Berrien, Bibb, Bleckley, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan,
Bul och, Burke, Butts, Calhoun, Camden, Candler, Charlton, Chatham, Chattahoochee, Clarke, Clay, Bul och, Burke, Butts, Calhoun, Camden, Candler, Charlton, Chatham, Chattahoochee, Clarke, Clay,
Clayton, Clinch, Cobb, Coffee, Colquitt, Columbia, Cook, Coweta, Crawford, Crisp, De Kalb, Clayton, Clinch, Cobb, Coffee, Colquitt, Columbia, Cook, Coweta, Crawford, Crisp, De Kalb,
Decatur, Dodge, Dooly, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Fayette, Fulton, Decatur, Dodge, Dooly, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Fayette, Fulton,
Glascock, Glynn, Grady, Greene, Hancock, Harris, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Glascock, Glynn, Grady, Greene, Hancock, Harris, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jasper, Jeff Davis,
Jefferson, Jenkins, Johnson, Jones, Lamar, Lanier, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Long, Lowndes, Jefferson, Jenkins, Johnson, Jones, Lamar, Lanier, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Long, Lowndes,
Macon, Marion, McDuffie, McIntosh, Meriwether, Mil er, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Macon, Marion, McDuffie, McIntosh, Meriwether, Mil er, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan,
Muscogee, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Peach, Pierce, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Quitman, Randolph, Muscogee, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Peach, Pierce, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Quitman, Randolph,
Richmond, Rockdale, Schley, Screven, Seminole, Spalding, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Richmond, Rockdale, Schley, Screven, Seminole, Spalding, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro,
Tattnall, Taylor, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Treutlen, Troup, Turner, Twiggs, Upson, Tattnall, Taylor, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Treutlen, Troup, Turner, Twiggs, Upson,
Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, Wheeler, White, Whitfield, Wilcox, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, Wheeler, White, Whitfield, Wilcox,
Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth
Florida
Entire state Entire state
Mississippi
Clarke, Forrest, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Jones, Lamar, Lauderdale, Leake, Clarke, Forrest, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Jones, Lamar, Lauderdale, Leake,
Neshoba, Newton, Pearl River, Perry, Scott, Stone, Wayne Neshoba, Newton, Pearl River, Perry, Scott, Stone, Wayne
North
Alamance, Anson, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Cabarrus, Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Alamance, Anson, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Cabarrus, Camden, Carteret, Caswell,
Carolina
Catawba,* Chatham, Chowan, Clay, Cleveland,* Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Catawba,* Chatham, Chowan, Clay, Cleveland,* Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare,
Davidson, Duplin, Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gaston, Gates, Granvil e, Greene, Guilford, Davidson, Duplin, Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gaston, Gates, Granvil e, Greene, Guilford,
Halifax, Harnett, Hertford, Hoke, Hyde, Iredell, Johnston, Jones, Lee, Lenoir, Lincoln, Martin, Halifax, Harnett, Hertford, Hoke, Hyde, Iredell, Johnston, Jones, Lee, Lenoir, Lincoln, Martin,
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pamlico, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pamlico,
Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan,
Rutherford, Sampson, Scotland, Stanly, Tyrrell, Union, Vance, Wake, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Rutherford, Sampson, Scotland, Stanly, Tyrrell, Union, Vance, Wake, Warren, Washington, Wayne,
Wilson Wilson
South
Abbeville, Aiken, Allendale, Bamberg, Barnwell, Beaufort, Berkeley, Calhoun, Charleston, Chester, Abbeville, Aiken, Allendale, Bamberg, Barnwell, Beaufort, Berkeley, Calhoun, Charleston, Chester,
Carolina
Chesterfield, Clarendon, Col eton, Darlington, Dil on, Dorchester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Florence, Chesterfield, Clarendon, Col eton, Darlington, Dil on, Dorchester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Florence,
Georgetown, Greenwood, Hampton, Horry, Jasper, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lee, Lexington, Georgetown, Greenwood, Hampton, Horry, Jasper, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lee, Lexington,
Marion, Marlboro, McCormick, Newberry, Orangeburg, Richland, Saluda, Sumter, Union,* Marion, Marlboro, McCormick, Newberry, Orangeburg, Richland, Saluda, Sumter, Union,*
Wil iamsburg, York Wil iamsburg, York
Virginia
Accomack, Albemarle, Accomack, Albemarle, Alexandria city, Amelia, Amherst, Appomattox, Arlington, Augusta, , Amelia, Amherst, Appomattox, Arlington, Augusta,
Bedford, Brunswick, Buckingham, Campbell, Caroline, Charles City*, Charlotte, Bedford, Brunswick, Buckingham, Campbell, Caroline, Charles City*, Charlotte, Charlottesville
city, , Chesapeake city, Chesterfield, Clarke, , Chesterfield, Clarke, Colonial Heights city, Culpeper, Cumberland, , Culpeper, Cumberland,
Danville city, Dinwiddie, , Dinwiddie, Emporia city, Essex, Fairfax, , Essex, Fairfax, Fairfax City, Fal s Church city, Fauquier, , Fal s Church city, Fauquier,
Fluvanna, Franklin, Fluvanna, Franklin, Franklin city, Frederick, , Frederick, Fredericksburg city, Gloucester, Goochland, , Gloucester, Goochland,
Greene, Greensvil e, Halifax, Greene, Greensvil e, Halifax, Hampton city, Hanover, , Hanover, Harrisonburg city, Henrico, , Henrico, Hopewell
city, Isle Of Wight, James City*, King And Queen, King George, King Wil iam, Lancaster, Loudoun, , Isle Of Wight, James City*, King And Queen, King George, King Wil iam, Lancaster, Loudoun,
Louisa, Lunenburg, Louisa, Lunenburg, Lynchburg city, Madison, , Madison, Manassas city, , Manassas Park city, Mathews, , Mathews,
Mecklenburg, Middlesex, Nelson, New Kent, Mecklenburg, Middlesex, Nelson, New Kent, Newport News city, , Norfolk city, Northampton, , Northampton,
Northumberland, Nottoway, Orange, Page, Northumberland, Nottoway, Orange, Page, Petersburg city, Pittsylvania, , Pittsylvania, Poquoson city, ,
Portsmouth city, Powhatan, Prince Edward, Prince George, Prince Wil iam, Rappahannock, , Powhatan, Prince Edward, Prince George, Prince Wil iam, Rappahannock,
Richmond, Richmond, Richmond city, Roanoke, , Roanoke, Roanoke city, Rockingham, Shenandoah, , Rockingham, Shenandoah, South Boston
city, Southampton, Spotsylvania, Stafford, , Southampton, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Staunton city, , Suffolk city, Surry, Sussex, , Surry, Sussex, Virginia
Beach city, Warren, , Warren, Waynesboro city, Westmoreland, , Westmoreland, Williamsburg city, , Winchester city, ,
York York
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Source: Tabulated by CRS by cross-referencing relevant state counties against ARC and DRA jurisdictions. Tabulated by CRS by cross-referencing relevant state counties against ARC and DRA jurisdictions.
Notes: In Virginia, independent cities (in In Virginia, independent cities (in bold) are considered counties for U.S. census purposes and are eligible ) are considered counties for U.S. census purposes and are eligible
for independent inclusion. Virginia counties with an asterisk (*) are named as cities, but are actually counties (e.g., for independent inclusion. Virginia counties with an asterisk (*) are named as cities, but are actually counties (e.g.,
James City County). With the exception of Florida, which has no coverage in another federally chartered James City County). With the exception of Florida, which has no coverage in another federally chartered
regional commission or authority, SCRC jurisdiction encompasses all member state counties that are not part of regional commission or authority, SCRC jurisdiction encompasses all member state counties that are not part of
the DRA and/or the ARC (see 40 U.S.C. §15731). The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58; the DRA and/or the ARC (see 40 U.S.C. §15731). The Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58;
enacted November 15, 2021) added three counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the ARC region. enacted November 15, 2021) added three counties that were previously in the SCRC region to the ARC region.
The asterisk (*) indicates counties added to the ARC region by the IIJA. The asterisk (*) indicates counties added to the ARC region by the IIJA.
Southwest Border Regional Commission
Table D-7. Statutory Jurisdiction of SBRC
states and counties states and counties

SBRC Jurisdiction
Arizona
Cochise, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, La Paz, Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, Yuma Cochise, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, La Paz, Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, Yuma
California
Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura
New
Catron, Chaves, Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Hidalgo, Lincoln, Luna, Otero, Sierra, Socorro Catron, Chaves, Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Hidalgo, Lincoln, Luna, Otero, Sierra, Socorro
Mexico
Texas
Atascosa, Bandera, Bee, Bexar, Brewster, Brooks, Cameron, Coke, Concho, Crane, Crockett, Atascosa, Bandera, Bee, Bexar, Brewster, Brooks, Cameron, Coke, Concho, Crane, Crockett,
Culberson, Dimmit, Duval, Ector, Edwards, El Paso, Frio, Gil espie, Glasscock, Hidalgo, Hudspeth, Culberson, Dimmit, Duval, Ector, Edwards, El Paso, Frio, Gil espie, Glasscock, Hidalgo, Hudspeth,
Irion, Jeff Davis, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kendall, Kenedy, Kerr, Kimble, Kinney, Kleberg, La Irion, Jeff Davis, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kendall, Kenedy, Kerr, Kimble, Kinney, Kleberg, La
Salle, Live Oak, Loving, Mason, Maverick, McMul en, Medina, Menard, Midland, Nueces, Pecos, Salle, Live Oak, Loving, Mason, Maverick, McMul en, Medina, Menard, Midland, Nueces, Pecos,
Presidio, Reagan, Real, Reeves, San Patricio, Shleicher, Sutton, Starr, Sterling, Terrell, Tom Green, Presidio, Reagan, Real, Reeves, San Patricio, Shleicher, Sutton, Starr, Sterling, Terrell, Tom Green,
Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Ward, Webb, Wil acy, Wilson, Winkler, Zapata, Zavala Upton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Ward, Webb, Wil acy, Wilson, Winkler, Zapata, Zavala
Source: Tabulated by CRS with information from P.L. 110-234. Tabulated by CRS with information from P.L. 110-234.

Author Information

Julie M. Lawhorn Julie M. Lawhorn

Analyst in Economic Development Policy Analyst in Economic Development Policy

Acknowledgments
This report was originally written by former CRS analyst Michael Cecire. Congressional clients seeking This report was originally written by former CRS analyst Michael Cecire. Congressional clients seeking
more information and analysis on the material covered in this report should contact the current author. more information and analysis on the material covered in this report should contact the current author.
James Uzel, GIS Analyst, and Brion Long, Visual Information Specialist, developed the figures included in James Uzel, GIS Analyst, and Brion Long, Visual Information Specialist, developed the figures included in
this report. William Painter, Specialist in Homeland Security and Appropriations, provided substantive this report. William Painter, Specialist in Homeland Security and Appropriations, provided substantive
edits and assistance in updating the report.edits and assistance in updating the report.
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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function

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