Synthetic Nicotine: Frequently Asked Questions

Changes from February 28, 2022 to March 9, 2022

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Synthetic Nicotine: Frequently Asked
~~February 28~~March 9, 2022 , 2022
Questions
Hassan Z. Sheikh
Some electronic-cigarette brands have begun using synthetic nicotine solutions, or nicotine Some electronic-cigarette brands have begun using synthetic nicotine solutions, or nicotine
Analyst in Public Health Analyst in Public Health
derived from non-tobacco sources, in their nicotine delivery systems. The manufacturer of one derived from non-tobacco sources, in their nicotine delivery systems. The manufacturer of one
Emergency Management Emergency Management
the most popular brands of these products has asserted that the Food and Drug Administration the most popular brands of these products has asserted that the Food and Drug Administration

(FDA), which has the authority to regulate the manufacture, marketing, sale, and distribution of (FDA), which has the authority to regulate the manufacture, marketing, sale, and distribution of
tobacco products, cannot regulate these synthetic nicotine products under the current regulatory tobacco products, cannot regulate these synthetic nicotine products under the current regulatory

system. system.
Synthetic nicotine products are available in a variety of flavors, which may make them appealing to youths and young adults. Synthetic nicotine products are available in a variety of flavors, which may make them appealing to youths and young adults.
Recent data suggest that synthetic nicotine products have become increasingly popular among youths, overtaking other Recent data suggest that synthetic nicotine products have become increasingly popular among youths, overtaking other
electronic-cigarette brands in popularity. The short- and long-term physiological effects of synthetic nicotine solution electronic-cigarette brands in popularity. The short- and long-term physiological effects of synthetic nicotine solution
products as compared with tobacco-derived nicotine products is currently unclear. products as compared with tobacco-derived nicotine products is currently unclear.
Because some synthetic nicotine products may not currently meet the definition of a “tobacco product,” it is unclear whether Because some synthetic nicotine products may not currently meet the definition of a “tobacco product,” it is unclear whether
FDA has the authority to regulate them and, if so, under what regulatory scheme. Given this uncertainty and the potential FDA has the authority to regulate them and, if so, under what regulatory scheme. Given this uncertainty and the potential
health impacts associated with e-cigarettes, Congress may consider taking steps to clarify how synthetic nicotine is regulated. health impacts associated with e-cigarettes, Congress may consider taking steps to clarify how synthetic nicotine is regulated.
This report provides answers to frequently asked questions regarding synthetic nicotine and synthetic nicotine products. This report provides answers to frequently asked questions regarding synthetic nicotine and synthetic nicotine products.

Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Introduction
About 2 million young people reported using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in 2021. In About 2 million young people reported using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in 2021. In
specific, specific, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) stated that 11.3% of high school (MMWR) stated that 11.3% of high school
students (approximately 1.7 million individuals) and 2.8% of middle-school students students (approximately 1.7 million individuals) and 2.8% of middle-school students
(approximately 320,000 individuals) reported using e-cigarettes in 2021.1 Approximately 85% of (approximately 320,000 individuals) reported using e-cigarettes in 2021.1 Approximately 85% of
these individuals reported using flavored e-cigarettes, and among the high-school students, 26.1% these individuals reported using flavored e-cigarettes, and among the high-school students, 26.1%
reported that their usual brand of e-cigarette was an e-cigarette which uses synthetic nicotine.2 reported that their usual brand of e-cigarette was an e-cigarette which uses synthetic nicotine.2
Recent studies have suggested that such products have overtaken other e-cigarette brands in Recent studies have suggested that such products have overtaken other e-cigarette brands in
popularity.3 popularity.3
E-cigarettes operate by creating an aerosol out of a solution containing nicotine, flavorings, and E-cigarettes operate by creating an aerosol out of a solution containing nicotine, flavorings, and
other additives.4 This solution, sometimes called “e-liquid,” may be supplied with the device. other additives.4 This solution, sometimes called “e-liquid,” may be supplied with the device.
Depending on the type of e-cigarette, after the user has depleted the solution, the device can be Depending on the type of e-cigarette, after the user has depleted the solution, the device can be
disposed of.5 Some of these products utilize solutions containing nicotine derived from tobacco disposed of.5 Some of these products utilize solutions containing nicotine derived from tobacco
(i.e., tobacco-derived nicotine, or TDN), while other products purport to contain tobacco-free (i.e., tobacco-derived nicotine, or TDN), while other products purport to contain tobacco-free
solutions (i.e., tobacco-free nicotine, or TFN).6 Some manufacturers of synthetic nicotine solutions (i.e., tobacco-free nicotine, or TFN).6 Some manufacturers of synthetic nicotine
products assert that the nicotine in solution is not derived from tobacco but is instead products assert that the nicotine in solution is not derived from tobacco but is instead
manufactured through a “patented manufacturing process.”7 Other manufacturers of e-cigarettes manufactured through a “patented manufacturing process.”7 Other manufacturers of e-cigarettes
have begun using similar tobacco-free solutions in their products. These synthetic nicotine have begun using similar tobacco-free solutions in their products. These synthetic nicotine
products are available in a variety of flavors, some of which may be appealing to youths and products are available in a variety of flavors, some of which may be appealing to youths and
young adults.8 Some of these products are also available in different forms, such as lozenges and young adults.8 Some of these products are also available in different forms, such as lozenges and
mints. mints.
The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) gives the Food and Drug Administration The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) gives the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) the authority to regulate the manufacture, marketing, sale, and distribution of tobacco (FDA) the authority to regulate the manufacture, marketing, sale, and distribution of tobacco
products.9 A products.9 A tobacco product is defined as “any product made or derived from tobacco that is is defined as “any product made or derived from tobacco that is
intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco
product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or

1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Use Among Middle and High School Students-National Youth 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Use Among Middle and High School Students-National Youth
Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021,” Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 70, no. 39 (October 1, 2021), pp. , vol. 70, no. 39 (October 1, 2021), pp.
1387-1389, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7039a4.htm. 1387-1389, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7039a4.htm.
2 Ibid. 2 Ibid.
3 See Hongying Dai and Jianqiang Hao, “Online popularity of JUUL and Puff Bars in the USA: 2019–2020,” 3 See Hongying Dai and Jianqiang Hao, “Online popularity of JUUL and Puff Bars in the USA: 2019–2020,” Tobacco
Control, vol. 13 (October 2020), https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2020/10/13/tobaccocontrol-2020-, vol. 13 (October 2020), https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2020/10/13/tobaccocontrol-2020-
055727.info. 055727.info.
4 CDC, “About Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes),” https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/ 4 CDC, “About Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes),” https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/
about-e-cigarettes.html. about-e-cigarettes.html.
5 In other e-cigarette products, the solution is provided in a refillable cartridge. 5 In other e-cigarette products, the solution is provided in a refillable cartridge.
6 Most e-cigarette devices contain nicotine derived from tobacco. See United States Department of Health and Human 6 Most e-cigarette devices contain nicotine derived from tobacco. See United States Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS), “E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults,” “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical Services (HHS), “E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults,” “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical
Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults (2016), p. 17, https://e- (2016), p. 17, https://e-
cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf. cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf.
7 Ibid. 7 Ibid.
8 Puff Bar, “About Us,” https://puffbar.com/pages/about-puff-bar. 8 Puff Bar, “About Us,” https://puffbar.com/pages/about-puff-bar.
9 For an overview of FDA regulation of tobacco products, see CRS Report R45867, 9 For an overview of FDA regulation of tobacco products, see CRS Report R45867, FDA Regulation of Tobacco
Products. For a discussion on the legal framework for federal regulation of tobacco, see CRS In Focus IF11321, . For a discussion on the legal framework for federal regulation of tobacco, see CRS In Focus IF11321,
Federal Regulation of Tobacco: Legal Framework and Issues for the 116th Congress.
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accessory of a tobacco product).”10 Some manufacturers of synthetic nicotine products claim that accessory of a tobacco product).”10 Some manufacturers of synthetic nicotine products claim that
their products cannot be regulated by the FDA as a tobacco product because they are not derived their products cannot be regulated by the FDA as a tobacco product because they are not derived
from tobacco and thus do not meet the definition of “tobacco product” in statute.11 Even so, from tobacco and thus do not meet the definition of “tobacco product” in statute.11 Even so,
public health organizations have expressed concern that e-cigarettes containing synthetic nicotine public health organizations have expressed concern that e-cigarettes containing synthetic nicotine
are potentially enticing to youths and young adults and may eventually lead to increased smoking. are potentially enticing to youths and young adults and may eventually lead to increased smoking.
12 Additionally, these organizations assert that synthetic nicotine products may still be regulated 12 Additionally, these organizations assert that synthetic nicotine products may still be regulated
by FDA.13 by FDA.13
This report provides answers to frequently asked questions regarding synthetic nicotine and This report provides answers to frequently asked questions regarding synthetic nicotine and
synthetic nicotine products. Specifically, this report synthetic nicotine products. Specifically, this report
 examines how synthetic nicotine solutions differ from tobacco-derived nicotine  examines how synthetic nicotine solutions differ from tobacco-derived nicotine
(TDN) products; (TDN) products;
 discusses some of the unique characteristics of synthetic nicotine solutions and  discusses some of the unique characteristics of synthetic nicotine solutions and
products; products;
 outlines the existing regulatory framework for synthetic nicotine; and  outlines the existing regulatory framework for synthetic nicotine; and
 notes issues that may be of potential interest to Congress.  notes issues that may be of potential interest to Congress.
Because the use of synthetic nicotine is relatively new, this report will be updated periodically to Because the use of synthetic nicotine is relatively new, this report will be updated periodically to
reflect relevant developments. reflect relevant developments.
What is the difference between synthetic nicotine and nicotine
derived from tobacco?
E-cigarettes come in a variety of forms produced by many different manufacturers. E-cigarette E-cigarettes come in a variety of forms produced by many different manufacturers. E-cigarette
products contain a cartridge that stores the e-liquid, which is typically composed of a mixture of products contain a cartridge that stores the e-liquid, which is typically composed of a mixture of
water, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine.14 In some cases, the e-liquid may water, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine.14 In some cases, the e-liquid may
contain additional ingredients such as flavoring, cannabis,15 or other biologically active contain additional ingredients such as flavoring, cannabis,15 or other biologically active
compounds.16 The e-liquid is heated by the e-cigarette, which then creates an inhalable aerosol compounds.16 The e-liquid is heated by the e-cigarette, which then creates an inhalable aerosol
that delivers the nicotine to the user.17 The nicotine found in the solutions of some of these that delivers the nicotine to the user.17 The nicotine found in the solutions of some of these

10 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr). 10 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr).
11 Next Generation Labs, “FDA Finally Addresses Synthetic Nicotine; Confirming Next Generation Labs’ Position that 11 Next Generation Labs, “FDA Finally Addresses Synthetic Nicotine; Confirming Next Generation Labs’ Position that
Synthetic Nicotine Is Not A Tobacco Product,” January 20, 2017, https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/Synthetic Nicotine Is Not A Tobacco Product,” January 20, 2017, https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/
2017/01/20/909720/0/en/FDA-Finally-Addresses-Synthetic-Nicotine-Confirming-Next-Generation-Labs-Position-that-2017/01/20/909720/0/en/FDA-Finally-Addresses-Synthetic-Nicotine-Confirming-Next-Generation-Labs-Position-that-
Synthetic-Nicotine-Is-Not-A-Tobacco-Product.html. Synthetic-Nicotine-Is-Not-A-Tobacco-Product.html.
12 Letter from Tobacco Free Kids to Janet Woodcock, Acting Commissioner of FDA, September 2, 2021, 12 Letter from Tobacco Free Kids to Janet Woodcock, Acting Commissioner of FDA, September 2, 2021,
https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-
FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf. FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf.
13 See. 13 See. “What is the current regulatory status of synthetic nicotine?”
14 For a more detailed discussion on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), please see CRS Report R46928, 14 For a more detailed discussion on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), please see CRS Report R46928,
Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Background and Select Policy Issues in the 117th
Congress. .
15 Although tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana is an illicit substance at the 15 Although tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana is an illicit substance at the
federal level, some states have implemented their own laws pertaining to the recreational and medical use of the federal level, some states have implemented their own laws pertaining to the recreational and medical use of the
substance. See Ibid. substance. See Ibid.
16 CDC, “E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products Visual Dictionary,” https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e- 16 CDC, “E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products Visual Dictionary,” https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-
cigarettes/pdfs/ecigarette-or-vaping-products-visual-dictionary-508.pdf. cigarettes/pdfs/ecigarette-or-vaping-products-visual-dictionary-508.pdf.
17 Ibid. 17 Ibid.
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products are derived from tobacco (i.e., tobacco-derived nicotine, or TDN), while other products products are derived from tobacco (i.e., tobacco-derived nicotine, or TDN), while other products
purport to contain tobacco-free e-liquids (i.e., tobacco-free nicotine, or TFN).18 purport to contain tobacco-free e-liquids (i.e., tobacco-free nicotine, or TFN).18
Although nicotine is typically extracted from tobacco plants, it can also be extracted from other Although nicotine is typically extracted from tobacco plants, it can also be extracted from other
sources or synthesized in a laboratory.19 The technology to produce synthetic nicotine was sources or synthesized in a laboratory.19 The technology to produce synthetic nicotine was
initially cost prohibitive; however, recent advancements made the mass production of synthetic initially cost prohibitive; however, recent advancements made the mass production of synthetic
nicotine more affordable.20 The cost of producing synthetic nicotine is estimated to be nicotine more affordable.20 The cost of producing synthetic nicotine is estimated to be
approximately three to four times the cost of manufacturing tobacco-derived nicotine.21 approximately three to four times the cost of manufacturing tobacco-derived nicotine.21
Although nicotine derived from tobacco and synthesized nicotine share the same molecule, Although nicotine derived from tobacco and synthesized nicotine share the same molecule,
consumers may notice different effects from ingesting one compared with the other. This consumers may notice different effects from ingesting one compared with the other. This
variation largely stems from the fact that different forms of nicotine interact differently with an variation largely stems from the fact that different forms of nicotine interact differently with an
individual’s cells.22 Generally, a nicotine molecule exerts its effect by binding to a specific individual’s cells.22 Generally, a nicotine molecule exerts its effect by binding to a specific
receptor on the surface of specific human cells, into which it fits like a key into a lock. However, receptor on the surface of specific human cells, into which it fits like a key into a lock. However,
not all nicotine molecules are the same. A not all nicotine molecules are the same. A
Nicotine Enantiomers
collection of nicotine molecules contains collection of nicotine molecules contains
stereoisomers, or molecules that are composed , or molecules that are composed
(Tobacco-Derived Nicotine; Tobacco-Free Nicotine) (Tobacco-Derived Nicotine; Tobacco-Free Nicotine)
of the same elements bonded to one another in of the same elements bonded to one another in
Enantiomers are two nicotine molecules made of the Enantiomers are two nicotine molecules made of the
the same sequence but arranged in different the same sequence but arranged in different
same atoms which have the opposite three-dimensional same atoms which have the opposite three-dimensional
shapes. These two molecules are mirror images of each shapes. These two molecules are mirror images of each
orientations in space. These different orientations in space. These different
other. other. This difference in shape may lead to a difference in
orientations form non-superimposable mirror orientations form non-superimposable mirror
biological effect. .
images of one another, called images of one another, called enantiomers.23 23
An easier way to model this concept is to conceive the two mirror images as two hands, one left An easier way to model this concept is to conceive the two mirror images as two hands, one left
and the other right.24 The and the other right.24 The chirality, or “handedness,” of the nicotine enantiomer may be , or “handedness,” of the nicotine enantiomer may be
represented by either a left (“S”) or right (“R”) denotation, and may affect how the nicotine binds represented by either a left (“S”) or right (“R”) denotation, and may affect how the nicotine binds
with the receptor on the surface of certain human cells, and thus may affect the user experiences. with the receptor on the surface of certain human cells, and thus may affect the user experiences.
Nicotine extracted from a tobacco plant is almost entirely in the “S” configuration (S-Nicotine), Nicotine extracted from a tobacco plant is almost entirely in the “S” configuration (S-Nicotine),
although a small amount of nicotine may be present in the “R” configuration (R-Nicotine).25 although a small amount of nicotine may be present in the “R” configuration (R-Nicotine).25
Synthetic nicotine solutions, however, may be available in various mixtures, some of which may Synthetic nicotine solutions, however, may be available in various mixtures, some of which may
contain a greater percentage of R-Nicotine.26 The different nicotine enantiomers may have a contain a greater percentage of R-Nicotine.26 The different nicotine enantiomers may have a

18 Most e-cigarette devices contain nicotine derived from tobacco. See United States Department of Health and Human 18 Most e-cigarette devices contain nicotine derived from tobacco. See United States Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS), “E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults,” “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical Services (HHS), “E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults,” “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical
Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults (2016), p. 17, https://e- (2016), p. 17, https://e-
cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf. cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf.
19 Neal L. Benowitz, Janne Hukkanken, and Peyton Jacob III, “Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and 19 Neal L. Benowitz, Janne Hukkanken, and Peyton Jacob III, “Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and
Biomarkers,” Biomarkers,” Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 192 (October 13, 2010), p. 30, , vol. 192 (October 13, 2010), p. 30,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953858/pdf/nihms235126.pdf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953858/pdf/nihms235126.pdf.
20 HHS, “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in 20 HHS, “Introduction, Conclusions, and Historical Background Relative to E-Cigarettes,” in E-Cigarette Use Among
Youth and Young Adults (2016), p. 17, https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/ (2016), p. 17, https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/
2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf. 2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf.
21 Stefanie Rossel, “Synthetic Nicotine is Gaining Acceptance,” 21 Stefanie Rossel, “Synthetic Nicotine is Gaining Acceptance,” Tobacco Reporter, December 1, 2019, , December 1, 2019,
https://tobaccoreporter.com/2019/12/01/mirror-image/. https://tobaccoreporter.com/2019/12/01/mirror-image/.
22 See 22 See “Are synthetic nicotine products less addictive than products containing tobacco-derived nicotine?”
23 R.F. Tester and J. Karkalas, “Properties of Enantiomers – Optical Isomerism,” in 23 R.F. Tester and J. Karkalas, “Properties of Enantiomers – Optical Isomerism,” in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and
Nutrition (Second Edition), 2nd ed. (2003). , 2nd ed. (2003).
24 Ibid. 24 Ibid.
25 Garrett Hellinghausen, Jauh T. Lee, Choyce A. Weatherly, et al, “Evaluation of Nicotine in Tobacco-free-nicotine 25 Garrett Hellinghausen, Jauh T. Lee, Choyce A. Weatherly, et al, “Evaluation of Nicotine in Tobacco-free-nicotine
Commercial Products,” Commercial Products,” Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 9 (January 25, 2017). , vol. 9 (January 25, 2017).
26 Sven-Eric Jordt, “Synthetic nicotine has arrived,” 26 Sven-Eric Jordt, “Synthetic nicotine has arrived,” Tobacco Control, September 7, 2021, , September 7, 2021,
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different physiological impact on an individual because R-nicotine appears to interact differently different physiological impact on an individual because R-nicotine appears to interact differently
with an individual’s cell receptors.27 As a consequence, individuals who use products containing with an individual’s cell receptors.27 As a consequence, individuals who use products containing
synthetic nicotine may have a different experience than those who use products containing TDN synthetic nicotine may have a different experience than those who use products containing TDN
products. products.
Some synthetic nicotine solutions may contain a higher percentage of R-Nicotine, which is an Some synthetic nicotine solutions may contain a higher percentage of R-Nicotine, which is an
enantiomer whose physiological effects on users are less researched than those of S-Nicotine.28 enantiomer whose physiological effects on users are less researched than those of S-Nicotine.28
Certain studies have indicated that R-Nicotine may bind less selectively to particular receptors in Certain studies have indicated that R-Nicotine may bind less selectively to particular receptors in
specific human cells and therefore may produce different, or less of a physiological effect on a specific human cells and therefore may produce different, or less of a physiological effect on a
user.29 user.29
Several findings support this distinction. For example, although higher doses of S-Nicotine Several findings support this distinction. For example, although higher doses of S-Nicotine
appear to induce a lower body weight in animal models, R-Nicotine does not appear to affect appear to induce a lower body weight in animal models, R-Nicotine does not appear to affect
weight.30 Some data seem to indicate that R-Nicotine may cause less damage to human cells than weight.30 Some data seem to indicate that R-Nicotine may cause less damage to human cells than
its counterpart.31 its counterpart.31
Are synthetic nicotine products less addictive than products
containing tobacco-derived nicotine?
Some manufacturer-funded research has suggested that synthetic nicotine products that contain Some manufacturer-funded research has suggested that synthetic nicotine products that contain
higher ratios of R-Nicotine to S-Nicotine may be less addictive than TDN, although data are higher ratios of R-Nicotine to S-Nicotine may be less addictive than TDN, although data are
limited.32 This consideration, alongside of some of the previously mentioned health effects of R-limited.32 This consideration, alongside of some of the previously mentioned health effects of R-
Nicotine, leads some researchers to suggest that R-Nicotine may have potential for being a Nicotine, leads some researchers to suggest that R-Nicotine may have potential for being a
therapeutic agent in the treatment of both neurodegenerative disease and smoking cessation.33 therapeutic agent in the treatment of both neurodegenerative disease and smoking cessation.33
Further research may determine whether synthetic nicotine products are more, or less addictive Further research may determine whether synthetic nicotine products are more, or less addictive
than their tobacco-derived nicotine product counterparts. than their tobacco-derived nicotine product counterparts.
Have any concerns been documented regarding the use of synthetic
nicotine products?
Some researchers have noted that the term ‘nicotine’ on a product label may not clarify which Some researchers have noted that the term ‘nicotine’ on a product label may not clarify which
enantiomers of nicotine are available in which quantity. For example, some products may only list enantiomers of nicotine are available in which quantity. For example, some products may only list

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-2021-056626.full.pdf. https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-2021-056626.full.pdf.
27 Jaap van Brakel, “Substances,” 27 Jaap van Brakel, “Substances,” Philosophy of Chemistry, ed. Andrea I. Woody, Robin Findlay, Henry and Paul , ed. Andrea I. Woody, Robin Findlay, Henry and Paul
Needham, vol. 6 (2011), p. 3, https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-Needham, vol. 6 (2011), p. 3, https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-
2021-056626.full.pdftine. 2021-056626.full.pdftine.
28 See, for example, Next Generation Labs, “The Synthetic Nicotine Marketplace: Next Generation Nicotine Delivery 28 See, for example, Next Generation Labs, “The Synthetic Nicotine Marketplace: Next Generation Nicotine Delivery
USA, 2021,” 2021, p. 9, https://www.nextgenerationlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/THE-SYNTHETIC-USA, 2021,” 2021, p. 9, https://www.nextgenerationlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/THE-SYNTHETIC-
NICOTINE-MARKETPLACE-NGL.pdf. NICOTINE-MARKETPLACE-NGL.pdf.
29 Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives, 29 Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives,
and analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” and analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 563 (February 27, , vol. 563 (February 27,
2007), p. 29. 2007), p. 29.
30 Ibid., p. 29. 30 Ibid., p. 29.
31 Ibid., p. 29. 31 Ibid., p. 29.
32 Stefanie Rossel, “Synthetic Nicotine is Gaining Acceptance,” 32 Stefanie Rossel, “Synthetic Nicotine is Gaining Acceptance,” Tobacco Reporter, December 1, 2019, , December 1, 2019,
https://tobaccoreporter.com/2019/12/01/mirror-image/. https://tobaccoreporter.com/2019/12/01/mirror-image/.
33 Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives, 33 Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives,
and analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” and analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 563 (February 27, , vol. 563 (February 27,
2007), p. 30. 2007), p. 30.
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the amount of a particular type of nicotine, and neglect to mention the other.34 Synthetic nicotine the amount of a particular type of nicotine, and neglect to mention the other.34 Synthetic nicotine
solutions produced by different manufacturers may have differing ratios of R- and S-Nicotine.35 solutions produced by different manufacturers may have differing ratios of R- and S-Nicotine.35
Some synthetic nicotine solutions may list only the amount of S-Nicotine on their product labels, Some synthetic nicotine solutions may list only the amount of S-Nicotine on their product labels,
while other solutions from the same manufacturer may contain varying amounts of R- and S- while other solutions from the same manufacturer may contain varying amounts of R- and S-
Nicotine.36 When labels fail to accurately account for the amount of R-Nicotine present in a Nicotine.36 When labels fail to accurately account for the amount of R-Nicotine present in a
solution, an individual using that solution may be exposed to a higher dose of nicotine than they solution, an individual using that solution may be exposed to a higher dose of nicotine than they
expected.37 The physiological impact on chronic users of synthetic nicotine compared with expected.37 The physiological impact on chronic users of synthetic nicotine compared with
individuals who prefer TDN is unclear. For example, research has not conclusively established individuals who prefer TDN is unclear. For example, research has not conclusively established
whether it is safer to use a product containing synthetic nicotine or TDN. Limited data suggest whether it is safer to use a product containing synthetic nicotine or TDN. Limited data suggest
that products labelled “tobacco-free” may increase an individual’s use of that product and may that products labelled “tobacco-free” may increase an individual’s use of that product and may
reduce the perception of harm associated with smoking.38 reduce the perception of harm associated with smoking.38
A number of questions about synthetic nicotine remain unanswered because of insufficient data. A number of questions about synthetic nicotine remain unanswered because of insufficient data.
For example, it is unclear whether users accustomed to inhaling TDN products and are For example, it is unclear whether users accustomed to inhaling TDN products and are
consequently accustomed to a more potent dose of nicotine, are more likely to use more of a TFN consequently accustomed to a more potent dose of nicotine, are more likely to use more of a TFN
product to compensate. Although it is unclear whether TFN product users engage in product to compensate. Although it is unclear whether TFN product users engage in
compensatory behavior, data suggest that individuals accustomed to higher doses of nicotine who compensatory behavior, data suggest that individuals accustomed to higher doses of nicotine who
switch to a lower nicotine-yielding product may subsequently consume larger amounts of that switch to a lower nicotine-yielding product may subsequently consume larger amounts of that
product.39 It is also unclear whether individuals using TFN solutions who do engage in product.39 It is also unclear whether individuals using TFN solutions who do engage in
compensatory behavior experience poorer health outcomes than individuals who use TDN compensatory behavior experience poorer health outcomes than individuals who use TDN
solutions. Moreover, it is unclear if exposure to the other substances in synthetic nicotine solutions. Moreover, it is unclear if exposure to the other substances in synthetic nicotine
solutions can cause long-term health problems for users. For example, many synthetic nicotine solutions can cause long-term health problems for users. For example, many synthetic nicotine
products are flavored. Previous studies have indicated that certain flavors may contain a products are flavored. Previous studies have indicated that certain flavors may contain a
substance called diacetyl, which has been associated with the development of “popcorn lung,” an substance called diacetyl, which has been associated with the development of “popcorn lung,” an
irreversible respiratory disease.40 irreversible respiratory disease.40
What is the current regulatory status of synthetic nicotine?
The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-31, TCA) The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-31, TCA)
established Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act Chapter IX, under which FDA is authorized to established Federal Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act Chapter IX, under which FDA is authorized to
regulate tobacco products.41 Pursuant to the TCA, FDA established the Center for Tobacco regulate tobacco products.41 Pursuant to the TCA, FDA established the Center for Tobacco
Products (CTP) in 2009. A Products (CTP) in 2009. A tobacco product is defined in statute as “any product made or derived is defined in statute as “any product made or derived

34 Sven-Eric Jordt, “Synthetic nicotine has arrived,” 34 Sven-Eric Jordt, “Synthetic nicotine has arrived,” Tobacco Control, September 7, 2021, , September 7, 2021,
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-2021-056626.full.pdf, p.3. https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2021/09/07/tobaccocontrol-2021-056626.full.pdf, p.3.
35 Garrett Hellinghausen, Jauh T. Lee, Choyce A. Weatherly, et al, “Evaluation of Nicotine in Tobacco-free-nicotine 35 Garrett Hellinghausen, Jauh T. Lee, Choyce A. Weatherly, et al, “Evaluation of Nicotine in Tobacco-free-nicotine
commercial products,” commercial products,” Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 9 (January 25, 2017), p. 946. , vol. 9 (January 25, 2017), p. 946.
36 Ibid., p. 947. 36 Ibid., p. 947.
37 For tobacco products manufactured for commercial distribution, manufacturers must register for that product, 37 For tobacco products manufactured for commercial distribution, manufacturers must register for that product,
submitting information for review which includes labeling, and listing of all ingredients and nicotine amount for each submitting information for review which includes labeling, and listing of all ingredients and nicotine amount for each
tobacco product. FDA, tobacco product. FDA, Guidance for Industry: Registration and Product Listing for Owners and Operators of
Domestic Tobacco Product Establishments, December, 2017, https://www.fda.gov/media/78165/download. , December, 2017, https://www.fda.gov/media/78165/download.
38 Julia Chen-Sankey, Ollie Ganz, Andrew Seidenberg, et al., “Effect of a ‘tobacco-free nicotine’ claim on intentions 38 Julia Chen-Sankey, Ollie Ganz, Andrew Seidenberg, et al., “Effect of a ‘tobacco-free nicotine’ claim on intentions
and perceptions of Puff Bar e-cigarette use among non-tobacco-using young adults,” and perceptions of Puff Bar e-cigarette use among non-tobacco-using young adults,” Tobacco Control, October 25, , October 25,
2021. 2021.
39 See Gerhard Scherer, “Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature,” 39 See Gerhard Scherer, “Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature,” Psychopharmacology, vol. , vol.
145, March 22, 1999, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s002130051027.pdf. 145, March 22, 1999, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s002130051027.pdf.
40 Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, Kurt A. Kistler, Gene Gillman, et al., “Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Liquids and 40 Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, Kurt A. Kistler, Gene Gillman, et al., “Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Liquids and
Aerosol for the Presence of Selected Inhalation Toxins,” Aerosol for the Presence of Selected Inhalation Toxins,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research, vol. 9, January 25, 2017, p. , vol. 9, January 25, 2017, p.
944. 944.
41 For more information, see CRS Report R45867, 41 For more information, see CRS Report R45867, FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products. .
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from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or
accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in
manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).”42 Because it is not always manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).”42 Because it is not always
clear whether a product derived from tobacco should be regulated as a drug, device, combination clear whether a product derived from tobacco should be regulated as a drug, device, combination
product, or a tobacco product, FDA has promulgated regulations to help those manufacturers product, or a tobacco product, FDA has promulgated regulations to help those manufacturers
intending to market products that are made or derived from tobacco, based on the products’ intending to market products that are made or derived from tobacco, based on the products’
“intended uses.”43 Specifically, in 2016, FDA promulgated regulations (known as “the deeming “intended uses.”43 Specifically, in 2016, FDA promulgated regulations (known as “the deeming
rule”) that extended the agency’s authority over all tobacco products that were not already rule”) that extended the agency’s authority over all tobacco products that were not already
explicitly subject to the FFDCA, including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), cigars, explicitly subject to the FFDCA, including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), cigars,
pipe tobacco, hookah tobacco, nicotine gels, dissolvable tobacco, and other tobacco products.44 pipe tobacco, hookah tobacco, nicotine gels, dissolvable tobacco, and other tobacco products.44
Following the 2016 deeming rule, all newly deemed tobacco products became subject to Following the 2016 deeming rule, all newly deemed tobacco products became subject to
premarket review requirements.45 premarket review requirements.45
In April 2020, FDA released final guidance outlining its enforcement priorities for ENDS and In April 2020, FDA released final guidance outlining its enforcement priorities for ENDS and
other deemed products currently on the market without premarket authorization. The guidance other deemed products currently on the market without premarket authorization. The guidance
clarified that all new tobacco products may not legally be marketed without premarket clarified that all new tobacco products may not legally be marketed without premarket
authorization.46 FDA then detailed how it would prioritize enforcement of the premarket review authorization.46 FDA then detailed how it would prioritize enforcement of the premarket review
requirements for certain ENDS product and that, among others products, FDA would prioritize requirements for certain ENDS product and that, among others products, FDA would prioritize
enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products.47 Subsequently, in July 2020, FDA enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products.47 Subsequently, in July 2020, FDA
issued warning letters to several companies for failing to comply with premarket notification issued warning letters to several companies for failing to comply with premarket notification
requirements, asking them to remove their flavored ENDS products from the market.48 Soon after, requirements, asking them to remove their flavored ENDS products from the market.48 Soon after,
one of these companies began selling a new line of disposable products that used a non-cartridge one of these companies began selling a new line of disposable products that used a non-cartridge
based system containing synthetic nicotine in its e-liquid in place of TDN. These products were based system containing synthetic nicotine in its e-liquid in place of TDN. These products were
and are currently available in a variety of sizes and flavors, including fruit and candy flavors, and are currently available in a variety of sizes and flavors, including fruit and candy flavors,
which FDA has previously stated are associated with first-time and continued ENDs use among which FDA has previously stated are associated with first-time and continued ENDs use among
individuals, particularly youths.49 individuals, particularly youths.49
On the subject of synthetic nicotine, FDA has stated that a On the subject of synthetic nicotine, FDA has stated that a
disposable, closed system device that contains an e-liquid with truly zero nicotine (or disposable, closed system device that contains an e-liquid with truly zero nicotine (or
synthetic nicotine) would not be regulated by the FDA as a tobacco product, if it is not synthetic nicotine) would not be regulated by the FDA as a tobacco product, if it is not

42 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr). 42 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr).
43 To determine a product’s intended use, the FDA may look to “any ... relevant source,” such as (but not limited to) 43 To determine a product’s intended use, the FDA may look to “any ... relevant source,” such as (but not limited to)
“product labeling, promotional claims, and advertising.” FDA, “Clarification of When Products Made or Derived from “product labeling, promotional claims, and advertising.” FDA, “Clarification of When Products Made or Derived from
Tobacco Are Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination Products: Amendments to Regulations Regarding ‘Intended Tobacco Are Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination Products: Amendments to Regulations Regarding ‘Intended
Uses,’” 82Uses,’” 82 Federal Register 2193, January 9, 2017. 2193, January 9, 2017.
44 21 C.F.R. Part 1100. 44 21 C.F.R. Part 1100.
45 For a more detailed discussion on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), see CRS Report R46928, 45 For a more detailed discussion on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), see CRS Report R46928, Regulation
of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Background and Select Policy Issues in the 117th Congress. .
46 FDA, 46 FDA, Guidance for Industry: Enforcement Priorities for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Other
Deemed Products on the Market Without Premarket Authorization, April 2020, https://www.fda.gov/media/133880/, April 2020, https://www.fda.gov/media/133880/
download., p. 10. download., p. 10.
47 Ibid p. 10. 47 Ibid p. 10.
48 FDA, “FDA Notifies Companies, Including Puff Bar, to Remove Flavored Disposable E-Cigarettes and Youth-48 FDA, “FDA Notifies Companies, Including Puff Bar, to Remove Flavored Disposable E-Cigarettes and Youth-
Appealing E-Liquids from Market for Not Having Required Authorization” (July 20, 2020), https://www.fda.gov/news-Appealing E-Liquids from Market for Not Having Required Authorization” (July 20, 2020), https://www.fda.gov/news-
events/press-announcements/fda-notifies-companies-including-puff-bar-remove-flavored-disposable-e-cigarettes-and-events/press-announcements/fda-notifies-companies-including-puff-bar-remove-flavored-disposable-e-cigarettes-and-
youth. youth.
49 Ibid. See also FDA, “FDA finalizes enforcement policy on unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes that 49 Ibid. See also FDA, “FDA finalizes enforcement policy on unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes that
appeal to children, including fruit and mint” (January 2, 2020), https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-appeal to children, including fruit and mint” (January 2, 2020), https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-
announcements/fda-finalizes-enforcement-policy-unauthorized-flavored-cartridge-based-e-cigarettes-appeal-children. announcements/fda-finalizes-enforcement-policy-unauthorized-flavored-cartridge-based-e-cigarettes-appeal-children.
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intended or reasonably be expected to be used in such a fashion. FDA intends to make these intended or reasonably be expected to be used in such a fashion. FDA intends to make these
determinations on a case-by-case basis, based on a totality of the circumstances.50 determinations on a case-by-case basis, based on a totality of the circumstances.50
Manufacturers of synthetic nicotine have stated that synthetic nicotine products cannot be Manufacturers of synthetic nicotine have stated that synthetic nicotine products cannot be
regulated as tobacco products because they are not derived from tobacco.51 Public health regulated as tobacco products because they are not derived from tobacco.51 Public health
organizations, however, have sent letters to FDA claiming that these synthetic nicotine products organizations, however, have sent letters to FDA claiming that these synthetic nicotine products
are attempting to “evade regulation” as a tobacco product.52 This coalition of public health are attempting to “evade regulation” as a tobacco product.52 This coalition of public health
organizations has stated that FDA has clear jurisdiction over synthetic nicotine products through organizations has stated that FDA has clear jurisdiction over synthetic nicotine products through
its Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and that synthetic nicotine falls within the its Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and that synthetic nicotine falls within the
FFDCA’s definition of “drug.”53 Some legal scholars have supported this claim, stating that the FFDCA’s definition of “drug.”53 Some legal scholars have supported this claim, stating that the
determinative factor for whether these synthetic nicotine products can be considered a drug is determinative factor for whether these synthetic nicotine products can be considered a drug is
through an analysis of their intended use.54 These scholars cite, as an example, that the FDA has through an analysis of their intended use.54 These scholars cite, as an example, that the FDA has
previously stated that previously stated that
the mere presence of a pharmacologically active ingredient could make a product a drug the mere presence of a pharmacologically active ingredient could make a product a drug
even in the absence of explicit drug claims. In these cases, the intended use would be even in the absence of explicit drug claims. In these cases, the intended use would be
implied because of the known or recognized drug effects of the ingredient.55 implied because of the known or recognized drug effects of the ingredient.55
As of the date of this report, FDA has not attempted to further regulate the synthetic nicotine As of the date of this report, FDA has not attempted to further regulate the synthetic nicotine
market. In the interim, at least one state has begun investigating synthetic nicotine products, market. In the interim, at least one state has begun investigating synthetic nicotine products,
citing concerns that the flavor options of these products may make them more appealing to citing concerns that the flavor options of these products may make them more appealing to
youths.56 youths.56

50 FDA, “Commonly Asked Questions: About the Center for Tobacco Products,” https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-50 FDA, “Commonly Asked Questions: About the Center for Tobacco Products,” https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-
products/about-center-tobacco-products-ctp/commonly-asked-questions-about-center-tobacco-products#14. products/about-center-tobacco-products-ctp/commonly-asked-questions-about-center-tobacco-products#14.
51 See, for example, Next Generation Labs, LLC., “FDA Finally Addresses Synthetic Nicotine; Confirming Next 51 See, for example, Next Generation Labs, LLC., “FDA Finally Addresses Synthetic Nicotine; Confirming Next
Generation Labs’ Position that Synthetic Nicotine Is Not A Tobacco Product” (January 20, 2017), Generation Labs’ Position that Synthetic Nicotine Is Not A Tobacco Product” (January 20, 2017),
https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/2017/01/20/909720/0/en/FDA-Finally-Addresses-Synthetic-Nicotine-https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/2017/01/20/909720/0/en/FDA-Finally-Addresses-Synthetic-Nicotine-
Confirming-Next-Generation-Labs-Position-that-Synthetic-Nicotine-Is-Not-A-Tobacco-Product.html. Confirming-Next-Generation-Labs-Position-that-Synthetic-Nicotine-Is-Not-A-Tobacco-Product.html.
52 Letter to Janet Woodcock, Former Acting FDA Commissioner, March 18, 2021, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/ 52 Letter to Janet Woodcock, Former Acting FDA Commissioner, March 18, 2021, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/
assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf, p. 4. assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf, p. 4.
53 The FFDCA defines a drug (in part) as, “articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or 53 The FFDCA defines a drug (in part) as, “articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or
prevention of disease” and “articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man prevention of disease” and “articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man
or other animals.” FFDCA §201(g)(1); 21 U.S.C. §321(g)(1). FDA’s regulation of drugs also extends to biologics and or other animals.” FFDCA §201(g)(1); 21 U.S.C. §321(g)(1). FDA’s regulation of drugs also extends to biologics and
certain devices. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11083, certain devices. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11083, Medical Product Regulation: Drugs, Biologics, and
Devices. .
54 FDA can determine the intended use of a product through a variety of means, including the product label; non-speech 54 FDA can determine the intended use of a product through a variety of means, including the product label; non-speech
evidence, such as product formulation; product claims; or any relevant source of evidence. For example, in cosmetic evidence, such as product formulation; product claims; or any relevant source of evidence. For example, in cosmetic
products, the inclusion of a drug product in the formulation of a cosmetic may cause it to be regulated as both a products, the inclusion of a drug product in the formulation of a cosmetic may cause it to be regulated as both a
cosmetic and a drug. See FDA, “Regulations Regarding “Intended Uses,” 86cosmetic and a drug. See FDA, “Regulations Regarding “Intended Uses,” 86 Federal Register 41383, September 1, 41383, September 1,
2021. 2021.
55 Patricia J. Zettler, Natalie Hemmerich, and Micah L. Berman, “Closing the Regulatory Gap for Synthetic Nicotine 55 Patricia J. Zettler, Natalie Hemmerich, and Micah L. Berman, “Closing the Regulatory Gap for Synthetic Nicotine
Products,” Products,” Boston College Law Review, vol. 59, no. 6 (2018), pp. 10-11, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/, vol. 59, no. 6 (2018), pp. 10-11, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/
content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf. See also, content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf. See also,
Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives, and Dariusz Pogocki, Tomasz Ruman, Magdalena Danilczuk, et al., “Application of nicotine enantiomers, derivatives, and
analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” analogues in therapy neurodegenerative disorders,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 563 (February 27, 2007), , vol. 563 (February 27, 2007),
p. 30. p. 30.
56 “North Carolina Attorney General launches probe into e-cigarette maker Puff Bar,” 56 “North Carolina Attorney General launches probe into e-cigarette maker Puff Bar,” Reuters, November 17, 2021, , November 17, 2021,
https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/north-carolina-attorney-general-launches-probe-into-e-cigarette-maker-puff-https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/north-carolina-attorney-general-launches-probe-into-e-cigarette-maker-puff-
bar-2021-11-16/. bar-2021-11-16/.
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Considerations for Congress
In response to the popularity of synthetic nicotine products alongside their unknown health In response to the popularity of synthetic nicotine products alongside their unknown health
effects, and in consideration of FDA’s current review of marketing applications for ENDS, effects, and in consideration of FDA’s current review of marketing applications for ENDS,
Congress may consider whether additional congressional oversight is necessary at this time to Congress may consider whether additional congressional oversight is necessary at this time to
address the regulatory status for synthetic nicotine products. Should Congress determine that address the regulatory status for synthetic nicotine products. Should Congress determine that
additional oversight is warranted, it may consider the following options. additional oversight is warranted, it may consider the following options.
  Expand the statutory definition of tobacco product to include nicotine from
all sources. As stated above, the definition of As stated above, the definition of tobacco product does not does not
necessarily consider the source of the nicotine and instead focuses on tobacco necessarily consider the source of the nicotine and instead focuses on tobacco
and tobacco accessories.57 Congress may consider amending the FFDCA to and tobacco accessories.57 Congress may consider amending the FFDCA to
expand the definition of expand the definition of tobacco product to explicitly include products to explicitly include products
containing nicotine from any source, including synthetic nicotine. Some states containing nicotine from any source, including synthetic nicotine. Some states
have already begun adopting such an expanded definition.58have already begun adopting such an expanded definition.58
  Direct federal agencies to conduct studies documenting the health effects
that synthetic nicotine products may have compared with TDN products.
Some synthetic nicotine solutions may contain varying ratios of nicotine Some synthetic nicotine solutions may contain varying ratios of nicotine
enantiomers whose physiological effects on the human body are not well enantiomers whose physiological effects on the human body are not well
understood. Congress may consider directing the Centers for Disease Control and understood. Congress may consider directing the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), or FDA’s CTP or CDER Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), or FDA’s CTP or CDER
to conduct studies on synthetic nicotine products to determine the degree to to conduct studies on synthetic nicotine products to determine the degree to
which they may be more or less harmful than, or roughly equivalent to, products which they may be more or less harmful than, or roughly equivalent to, products
that use nicotine derived from tobacco. Additionally, Congress may consider that use nicotine derived from tobacco. Additionally, Congress may consider
directing these same federal agencies to conduct studies that review the impact directing these same federal agencies to conduct studies that review the impact
that synthetic nicotine products may have on public health. Currently, a that synthetic nicotine products may have on public health. Currently, a
manufacturer who wishes to legally market a new tobacco product may only manufacturer who wishes to legally market a new tobacco product may only
receive market authorization from the FDA after the manufacturer has receive market authorization from the FDA after the manufacturer has
demonstrated that the product is “appropriate for the protection of public demonstrated that the product is “appropriate for the protection of public
health.”59 This determination is made by analyzing, in part whether the product health.”59 This determination is made by analyzing, in part whether the product
will result in “the increased or decreased likelihood that existing users of tobacco will result in “the increased or decreased likelihood that existing users of tobacco
products will stop using such products; and the increased or decreased likelihood products will stop using such products; and the increased or decreased likelihood
that those who do not use tobacco products will start using such products.”60 that those who do not use tobacco products will start using such products.”60
Currently, it is unclear whether synthetic nicotine products are impacting either of these Currently, it is unclear whether synthetic nicotine products are impacting either of these
two likelihoods. It is unclear whether an individual who has never previously used a two likelihoods. It is unclear whether an individual who has never previously used a
product that delivers nicotine would be product that delivers nicotine would be more likely to use a synthetic product. It is likely to use a synthetic product. It is
equally unclear whether that individual would experience comparable, greater, or less equally unclear whether that individual would experience comparable, greater, or less
negative health effects from prolonged use of a synthetic nicotine product as compared to negative health effects from prolonged use of a synthetic nicotine product as compared to
a TDN product. Additional studies may help public health experts determine the impact a TDN product. Additional studies may help public health experts determine the impact
that synthetic nicotine may have on public health. that synthetic nicotine may have on public health.
  Direct the FDA to assert jurisdiction over synthetic nicotine products
through CDER. Several organizations have stated that FDA may be able to Several organizations have stated that FDA may be able to

57 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr). 57 FFDCA §201(rr); 21 U.S.C. §321(rr).
58 See, for example, “Tobacco product,” a product containing, made or derived from tobacco or nicotine,” M.G.L.A. 58 See, for example, “Tobacco product,” a product containing, made or derived from tobacco or nicotine,” M.G.L.A.
270, §6. 270, §6.
59 FFDCA §910(c)(4); 21 U.S.C. §387j(c)(4). 59 FFDCA §910(c)(4); 21 U.S.C. §387j(c)(4).
60 Ibid. For more information, see CRS Report R45867, 60 Ibid. For more information, see CRS Report R45867, FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products. .
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 regulate synthetic nicotine products under CDER and not CTP by establishing  regulate synthetic nicotine products under CDER and not CTP by establishing
that synthetic nicotine products meet the FFDCA definition of that synthetic nicotine products meet the FFDCA definition of drug.61 Congress .61 Congress
may consider directing FDA to determine whether synthetic nicotine products may consider directing FDA to determine whether synthetic nicotine products
meet this definition and, if so, whether any existing regulatory schemes are meet this definition and, if so, whether any existing regulatory schemes are
applicable to synthetic nicotine products or if new regulatory schemes are applicable to synthetic nicotine products or if new regulatory schemes are
warranted. warranted.
Conclusion
Synthetic nicotine products represent a novel mechanism through which consumers can ingest Synthetic nicotine products represent a novel mechanism through which consumers can ingest
nicotine. Although the full physiological impact of these products is unknown, they are today nicotine. Although the full physiological impact of these products is unknown, they are today
marketed with flavors that likely appeal to youths and young adults. Because some of these marketed with flavors that likely appeal to youths and young adults. Because some of these
products may not meet the definition of a “tobacco product,” it is unclear whether FDA has the products may not meet the definition of a “tobacco product,” it is unclear whether FDA has the
authority to regulate these products and if so, under what regulatory scheme. Given this authority to regulate these products and if so, under what regulatory scheme. Given this
uncertainty and the potential health impacts associated with e-cigarettes, Congress may consider uncertainty and the potential health impacts associated with e-cigarettes, Congress may consider
steps to clarify how synthetic nicotine is regulated. steps to clarify how synthetic nicotine is regulated.

Author Information

Hassan Z. Sheikh Hassan Z. Sheikh

Analyst in Public Health Emergency Management Analyst in Public Health Emergency Management

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
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61 Letter to Janet Woodcock, Former Acting FDA Commissioner, March 18, 2021, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/61 Letter to Janet Woodcock, Former Acting FDA Commissioner, March 18, 2021, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/
assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf, p. 4. assets/content/what_we_do/federal_issues/fda/regulatory/2021_09_02_Letter-to-FDA-Synthetic-Nicotine.pdf, p. 4.
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R47043 R47043 · VERSION 21 · NEW
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