Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standards (ETS) on Health Care Employment and Vaccinations and Testing for Large Employers

Changes from January 5, 2022 to January 14, 2022

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration January January 514, 2022 , 2022
(OSHA): COVID-19 Emergency Temporary
Scott D. Szymendera
Standards (ETS) on Health Care Employment
Analyst in Disability Policy Analyst in Disability Policy

and Vaccinations and Testing for Large

Employers
On June 21, 2021, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated an Emergency Temporary On June 21, 2021, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated an Emergency Temporary
Standard (ETS) for the prevention of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 in health care Standard (ETS) for the prevention of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 in health care
employment settings. On December 27, 2021, OSHA announced that it was withdrawing all provisions of this ETS, with the employment settings. On December 27, 2021, OSHA announced that it was withdrawing all provisions of this ETS, with the
exception of certain COVID-19 reporting requirements. exception of certain COVID-19 reporting requirements.
On November 5, 2021, OSHA promulgated a separate ETS that requires employers with 100 or more employees to require On November 5, 2021, OSHA promulgated a separate ETS that requires employers with 100 or more employees to require
that all employees either be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by January 4, 2022, or test negative for COVID-19 weekly in that all employees either be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by January 4, 2022, or test negative for COVID-19 weekly in
order to work onsite. order to work onsite.
On November 6, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered a stay on the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination On November 6, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered a stay on the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination
and testing ETS pending additional judicial review and reaffirmed this stay on November 12, 2021. and testing ETS pending additional judicial review and reaffirmed this stay on November 12, 2021.
On December 17, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit dissolved the stay. After this ruling, OSHA On December 17, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit dissolved the stay. After this ruling, OSHA
announced that it would not issue any citations for noncompliance with any provision of the ETS until January 10, 2022, and announced that it would not issue any citations for noncompliance with any provision of the ETS until January 10, 2022, and
for noncompliance with the testing requirements of the ETS until February 9, 2022, provided employers are exercising good for noncompliance with the testing requirements of the ETS until February 9, 2022, provided employers are exercising good
faith efforts to comply with the ETS. On January faith efforts to comply with the ETS. On January 713, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court , 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court ~~is scheduled to hear oral arguments on~~
~~challenges to the ETS filed by several states and other groups~~granted a stay on the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS pending additional judicial review by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. .
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) gives OSHA the ability to promulgate an ETS that would remain The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) gives OSHA the ability to promulgate an ETS that would remain
in effect for up to six months without going through the normal review and comment process of rulemaking. OSHA, in effect for up to six months without going through the normal review and comment process of rulemaking. OSHA,
however, has rarely used this authority prior to the COVID-19 pandemic—not since the courts struck down its ETS on however, has rarely used this authority prior to the COVID-19 pandemic—not since the courts struck down its ETS on
asbestos in 1983. asbestos in 1983.
The OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS requires all employers with 100 or more employees to either require all The OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS requires all employers with 100 or more employees to either require all
employees to be vaccinated to work onsite or permit unvaccinated employees to provide weekly negative COVID-19 tests employees to be vaccinated to work onsite or permit unvaccinated employees to provide weekly negative COVID-19 tests
and wear face coverings to work onsite. Employers must provide employees with paid time off to receive COVID-19 and wear face coverings to work onsite. Employers must provide employees with paid time off to receive COVID-19
vaccines and recover from any side effects. However, employers are not required to pay for COVID-19 tests or face vaccines and recover from any side effects. However, employers are not required to pay for COVID-19 tests or face
coverings. The vaccine and testing requirements of the ETS are effective January 4, 2022. coverings. The vaccine and testing requirements of the ETS are effective January 4, 2022.
While the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS applies only to employers with 100 or more employees, all employers are While the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS applies only to employers with 100 or more employees, all employers are
required to comply with the general duty clause of the OSH Act as well as existing OSHA standards on respiratory protection required to comply with the general duty clause of the OSH Act as well as existing OSHA standards on respiratory protection
and recordkeeping that may apply to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to guidance issued by OSHA on May 22, and recordkeeping that may apply to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to guidance issued by OSHA on May 22,
2021, employers are not required to record or report any injuries or illnesses caused by the COVID-19 vaccine. This guidance 2021, employers are not required to record or report any injuries or illnesses caused by the COVID-19 vaccine. This guidance
supersedes earlier OSHA guidance that had required employers to record and report adverse reactions to the vaccine if supersedes earlier OSHA guidance that had required employers to record and report adverse reactions to the vaccine if
vaccination was a condition of employment. vaccination was a condition of employment.
The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), which operates California’s state occupational The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), which operates California’s state occupational
safety and health plan, has had an aerosol transmissible disease (ATD) standard since 2009. This standard includes, among safety and health plan, has had an aerosol transmissible disease (ATD) standard since 2009. This standard includes, among
other provisions, the requirement that employers provide covered employees with respirators, rather than surgical masks, other provisions, the requirement that employers provide covered employees with respirators, rather than surgical masks,
when these workers interact with ATDs, such as known or suspected COVID-19 cases. In addition, according to the when these workers interact with ATDs, such as known or suspected COVID-19 cases. In addition, according to the
Cal/OSHA ATD standard, certain procedures require the use of powered air purifying respirators (PAPR). Cal/OSHA has Cal/OSHA ATD standard, certain procedures require the use of powered air purifying respirators (PAPR). Cal/OSHA has
also promulgated an ETS to specifically address COVID-19 exposure in the workplace. The agency that operates the state also promulgated an ETS to specifically address COVID-19 exposure in the workplace. The agency that operates the state
occupational safety health plan in Michigan (MIOSHA) has promulgated an ETS, which was later rescinded and replaced occupational safety health plan in Michigan (MIOSHA) has promulgated an ETS, which was later rescinded and replaced
with the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care employers, to specifically address COVID-19 in workplaces. In January with the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care employers, to specifically address COVID-19 in workplaces. In January
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2021, the Virginia state plan (VOSH) promulgated a permanent standard to supersede its ETS, and in May 2021, the Oregon 2021, the Virginia state plan (VOSH) promulgated a permanent standard to supersede its ETS, and in May 2021, the Oregon
state plan (Oregon OSHA) replaced its ETS with a permanent standard. state plan (Oregon OSHA) replaced its ETS with a permanent standard.
States with state occupational safety and health plans must adopt and enforce all OSHA standards, including the COVID-19 States with state occupational safety and health plans must adopt and enforce all OSHA standards, including the COVID-19
vaccination and testing ETS for large employers. vaccination and testing ETS for large employers.

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Standards
Section 6 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) grants the Occupational Section 6 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) grants the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor the authority to Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the Department of Labor the authority to
promulgate, modify, or revoke occupational safety and health standards that apply to private promulgate, modify, or revoke occupational safety and health standards that apply to private
sector employers, the United States Postal Service, and the federal government as an employer.1 sector employers, the United States Postal Service, and the federal government as an employer.1
In addition, Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, commonly referred to as the general duty clause, In addition, Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, commonly referred to as the general duty clause,
requires that all employers under OSHA’s jurisdiction provide workplaces free of “recognized requires that all employers under OSHA’s jurisdiction provide workplaces free of “recognized
hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm” to their hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm” to their
employees.2 OSHA has the authority to enforce employer compliance with its standards and with employees.2 OSHA has the authority to enforce employer compliance with its standards and with
the general duty clause through the issuance of abatement orders, citations, and civil monetary the general duty clause through the issuance of abatement orders, citations, and civil monetary
penalties. The OSH Act does not cover state or local government agencies or units. Thus, certain penalties. The OSH Act does not cover state or local government agencies or units. Thus, certain
entities that may be affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as state and local entities that may be affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as state and local
government hospitals, local fire departments and emergency medical services, state prisons and government hospitals, local fire departments and emergency medical services, state prisons and
county jails, and public schools, are not covered by the OSH Act or subject to OSHA regulation county jails, and public schools, are not covered by the OSH Act or subject to OSHA regulation
or enforcement. or enforcement.
State Plans
Section 18 of the OSH Act authorizes states to establish their own occupational safety and health Section 18 of the OSH Act authorizes states to establish their own occupational safety and health
plans and preempt standards established and enforced by OSHA.3 OSHA must approve state plans and preempt standards established and enforced by OSHA.3 OSHA must approve state
plans if they are “at least as effective” as OSHA’s standards and enforcement.4 If a state adopts a plans if they are “at least as effective” as OSHA’s standards and enforcement.4 If a state adopts a
state plan, it must also cover state and local government entities, such as public schools, not state plan, it must also cover state and local government entities, such as public schools, not
covered by OSHA. Currently, 21 states and Puerto Rico have state plans that cover all employers, covered by OSHA. Currently, 21 states and Puerto Rico have state plans that cover all employers,
and 5 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands have state plans that cover only state and local and 5 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands have state plans that cover only state and local
government employers not covered by the OSH Act.5 In the remaining states, state and local government employers not covered by the OSH Act.5 In the remaining states, state and local
government employers are not covered by OSHA standards or enforcement. State plans may government employers are not covered by OSHA standards or enforcement. State plans may
incorporate OSHA standards by reference, or states may adopt their own standards that are at incorporate OSHA standards by reference, or states may adopt their own standards that are at
least as effective as OSHA’s standards. State plans do not have jurisdiction over federal agencies least as effective as OSHA’s standards. State plans do not have jurisdiction over federal agencies
and generally do not cover maritime workers and private sector workers at military bases or other and generally do not cover maritime workers and private sector workers at military bases or other
federal facilities. federal facilities.
Promulgation of OSHA Standards
OSHA may promulgate occupational safety and health standards on its own initiative or in OSHA may promulgate occupational safety and health standards on its own initiative or in
response to petitions submitted to the agency by various government agencies, the public, or response to petitions submitted to the agency by various government agencies, the public, or
employer and employee groups.6 OSHA is not required, however, to respond to a petition for a employer and employee groups.6 OSHA is not required, however, to respond to a petition for a

1 29 U.S.C. §655. The provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) are extended to the 1 29 U.S.C. §655. The provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) are extended to the
legislative branch as an employer by the Congressional Accountability Act (P.L. 104-1). legislative branch as an employer by the Congressional Accountability Act (P.L. 104-1).
2 29 U.S.C. §654(a)(1). 2 29 U.S.C. §654(a)(1).
3 29 U.S.C. §667. 3 29 U.S.C. §667.
4 For additional information on Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) state plans, see CRS Report 4 For additional information on Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) state plans, see CRS Report
R43969, R43969, OSHA State Plans: In Brief, with Examples from California and Arizona. .
5 Information on specific state plans is available from the OSHA website at https://www.osha.gov/stateplans. 5 Information on specific state plans is available from the OSHA website at https://www.osha.gov/stateplans.
6 Per Section 6(b)(1) of the OSH Act [29 §655(b)(1)], a petition may be submitted by “an interested person, a 6 Per Section 6(b)(1) of the OSH Act [29 §655(b)(1)], a petition may be submitted by “an interested person, a
representative of any organization of employers or employees, a nationally recognized standards-producing representative of any organization of employers or employees, a nationally recognized standards-producing
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standard or to promulgate a standard in response to a petition. OSHA may also consult with one standard or to promulgate a standard in response to a petition. OSHA may also consult with one
of the two statutory standing advisory committees—the National Advisory Committee on of the two statutory standing advisory committees—the National Advisory Committee on
Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) or the Advisory Committee on Construction Safety Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) or the Advisory Committee on Construction Safety
and Health (ACCSH)—or an ad-hoc advisory committee for assistance in developing a standard.7 and Health (ACCSH)—or an ad-hoc advisory committee for assistance in developing a standard.7
Notice and Comment
OSHA’s rulemaking process for the promulgation of standards is largely governed by the OSHA’s rulemaking process for the promulgation of standards is largely governed by the
provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and Section 6(b) of the OSH Act.8 Under provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and Section 6(b) of the OSH Act.8 Under
the APA informal rulemaking process, federal agencies, including OSHA, are required to provide the APA informal rulemaking process, federal agencies, including OSHA, are required to provide
notice of proposed rules through the publication of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the notice of proposed rules through the publication of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the
Federal Register and to provide the public a period of time to comment on the proposed rules. and to provide the public a period of time to comment on the proposed rules.
Section 7(b) of the OSH Act mirrors the APA in that it requires notice and comment in the Section 7(b) of the OSH Act mirrors the APA in that it requires notice and comment in the
rulemaking process.9 After publishing a proposed standard, the public must be given a period of rulemaking process.9 After publishing a proposed standard, the public must be given a period of
at least 30 days to provide comments. In addition, any person may submit written objections to at least 30 days to provide comments. In addition, any person may submit written objections to
the proposed standard and may request a public hearing on the standard. the proposed standard and may request a public hearing on the standard.
Statement of Reasons
Section 6(e) of the OSH Act requires OSHA to publish in the Section 6(e) of the OSH Act requires OSHA to publish in the Federal Register a statement of the a statement of the
reasons the agency is taking action whenever it promulgates a standard, conducts other reasons the agency is taking action whenever it promulgates a standard, conducts other
rulemaking, or takes certain additional actions, including issuing an order, compromising on a rulemaking, or takes certain additional actions, including issuing an order, compromising on a
penalty amount, or settling an issued penalty.10 penalty amount, or settling an issued penalty.10
Other Relevant Laws and Executive Order 12866
In addition to the APA and OSH Act, other federal laws that generally apply to OSHA rulemaking In addition to the APA and OSH Act, other federal laws that generally apply to OSHA rulemaking
include the Paperwork Reduction Act,11 Regulatory Flexibility Act,12 Congressional Review include the Paperwork Reduction Act,11 Regulatory Flexibility Act,12 Congressional Review
Act,13 Information Quality Act,14 and Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act Act,13 Information Quality Act,14 and Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA).15 Also, Executive Order 12866, issued by President Clinton in 1993, requires (SBREFA).15 Also, Executive Order 12866, issued by President Clinton in 1993, requires

organization, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and organization, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, or a state or political subdivision.” Health, or a state or political subdivision.”
7 The National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) was established by Section 7(a) of 7 The National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) was established by Section 7(a) of
the OSH Act [29 U.S.C. §656(a)]. The Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH) was the OSH Act [29 U.S.C. §656(a)]. The Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH) was
established by Section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Act (P.L. 87-581). Section 7(b) of the OSH Act established by Section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Act (P.L. 87-581). Section 7(b) of the OSH Act
provides OSHA the authority to establish additional advisory committees. provides OSHA the authority to establish additional advisory committees.
8 The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is codified at 5 U.S.C. §§500-596. For detailed information on federal 8 The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is codified at 5 U.S.C. §§500-596. For detailed information on federal
agency rulemaking and the APA, see CRS Report RL32240, agency rulemaking and the APA, see CRS Report RL32240, The Federal Rulemaking Process: An Overview. .
9 29 U.S.C. §655(b). 9 29 U.S.C. §655(b).
10 29 U.S.C. §655(e). 10 29 U.S.C. §655(e).
11 44 U.S.C. §§3501-3520. 11 44 U.S.C. §§3501-3520.
12 5 U.S.C. §§601-612. 12 5 U.S.C. §§601-612.
13 5 U.S.C. §§801-808. 13 5 U.S.C. §§801-808.
14 44 U.S.C. §3516 note. 14 44 U.S.C. §3516 note.
15 5 U.S.C. §601 note. For information on these additional laws that apply to OSHA rulemaking, see U.S. Government 15 5 U.S.C. §601 note. For information on these additional laws that apply to OSHA rulemaking, see U.S. Government
Accountability Office (GAO), Accountability Office (GAO), Workplace Safety and Health: Multiple Challenges Lengthen OSHA’s Standard Setting, ,
GAO-12-330, April 2012, Appendix II, at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-330 (hereinafter cited as GAO-12-GAO-12-330, April 2012, Appendix II, at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-330 (hereinafter cited as GAO-12-
330, 330, Workplace Safety and Health). ).
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agencies to submit certain regulatory actions to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) agencies to submit certain regulatory actions to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
and Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) for review before promulgation.16 and Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) for review before promulgation.16
OSHA Rulemaking Time Line
OSHA rulemaking for new standards has historically been a relatively time-consuming process. OSHA rulemaking for new standards has historically been a relatively time-consuming process.
In 2012, at the request of Congress, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed 59 In 2012, at the request of Congress, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed 59
significant OSHA standards promulgated between 1981 (after the enactments of the Paperwork significant OSHA standards promulgated between 1981 (after the enactments of the Paperwork
Reduction Act and Regulatory Flexibility Act) and 2010.17 For these standards, OSHA’s average Reduction Act and Regulatory Flexibility Act) and 2010.17 For these standards, OSHA’s average
time between beginning formal consideration of the standard—either through publishing a time between beginning formal consideration of the standard—either through publishing a
Request for Information or Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Request for Information or Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register or or
placing the rulemaking on its semiannual regulatory agenda—and promulgation of the standard placing the rulemaking on its semiannual regulatory agenda—and promulgation of the standard
was 93 months (7 years, 9 months). Once the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was published for was 93 months (7 years, 9 months). Once the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was published for
these 59 standards, the average time until promulgation of the standard was 39 months (3 years, 3 these 59 standards, the average time until promulgation of the standard was 39 months (3 years, 3
months). months).
In 2012, OSHA’s Directorate of Standards and Guidance published a flowchart of the OSHA In 2012, OSHA’s Directorate of Standards and Guidance published a flowchart of the OSHA
rulemaking process on the agency’s website.18 This flowchart includes estimated duration ranges rulemaking process on the agency’s website.18 This flowchart includes estimated duration ranges
for a variety of rulemaking actions, beginning with pre-rule activities—such as developing the for a variety of rulemaking actions, beginning with pre-rule activities—such as developing the
idea for the standard and meeting with stakeholders—and ending with promulgation of the idea for the standard and meeting with stakeholders—and ending with promulgation of the
standard. The flowchart also includes an estimated duration range for post-promulgation standard. The flowchart also includes an estimated duration range for post-promulgation
activities, such as judicial review. The estimated time from the start of preliminary rulemaking to activities, such as judicial review. The estimated time from the start of preliminary rulemaking to
the promulgation of a standard ranges from 52 months (4 years, 4 months) to 138 months (11 the promulgation of a standard ranges from 52 months (4 years, 4 months) to 138 months (11
years, 6 months). After a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking is published in the years, 6 months). After a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking is published in the Federal Register, the , the
estimated length of time until the standard is promulgated ranges from 26 months (2 years, 2 estimated length of time until the standard is promulgated ranges from 26 months (2 years, 2
months) to 63 months (5 years, 3 months) to 63 months (5 years, 3 ~~month~~s)months). Table 1 provides OSHA’s estimated time lines for six provides OSHA’s estimated time lines for six
major pre-rulemaking and rulemaking activities leading to the promulgation of a standard. major pre-rulemaking and rulemaking activities leading to the promulgation of a standard.
Table 1. OSHA Rulemaking Process: Estimated Durations of Activities
Stage
Activities
Estimated Duration
1 1
Preliminary rulemaking activities Preliminary rulemaking activities
12-36 months 12-36 months
2 2
Developing the proposed rule Developing the proposed rule
12-36 months 12-36 months
3 3
Publishing the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) Publishing the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM)
2-3 months 2-3 months
4 4
Developing and analyzing the rulemaking record, including public comments Developing and analyzing the rulemaking record, including public comments
and hearings and hearings
6-24 months 6-24 months
5 5
Developing the final rule, including Office of Information and Regulatory Developing the final rule, including Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs (OIRA) submission Affairs (OIRA) submission
18-36 months 18-36 months
6 6
Publishing the final rule (promulgating the new standard) Publishing the final rule (promulgating the new standard)
2-3 months 2-3 months
Total estimated duration Total estimated duration
52-138 months 52-138 months
Estimated duration from NPRM to final rule Estimated duration from NPRM to final rule
26-63 months 26-63 months
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) with data from Occupational Safety and Health Administration Congressional Research Service (CRS) with data from Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), Directorate of Standards and Guidance, (OSHA), Directorate of Standards and Guidance, The OSHA Rulemaking Process, October 15, 2012. , October 15, 2012.

16 Executive Order 12866, “Regulatory Planning and Review,” 5816 Executive Order 12866, “Regulatory Planning and Review,” 58 Federal Register 51735, October 4, 1993. 51735, October 4, 1993.
17 GAO-12-330, 17 GAO-12-330, Workplace Safety and Health. .
18 OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, 18 OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, The OSHA Rulemaking Process, October 15, 2012. , October 15, 2012.
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Judicial Review
Both the APA and the OSH Act provide for judicial review of OSHA standards. Section 7(f) of Both the APA and the OSH Act provide for judicial review of OSHA standards. Section 7(f) of
the OSH Act provides that any person who is “adversely affected” by a standard may file, within the OSH Act provides that any person who is “adversely affected” by a standard may file, within
60 days of its promulgation, a petition challenging the standard with the U.S. Court of Appeals 60 days of its promulgation, a petition challenging the standard with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the circuit in which the person lives or maintains his or her principal place of business.19 A for the circuit in which the person lives or maintains his or her principal place of business.19 A
petition for judicial review does not automatically stay the implementation or enforcement of the petition for judicial review does not automatically stay the implementation or enforcement of the
standard. However, the court may order such a stay. OSHA estimates that post-promulgation standard. However, the court may order such a stay. OSHA estimates that post-promulgation
activities, including judicial review, can take between four and 12 months after the standard is activities, including judicial review, can take between four and 12 months after the standard is
promulgated.20 promulgated.20
Emergency Temporary Standards
Section 6(c) of the OSH Act provides the authority for OSHA to issue an Emergency Temporary Section 6(c) of the OSH Act provides the authority for OSHA to issue an Emergency Temporary
Standard (ETS) without having to go through the normal rulemaking process. OSHA may Standard (ETS) without having to go through the normal rulemaking process. OSHA may
promulgate an ETS without supplying any notice or opportunity for public comment or public promulgate an ETS without supplying any notice or opportunity for public comment or public
hearings. An ETS is immediately effective upon publication in the hearings. An ETS is immediately effective upon publication in the Federal Register. Upon . Upon
promulgation of an ETS, OSHA is required to begin the full rulemaking process for a permanent promulgation of an ETS, OSHA is required to begin the full rulemaking process for a permanent
standard with the ETS serving as the proposed standard for this rulemaking. An ETS is valid until standard with the ETS serving as the proposed standard for this rulemaking. An ETS is valid until
superseded by a permanent standard, which OSHA must promulgate within six months of superseded by a permanent standard, which OSHA must promulgate within six months of
publishing the ETS in the publishing the ETS in the Federal Register.21 An ETS must include a statement of reasons for the .21 An ETS must include a statement of reasons for the
action in the same manner as required for a permanent standard. State plans are required to adopt action in the same manner as required for a permanent standard. State plans are required to adopt
or adhere to an ETS, although the OSH Act is not clear on how quickly a state plan must come or adhere to an ETS, although the OSH Act is not clear on how quickly a state plan must come
into compliance with an ETS. into compliance with an ETS.
ETS Requirements
Section 6(c)(1) of the OSH Act requires that both of the following determinations be made in Section 6(c)(1) of the OSH Act requires that both of the following determinations be made in
order for OSHA to promulgate an ETS: order for OSHA to promulgate an ETS:
 that employees are exposed to grave danger from exposure to substances or  that employees are exposed to grave danger from exposure to substances or
agents determined to be toxic or physically harmful or from new hazards, and agents determined to be toxic or physically harmful or from new hazards, and
 that such emergency standard is necessary to protect employees from such  that such emergency standard is necessary to protect employees from such
danger. danger.
Grave Danger Determination
The term The term grave danger, used in the first mandatory determination for an ETS, is not defined in , used in the first mandatory determination for an ETS, is not defined in
statute or regulation. The legislative history demonstrates the intent of Congress that the ETS statute or regulation. The legislative history demonstrates the intent of Congress that the ETS
process “not be utilized to circumvent the regular standard-setting process,” but the history is process “not be utilized to circumvent the regular standard-setting process,” but the history is
unclear as to how Congress intended the term grave danger to be defined.22 unclear as to how Congress intended the term grave danger to be defined.22

19 29 U.S.C. §655(f). 19 29 U.S.C. §655(f).
20 OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, 20 OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, The OSHA Rulemaking Process, October 15, 2012. , October 15, 2012.
21 29 U.S.C. §655(c)(2). The statute is not clear on what happens if OSHA is unable to promulgate a permanent 21 29 U.S.C. §655(c)(2). The statute is not clear on what happens if OSHA is unable to promulgate a permanent
standard within six months. For additional information see the section “ETS Duration” later in this report. standard within six months. For additional information see the section “ETS Duration” later in this report.
22 U.S. Congress, Senate Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Labor, 22 U.S. Congress, Senate Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Labor, Legislative History of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 (S. 2193S. 2193, P.L. 91-596), committee print, prepared by Subcommittee on Labor, 91st , committee print, prepared by Subcommittee on Labor, 91st
Cong., 1 sess., June 1971, 52-531 (Washington: GPO, 1971), p. 1218. Cong., 1 sess., June 1971, 52-531 (Washington: GPO, 1971), p. 1218.
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In addition, although the federal courts have ruled on challenges to previous ETS promulgations, In addition, although the federal courts have ruled on challenges to previous ETS promulgations,
the courts have provided no clear guidance as to what constitutes a grave danger. In 1984, the the courts have provided no clear guidance as to what constitutes a grave danger. In 1984, the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Asbestos Info. Ass’n v. OSHA issued a stay and issued a stay and
invalidated OSHA’s November 1983 ETS lowering the permissible exposure limit for asbestos in invalidated OSHA’s November 1983 ETS lowering the permissible exposure limit for asbestos in
the workplace.23 In its decision, the court stated that “gravity of danger is a policy decision the workplace.23 In its decision, the court stated that “gravity of danger is a policy decision
committed to OSHA, not to the courts.”24 The court, however, ultimately rejected the ETS, in part committed to OSHA, not to the courts.”24 The court, however, ultimately rejected the ETS, in part
on the grounds that OSHA did not provide sufficient support for its claim that 80 workers would on the grounds that OSHA did not provide sufficient support for its claim that 80 workers would
ultimately die because of exposures to asbestos during the six-month life of the ETS. ultimately die because of exposures to asbestos during the six-month life of the ETS.
Necessity Determination
In addition to addressing a grave danger to employees, an ETS must also be In addition to addressing a grave danger to employees, an ETS must also be necessary to protect to protect
employees from that danger. In employees from that danger. In Asbestos Info. Ass’n, the court invalidated the asbestos ETS for , the court invalidated the asbestos ETS for
the additional reason that OSHA had not demonstrated the necessity of the ETS. The court cited, the additional reason that OSHA had not demonstrated the necessity of the ETS. The court cited,
among other factors, the duplication between the respirator requirements of the ETS and OSHA’s among other factors, the duplication between the respirator requirements of the ETS and OSHA’s
existing standards requiring respirator use. The court dismissed OSHA’s argument that the ETS existing standards requiring respirator use. The court dismissed OSHA’s argument that the ETS
was necessary because the agency felt that the existing respiratory standards were “unenforceable was necessary because the agency felt that the existing respiratory standards were “unenforceable
absent actual monitoring to show that ambient asbestos particles are so far above the permissible absent actual monitoring to show that ambient asbestos particles are so far above the permissible
limit that respirators are necessary to bring employees’ exposure within the PEL of 2.0 f/cc.”25 limit that respirators are necessary to bring employees’ exposure within the PEL of 2.0 f/cc.”25
The court determined that “fear of a successful judicial challenge to enforcement of OSHA’s The court determined that “fear of a successful judicial challenge to enforcement of OSHA’s
permanent standard regarding respirator use hardly justifies resort to the most dramatic weapon in permanent standard regarding respirator use hardly justifies resort to the most dramatic weapon in
OSHA’s enforcement arsenal.”26 OSHA’s enforcement arsenal.”26
In 2006, the agency considered a petition from the United Food and Commercial Workers In 2006, the agency considered a petition from the United Food and Commercial Workers
(UFCW) and International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) for an ETS on diacetyl, a compound (UFCW) and International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) for an ETS on diacetyl, a compound
then commonly used as an artificial butter flavoring in microwave popcorn and a flavoring in then commonly used as an artificial butter flavoring in microwave popcorn and a flavoring in
other food and beverage products. The UFCW and IBT petitioned OSHA for the ETS after the other food and beverage products. The UFCW and IBT petitioned OSHA for the ETS after the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and other researchers found that National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and other researchers found that
airborne exposure to diacetyl was linked to the lung disease airborne exposure to diacetyl was linked to the lung disease bronchiolitis obliterans, now , now
commonly referred to as “popcorn lung.”27 According to GAO’s 2012 report on OSHA’s commonly referred to as “popcorn lung.”27 According to GAO’s 2012 report on OSHA’s
standard-setting processes, OSHA informed GAO that although the agency may have been able to standard-setting processes, OSHA informed GAO that although the agency may have been able to
issue an ETS based on the grave danger posed by diacetyl, the actions taken by the food and issue an ETS based on the grave danger posed by diacetyl, the actions taken by the food and
beverage industries, including reducing or removing diacetyl from products, made it less likely beverage industries, including reducing or removing diacetyl from products, made it less likely
that the necessity requirement could be met.28 that the necessity requirement could be met.28
ETS Duration
Section 6(c)(2) of the OSH Act provides that an ETS is effective until superseded by a permanent Section 6(c)(2) of the OSH Act provides that an ETS is effective until superseded by a permanent
standard promulgated pursuant to the normal rulemaking provisions of the OSH Act. Section standard promulgated pursuant to the normal rulemaking provisions of the OSH Act. Section
6(c)(3) of the OSH Act requires OSHA to promulgate a permanent standard within six months of 6(c)(3) of the OSH Act requires OSHA to promulgate a permanent standard within six months of

23 727 F.2d at 415, 425-427 (5th Cir. 1984). 23 727 F.2d at 415, 425-427 (5th Cir. 1984).
24 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984). 24 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984).
25 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984). The ETS mandated a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for asbestos of two asbestos 25 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984). The ETS mandated a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for asbestos of two asbestos
fibers per cubic centimeter of air (2.0 f/cc). fibers per cubic centimeter of air (2.0 f/cc).
26 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984). 26 727 F.2d at 427 (5th Cir. 1984).
27 See, for example, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): National Institute for Occupational Safety and 27 See, for example, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), Health (NIOSH), NIOSH Alert: Preventing Lung Disease in Workers who Use or Make Flavorings, DHHS (NIOSH) , DHHS (NIOSH)
publication no. 2004-110, December 2003, at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-110/. publication no. 2004-110, December 2003, at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-110/.
28 GAO-12-330, 28 GAO-12-330, Workplace Safety and Health. .
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promulgating the ETS. As shown earlier in this report, six months is well outside of historical and promulgating the ETS. As shown earlier in this report, six months is well outside of historical and
currently expected time frames for developing and promulgating a standard under the notice and currently expected time frames for developing and promulgating a standard under the notice and
comment provisions of the APA and OSH Act, as well as under other relevant federal laws and comment provisions of the APA and OSH Act, as well as under other relevant federal laws and
executive orders. This dichotomy between the statutory mandate to promulgate a standard and the executive orders. This dichotomy between the statutory mandate to promulgate a standard and the
time lines that, based on historical precedent, other provisions in the OSH Act might realistically time lines that, based on historical precedent, other provisions in the OSH Act might realistically
require for such promulgation raises the question of whether or not OSHA could extend an ETS’s require for such promulgation raises the question of whether or not OSHA could extend an ETS’s
duration without going through the normal rulemaking process. The statute and legislative history duration without going through the normal rulemaking process. The statute and legislative history
do not clearly address this question. do not clearly address this question.
OSHA has used its ETS authority sparingly in its history. As shown OSHA has used its ETS authority sparingly in its history. As shown inin Table A-1, inin the 11 times the 11 times
OSHA has issued an ETS, the courts have fully vacated or stayed the ETS in four cases and OSHA has issued an ETS, the courts have fully vacated or stayed the ETS in four cases and
partially vacated the ETS in one case.29 In five of the seven ETSs that were not challenged, were partially vacated the ETS in one case.29 In five of the seven ETSs that were not challenged, were
fully or partially upheld by the courts, or are still active, OSHA issued a permanent standard fully or partially upheld by the courts, or are still active, OSHA issued a permanent standard
either within the six months required by the statute or within several months of the six-month either within the six months required by the statute or within several months of the six-month
period and always within one year of the promulgation of the ETS.30 Each of these five cases, period and always within one year of the promulgation of the ETS.30 Each of these five cases,
however, occurred before 1980, after which a combination of additional federal laws and court however, occurred before 1980, after which a combination of additional federal laws and court
decisions added additional procedural requirements to the OSHA rulemaking process. OSHA did decisions added additional procedural requirements to the OSHA rulemaking process. OSHA did
not attempt to extend the ETS’s expiration date in any of these cases. not attempt to extend the ETS’s expiration date in any of these cases.
Although the courts have not ruled directly on an attempt by OSHA to solely extend the life of an Although the courts have not ruled directly on an attempt by OSHA to solely extend the life of an
ETS, in 1974, the U.S. Court Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held in ETS, in 1974, the U.S. Court Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held in Florida Peach Growers Ass’n v.
United States Department of Labor that OSHA was within its authority to amend an ETS without that OSHA was within its authority to amend an ETS without
going through the normal rulemaking process.31 The court stated that “it is inconceivable that going through the normal rulemaking process.31 The court stated that “it is inconceivable that
Congress, having granted the Secretary the authority to react quickly in fast-breaking emergency Congress, having granted the Secretary the authority to react quickly in fast-breaking emergency
situations, intended to limit his ability to react to developments subsequent to his initial situations, intended to limit his ability to react to developments subsequent to his initial
response.”32 The court also recognized the difficulty OSHA may have in promulgating a standard response.”32 The court also recognized the difficulty OSHA may have in promulgating a standard
within six months due to the notice and comment requirements of the OSH Act, stating that in the within six months due to the notice and comment requirements of the OSH Act, stating that in the
case of OSHA seeking to amend an ETS to expand its focus, “adherence to subsection (b) case of OSHA seeking to amend an ETS to expand its focus, “adherence to subsection (b)
procedures would not be in the best interest of employees, whom the Act is designed to protect. procedures would not be in the best interest of employees, whom the Act is designed to protect.
Such lengthy procedures could all too easily consume all of the temporary standard’s six months Such lengthy procedures could all too easily consume all of the temporary standard’s six months
life.”33 life.”33
OSHA COVID-19 ETS for Health Care Employers
—Withdrawn
On June 21, 2021, OSHA promulgated an ETS for the prevention of COVID-19 in health care On June 21, 2021, OSHA promulgated an ETS for the prevention of COVID-19 in health care
employment.34 The ETS required a covered employer to create a COVID-19 plan, included employment.34 The ETS required a covered employer to create a COVID-19 plan, included

29 Mark A. Rothstein, “Substantive and Procedural Obstacles to OSHA Rulemaking: Reproductive Hazards as an 29 Mark A. Rothstein, “Substantive and Procedural Obstacles to OSHA Rulemaking: Reproductive Hazards as an
Example,” Example,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, vol. 12, no. 4 (August 1985), p. 673. , vol. 12, no. 4 (August 1985), p. 673.
30 For example, OSHA promulgated the Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) ETS on January 17, 1978, and the permanent 30 For example, OSHA promulgated the Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) ETS on January 17, 1978, and the permanent
standard on October 3, 1978, with an effective date of November 2, 1978. The preamble to the permanent standard standard on October 3, 1978, with an effective date of November 2, 1978. The preamble to the permanent standard
published in the published in the Federal Register does not include information on the status of the ETS during the time between its does not include information on the status of the ETS during the time between its
expiration and the promulgation of the permanent standard. OSHA, “Occupational Exposure to Acrylonitrile (Vinyl expiration and the promulgation of the permanent standard. OSHA, “Occupational Exposure to Acrylonitrile (Vinyl
Cyanide),” 43Cyanide),” 43 Federal Register 45762, October 3, 1978. 45762, October 3, 1978.
31 489 F.2d. 120 (5th Cir. 1974). 31 489 F.2d. 120 (5th Cir. 1974).
32 489 F.2d. at 127 (5th Cir. 1974). 32 489 F.2d. at 127 (5th Cir. 1974).
33 489 F.2d. at 127 (5th Cir. 1974). 33 489 F.2d. at 127 (5th Cir. 1974).
34 OSHA, “Occupational Exposure to COVID-19; Emergency Temporary Standard,” 8634 OSHA, “Occupational Exposure to COVID-19; Emergency Temporary Standard,” 86 Federal Register 32376, June 32376, June
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provisions for the prevention of COVID-19 in the workplace, required new recordkeeping in provisions for the prevention of COVID-19 in the workplace, required new recordkeeping in
COVID-19 cases, and (in certain circumstances) permitted employers to forgo the medical COVID-19 cases, and (in certain circumstances) permitted employers to forgo the medical
evaluation and fit-testing requirements of the OSHA respiratory protection standard. The ETS evaluation and fit-testing requirements of the OSHA respiratory protection standard. The ETS
became effective with its publication in the became effective with its publication in the Federal Register, with covered employers required to , with covered employers required to
comply with all provisions of the ETS—with the exceptions of the physical distancing, building comply with all provisions of the ETS—with the exceptions of the physical distancing, building
ventilation, training, and mini-respiratory-protection provisions—by July 6, 2021. Covered ventilation, training, and mini-respiratory-protection provisions—by July 6, 2021. Covered
employers were required to comply with the physical distancing, building ventilation, training, employers were required to comply with the physical distancing, building ventilation, training,
and mini-respiratory-protection provisions by July 21, 2021. and mini-respiratory-protection provisions by July 21, 2021.
On December 27, 2021, OSHA announced that it was withdrawing all provisions of the ETS for On December 27, 2021, OSHA announced that it was withdrawing all provisions of the ETS for
health care employers, with the exceptions of certain recordkeeping requirements.35 In the health care employers, with the exceptions of certain recordkeeping requirements.35 In the
withdrawal announcement, OSHA cited the fact that six months had elapsed since the withdrawal announcement, OSHA cited the fact that six months had elapsed since the
promulgation of the ETS and that the agency was not able to promulgate a permanent standard promulgation of the ETS and that the agency was not able to promulgate a permanent standard
during this six-month period. during this six-month period.
Recordkeeping and Reporting36
Under the recordkeeping and reporting provisions of the ETS, which remain in force, health care Under the recordkeeping and reporting provisions of the ETS, which remain in force, health care
employers with more than 10 employees must take the following actions: employers with more than 10 employees must take the following actions:
 Establish and maintain a log of COVID-19 cases among employees, regardless of  Establish and maintain a log of COVID-19 cases among employees, regardless of
whether or not they are connected to workplace exposures;37 whether or not they are connected to workplace exposures;37
 Provide, by the end of the next business day upon request, the individual  Provide, by the end of the next business day upon request, the individual
COVID-19 log entry of an employee to that employee and any person who has COVID-19 log entry of an employee to that employee and any person who has
the written consent of the employee;38 the written consent of the employee;38
 Provide, by the end of the next business day upon request, a version of the  Provide, by the end of the next business day upon request, a version of the
COVID-19 log with personally identifiable information of employees removed to COVID-19 log with personally identifiable information of employees removed to
any employees or their personal or authorized representatives;39 any employees or their personal or authorized representatives;39
 Provide, by the end of the next business day, all COVID-19 records to OSHA;40  Provide, by the end of the next business day, all COVID-19 records to OSHA;40
 Report to OSHA any work-related COVID-19 fatality within eight hours of  Report to OSHA any work-related COVID-19 fatality within eight hours of
learning of the fatality;41 and learning of the fatality;41 and
 Report to OSHA any work-related COVID-19 inpatient hospitalization within 24  Report to OSHA any work-related COVID-19 inpatient hospitalization within 24
hours of learning of the hospitalization.42 hours of learning of the hospitalization.42

21, 2021. 21, 2021.
35 OSHA, 35 OSHA, Statement on the Status of the OSHA COVID-19 Healthcare ETS, December 27, 2021, , December 27, 2021,
https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/ets. In its withdrawal announcement, OSHA states that the recordkeeping and https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/ets. In its withdrawal announcement, OSHA states that the recordkeeping and
reporting requirements are authorized by Section 8 of the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. §657) and thus are not subject to the six-reporting requirements are authorized by Section 8 of the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. §657) and thus are not subject to the six-
month time limit of the ETS. month time limit of the ETS.
36 For additional information on OSHA’s COVID-19 recordkeeping and reporting requirements for employers not 36 For additional information on OSHA’s COVID-19 recordkeeping and reporting requirements for employers not
covered by the ETS, see the section “COVID-19 Recordkeeping” later in this report. covered by the ETS, see the section “COVID-19 Recordkeeping” later in this report.
37 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(2)(ii). 37 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(2)(ii).
38 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(ii). 38 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(ii).
39 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(iii). 39 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(iii).
40 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(iv). 40 29 C.F.R. §502(q)(3)(iv).
41 29 C.F.R. §502(r)(1)(i). 41 29 C.F.R. §502(r)(1)(i).
42 29 C.F.R. §502(r)(1)(ii). 42 29 C.F.R. §502(r)(1)(ii).
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OSHA ETS on COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing—Stayed by U.S. Supreme Court
On November 5, 2021, OSHA promulgated an ETS on COVID-19 vaccination and testing for all On November 5, 2021, OSHA promulgated an ETS on COVID-19 vaccination and testing for all
large employers.43 This ETS requires that all employers with 100 or more employees develop large employers.43 This ETS requires that all employers with 100 or more employees develop
written policies requiring that employees be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. As an written policies requiring that employees be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. As an
alternative, employers may develop written policies that allow employees to choose to either be alternative, employers may develop written policies that allow employees to choose to either be
fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or provide proof of weekly negative COVID-19 tests and fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or provide proof of weekly negative COVID-19 tests and
wear face coverings while in the workplace. Employers are not required to pay for COVID-19 wear face coverings while in the workplace. Employers are not required to pay for COVID-19
tests or pay for or provide face coverings. Employers must develop vaccination and testing plans tests or pay for or provide face coverings. Employers must develop vaccination and testing plans
within 30 days of the publication of the ETS (December 5, 2021) and must enforce the within 30 days of the publication of the ETS (December 5, 2021) and must enforce the
requirements for testing of unvaccinated employees within 60 days (January 4, 2022).44 requirements for testing of unvaccinated employees within 60 days (January 4, 2022).44
While the While the Federal Register announcement does not specify a specific duration for the COVID-19 announcement does not specify a specific duration for the COVID-19
ETS, per the OSH Act, an ETS is effective until replaced by a permanent standard within six ETS, per the OSH Act, an ETS is effective until replaced by a permanent standard within six
months. The publication of the COVID-19 ETS in the months. The publication of the COVID-19 ETS in the Federal Register also included a request also included a request
for comments on the ETS and on whether the ETS should become a permanent standard. In the for comments on the ETS and on whether the ETS should become a permanent standard. In the
preamble to the ETS, OSHA provides that all state plans must adopt the ETS within 30 days of its preamble to the ETS, OSHA provides that all state plans must adopt the ETS within 30 days of its
publication and notify OSHA within 15 days of the actions they plan to take to adopt the ETS. publication and notify OSHA within 15 days of the actions they plan to take to adopt the ETS.
The ETS is not retroactive. The ETS is not retroactive.
Petitions for Judicial Review
Petitions for judicial review of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS have been filed by 27 Petitions for judicial review of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS have been filed by 27
states and numerous employers in the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, states and numerous employers in the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth,
Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, and District of Columbia Circuits.45 In addition, labor unions Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, and District of Columbia Circuits.45 In addition, labor unions
and employee groups have filed petitions for judicial review in the Second, Third, Fourth, Ninth, and employee groups have filed petitions for judicial review in the Second, Third, Fourth, Ninth,
Tenth, and District of Columbia Circuits. Tenth, and District of Columbia Circuits.
On November 6, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered that the COVID-19 On November 6, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered that the COVID-19
vaccination and ETS be stayed pending judicial review. This stay was reaffirmed by the court on vaccination and ETS be stayed pending judicial review. This stay was reaffirmed by the court on
November 12, 2021, and applies nationally.46 November 12, 2021, and applies nationally.46
On November 16, 2021, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated On November 16, 2021, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated
the petitions for judicial review of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS and randomly the petitions for judicial review of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS and randomly
~~assigned these consolidated cases to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.47 On~~
~~December 17, 2021, the court dissolved the stay.~~

43 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard,” 8643 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard,” 86 Federal Register 61402, 61402,
November 5, 2021. November 5, 2021.
44 After the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit dissolved the stay on the ETS, OSHA announced that it would 44 After the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit dissolved the stay on the ETS, OSHA announced that it would
not issue citations for noncompliance with any provision of the ETS until January 10, 2022, and for noncompliance not issue citations for noncompliance with any provision of the ETS until January 10, 2022, and for noncompliance
with the testing requirements until February 9, 2022, provided employers are making good faith efforts to comply with with the testing requirements until February 9, 2022, provided employers are making good faith efforts to comply with
the ETS (OSHA, “Litigation Update,” December 17, 2022, https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/ets2#litigation). the ETS (OSHA, “Litigation Update,” December 17, 2022, https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/ets2#litigation).
45 The states of Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Utah (Fifth Circuit); Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, 45 The states of Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Utah (Fifth Circuit); Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia (Sixth Circuit); Indiana (Seventh Circuit); Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Iowa, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia (Sixth Circuit); Indiana (Seventh Circuit); Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Iowa,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming (Eighth Circuit); and Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming (Eighth Circuit); and
Alabama, Florida, and Georgia (Eleventh Circuit) are plaintiffs in these cases. Alabama, Florida, and Georgia (Eleventh Circuit) are plaintiffs in these cases.
46 For additional information on judicial review of the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, see CRS Legal 46 For additional information on judicial review of the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, see CRS Legal
Sidebar LSB10658, Sidebar LSB10658, Fifth Circuit Stays OSHA Vaccination and Testing Standard. .
47 ~~In Re: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Interim Final Rule: COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing;~~
~~Emergency Temporary Standard, 86 Fed. Reg. 61402, Issued on November 4, 2021, MCP No. 165 (J.P.M.L. November~~
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Congressional Research Service 8 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 assigned these consolidated cases to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.47 On December 17, 2021, the court dissolved the stay. On December 17, 2021, numerous states and other petitioners requested that the U.S. Supreme On December 17, 2021, numerous states and other petitioners requested that the U.S. Supreme
Court review the ETS by filing an application for a stay of the ETS and an alternative petition for Court review the ETS by filing an application for a stay of the ETS and an alternative petition for
writ of certiorari before judgment. writ of certiorari before judgment. ~~The~~On January 13, 2022, U.S. Supreme Court granted a stay pending additional judicial review by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.48 ~~U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral arguments~~
~~on challenges to the ETS on January 7, 2022.~~
Congressional Action
On December 8, 2021, the Senate passed S.J.Res. 29, a joint resolution of disapproval of the On December 8, 2021, the Senate passed S.J.Res. 29, a joint resolution of disapproval of the
COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, under the provisions of the Congressional Review Act.COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, under the provisions of the Congressional Review Act.4849
The House of Representatives has not acted on this joint resolution. If this joint resolution is The House of Representatives has not acted on this joint resolution. If this joint resolution is
enacted into law, which requires either the signature of the President or the overriding of a enacted into law, which requires either the signature of the President or the overriding of a
presidential veto, the ETS would immediately cease to have any effect, and OSHA would be presidential veto, the ETS would immediately cease to have any effect, and OSHA would be
prohibited from promulgating any rule that is “substantially the same” as the ETS unless prohibited from promulgating any rule that is “substantially the same” as the ETS unless
specifically permitted by a law enacted after the date of the joint resolution.specifically permitted by a law enacted after the date of the joint resolution.4950
Justification for the COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS
In the preamble to the COVID-19 vaccination and testing published in the In the preamble to the COVID-19 vaccination and testing published in the Federal Register, ,
OSHA provides a justification for the ETS. Specifically, OSHA cites the requirements in the OSH OSHA provides a justification for the ETS. Specifically, OSHA cites the requirements in the OSH
Act that employees are exposed to grave danger from exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and that an ETS Act that employees are exposed to grave danger from exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and that an ETS
is necessary to protect employees from such danger. is necessary to protect employees from such danger.
Grave Danger Determination
In its justification for the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, OSHA states that it has found In its justification for the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, OSHA states that it has found
that “employees can be exposed to the virus in almost any work setting; that exposure to SARS-that “employees can be exposed to the virus in almost any work setting; that exposure to SARS-
CoV-2 can lead to infection … and that infection in turn can cause death or serious impairment of CoV-2 can lead to infection … and that infection in turn can cause death or serious impairment of
health, especially in those who are unvaccinated.”health, especially in those who are unvaccinated.”5051
OSHA’s determination that COVID-19 meets the grave danger standard required for an ETS rests OSHA’s determination that COVID-19 meets the grave danger standard required for an ETS rests
on evidence and research on the following factors: on evidence and research on the following factors:
 the grave danger that all unvaccinated workers, with some exceptions, face from  the grave danger that all unvaccinated workers, with some exceptions, face from
SARS-Cov-2, including death and severe health effects; SARS-Cov-2, including death and severe health effects;
 the increase in infectiousness and transmission, and possible increase in severity  the increase in infectiousness and transmission, and possible increase in severity
of health effects from the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, which at the time accounted of health effects from the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, which at the time accounted
for 99% of the COVID-19 circulating in the United States; and for 99% of the COVID-19 circulating in the United States; and
~~ evidence of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19.51~~
~~Necessity Determination~~
~~OSHA states that vaccination is the most effective strategy to control the spread of COVID-19~~
~~and that vaccination has advantages over non-pharmaceutical control strategies such as social~~

~~16, 2021).~~
48 47 In Re: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Interim Final Rule: COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard, 86 Fed. Reg. 61402, Issued on November 4, 2021, MCP No. 165 (J.P.M.L. November 16, 2021). 48 National Federation of Independent Business, et al. v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, et al. and Ohio, et al. v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, et al. Nos. 21A244 and 21A247 (U.S. January 13, 2022). 49 For additional information on the Congressional Review Act, see CRS In Focus IF10023, For additional information on the Congressional Review Act, see CRS In Focus IF10023, The Congressional Review
Act (CRA). .
4950 5 U.S.C. §801(b). 5 U.S.C. §801(b).
5051 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard,” p. 61411 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard,” p. 61411.
~~51 Ibid., at pp. 61408-61424~~. .
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~~distancing.52~~ evidence of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19.52 Necessity Determination OSHA states that vaccination is the most effective strategy to control the spread of COVID-19 and that vaccination has advantages over non-pharmaceutical control strategies such as social distancing.53 However, OSHA estimated that approximately 39% of workers who are covered by However, OSHA estimated that approximately 39% of workers who are covered by
the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS are not fully vaccinated against COVID-19.the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS are not fully vaccinated against COVID-19.5354 In In
some states, laws or executive orders prohibit employers from implementing vaccine mandates some states, laws or executive orders prohibit employers from implementing vaccine mandates
for their employees, necessitating a national standard to overcome these barriers to vaccination for their employees, necessitating a national standard to overcome these barriers to vaccination
and create a uniform national policy on vaccination. and create a uniform national policy on vaccination.
OSHA justifies allowing employers to allow employees to opt out of getting vaccinated against OSHA justifies allowing employers to allow employees to opt out of getting vaccinated against
COVID-19 by submitting to weekly COVID-19 testing and wearing face coverings in the COVID-19 by submitting to weekly COVID-19 testing and wearing face coverings in the
workplace by stating that the “exigent circumstances” of the COVID-19 pandemic require OSHA workplace by stating that the “exigent circumstances” of the COVID-19 pandemic require OSHA
to promulgate an ETS without having the opportunity to fully study the “potential spectrum of to promulgate an ETS without having the opportunity to fully study the “potential spectrum of
impacts on employers and employees, including the economic and health impacts, that would impacts on employers and employees, including the economic and health impacts, that would
occur if OSHA imposed a strict vaccination mandate with no alternative compliance option.”occur if OSHA imposed a strict vaccination mandate with no alternative compliance option.”5455
OSHA notes that as part of the process of promulgating a permanent standard on vaccination OSHA notes that as part of the process of promulgating a permanent standard on vaccination
required by Section 6(c) of the OSH Act, the agency is soliciting public comments on whether a required by Section 6(c) of the OSH Act, the agency is soliciting public comments on whether a
vaccine mandate without any options of alternative means of compliance is warranted.vaccine mandate without any options of alternative means of compliance is warranted.5556
Employers Covered by the COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS
The COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS covers all employers with 100 or more employees at The COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS covers all employers with 100 or more employees at
any time the ETS is in effect with the following exceptions:any time the ETS is in effect with the following exceptions:5657
 workplaces covered by the vaccination rules provided in the “Guidance for  workplaces covered by the vaccination rules provided in the “Guidance for
Federal Contractors and Subcontractors” issued by the Safer Federal Workforce Federal Contractors and Subcontractors” issued by the Safer Federal Workforce
Task Force, including executive branch agencies with the exception of the U.S. Task Force, including executive branch agencies with the exception of the U.S.
Postal Service;Postal Service;5758 and and
 work settings covered by the COVID-19 ETS for health care employers.  work settings covered by the COVID-19 ETS for health care employers.
When determining the number of employees for an employer, all employees are counted, When determining the number of employees for an employer, all employees are counted,
including those at multiple worksites owned by the employer; part-time and seasonal employees; including those at multiple worksites owned by the employer; part-time and seasonal employees;
and persons working remotely, from home, or otherwise not working in a physical office.and persons working remotely, from home, or otherwise not working in a physical office.58
~~In the preamble to the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, OSHA provides the following~~
~~reasons why the ETS does not apply to employers with fewer than 100 employees:~~
~~ the agency lacks confidence in the feasibility of small employers to comply with~~
~~the ETS;~~
~~ the 100-employee threshold allows the ETS to cover two-thirds of private sector~~
~~workers in the United States;~~

5259 52 Ibid., at pp. 61408-61424. 53 Ibid., at p. 61434. Ibid., at p. 61434.
5354 Ibid., at p. 61431. Ibid., at p. 61431.
5455 Ibid., at p. 61436. Ibid., at p. 61436.
5556 The request for comments is included in the preamble to the ETS at pp. 61403-61404. The request for comments is included in the preamble to the ETS at pp. 61403-61404.
5657 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(b)(1) and (2). The ETS is part of the OSHA standards for general industry. The OSHA 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(b)(1) and (2). The ETS is part of the OSHA standards for general industry. The OSHA
standards for employers in marine terminals, longshoring, construction, and agriculture incorporate the provisions of standards for employers in marine terminals, longshoring, construction, and agriculture incorporate the provisions of
the ETS by reference. the ETS by reference.
5758 Safer Federal Workforce Task Force, Safer Federal Workforce Task Force, COVID-19 Workplace Safety: Guidance for Federal Contractors and
Subcontractors, September 24, 2021, https://www.saferfederalworkforce.gov/downloads/, September 24, 2021, https://www.saferfederalworkforce.gov/downloads/
Draft%20contractor%20guidance%20doc_20210922.pdf. Draft%20contractor%20guidance%20doc_20210922.pdf.
5859 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing, Emergency Temporary Standard,” pp. 61513-61514. OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing, Emergency Temporary Standard,” pp. 61513-61514.
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In the preamble to the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, OSHA provides the following reasons why the ETS does not apply to employers with fewer than 100 employees:  the agency lacks confidence in the feasibility of small employers to comply with the ETS;  the 100-employee threshold allows the ETS to cover two-thirds of private sector workers in the United States;  the 100-employee threshold will allow the ETS to cover the largest workplace  the 100-employee threshold will allow the ETS to cover the largest workplace
facilities, where the deadliest COVID-19 outbreaks can occur; and facilities, where the deadliest COVID-19 outbreaks can occur; and
 an employee threshold for compliance has been used by federal agencies, such as  an employee threshold for compliance has been used by federal agencies, such as
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and by Congress in enacting the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and by Congress in enacting
legislation such as the Family First Coronavirus Response Act (P.L. 116-127), legislation such as the Family First Coronavirus Response Act (P.L. 116-127),
Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148), and Family and Medical Leave Act (P.L. Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148), and Family and Medical Leave Act (P.L.
103-3).103-3).5960
The COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS does not apply to workers who The COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS does not apply to workers who
 do not work in settings where other people, such as coworkers or customers, are  do not work in settings where other people, such as coworkers or customers, are
present; present;
 work from home; or  work from home; or
 work exclusively outdoors. work exclusively outdoors.6061
However, these workers are counted when determining if an employee meets the 100-employee However, these workers are counted when determining if an employee meets the 100-employee
threshold. threshold.
Key Elements of the COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS
Mandatory Vaccination Policy
A covered employer is required to establish, implement, and enforce a written mandatory A covered employer is required to establish, implement, and enforce a written mandatory
vaccination policy. This policy must require the vaccination of all covered employees, as soon as vaccination policy. This policy must require the vaccination of all covered employees, as soon as
practicable, with the following exceptions: practicable, with the following exceptions:
 employees for whom a vaccine is medically contraindicated,  employees for whom a vaccine is medically contraindicated,
 employees for whom a delay in vaccination is medically necessary, and  employees for whom a delay in vaccination is medically necessary, and
 employees who are legally entitled to reasonable accommodations under federal  employees who are legally entitled to reasonable accommodations under federal
law because they have disabilities or religious beliefs that conflict with the law because they have disabilities or religious beliefs that conflict with the
vaccine requirement.vaccine requirement.6162
An employee is considered to be fully vaccinated when two weeks has elapsed from the final An employee is considered to be fully vaccinated when two weeks has elapsed from the final
dose of a COVID-19 vaccine that is approved or authorized for emergency use by the FDA, listed dose of a COVID-19 vaccine that is approved or authorized for emergency use by the FDA, listed
for emergency use by the World Health Organization, or administered in the United States as part for emergency use by the World Health Organization, or administered in the United States as part
of a clinical trial.of a clinical trial.6263 60 Ibid., at pp. 61512-61513. 61 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(b)(3). 62 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(c) and (d)(1). 63 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c). Congressional Research Service 11 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19
A covered employer may, but is not required to, establish, implement, and enforce a written A covered employer may, but is not required to, establish, implement, and enforce a written
policy that permits any employee to choose between being fully vaccinated or providing proof of policy that permits any employee to choose between being fully vaccinated or providing proof of
a negative COVID-19 test at least once every seven days and wearing a face covering in the a negative COVID-19 test at least once every seven days and wearing a face covering in the
workplace.workplace.6364 The employer is not required to provide or pay for the COVID-19 testing or face The employer is not required to provide or pay for the COVID-19 testing or face
covering.covering.64

~~59 Ibid., at pp. 61512-61513.~~
~~60 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(b)(3).~~
~~61 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(c) and (d)(1).~~
~~62 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c).~~
~~63 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(d)(2).~~
~~64 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(g)(1) Note 1 and (i) Note 2.~~
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65 A COVID-19 test used to permit an employee to work without being fully vaccinated must be A COVID-19 test used to permit an employee to work without being fully vaccinated must be
cleared, approved, or authorized by the FDA, including in an EUA, to detect current SARS-CoV-cleared, approved, or authorized by the FDA, including in an EUA, to detect current SARS-CoV-
2 infection. The test must be administered in accordance with its instructions. The test cannot be 2 infection. The test must be administered in accordance with its instructions. The test cannot be
self-administered and self-read unless observed by the employer or a telehealth provider.self-administered and self-read unless observed by the employer or a telehealth provider.6566
Determination of Vaccination Status
Covered employers must require their employees to provide proof of vaccination status. Any Covered employers must require their employees to provide proof of vaccination status. Any
employee who does not submit acceptable proof of full vaccination is considered to be employee who does not submit acceptable proof of full vaccination is considered to be
unvaccinated.unvaccinated.6667 The following are acceptable forms of proof of vaccination status: The following are acceptable forms of proof of vaccination status:
 record of immunization from a health care provider or pharmacy;  record of immunization from a health care provider or pharmacy;
 copy of the COVID-19 Vaccine Record Card;  copy of the COVID-19 Vaccine Record Card;
 medical records documenting the vaccination;  medical records documenting the vaccination;
 copy of immunization records from a public health, state, or tribal immunization  copy of immunization records from a public health, state, or tribal immunization
information service; information service;
 any other official documentation that contains the type of vaccine administered,  any other official documentation that contains the type of vaccine administered,
the dates of administration, and the name of the person or site that administered the dates of administration, and the name of the person or site that administered
the vaccine.the vaccine.6768
An employee who is unable to provide acceptable proof of vaccination may provide a signed An employee who is unable to provide acceptable proof of vaccination may provide a signed
statement attesting to his or her vaccination status and that he or she has lost or is otherwise statement attesting to his or her vaccination status and that he or she has lost or is otherwise
unable to provide acceptable proof of vaccination. The attestation statement of the employee must unable to provide acceptable proof of vaccination. The attestation statement of the employee must
include the following language: include the following language:
I declare (or certify, verify, or state) that this statement about my vaccination status is true I declare (or certify, verify, or state) that this statement about my vaccination status is true
and accurate. I understand that knowingly providing false information regarding my and accurate. I understand that knowingly providing false information regarding my
vaccination status on this form may subject me to criminal penalties.vaccination status on this form may subject me to criminal penalties.6869
Employers are required to maintain records of employee vaccination and rosters of vaccinated Employers are required to maintain records of employee vaccination and rosters of vaccinated
employees for the duration of the time the ETS is in effect.employees for the duration of the time the ETS is in effect.6970 An employer who has determined An employer who has determined
the vaccination status of an employee before the effective date of the ETS is not required to the vaccination status of an employee before the effective date of the ETS is not required to
receive additional documentation from the employee.receive additional documentation from the employee.70
~~Employer Support and Paid Leave for Vaccination~~
~~Covered employers must provide employees paid leave of up to four hours for the employee to~~
~~travel to and from a vaccination site and receive each vaccination dose, for a total of eight hours~~
~~of leave. The employee is not required to pay for travel expenses.71~~

~~65 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c).~~
~~66 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(3).~~
~~67 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(2).~~
~~68 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(2)(vi).~~
~~69 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(4).~~
~~70 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(5).~~
~~71 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(f)(1~~71 64 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(d)(2). 65 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(g)(1) Note 1 and (i) Note 2. 66 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c). 67 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(3). 68 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(2). 69 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(2)(vi). 70 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(4). 71 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(e)(5). ).
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Employer Support and Paid Leave for Vaccination Covered employers must provide employees paid leave of up to four hours for the employee to travel to and from a vaccination site and receive each vaccination dose, for a total of eight hours of leave. The employee is not required to pay for travel expenses.72 Covered employers must provide paid sick leave, which can include the use of an employee’s Covered employers must provide paid sick leave, which can include the use of an employee’s
accrued sick leave, to allow employees reasonable time off of work to recover from the side accrued sick leave, to allow employees reasonable time off of work to recover from the side
effects of each vaccine dose.effects of each vaccine dose.7273
COVID-19 Testing for Employees Not Fully Vaccinated
Covered employers must ensure that all employees who are not fully vaccinated, either because Covered employers must ensure that all employees who are not fully vaccinated, either because
of a medical or religious exemption from the vaccine requirements or as part of an employer’s of a medical or religious exemption from the vaccine requirements or as part of an employer’s
policy that allows testing in lieu of vaccination, are tested for COVID-19 as follows: policy that allows testing in lieu of vaccination, are tested for COVID-19 as follows:
 an employee who reports, at least once every seven days, to a workplace where  an employee who reports, at least once every seven days, to a workplace where
other people are present must be tested at least once every seven days and present other people are present must be tested at least once every seven days and present
the result of the test to the employer within seven days of providing the last test the result of the test to the employer within seven days of providing the last test
result to the employer; and result to the employer; and
 an employee who reports, less than once every seven days, to a workplace where  an employee who reports, less than once every seven days, to a workplace where
other people are present must be tested within seven days of returning to such a other people are present must be tested within seven days of returning to such a
workplace and must present the test result to the employer before returning to workplace and must present the test result to the employer before returning to
such a workplace.such a workplace.7374
An employer may not require any employee to be tested for COVID-19 within 90 days following An employer may not require any employee to be tested for COVID-19 within 90 days following
a positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis.a positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis.7475 Employers must keep records of employee COVID-19 Employers must keep records of employee COVID-19
tests for the duration of time the ETS is in effect.tests for the duration of time the ETS is in effect.7576
An employer is not required to provide or pay for COVID-19 tests for employees or provide any An employer is not required to provide or pay for COVID-19 tests for employees or provide any
paid time off for testing.paid time off for testing.7677 A COVID-19 test used to permit an employee to work without being A COVID-19 test used to permit an employee to work without being
fully vaccinated must be cleared, approved, or authorized by the FDA, including in an EUA, to fully vaccinated must be cleared, approved, or authorized by the FDA, including in an EUA, to
detect current SARS-CoV-2 infection. The test must be administered in accordance with its detect current SARS-CoV-2 infection. The test must be administered in accordance with its
instructions. The test cannot be self-administered and self-read unless observed by the employer instructions. The test cannot be self-administered and self-read unless observed by the employer
or a telehealth provider.or a telehealth provider.7778
Employee Notification of Positive COVID-19 Test and Removal
Covered employers must require that all employees notify them of any positive COVID-19 test or Covered employers must require that all employees notify them of any positive COVID-19 test or
diagnosis. Employers must remove any employees with positive COVID-19 tests or diagnoses diagnosis. Employers must remove any employees with positive COVID-19 tests or diagnoses
from the workplace until one of the following takes place: from the workplace until one of the following takes place:
~~ the employee receives a negative result on a COVID-19 nucleic acid~~
~~amplification test (NAAT), such as a reverse-transcription polymerase chain~~
~~reaction (RT-PCR) test, following an antigen test;~~
~~ the employee meets the criteria to return to work provided in the CDC document~~
~~COVID-19: Isolation If You Are Sick; Separate Yourself from Others If You Have~~
~~COVID-19, updated February 18, 2021;78 or~~

72 72 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(f)(1). 73 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(f)(2). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(f)(2).
7374 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(g)(1). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(g)(1).
7475 29 C.F.R. §501(g)(3). 29 C.F.R. §501(g)(3).
7576 29 C.F.R. §501(g)(4). 29 C.F.R. §501(g)(4).
7677 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(g)(1) Note 1. 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(g)(1) Note 1.
7778 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(c).
~~78 CDC,~~ Congressional Research Service 13 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19  the employee receives a negative result on a COVID-19 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), such as a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, following an antigen test;  the employee meets the criteria to return to work provided in the CDC document COVID-19: Isolation If You Are Sick; Separate Yourself from Others If You Have COVID-19, updated February 18, 2021, updated February 18, 2021,
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;79 or  the employee receives a recommendation to return to work from a licensed health  the employee receives a recommendation to return to work from a licensed health
care provider. care provider.7980
The employer is not required to provide any paid leave to employees who are removed from work The employer is not required to provide any paid leave to employees who are removed from work
due to a positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis and covered by this ETS.due to a positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis and covered by this ETS.8081 This differs from the This differs from the
medical removal provisions of the COVID-19 ETS for health care employers, which includes medical removal provisions of the COVID-19 ETS for health care employers, which includes
paid medical removal.paid medical removal.8182
Face Coverings
Covered employers must require that all employees who are not fully vaccinated wear face Covered employers must require that all employees who are not fully vaccinated wear face
coverings when indoors in the workplace or when in a work vehicle with another person, except coverings when indoors in the workplace or when in a work vehicle with another person, except
when wearing a face covering is not feasible or creates a hazard.when wearing a face covering is not feasible or creates a hazard.8283 A face covering must A face covering must
 completely cover the nose and mouth;  completely cover the nose and mouth;
 be made of two or more layers of breathable fabric that is tightly woven such that  be made of two or more layers of breathable fabric that is tightly woven such that
light does not pass through when held up to a light source; light does not pass through when held up to a light source;
 be secured with ties, ear loops, or elastic bands that go behind the head or is a  be secured with ties, ear loops, or elastic bands that go behind the head or is a
gaiter with either two layers of fabric or folded into two layers; gaiter with either two layers of fabric or folded into two layers;
 fit snugly over the nose, mouth, and chin with no large gaps on the outside of the  fit snugly over the nose, mouth, and chin with no large gaps on the outside of the
face; face;
 have no slits, holes, exhalation valves, or other openings; and  have no slits, holes, exhalation valves, or other openings; and
 be replaced when wet, soiled, or damaged. be replaced when wet, soiled, or damaged.8384
An employer may not prevent any employee from wearing a face covering unless the employer An employer may not prevent any employee from wearing a face covering unless the employer
can demonstrate that wearing a face covering would create a hazard of injury or death, such as can demonstrate that wearing a face covering would create a hazard of injury or death, such as
interfering with the safe operation of equipment.interfering with the safe operation of equipment.8485 An employer may not prohibit customers from An employer may not prohibit customers from
wearing face coverings.wearing face coverings.85
~~An employer must permit employees to wear respirators and may provide respirators to~~
~~employees. If respirators are worn, the employer must comply with the mini-respiratory~~
~~protection provision of the COVID-19 ETS for health care employment.86~~
~~Information Provided to Employees~~
~~Covered employers must provide all employees with the following information, in appropriate~~
~~language and literacy levels:~~
~~ the requirements of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS and employer~~
~~policies to comply with the ETS;~~

86 79 CDC, Isolation If You Are Sick; Separate Yourself from Others If You Have COVID-19, updated February 18, 2021, https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/CDC's_Isolation_Guidance.pdf. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/CDC's_Isolation_Guidance.pdf.
7980 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(h)(2). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(h)(2).
8081 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(h)(2) Note 1. 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(h)(2) Note 1.
8182 29 C.F.R. §1910.502(l)(5)(iii). 29 C.F.R. §1910.502(l)(5)(iii).
8283 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(1). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(1).
8384 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(c), (i)(1), and (2). 29 C.F.R. §§1910.501(c), (i)(1), and (2).
8485 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(3). 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(3).
8586 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(5). Congressional Research Service 14 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 An employer must permit employees to wear respirators and may provide respirators to employees. If respirators are worn, the employer must comply with the mini-respiratory protection provision of the COVID-19 ETS for health care employment.87 Information Provided to Employees Covered employers must provide all employees with the following information, in appropriate language and literacy levels:  the requirements of the COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS and employer policies to comply with the ETS; ~~29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(5).~~
~~86 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(4), incorporating 29 C.F.R. §1910.504 by reference.~~
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 the CDC document “Key Things to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines;”  the CDC document “Key Things to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines;”8788
 the anti-retaliation and whistleblower protection provisions of the OSH Act and  the anti-retaliation and whistleblower protection provisions of the OSH Act and
OSHA standards; and OSHA standards; and
 the prohibitions of Title 18, Section 1001, of the  the prohibitions of Title 18, Section 1001, of the U.S. Code and Section 17(g) of and Section 17(g) of
the OSH the OSH ~~Act88~~Act89 which provide criminal penalties for knowingly supplying false which provide criminal penalties for knowingly supplying false
statements or documents.statements or documents.8990
Reporting COVID-19 Fatalities and Hospitalizations to OSHA
Covered employers must report each work-related COVID-19 fatality to OSHA within eight Covered employers must report each work-related COVID-19 fatality to OSHA within eight
hours of the employer learning about the fatality and each work-related COVID-19 inpatient hours of the employer learning about the fatality and each work-related COVID-19 inpatient
hospitalization within 24 hours.hospitalization within 24 hours.9091 A work-related COVID-19 fatality or hospitalization is one that A work-related COVID-19 fatality or hospitalization is one that
results from a COVID-19 exposure in the workplace.results from a COVID-19 exposure in the workplace.9192
Availability of Records
Covered employers must make the following records available to specified individuals or Covered employers must make the following records available to specified individuals or
organizations in the following manner: organizations in the following manner:
 an employee’s vaccine documentation and COVID-19 test results, by the end of  an employee’s vaccine documentation and COVID-19 test results, by the end of
the following business day, to the employee or a person with the written consent the following business day, to the employee or a person with the written consent
of the employee; of the employee;
 the aggregate number of fully vaccinated employees and total number of  the aggregate number of fully vaccinated employees and total number of
employees at a workplace, by the end of the next business day, to an employee or employees at a workplace, by the end of the next business day, to an employee or
employee representative; employee representative;
 the employer’s written vaccine policy and aggregate number of fully vaccinated  the employer’s written vaccine policy and aggregate number of fully vaccinated
employees and total number of employees, within four hours, to OSHA; and employees and total number of employees, within four hours, to OSHA; and
87 29 C.F.R. §1910.501(i)(4), incorporating 29 C.F.R. §1910.504 by reference. 88 CDC, Key Things to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines, October 7, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html. 89 29 U.S.C. §666(f). 90 29 C.F.R. §501(j). 91 29 C.F.R. §501(k). 92 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing, Emergency Temporary Standard,” pp. xxx (p. 454) Congressional Research Service 15 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19  all documents and records required by the COVID-19 vaccination and testing  all documents and records required by the COVID-19 vaccination and testing
ETS, by the end of the next business day, to OSHA. ETS, by the end of the next business day, to OSHA.9293
Other OSHA Standards Related to COVID-19
While the COVID-19 ETS applies only to health care employers, all employers are required to While the COVID-19 ETS applies only to health care employers, all employers are required to
comply with other OSHA standards that, while not specific to COVID-19, may cover situations comply with other OSHA standards that, while not specific to COVID-19, may cover situations
related to the prevention of COVID-19 transmission in the workplace. OSHA may enforce the related to the prevention of COVID-19 transmission in the workplace. OSHA may enforce the
general duty clause in the absence of a standard if it can be determined that an employer has general duty clause in the absence of a standard if it can be determined that an employer has
failed to provide a worksite free of “recognized hazards” that are “causing or are likely to cause failed to provide a worksite free of “recognized hazards” that are “causing or are likely to cause
death or serious physical harm” to workers.death or serious physical harm” to workers.9394 In addition, OSHA’s standards for the use of PPE ~~In addition, OSHA’s standards for the use of PPE~~

~~87 CDC, Key Things to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines, October 7, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-~~
~~ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html.~~
~~88 29 U.S.C. §666(f).~~
~~89 29 C.F.R. §501(j).~~
~~90 29 C.F.R. §501(k).~~
~~91 OSHA, “COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing, Emergency Temporary Standard,” pp. xxx (p. 454)~~
~~92 29 C.F.R. §501(l).~~
~~93 29 U.S.C. §654(a)(1).~~
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~~OSHA: ETS and COVID-19~~

may apply in cases in which workers require eye, face, hand, or respiratory protection against may apply in cases in which workers require eye, face, hand, or respiratory protection against
COVID-19 exposure.COVID-19 exposure.9495
OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Certification
The OSHA respiratory protection standard requires the use of respirators certified by NIOSH in The OSHA respiratory protection standard requires the use of respirators certified by NIOSH in
cases in which engineering controls, such as ventilation or enclosure of hazards, are insufficient cases in which engineering controls, such as ventilation or enclosure of hazards, are insufficient
to protect workers from breathing contaminated air.to protect workers from breathing contaminated air.9596 Surgical masks, procedure masks, and dust Surgical masks, procedure masks, and dust
masks are not considered respirators. NIOSH certifies respirators pursuant to federal masks are not considered respirators. NIOSH certifies respirators pursuant to federal
regulations.regulations.9697 For nonpowered respirators, such as filtering face piece respirators commonly used For nonpowered respirators, such as filtering face piece respirators commonly used
in health care and construction, NIOSH classifies respirators based on their efficiency at filtering in health care and construction, NIOSH classifies respirators based on their efficiency at filtering
airborne particles and their ability to protect against oil particles. Under the NIOSH classification airborne particles and their ability to protect against oil particles. Under the NIOSH classification
system, the letter (N, R, or P) indicates the level of oil protection as follows: N—no oil system, the letter (N, R, or P) indicates the level of oil protection as follows: N—no oil
protection; R—oil resistant; and P—oil proof. The number following the letter indicates the protection; R—oil resistant; and P—oil proof. The number following the letter indicates the
efficiency rating of the respirator as follows: 95—filters 95% of airborne particles; 97—filters efficiency rating of the respirator as follows: 95—filters 95% of airborne particles; 97—filters
97% of airborne particles; and 100—filters 99.7% of airborne particles. Thus an N95 respirator, 97% of airborne particles; and 100—filters 99.7% of airborne particles. Thus an N95 respirator,
the most common type, is one that does not protect against oil particles and filters out 95% of the most common type, is one that does not protect against oil particles and filters out 95% of
airborne particles. An R or P respirator can be used in place of an N respirator. airborne particles. An R or P respirator can be used in place of an N respirator.
A respirator that is past its manufacturer-designated shelf life is no longer considered to be A respirator that is past its manufacturer-designated shelf life is no longer considered to be
certified by NIOSH. However, in response to potential shortages in respirators, NIOSH has tested certified by NIOSH. However, in response to potential shortages in respirators, NIOSH has tested
and approved certain models of respirators for certified use beyond their manufacturer-designated and approved certain models of respirators for certified use beyond their manufacturer-designated
shelf lives.shelf lives.9798
Respirators designed for certain medical and surgical uses are subject to both certification by Respirators designed for certain medical and surgical uses are subject to both certification by
NIOSH (for oil protection and efficiency) and regulation by the FDA as medical devices. In NIOSH (for oil protection and efficiency) and regulation by the FDA as medical devices. In
general, respirators with exhalation valves cannot be used in surgical and certain medical settings general, respirators with exhalation valves cannot be used in surgical and certain medical settings
93 29 C.F.R. §501(l). 94 29 U.S.C. §654(a)(1). 95 29 C.F.R. §§1910.133, 1910.134, and 1910.138. 96 29 C.F.R. §1910.134. 97 42 C.F.R. Part 84. 98 NIOSH, Release of Stockpiled Filtering Facepiece Respirators Beyond the Manufacturer-Designated Shelf Life: Considerations for the COVID-19 Response, February 28, 2020, at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/release-stockpiled-N95.html. Congressional Research Service 16 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 because, although the presence of an exhalation valve does not affect the respirator’s protection because, although the presence of an exhalation valve does not affect the respirator’s protection
afforded the user, it may allow unfiltered air from the user into a sterile field. On March 2, 2020, afforded the user, it may allow unfiltered air from the user into a sterile field. On March 2, 2020,
FDA issued an EUA to approve for use in medical settings certain NIOSH-certified respirators FDA issued an EUA to approve for use in medical settings certain NIOSH-certified respirators
not previously regulated by FDA.not previously regulated by FDA.9899
Medical Evaluation and Fit Testing
The OSHA respiratory protection standard requires that the employer provide a medical The OSHA respiratory protection standard requires that the employer provide a medical
evaluation to the employee to determine if the employee is physiologically able to use a evaluation to the employee to determine if the employee is physiologically able to use a
respirator. This medical evaluation must be completed before any fit testing. For respirators respirator. This medical evaluation must be completed before any fit testing. For respirators
designed to fit tightly against the face, the specific type and model of respirator that an employee designed to fit tightly against the face, the specific type and model of respirator that an employee
is to use must be fit tested in accordance with the procedures provided in Appendix A of the is to use must be fit tested in accordance with the procedures provided in Appendix A of the

~~94 29 C.F.R. §§1910.133, 1910.134, and 1910.138.~~
~~95 29 C.F.R. §1910.134.~~
~~96 42 C.F.R. Part 84.~~
~~97 NIOSH,~~ ~~Release of Stockpiled Filtering Facepiece Respirators Beyond the Manufacturer-Designated Shelf Life:~~
~~Considerations for the COVID-19 Response, February 28, 2020, at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/~~
~~release-stockpiled-N95.html.~~
~~98 Letter from RADM Denise M. Hinton, chief scientist, FDA, to Robert R. Redfield, Director, CDC, March 2, 2020, at~~
~~https://www.fda.gov/media/135763/download.~~
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OSHA respiratory protection standard to ensure there is a complete seal around the respirator OSHA respiratory protection standard to ensure there is a complete seal around the respirator
when worn.when worn.99100 Once an employee has been fit tested for a respirator, he or she is required to be fit Once an employee has been fit tested for a respirator, he or she is required to be fit
tested annually or whenever the model of respirator, but not the actual respirator itself, is tested annually or whenever the model of respirator, but not the actual respirator itself, is
changed. Each time an individual uses a respirator, he or she is required to perform a check of the changed. Each time an individual uses a respirator, he or she is required to perform a check of the
seal of the respirator to his or her face in accordance with the procedures provided in Appendix B seal of the respirator to his or her face in accordance with the procedures provided in Appendix B
of the standard.of the standard.~~100~~101 On March 14, 2020, OSHA issued guidance permitting employers to suspend On March 14, 2020, OSHA issued guidance permitting employers to suspend
annual fit testing of respirators for employees that have already been fit tested on the same model annual fit testing of respirators for employees that have already been fit tested on the same model
respirator. respirator.
Temporary OSHA Enforcement Guidance on the Respiratory Protection
Standard
In response to shortages of respirators and other PPE during the national response to the COVID- In response to shortages of respirators and other PPE during the national response to the COVID-
19 pandemic, OSHA has issued five sets of temporary enforcement guidance to permit the 19 pandemic, OSHA has issued five sets of temporary enforcement guidance to permit the
following exceptions to the respiratory protection standard: following exceptions to the respiratory protection standard:
1. employers may suspend annual fit testing of respirators for employees that have 1. employers may suspend annual fit testing of respirators for employees that have
already been fit tested on the same model respirator; already been fit tested on the same model respirator;~~101~~102
2. employers may permit the use of expired respirators and the extended use or 2. employers may permit the use of expired respirators and the extended use or
reuse of respirators, provided the respirator maintains its structural integrity and reuse of respirators, provided the respirator maintains its structural integrity and
is not damaged, soiled, or contaminated (e.g., with blood, oil, or paint);is not damaged, soiled, or contaminated (e.g., with blood, oil, or paint);~~102~~103
3. employers may permit the use of respirators not certified by NIOSH, but 3. employers may permit the use of respirators not certified by NIOSH, but
approved under standards used by the following countries or jurisdictions, in approved under standards used by the following countries or jurisdictions, in
~~accordance with the protection equivalency tables provided in Appendices A and~~
~~B of the enforcement guidance document:~~
~~ Australia,~~
~~ Brazil,~~
~~ European Union,~~
~~ Japan,~~
~~ Mexico,~~
~~ People’s Republic of China, and~~
~~ Republic of Korea.103~~

99 99 Letter from RADM Denise M. Hinton, chief scientist, FDA, to Robert R. Redfield, Director, CDC, March 2, 2020, at https://www.fda.gov/media/135763/download. 100 29 C.F.R. §1910.134 Appendix A. PAPRs that do not require a seal to the user’s face do not need to be fit tested. 29 C.F.R. §1910.134 Appendix A. PAPRs that do not require a seal to the user’s face do not need to be fit tested.
~~100~~101 29 C.F.R. §1910.134 Appendix B. 29 C.F.R. §1910.134 Appendix B.
~~101~~102 OSHA, OSHA, Temporary Enforcement Guidance—Health Care Respiratory Protection Annual Fit-Testing for N95
Filtering Facepieces During the COVID-19 Outbreak, March 14, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-03-14/, March 14, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-03-14/
temporary-enforcement-guidance-healthcare-respiratory-protection-annual-fit; and OSHA temporary-enforcement-guidance-healthcare-respiratory-protection-annual-fit; and OSHA Expanded Temporary
Enforcement Guidance on Respiratory Protection Fit-Testing for N95 Filtering Facepieces in All Industries During the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, April 8, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-08/, April 8, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-08/
expanded-temporary-enforcement-guidance-respiratory-protection-fit-testing-n95. expanded-temporary-enforcement-guidance-respiratory-protection-fit-testing-n95.
~~102~~103 OSHA, OSHA, Enforcement Guidance for Respiratory Protection and the N95 Shortage Due to the Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, April 3, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-03/enforcement-guidance-, April 3, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-03/enforcement-guidance-
respiratory-protection-and-n95-shortage-due-coronavirus. Under this guidance, employers are required to address in respiratory-protection-and-n95-shortage-due-coronavirus. Under this guidance, employers are required to address in
their written respiratory protection plans when respirators are contaminated and not available for use or reuse. their written respiratory protection plans when respirators are contaminated and not available for use or reuse.
~~103 OSHA,~~ ~~Enforcement Guidance for Use of Respiratory Protection Equipment Certified under Standards of Other~~
~~Countries or Jurisdictions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, April 3, 2020, at~~
~~https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-03/enforcement-guidance-use-respiratory-protection-equipment-certified-under.~~
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Congressional Research Service 17 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 accordance with the protection equivalency tables provided in Appendices A and B of the enforcement guidance document:  Australia,  Brazil,  European Union,  Japan,  Mexico,  People’s Republic of China, and  Republic of Korea.104
4. employers may permit the re-use of respirators decontaminated in accordance 4. employers may permit the re-use of respirators decontaminated in accordance
with CDC decontamination guidance; with CDC decontamination guidance;~~104~~105 and and
5. employers may permit the use of NIOSH-approved tight-fitting PAPRs in place 5. employers may permit the use of NIOSH-approved tight-fitting PAPRs in place
of respirators when respirator fit testing is not feasible due to supply issues. of respirators when respirator fit testing is not feasible due to supply issues.~~105~~106
COVID-19 Recordkeeping
Sections 8(c) and 24(a) of the OSH Act require employers to maintain records of occupational Sections 8(c) and 24(a) of the OSH Act require employers to maintain records of occupational
injuries and illnesses in accordance with OSHA regulations.injuries and illnesses in accordance with OSHA regulations.~~106~~107 OSHA’s reporting and OSHA’s reporting and
recordkeeping regulations require that employers with 10 or more employees must keep records recordkeeping regulations require that employers with 10 or more employees must keep records
of work-related injuries and illnesses that result in lost work time for employees or that require of work-related injuries and illnesses that result in lost work time for employees or that require
medical care beyond first aid.medical care beyond first aid.~~107~~108 Employers must also report to OSHA, within eight hours, any Employers must also report to OSHA, within eight hours, any
workplace fatality and, within 24 hours, any injury or illness that results in in-patient workplace fatality and, within 24 hours, any injury or illness that results in in-patient
hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye. Employers in certain industries determined by hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye. Employers in certain industries determined by
OSHA to have lower occupational safety and health hazards are listed in the regulations as being OSHA to have lower occupational safety and health hazards are listed in the regulations as being
exempt from the recordkeeping requirements but not the requirement to report to OSHA serious exempt from the recordkeeping requirements but not the requirement to report to OSHA serious
injuries, illnesses, and deaths.injuries, illnesses, and deaths.~~108~~109 Offices of physicians, dentists, other health practitioners and Offices of physicians, dentists, other health practitioners and
outpatient medical clinics are included in the industries that are exempt from the recordkeeping outpatient medical clinics are included in the industries that are exempt from the recordkeeping
requirements. requirements.
~~OSHA regulations require the employer to determine if an employee’s injury or illness is related~~
~~to his or her work and thus subject to the recordkeeping requirements.109 The regulations provide~~
~~a presumption that an injury or illness that occurs in the workplace is work-related and recordable~~
~~unless one of the exemptions provided in the regulations applies.110 One of the listed exemptions~~
~~is “The illness is the common cold or flu (Note: contagious diseases such as tuberculosis,~~
~~brucellosis, hepatitis A, or plague are considered work-related if the employee is infected at~~
~~work).”111~~
~~Because of the nature of COVID-19 transmission, which can occur outside of work as well as in~~
~~the workplace, it can be difficult to determine the exact source of any person’s COVID-19~~
~~transmission. Absent any specific guidance, this may make it difficult for employers to determine~~
~~if an employee’s COVID-19 is subject to the recordkeeping requirements.~~

~~104~~ 104 OSHA, Enforcement Guidance for Use of Respiratory Protection Equipment Certified under Standards of Other Countries or Jurisdictions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, April 3, 2020, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-03/enforcement-guidance-use-respiratory-protection-equipment-certified-under. 105 OSHA, OSHA, Enforcement Guidance on Decontamination of Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare During the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, April 24, 2021, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-24/, April 24, 2021, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-24/
enforcement-guidance-decontamination-filtering-facepiece-respirators-healthcare; and CDC, enforcement-guidance-decontamination-filtering-facepiece-respirators-healthcare; and CDC, Implementing Filtering
Facepiece Respirator (FFR) Reuse, Including Reuse after Decontamination, When There Are Known Shortages of N95
Respirators, October 19, 2021, at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/decontamination-, October 19, 2021, at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/decontamination-
reuse-respirators.html. reuse-respirators.html.
~~105~~106 OSHA, OSHA, Temporary Enforcement Guidance—Tight-Fitting Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) Used During
the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, October 2, 2021, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-10-02/c, October 2, 2021, at https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-10-02/
temporary-enforcement-guidance-tight-fitting-powered-air-purifying-respirators. temporary-enforcement-guidance-tight-fitting-powered-air-purifying-respirators.
~~106~~107 29 U.S.C. §§657(c) and 673(a). 29 U.S.C. §§657(c) and 673(a).
~~107~~108 OSHA’s reporting and recordkeeping regulations are at Title 29, Part 1904, of the OSHA’s reporting and recordkeeping regulations are at Title 29, Part 1904, of the Code of Federal Regulations. .
~~108~~109 The list of exempted industries is at Title 29, Subpart B, Appendix A, of the The list of exempted industries is at Title 29, Subpart B, Appendix A, of the Code of Federal Regulations. States . States
with state occupational safety and health plans may require employers in these exempted industries to comply with the with state occupational safety and health plans may require employers in these exempted industries to comply with the
recordkeeping requirements. recordkeeping requirements.
~~109 29 C.F.R. §1904.5.~~
~~110 29 C.F.R. §1905.5(a).~~
~~111 29 C.F.R. §1904.5(b)(2)(viii).~~
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Congressional Research Service 18 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 OSHA regulations require the employer to determine if an employee’s injury or illness is related to his or her work and thus subject to the recordkeeping requirements.110 The regulations provide a presumption that an injury or illness that occurs in the workplace is work-related and recordable unless one of the exemptions provided in the regulations applies.111 One of the listed exemptions is “The illness is the common cold or flu (Note: contagious diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, hepatitis A, or plague are considered work-related if the employee is infected at work).”112 Because of the nature of COVID-19 transmission, which can occur outside of work as well as in the workplace, it can be difficult to determine the exact source of any person’s COVID-19 transmission. Absent any specific guidance, this may make it difficult for employers to determine if an employee’s COVID-19 is subject to the recordkeeping requirements. Initial OSHA Recordkeeping Guidance
On April 10, 2020, OSHA issued enforcement guidance on how cases of COVID-19 should be On April 10, 2020, OSHA issued enforcement guidance on how cases of COVID-19 should be
treated under the recordkeeping requirements.treated under the recordkeeping requirements.~~112~~113 This guidance stated that COVID-19 cases were This guidance stated that COVID-19 cases were
recordable if they were work-related. recordable if they were work-related.
Under this guidance, employers in the following industry groups were to fully comply with the Under this guidance, employers in the following industry groups were to fully comply with the
recordkeeping regulations, including the requirement to determine if COVID-19 cases were recordkeeping regulations, including the requirement to determine if COVID-19 cases were
work-related: work-related:
 health care;  health care;
 emergency response, including firefighting, emergency medical services, and law  emergency response, including firefighting, emergency medical services, and law
enforcement; and enforcement; and
 correctional institutions.  correctional institutions.
For all other employers, OSHA required employers to determine if COVID-19 cases were work- For all other employers, OSHA required employers to determine if COVID-19 cases were work-
related and subject to the recordkeeping requirements only if both of the following two conditions related and subject to the recordkeeping requirements only if both of the following two conditions
were met: were met:
1. There was objective evidence that a COVID-19 case may have been work- 1. There was objective evidence that a COVID-19 case may have been work-
related. This could have included, for example, a number of cases developing related. This could have included, for example, a number of cases developing
among workers who worked closely together without an alternative explanation. among workers who worked closely together without an alternative explanation.
2. The evidence of work-relatedness was reasonably available to the employer. For 2. The evidence of work-relatedness was reasonably available to the employer. For
purposes of this guidance, examples of reasonably available evidence included purposes of this guidance, examples of reasonably available evidence included
information given to the employer by employees, as well as information that an information given to the employer by employees, as well as information that an
employer learned regarding its employees’ health and safety in the ordinary employer learned regarding its employees’ health and safety in the ordinary
course of managing its business and employees. course of managing its business and employees.
110 29 C.F.R. §1904.5. 111 29 C.F.R. §1905.5(a). 112 29 C.F.R. §1904.5(b)(2)(viii). 113 OSHA, Enforcement Guidance for Recording Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), April 10, 2020, https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-10/enforcement-guidance-recording-cases-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19. Congressional Research Service 19 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 Updated OSHA Recordkeeping Guidance ~~Updated OSHA Recordkeeping Guidance~~
OSHA issued new guidance, effective May 26, 2020, on recordkeeping of COVID-19 cases.OSHA issued new guidance, effective May 26, 2020, on recordkeeping of COVID-19 cases.~~113~~114
This new guidance rescinds the previous guidance issued by OSHA on April 10, 2020. Under this This new guidance rescinds the previous guidance issued by OSHA on April 10, 2020. Under this
new guidance, all employers, regardless of type of industry or employment, are subject to the new guidance, all employers, regardless of type of industry or employment, are subject to the
recordkeeping and reporting regulations for work-related cases of COVID-19. To determine if an recordkeeping and reporting regulations for work-related cases of COVID-19. To determine if an
employer has made a reasonable determination that a case of COVID-19 was work-related, employer has made a reasonable determination that a case of COVID-19 was work-related,
OSHA says it will consider the following factors: OSHA says it will consider the following factors:
 the reasonableness of the employer’s investigation of the COVID-19 case and its  the reasonableness of the employer’s investigation of the COVID-19 case and its
transmission to the employee, transmission to the employee,
 the evidence that is available to the employer, and  the evidence that is available to the employer, and
 the evidence that COVID-19 was contracted at work.  the evidence that COVID-19 was contracted at work.
The guidance provides examples of evidence that can be used to demonstrate that a COVID-19 The guidance provides examples of evidence that can be used to demonstrate that a COVID-19
case was or was not work-related, such as if an employee had frequent close contact with case was or was not work-related, such as if an employee had frequent close contact with
members of the public in an area with ongoing community transmission of COVID-19. members of the public in an area with ongoing community transmission of COVID-19.

~~112 OSHA, Enforcement Guidance for Recording Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), April 10, 2020,~~
~~https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-04-10/enforcement-guidance-recording-cases-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19.~~
~~113 OSHA, Revised Enforcement Guidance for Recording Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), May 19,~~
~~2020, https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-05-19/revised-enforcement-guidance-recording-cases-coronavirus-disease-~~
~~2019-covid-19.~~
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Injuries and Illnesses Caused by the COVID-19 Vaccine Are Not Subject to
Recording and Reporting Requirements
OSHA guidance, issued in the form of questions and answers on the OSHA COVID-19 OSHA guidance, issued in the form of questions and answers on the OSHA COVID-19
Frequently Asked Questions webpage on May 22, 2021, provides that the agency will not require Frequently Asked Questions webpage on May 22, 2021, provides that the agency will not require
any employers to record or report any injuries or illness resulting from the COVID-19 vaccine any employers to record or report any injuries or illness resulting from the COVID-19 vaccine
even if vaccination is a condition of employment. This guidance is to remain in effect through even if vaccination is a condition of employment. This guidance is to remain in effect through
May 2022.May 2022.~~114~~115
Whistleblower Protections
Section 11(c) of the OSH Act prohibits any person from retaliating or discriminating against any Section 11(c) of the OSH Act prohibits any person from retaliating or discriminating against any
employee who exercises certain rights provided by the OSH Act.employee who exercises certain rights provided by the OSH Act.~~115~~116 Commonly referred to as the Commonly referred to as the
whistleblower protection provision, this provision protects any employee who takes any of the whistleblower protection provision, this provision protects any employee who takes any of the
following actions: following actions:
 files a complaint with OSHA related to a violation of the OSH Act;  files a complaint with OSHA related to a violation of the OSH Act;
 causes an OSHA proceeding, such as an investigation, to be instituted;  causes an OSHA proceeding, such as an investigation, to be instituted;
 testifies or is about to testify in any OSHA proceeding; and  testifies or is about to testify in any OSHA proceeding; and
 exercises on his or her own behalf, or on behalf of others, any other rights  exercises on his or her own behalf, or on behalf of others, any other rights
afforded by the OSH Act. afforded by the OSH Act.~~116~~
~~Other rights afforded by the OSH Act that are covered by the whistleblower protection provision~~
~~include the right to inform the employer about unsafe work conditions; the right to access~~
~~material safety data sheets or other information required to be made available by the employer;~~
~~and the right to report a work-related injury, illness, or death to OSHA.117 In limited cases, the~~
~~employee has the right to refuse to work if conditions reasonably present a risk of serious injury~~
~~or death and there is not sufficient time to eliminate the danger through other means.118~~
~~In the 116th Congress, the COVID-19 Every Worker Protection Act of 2020 (H.R. 6559/S. 3677)~~
~~would have required OSHA to promulgate an ETS and required the ETS and permanent standard~~
~~promulgated pursuant to the legislation to expand the protections for whistleblowers. The~~
~~following additional activities taken by employees would have granted them protection from~~
~~retaliation and discrimination from employers and agents of employers:~~
~~ reporting to the employer; a local, state, or federal agency; or the media or on a~~
~~social media platform the following:~~

~~114~~117 114 OSHA, Revised Enforcement Guidance for Recording Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), May 19, 2020, https://www.osha.gov/memos/2020-05-19/revised-enforcement-guidance-recording-cases-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19. 115 OSHA, OSHA, COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions, https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/faqs#vaccine. This guidance , https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/faqs#vaccine. This guidance
supersedes previous guidance, issued on April 21, 2021, that required employers to record and report injuries and supersedes previous guidance, issued on April 21, 2021, that required employers to record and report injuries and
illnesses from the COVID-19 vaccine if the employers required the vaccine as a condition of employment. illnesses from the COVID-19 vaccine if the employers required the vaccine as a condition of employment.
~~115~~116 29 U.S.C. §660(c). OSHA also enforces whistleblower provisions in 22 other federal statutes. Information on 29 U.S.C. §660(c). OSHA also enforces whistleblower provisions in 22 other federal statutes. Information on
statutes with whistleblower provisions enforced by OSHA is at OSHA, statutes with whistleblower provisions enforced by OSHA is at OSHA, Whistleblower Statutes Summary Chart, ,
October 17, 2009, https://www.whistleblowers.gov/sites/wb/files/2019-12/WB-Statute-Summary-Chart-10.8-Final.pdf. October 17, 2009, https://www.whistleblowers.gov/sites/wb/files/2019-12/WB-Statute-Summary-Chart-10.8-Final.pdf.
~~116~~117 29 C.F.R. §1977.3. Public sector employees, except employees of the U.S. Postal Service, are not protected by the 29 C.F.R. §1977.3. Public sector employees, except employees of the U.S. Postal Service, are not protected by the
~~whistleblower provision but may be covered by whistleblower provisions in other federal and state statutes.~~
~~117 For additional information on other rights covered by the whistleblower protection provision, see OSHA, January 9,~~
~~2019,~~ ~~Investigator’s Desk Aid to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) Whistleblower Protection~~
~~Provision, pp. 5-7, https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/11cDeskAid.pdf.~~
~~118 29 C.F.R. §1977.12(b)(2).~~
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~~link to page 32~~ ~~OSHA: ETS and COVID-19~~

~~ a violation of the ETS or permanent standard promulgated pursuant to the~~
Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 32 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 Other rights afforded by the OSH Act that are covered by the whistleblower protection provision include the right to inform the employer about unsafe work conditions; the right to access material safety data sheets or other information required to be made available by the employer; and the right to report a work-related injury, illness, or death to OSHA.118 In limited cases, the employee has the right to refuse to work if conditions reasonably present a risk of serious injury or death and there is not sufficient time to eliminate the danger through other means.119 In the 116th Congress, the COVID-19 Every Worker Protection Act of 2020 (H.R. 6559/S. 3677) would have required OSHA to promulgate an ETS and required the ETS and permanent standard promulgated pursuant to the legislation to expand the protections for whistleblowers. The following additional activities taken by employees would have granted them protection from retaliation and discrimination from employers and agents of employers:  reporting to the employer; a local, state, or federal agency; or the media or on a social media platform the following:  a violation of the ETS or permanent standard promulgated pursuant to the legislation, legislation,
 a violation of the infectious disease control plan required by the ETS or  a violation of the infectious disease control plan required by the ETS or
permanent standard, or permanent standard, or
 a good-faith concern about an infectious disease hazard in the workplace;  a good-faith concern about an infectious disease hazard in the workplace;
 seeking assistance from the employer or a local, state, or federal agency with  seeking assistance from the employer or a local, state, or federal agency with
such a report; and such a report; and
 using personally supplied PPE with a higher level of protection than offered by  using personally supplied PPE with a higher level of protection than offered by
the employer. the employer.
State Occupational Safety and Health Standards
States have the authority to establish their own occupational safety and health plans and preempt States have the authority to establish their own occupational safety and health plans and preempt
standards established and enforced by OSHA.standards established and enforced by OSHA.~~119~~120 OSHA must approve state plans if they are “at OSHA must approve state plans if they are “at
least as effective” as OSHA’s standards and enforcement. If a state adopts a state plan, it must least as effective” as OSHA’s standards and enforcement. If a state adopts a state plan, it must
also cover state and local government entities, such as public schools, not covered by OSHA. also cover state and local government entities, such as public schools, not covered by OSHA.
State plans may incorporate OSHA standards by reference, or states may adopt their own State plans may incorporate OSHA standards by reference, or states may adopt their own
standards that are at least as effective as OSHA’s standards. If a state has a standard that is stricter standards that are at least as effective as OSHA’s standards. If a state has a standard that is stricter
than an OSHA standard, the state standard would apply. than an OSHA standard, the state standard would apply.
Two states, California and Michigan, have issued temporary standards under their state plans that Two states, California and Michigan, have issued temporary standards under their state plans that
directly address COVID-19 exposure, with Michigan’s temporary standards rescinded and directly address COVID-19 exposure, with Michigan’s temporary standards rescinded and
replaced by the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care employers. In addition, Oregon and replaced by the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care employers. In addition, Oregon and
Virginia have issued permanent COVID-19 standards, and California has had a permanent state Virginia have issued permanent COVID-19 standards, and California has had a permanent state
standard covering aerosol transmission of diseases standard covering aerosol transmission of diseases ~~since~~since 2009. 2009. Table A-2 in the Appendix to this in the Appendix to this
report provides a summary of these state standards. report provides a summary of these state standards.
whistleblower provision but may be covered by whistleblower provisions in other federal and state statutes. 118 For additional information on other rights covered by the whistleblower protection provision, see OSHA, January 9, 2019, Investigator’s Desk Aid to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) Whistleblower Protection Provision, pp. 5-7, https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/11cDeskAid.pdf. 119 29 C.F.R. §1977.12(b)(2). 120 29 U.S.C. §667. Congressional Research Service 21 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 California: Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Disease Standard
The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), under its state plan, The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), under its state plan,
promulgated its aerosol transmissible disease (ATD) standard in 2009.promulgated its aerosol transmissible disease (ATD) standard in 2009.~~120~~121 The ATD standard The ATD standard
covers most health care workers (including emergency medical services and police transport or covers most health care workers (including emergency medical services and police transport or
detention of infected persons) and laboratory workers, as well as workers in correctional detention of infected persons) and laboratory workers, as well as workers in correctional
facilities, homeless shelters, and drug treatment programs. Under the ATD standard, SARS-CoV-facilities, homeless shelters, and drug treatment programs. Under the ATD standard, SARS-CoV-
2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is classified as a disease or pathogen requiring airborne 2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is classified as a disease or pathogen requiring airborne
isolation. This classification subjects the virus to stricter control standards than diseases requiring isolation. This classification subjects the virus to stricter control standards than diseases requiring
only droplet precautions, such as seasonal influenza.only droplet precautions, such as seasonal influenza.~~121~~122 The key requirements of the ATD standard The key requirements of the ATD standard
include include
 written ATD exposure control plan and procedures;  written ATD exposure control plan and procedures;

~~119 29 U.S.C. §667.~~
~~120 Aerosol Transmissible Diseases, Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5199.html.~~
~~The California state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all private sector workers in the state, with~~
~~the exception of maritime workers; workers on military bases and in national parks, monuments, memorials, and~~
~~recreation areas; workers on federally recognized Native American reservations and trust lands; and U.S. Postal Service~~
~~contractors.~~
~~121 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199 Appendix A.~~
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~~OSHA: ETS and COVID-19~~

 training of all employees on COVID-19 exposure, use of PPE, and procedures if  training of all employees on COVID-19 exposure, use of PPE, and procedures if
exposed to COVID-19; exposed to COVID-19;
 engineering and work practice controls to control COVID-19 exposure, including  engineering and work practice controls to control COVID-19 exposure, including
the use of airborne isolation rooms; the use of airborne isolation rooms;
 provision of medical services to exposed employees, including post-exposure  provision of medical services to exposed employees, including post-exposure
evaluation of employees and treatment and vaccines, if available; evaluation of employees and treatment and vaccines, if available;
 the removal, without penalty to the employees, of exposed employees,  the removal, without penalty to the employees, of exposed employees,
 specific requirements for laboratory workers, and  specific requirements for laboratory workers, and
 PPE requirements.  PPE requirements.
Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Disease PPE Requirements
The Cal/OSHA ATD standard requires that employers provide employees PPE, including gloves, The Cal/OSHA ATD standard requires that employers provide employees PPE, including gloves,
gowns or coveralls, eye protection, and respirators certified by NIOSH at least at the N95 level gowns or coveralls, eye protection, and respirators certified by NIOSH at least at the N95 level
whenever workers whenever workers
 enter or work in an airborne isolation room or area with a case or suspected case;  enter or work in an airborne isolation room or area with a case or suspected case;
 are present during procedures or services on a case or suspected case;  are present during procedures or services on a case or suspected case;
 repair, replace, or maintain air systems or equipment that may contain pathogens;  repair, replace, or maintain air systems or equipment that may contain pathogens;
 decontaminate an area that is or was occupied by a case or suspected case;  decontaminate an area that is or was occupied by a case or suspected case;
 are present during aerosol generating procedures on cadavers of cases or  are present during aerosol generating procedures on cadavers of cases or
suspected cases; suspected cases;
 transport a case or suspected case within a facility or within a vehicle when the  transport a case or suspected case within a facility or within a vehicle when the
patient is not masked; or patient is not masked; or
 are working with a viable virus in the laboratory.  are working with a viable virus in the laboratory.
121 Aerosol Transmissible Diseases, Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5199.html. The California state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all private sector workers in the state, with the exception of maritime workers; workers on military bases and in national parks, monuments, memorials, and recreation areas; workers on federally recognized Native American reservations and trust lands; and U.S. Postal Service contractors. 122 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199 Appendix A. Congressional Research Service 22 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 In addition, a PAPR with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter must be used whenever a In addition, a PAPR with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter must be used whenever a
worker performs a worker performs a high-hazard procedure on a known or suspected COVID-19 case. on a known or suspected COVID-19 case.~~122~~123 High- High-
hazard procedures are those in which “the potential for being exposed to aerosol transmissible hazard procedures are those in which “the potential for being exposed to aerosol transmissible
pathogens is increased due to the reasonably anticipated generation of aerosolized pathogens”—pathogens is increased due to the reasonably anticipated generation of aerosolized pathogens”—
they include intubation, airway suction, and caring for patients on positive pressure ventilation.they include intubation, airway suction, and caring for patients on positive pressure ventilation.~~123~~124
Emergency medical services (EMS) workers may use N100, R100, or P100 respirators in place of Emergency medical services (EMS) workers may use N100, R100, or P100 respirators in place of
PAPRs. PAPRs.
Cal/OSHA COVID-19 ETS
On November 19, 2020, the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board On November 19, 2020, the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board
approved an ETS to specifically address COVID-19 exposure in the workplace.approved an ETS to specifically address COVID-19 exposure in the workplace.~~124~~125 This ETS This ETS
became effective on November 30, 2020. The Cal/OSHA ETS applies to all covered employers in became effective on November 30, 2020. The Cal/OSHA ETS applies to all covered employers in
the state, including state and local government entities, and provides for broader protections than the state, including state and local government entities, and provides for broader protections than
the Cal/OSHA ATD standard. The Cal/OSHA ETS includes specific provisions that apply to the Cal/OSHA ATD standard. The Cal/OSHA ETS includes specific provisions that apply to
employer-provided housing and transportation. On June 17, 2021, the California Occupational employer-provided housing and transportation. On June 17, 2021, the California Occupational

~~122 A PAPR uses a mechanical device to draw in room air and filter it before expelling that air over the user’s face. In~~
~~general, PAPRs do not require a tight seal to the user’s face and do not need to be fit tested.~~
~~123 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199(b).~~
~~124 COVID-19 Prevention, Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §§3205-3205.4, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/~~
~~ETS.html.~~
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~~OSHA: ETS and COVID-19~~

Safety and Health Standards Board voted to amend the Cal/OSHA ETS to permit fully vaccinated Safety and Health Standards Board voted to amend the Cal/OSHA ETS to permit fully vaccinated
employees to work indoors without facemasks or face coverings and all employees, regardless of employees to work indoors without facemasks or face coverings and all employees, regardless of
vaccination status, to work outdoors without facemasks or face coverings. The amended vaccination status, to work outdoors without facemasks or face coverings. The amended
Cal/OSHA ETS expires on January 14, 2022. Cal/OSHA ETS expires on January 14, 2022.
Michigan: MIOSHA COVID-19 Emergency Rules
On October 14, 2020, the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic On October 14, 2020, the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic
Opportunity, which operates Michigan’s state occupational safety and health plan (MIOSHA), Opportunity, which operates Michigan’s state occupational safety and health plan (MIOSHA),
promulgated emergency rules, with a duration of six months, to address workplace exposure to promulgated emergency rules, with a duration of six months, to address workplace exposure to
COVID-19. On April 10, 2021, the MIOSHA emergency rules were extended for an additional COVID-19. On April 10, 2021, the MIOSHA emergency rules were extended for an additional
six months through October 14, 2021. These rules were amended, effective May 24, 2021, based six months through October 14, 2021. These rules were amended, effective May 24, 2021, based
on updated CDC guidance, and the amended rules were to remain in effect through October 14, on updated CDC guidance, and the amended rules were to remain in effect through October 14,
2021.2021.~~125~~126 On June 22, 2021, the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity On June 22, 2021, the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity
rescinded the MIOSHA COVID-19 emergency rules and replaced them with the OSHA COVID-rescinded the MIOSHA COVID-19 emergency rules and replaced them with the OSHA COVID-
19 ETS for health care employers. After OSHA’s withdrawal of the COVID-19 ETS for health 19 ETS for health care employers. After OSHA’s withdrawal of the COVID-19 ETS for health
care employers, this ETS is no longer in force in Michigan. care employers, this ETS is no longer in force in Michigan.
Oregon: Oregon OSHA COVID-19 Permanent
Administrative Rules
On November 6, 2020, the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services, which On November 6, 2020, the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services, which
operates Oregon’s state plan (Oregon OSHA), adopted temporary administrative rules to operates Oregon’s state plan (Oregon OSHA), adopted temporary administrative rules to
~~specifically address COVID-19 exposures in the workplace. These rules were set to expire on~~
~~May 4, 2021. On May 4, 2021, permanent administrative rules became effective.126 These~~
~~permanent rules will remain in effect until repealed or revised by Oregon OSHA. Since the~~
~~promulgation of the permanent administrative rules, Oregon has adopted three temporary~~
~~amendments to the rules, with the most recent amendment issued on September 14, 2021, to bring~~
~~Oregon into compliance with the provisions of the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care~~
~~employers. While the administrative rules are permanent, the amendments expire on December~~
~~26, 2021.~~
~~Virginia: VOSH COVID-19 Permanent Standard~~
~~On July 15, 2020, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board adopted an ETS to specifically~~
~~protect employees from exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.127 On~~

~~125~~ 123 A PAPR uses a mechanical device to draw in room air and filter it before expelling that air over the user’s face. In general, PAPRs do not require a tight seal to the user’s face and do not need to be fit tested. 124 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §5199(b). 125 COVID-19 Prevention, Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, §§3205-3205.4, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/ETS.html. 126 Emergency Rules: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), available at https://www.michigan.gov//documents/leo/, available at https://www.michigan.gov//documents/leo/
Final_MIOSHA_Rules_705164_7.pdf. The Michigan state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all Final_MIOSHA_Rules_705164_7.pdf. The Michigan state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all
private sector workers in the state, with the exception of maritime workers, U.S. Postal Service contractors, workers at private sector workers in the state, with the exception of maritime workers, U.S. Postal Service contractors, workers at
businesses owned or operated by tribal members at Indian reservations, and aircraft cabin crew members. businesses owned or operated by tribal members at Indian reservations, and aircraft cabin crew members.
~~126 Addressing COVID-19 Workplace Risks, Or. Admin. R. 437-001-0744, available at https://osha.oregon.gov/~~
~~OSHARules/div1/437-001-0744.pdf. The Oregon state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all~~
~~private sector workers in the state, with the exception of maritime workers, private sector establishments within the~~
~~boundaries of Indian reservations and federal military reservations, employment at Crater Lake National Park and the~~
~~U.S. Department of Energy Albany Research Center, U.S. Postal Service contractors, and aircraft cabin crew members~~
~~during flight operations.~~
~~127 Infectious Disease Prevention: SARS-CoV-2 Virus That Causes COVID-19, 16 Va. Admin. Code §25-220, available~~
~~at https://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/RIS-filed-RTD-Final-ETS-7.24.2020.pdf. This ETS was~~
~~effective upon publication in a Richmond, VA, newspaper during the week of July 27, 2020.~~
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23

~~OSHA: ETS and COVID-19~~

Congressional Research Service 23 OSHA: ETS and COVID-19 specifically address COVID-19 exposures in the workplace. These rules were set to expire on May 4, 2021. On May 4, 2021, permanent administrative rules became effective.127 These permanent rules will remain in effect until repealed or revised by Oregon OSHA. Since the promulgation of the permanent administrative rules, Oregon has adopted three temporary amendments to the rules, with the most recent amendment issued on September 14, 2021, to bring Oregon into compliance with the provisions of the OSHA COVID-19 ETS for health care employers. While the administrative rules are permanent, the amendments expire on December 26, 2021. Virginia: VOSH COVID-19 Permanent Standard On July 15, 2020, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board adopted an ETS to specifically protect employees from exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.128 On January 12, 2021, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board voted to promulgate a permanent January 12, 2021, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board voted to promulgate a permanent
COVID-19 standard that supersedes the ETS.COVID-19 standard that supersedes the ETS.~~128~~129
This ETS, promulgated under Virginia’s state occupational safety and health plan (VOSH), was This ETS, promulgated under Virginia’s state occupational safety and health plan (VOSH), was
the first state standard to specifically address COVID-19 in the workplace.the first state standard to specifically address COVID-19 in the workplace.~~129~~130 As an ETS, the As an ETS, the
VOSH standard was to expire within six months of its effective date, upon expiration of the VOSH standard was to expire within six months of its effective date, upon expiration of the
governor’s state of emergency, when superseded by a permanent standard, or when repealed by governor’s state of emergency, when superseded by a permanent standard, or when repealed by
the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board, whichever came first. The VOSH permanent the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board, whichever came first. The VOSH permanent
standard applies to all state and local government agencies and all covered private sector standard applies to all state and local government agencies and all covered private sector
employees in the state and does not contain additional requirements for any specific industries. employees in the state and does not contain additional requirements for any specific industries.
Among the concerns raised by groups opposed to the VOSH permanent standard was that, Among the concerns raised by groups opposed to the VOSH permanent standard was that,
because the standard is permanent, employers would be required to comply with the COVID-19 because the standard is permanent, employers would be required to comply with the COVID-19
prevention requirements even after the COVID-19 pandemic has ended.prevention requirements even after the COVID-19 pandemic has ended.~~130~~131 While the standard is While the standard is
permanent, a provision in the standard requires that within 14 days of expiration of the governor’s permanent, a provision in the standard requires that within 14 days of expiration of the governor’s
COVID-19 state of emergency and the commissioner of health’s COVID-19 declaration of public COVID-19 state of emergency and the commissioner of health’s COVID-19 declaration of public
emergency, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board must meet to determine if there is a emergency, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board must meet to determine if there is a
continued need for the standard. continued need for the standard.

~~128~~127 Addressing COVID-19 Workplace Risks, Or. Admin. R. 437-001-0744, available at https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/div1/437-001-0744.pdf. The Oregon state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all private sector workers in the state, with the exception of maritime workers, private sector establishments within the boundaries of Indian reservations and federal military reservations, employment at Crater Lake National Park and the U.S. Department of Energy Albany Research Center, U.S. Postal Service contractors, and aircraft cabin crew members during flight operations. 128 Infectious Disease Prevention: SARS-CoV-2 Virus That Causes COVID-19, 16 Va. Admin. Code §25-220, available at https://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/RIS-filed-RTD-Final-ETS-7.24.2020.pdf. This ETS was effective upon publication in a Richmond, VA, newspaper during the week of July 27, 2020. 129 Infectious Disease Prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus That Causes COVID-19, 16 Va. Admin. Code §25-220, , 16 Va. Admin. Code §25-220,
available at http://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Final-Standard-for-Infectious-Disease-available at http://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Final-Standard-for-Infectious-Disease-
Prevention-of-COVID-19-16VAC25-220-1.15.2021.pdf. This permanent standard is effective on January 27, 2021. Prevention-of-COVID-19-16VAC25-220-1.15.2021.pdf. This permanent standard is effective on January 27, 2021.
~~129~~130 The Virginia state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all private sector workers in the state, The Virginia state plan covers all state and local government agencies and all private sector workers in the state,
with the exception of maritime workers, U.S. Postal Service contractors, workers at military bases or other federal with the exception of maritime workers, U.S. Postal Service contractors, workers at military bases or other federal
enclaves in which the federal government has civil jurisdiction, workers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s enclaves in which the federal government has civil jurisdiction, workers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s
Southeastern Power Administration Kerr-Philpott System, and aircraft cabin crew members. Southeastern Power Administration Kerr-Philpott System, and aircraft cabin crew members.
~~130~~131 See, for example, letter from Hobey Bauhan, President, Virginia Poultry Federation, to Princy Doss, Director of See, for example, letter from Hobey Bauhan, President, Virginia Poultry Federation, to Princy Doss, Director of
Policy, Planning and Public Information, and Jay Withrow, Director, Division of Legal Support, Virginia Department Policy, Planning and Public Information, and Jay Withrow, Director, Division of Legal Support, Virginia Department
of Labor and Industry, January 7, 2021, of Labor and Industry, January 7, 2021,
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Appendix.
Table A-1. OSHA Emergency Temporary Standards (ETS)
Federal Register
Result of Judicial
Judicial Review
Year
Subject of ETS
Citation of ETS
Review
Case Citation
1971 1971
Asbestos Asbestos
36 36 Federal Register
Not challenged Not challenged
— —
23207 (December 7, 23207 (December 7,
1971) 1971)
1973 1973
Organophosphorous Organophosphorous
38 38 Federal Register
Vacated Vacated
Florida Peach Growers
pesticides pesticides
10715 (May 1, 1973); 10715 (May 1, 1973);
Ass'n v. United States
amended by 38 amended by 38 Federal
Department of Labor,
Register 17214 (June 17214 (June
489 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 489 F.2d 120 (5th Cir.
29, 1973) 29, 1973)
1974) 1974)
1973 1973
Fourteen carcinogens Fourteen carcinogens
38 38 Federal Register
Twelve upheld, two Twelve upheld, two
Dry Color Mfrs. Ass'n v.
10929 (May 3, 1973) 10929 (May 3, 1973)
vacated vacated
Department of Labor,
486 F.2d 98 (3d Cir. 486 F.2d 98 (3d Cir.
1973) 1973)
1974 1974
Vinyl chloride Vinyl chloride
39 39 Federal Register
Not challenged Not challenged
— —
12342 (April 5, 1974) 12342 (April 5, 1974)
1976 1976
Diving operations Diving operations
41 41 Federal Register
Stayed Stayed
Taylor Diving & Salvage
24271 (June 15, 1976) 24271 (June 15, 1976)
Co. v. Department of
Labor, 537 F.2d 819 , 537 F.2d 819
(5th Cir. 1976) (5th Cir. 1976)
1977 1977
Benzene Benzene
42 42 Federal Register
Stayed Stayed
Industrial Union Dep't v.
22515 (May 3, 1977) 22515 (May 3, 1977)
Bingham, 570 F.2d 965 , 570 F.2d 965
(D.C. Cir. 1977) (D.C. Cir. 1977)
1977 1977
1,2 Dibromo-3- 1,2 Dibromo-3-
42 42 Federal Register
Not challenged Not challenged
— —
chloropropane (DBCP) 45535 (September 9, chloropropane (DBCP) 45535 (September 9,
1977) 1977)
1978 1978
Acrylonitrile (vinyl Acrylonitrile (vinyl
43 43 Federal Register
Stay denied Stay denied
Vistron v. OSHA, 6 , 6
cyanide) cyanide)
2585 (January 17, 2585 (January 17,
OSHC 1483 (6th Cir. OSHC 1483 (6th Cir.
1978) 1978)
1978) 1978)
1983 1983
Asbestos Asbestos
48 48 Federal Register
Stayed Stayed
Asbestos Info. Ass'n v.
51086 (November 4, 51086 (November 4,
OSHA, 727 F.2d 415 , 727 F.2d 415
1983) 1983)
(5th Cir. 1984) (5th Cir. 1984)
2021 2021
COVID-19 for health COVID-19 for health
86 86 Federal Register
Petitions for review Petitions for review
United Food and
care employers care employers
32376 (June 21, 2021) 32376 (June 21, 2021)
filed on June 24, 2021. filed on June 24, 2021.
Commercial Workers
ETS withdrawn by ETS withdrawn by
and American Federation
OSHA on December OSHA on December
of Labor and Congress of
27, 2021. 27, 2021.
Industrial Organizations
v. OSHA, et al., Docket , Docket
No. 21-1143 (D.C. No. 21-1143 (D.C.
Cir. June 24, 2021) Cir. June 24, 2021)
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Federal Register
Result of Judicial
Judicial Review
Year
Subject of ETS
Citation of ETS
Review
Case Citation
2021 2021
COVID-19 vaccination COVID-19 vaccination
86 86 Federal Register
Stay ordered by U.S. Stay ordered by U.S.
Numerous petitions Numerous petitions
and testing and testing
61402 (November 5, 61402 (November 5,
Court of Appeals for Court of Appeals for
for judicial review for judicial review
2021) 2021)
the Fifth Circuit on the Fifth Circuit on
consolidated as consolidated as
November 6, 2021, November 6, 2021,
National Federation of
and reaffirmed on and reaffirmed on
Independent Business, et
November 12, 2021 November 12, 2021.
al. v. Department of
Stay dissolved by U.S. Stay dissolved by U.S.
Labor, Occupational
Court of Appeals for Court of Appeals for
Safety and Health
Sixth Circuit on Sixth Circuit on
Administration, et al., ,
December 17, 2021 December 17, 2021.
(Docket No. 21A244), (Docket No. 21A244),
and and Ohio, et al. v.
~~Department of Labor,~~
~~Occupational Safety and~~
Stay ordered by U.S. Department of Labor, Supreme Court on Occupational Safety and January 13, 2022. Health Administration, et
al. (Docket No. (Docket No.
21A247), before the 21A247), before the
U.S. Supreme Court. U.S. Supreme Court.
Source: CRS with data from Mark A. Rothstein, “Substantive and Procedural Obstacles to OSHA Rulemaking: CRS with data from Mark A. Rothstein, “Substantive and Procedural Obstacles to OSHA Rulemaking:
Reproductive Hazards as an Example,” Reproductive Hazards as an Example,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, vol. 12, no. 4 (August , vol. 12, no. 4 (August
1985), p. 673. 1985), p. 673.
a. For additional information on judicial review of the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, see CRS a. For additional information on judicial review of the OSHA COVID-19 vaccination and testing ETS, see CRS
Legal Sidebar LSB10658, Legal Sidebar LSB10658, Fifth Circuit Stays OSHA Vaccination and Testing Standard. .
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Table A-2. State Occupational Safety and Health Standards That Apply to COVID-19
Covered
State
Standard
Employers
Issued
Expires
California California
Aerosol Aerosol
Health care, Health care,
July 6, 2009 July 6, 2009
Permanent Permanent
(Cal/OSHA) (Cal/OSHA)
Transmissible Transmissible
laboratories, laboratories,
Disease (ATD Disease (ATD)a
corrections corrections
facilities, homeless facilities, homeless
shelters, and drug shelters, and drug
treatment centers treatment centers
COVD-19 COVD-19
All employers All employers
November 30, 2020 January 14, 2022 November 30, 2020 January 14, 2022
Preventio Preventionb
June 17, 2021 June 17, 2021
(amended) (amended)
Michigan (MIOSHA) Michigan (MIOSHA)
Emergency Rules: Emergency Rules:
All employers, with All employers, with
October 14, 2020, October 14, 2020,
Rescinded on June Rescinded on June
Coronavirus 2019 Coronavirus 2019
additional rules for additional rules for
April 10, 2021 April 10, 2021
22, 2021, and 22, 2021, and
(COVID- (COVID-19)c
specific industries specific industries
(extended) (extended)
replaced with replaced with
May 24, 2021 May 24, 2021
OSHA COVID-19 OSHA COVID-19
(amended) (amended)
ETS for health care ETS for health care
employers, which employers, which
expired with expired with
OSHA’s withdrawal OSHA’s withdrawal
of the ETS. of the ETS.
Oregon (Oregon Oregon (Oregon
Addressing COVID- Addressing COVID-
All employers, with All employers, with
November 6, 2020 November 6, 2020
Permanentf Permanentf
OSHA) OSHA)
19 Workplace 19 Workplace
additional rules for additional rules for
(ETS), reissued (ETS), reissued
Ri Risksd
specific industries specific industries
December 11, 2020 December 11, 2020
May 4, 2021 May 4, 2021
(permanent (permanent
standard) standard)
Virginia (VOSH) Virginia (VOSH)
Infectious Disease Infectious Disease
All employers All employers
July 27, 2020 (ETS), July 27, 2020 (ETS),
Permanentg Permanentg
Prevention: SARS- Prevention: SARS-
January 12, 2021 January 12, 2021
CoV-2 Virus that CoV-2 Virus that
(permanent (permanent
Causes COVID- Causes COVID-19e
standard) standard)
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS). Congressional Research Service (CRS).
a. Available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5199.html. a. Available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5199.html.
b. Available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/ETS.html. b. Available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/ETS.html.
c. Available at https://www.michigan.gov//documents/leo/Final_MIOSHA_Rules_705164_7.pdf. c. Available at https://www.michigan.gov//documents/leo/Final_MIOSHA_Rules_705164_7.pdf.
d. Available at https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/div1/437-001-0744.pdf. d. Available at https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/div1/437-001-0744.pdf.
e. Available at http://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Final-Standard-for-Infectious-Disease-e. Available at http://www.doli.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Final-Standard-for-Infectious-Disease-
Prevention-of-COVID-19-16VAC25-220-1.15.2021.pdf. Prevention-of-COVID-19-16VAC25-220-1.15.2021.pdf.
f. f.
Oregon OSHA is required to consult with state agencies and other stakeholders to determine when the Oregon OSHA is required to consult with state agencies and other stakeholders to determine when the
permanent rules can be amended or repealed, with the first of these consultations to occur no later than permanent rules can be amended or repealed, with the first of these consultations to occur no later than
July 2021. After the first consultations, ongoing consultations are required every two months until the rules July 2021. After the first consultations, ongoing consultations are required every two months until the rules
are repealed. are repealed.
g. Within 14 days of expiration of the governor’s COVID-19 state of emergency and the commissioner of g. Within 14 days of expiration of the governor’s COVID-19 state of emergency and the commissioner of
health’s COVID-19 declaration of public emergency, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board must meet health’s COVID-19 declaration of public emergency, the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board must meet
to determine if there is a continued need for the standard. to determine if there is a continued need for the standard.

Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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OSHA: ETS and COVID-19

Author Information

Scott D. Szymendera Scott D. Szymendera

Analyst in Disability Policy Analyst in Disability Policy

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
R46288 R46288 · VERSION 3839 · UPDATED
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