The Temporary Assistance for
November 30December 14, 2021 , 2021
Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant:
Gene Falk
Responses to Frequently Asked Questions
Specialist in Social Policy
Specialist in Social Policy
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of
Patrick A. Landers
benefits and services for low-income families with children. TANF was created in the Personal
benefits and services for low-income families with children. TANF was created in the Personal
Analyst in Social Policy
Analyst in Social Policy
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-193). This report responds to some
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-193). This report responds to some
frequently asked questions about TANF; it does not describe TANF rules (see, instead, CRS
frequently asked questions about TANF; it does not describe TANF rules (see, instead, CRS
Report RL32748, Report RL32748,
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer
For a copy of the full report,
For a copy of the full report,
on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk). , by Gene Falk).
please call 7-5700 or visit
please call 7-5700 or visit
www.crs.gov. www.crs.gov.
TANF Funding and Expenditures. TANF provides fixed funding for the 50 states, the District TANF provides fixed funding for the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, the territoriesof Columbia, the territories
(Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), and American Indian tribes. The basic block grant totals $16.5 billion per year. States are also , and American Indian tribes. The basic block grant totals $16.5 billion per year. States are also
required in total to contribute, from their own funds, at least $10.3 billion annually under a maintenance-of-effort (MOE) required in total to contribute, from their own funds, at least $10.3 billion annually under a maintenance-of-effort (MOE)
requirement. The basic block grant is not adjusted for changes in circumstances (e.g., inflation, population) over time. requirement. The basic block grant is not adjusted for changes in circumstances (e.g., inflation, population) over time.
In FY2020Adjusted for inflation, in FY2021, the TANF basic block grant was , the TANF basic block grant was
3840% below what its value % below what its value
(adjusting for inflation) was in FY1997. was in FY1997.
Though TANF is best known for funding basic assistance payments for needy families with children, the block grant and
Though TANF is best known for funding basic assistance payments for needy families with children, the block grant and
MOE funds are used for a wide variety of benefits and activities. In MOE funds are used for a wide variety of benefits and activities. In
FY2019FY2020, expenditures on basic assistance totaled $, expenditures on basic assistance totaled $
6.57.1 billion—billion—
2122% of total federal TANF and MOE dollars. Basic assistance is often—but not exclusively—paid as cash and on an % of total federal TANF and MOE dollars. Basic assistance is often—but not exclusively—paid as cash and on an
ongoing basis (monthly). In addition to funding basic assistance, TANF also contributes funds for child care, employment ongoing basis (monthly). In addition to funding basic assistance, TANF also contributes funds for child care, employment
services (for both assistance recipients and others), state refundable tax credits for lowservices (for both assistance recipients and others), state refundable tax credits for low
-income families, pre-income families, pre-
Kindergartenkindergarten and and
Head Start programs, and services for children who have been, or are at risk of being, abused and neglected. Some states also Head Start programs, and services for children who have been, or are at risk of being, abused and neglected. Some states also
count expenditures in count expenditures in
prekindergartenpre-kindergarten programs toward the MOE requirement. programs toward the MOE requirement.
The TANF Assistance Caseload. A total of 1.0 million families, composed of 2.6 million recipients, received TANF- or A total of 1.0 million families, composed of 2.6 million recipients, received TANF- or
MOE-funded assistance in November 2020. The bulk of the “recipients” were children—1.9 million in that month. The MOE-funded assistance in November 2020. The bulk of the “recipients” were children—1.9 million in that month. The
assistance caseload is heterogeneous. The type of family once thought of as the “typical” assistance family—one with an assistance caseload is heterogeneous. The type of family once thought of as the “typical” assistance family—one with an
unemployed adult recipient—accounted for 32% of all families on the rolls in FY2019. Additionally, 26% of cash assistance unemployed adult recipient—accounted for 32% of all families on the rolls in FY2019. Additionally, 26% of cash assistance
families had an employed adult, while 42% of all TANF families were “child-only” and had no adult recipient. Child-only families had an employed adult, while 42% of all TANF families were “child-only” and had no adult recipient. Child-only
families include those with disabled adults receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), adults who are nonparents (e.g., families include those with disabled adults receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), adults who are nonparents (e.g.,
grandparents, aunts, uncles) caring for children, and families consisting of citizen children and ineligible noncitizen parents. grandparents, aunts, uncles) caring for children, and families consisting of citizen children and ineligible noncitizen parents.
Assistance Benefits. TANF assistance benefit amounts are set by states. In July 2019, the maximum monthly benefit for a TANF assistance benefit amounts are set by states. In July 2019, the maximum monthly benefit for a
family of three ranged from $1,066 in New Hampshire to $170 in Mississippi. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal family of three ranged from $1,066 in New Hampshire to $170 in Mississippi. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal
poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of poverty-level income. poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of poverty-level income.
Work Requirements. TANF’s main federal work requirement is a performance measure that applies to the states. States TANF’s main federal work requirement is a performance measure that applies to the states. States
determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients. TANF law requires states to engage 50% of all families and 90% determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients. TANF law requires states to engage 50% of all families and 90%
of two-parent families with work-eligible individuals in work activities, though these standards can be reduced by “credits.” of two-parent families with work-eligible individuals in work activities, though these standards can be reduced by “credits.”
Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% or 90% targets, and vary by state. In FY2020, states Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% or 90% targets, and vary by state. In FY2020, states
achieved, on average, an all-family participation rate of 39.6% and a two-parent rate of 46.9%. In FY2020, all jurisdictions achieved, on average, an all-family participation rate of 39.6% and a two-parent rate of 46.9%. In FY2020, all jurisdictions
met the all-family participation standard, but six jurisdictions (California, Guam, Nevada, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and met the all-family participation standard, but six jurisdictions (California, Guam, Nevada, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and
Wyoming) did not meet the two-parent standard. Wyoming) did not meet the two-parent standard.
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Funding and Expenditures ............................................................................................................... 1
What Is TANF’s Funding Status? ............................................................................................. 1
How Are State TANF Programs Funded? ................................................................................. 1
How Much Has the Value of the TANF Basic Block Grant Changed Over Time? ................... 1
How Have States Used TANF Funds? ...................................................................................... 2
How Much of the TANF Grant Has Gone Unspent? ................................................................ 34
The Caseload ................................................................................................................................... 4
How Many Families Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded Benefits and Services? ....................... 4
How Many Families and People Currently Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded
Assistance? ............................................................................................................................. 4
How Does the Current Assistance Caseload Level Compare with Historical Levels? ............. 5
What Are the Characteristics of Families Receiving TANF Assistance? .................................. 6
TANF Cash Benefits: How Much Does a Family Receive in TANF Cash Per Month? .................. 7
TANF Work Participation Standards ............................................................................................... 98
What Is the TANF Work Participation Standard States Must Meet? ........................................ 9
Have There Been Changes in the Work Participation Rules Enacted Since the 1996
Welfare Reform Law? ............................................................................................................ 9
What Work Participation Rates Have the States Achieved?.................................................... 10
Figures
Figure 1. Uses of TANF Funds by Spending Category, FY2019FY2020 .................................................... 3
Figure 2. Number of Families Receiving Assistance, June 1959 to November 2020 ..................... 6
Figure 3. Composition of the AFDC/TANF Assistance Caseload by Family Type:
Selected Years, FY1988 to FY2019 ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 4. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with Two Children, 50 States and the District of Columbia, July 2019 ................ 8
Figure 5. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families, FY2002-
FY2020 ..............
FY2002-FY2020 .......................................................................................................................... 11 10
Tables
Table 1. TANF Basic Block Grant Funding in Nominal and Constant Dollars ............................... 2
Table 2. Families and Recipients of TANF Assistance, November 2020 ........................................ 45
Table A-1. Trends in the Cash Assistance Caseload: 1961-2019 ................................................... 12
Table A-2. Families Receiving AFDC/TANF Assistance by Family Category, Selected
Selected Years, FY1988-FY2019 ............................................................................................................. 14
Table B-1. Use of FY2019FY2020 TANF and MOE Funds by Category .................................................. 15
Table B-2. Uses of FY2018FY2020 TANF and MOE Funds by Category as a Percentage of Total
Federal TANF and State MOE Spending ................................................................................... 18
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2019FY2020 ............................................................... 21
Table B-4. Number of Families, Recipients, Children, and Adults Receiving TANF
Assistance by Jurisdiction, November 2020 .............................................................................. 22
Table B-5. Number of Needy Families with Children Receiving Assistance
by Jurisdiction, November of Selected Years ............................................................................. 24
Table B-6. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction for All Families:
FY2020 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Table B-7. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction, for Two-Parent
Families: FY2020 ....................................................................................................................... 28
Appendixes
Appendix A. Supplementary Tables .............................................................................................. 12
Appendix B. State Tables .............................................................................................................. 15
Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 29
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Introduction
This report provides responses to frequently asked questions about the Temporary Assistance for This report provides responses to frequently asked questions about the Temporary Assistance for
Needy Families (TANF) block grant. It is intended to serve as a quick reference to provide easy Needy Families (TANF) block grant. It is intended to serve as a quick reference to provide easy
access to information and dataccess to information and dat
a. Appendix A provides additional data on families receiving TANF provides additional data on families receiving TANF
assistance over timassistance over tim
e. Appendix B presents a series of tables with state-level data on TANF presents a series of tables with state-level data on TANF
expenditures and families receiving assistance. expenditures and families receiving assistance.
This report does not provide information on TANF program rules (for a discussion of TANF
This report does not provide information on TANF program rules (for a discussion of TANF
rules, see CRS Report RL32748, rules, see CRS Report RL32748,
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block
Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk). , by Gene Falk).
Funding and Expenditures
What Is TANF’s Funding Status?
The The
Further Extending Government Funding Extending Government Funding
and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 117-Act (P.L. 117-
4370 ), ),
enacted enacted
September 30December 3, 2021, funds TANF through , 2021, funds TANF through
December 3, 2021February 18, 2022. .
How Are State TANF Programs Funded?
TANF programs are funded through a combination of federal and state funds. In FY2018, TANF TANF programs are funded through a combination of federal and state funds. In FY2018, TANF
has two federal grants to states. The bulk of the TANF funding is in a basic block grant to the has two federal grants to states. The bulk of the TANF funding is in a basic block grant to the
states, totaling $16.5 billion for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the states, totaling $16.5 billion for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the
Virgin Islands, and American Indian tribes. There is also a contingency fund available that Virgin Islands, and American Indian tribes. There is also a contingency fund available that
provides extra federal funds to states that meet certain conditions. provides extra federal funds to states that meet certain conditions.
Additionally, states are required to expend a minimum amount of their own funds for TANF and
Additionally, states are required to expend a minimum amount of their own funds for TANF and
TANF-related activities under what is known as the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. TANF-related activities under what is known as the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
States are required to spend at least 75% of what they spent in FY1994 on TANF’s predecessor States are required to spend at least 75% of what they spent in FY1994 on TANF’s predecessor
programs. The minimum MOE amount, in total, is $10.3 billion per year for the 50 states, the programs. The minimum MOE amount, in total, is $10.3 billion per year for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, and the territories. District of Columbia, and the territories.
How Much Has the Value of the TANF Basic Block Grant Changed
Over Time?
TANF was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of TANF was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of
1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). A TANF basic block grant amount—both nationally and for each 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). A TANF basic block grant amount—both nationally and for each
state—was established in the 1996 law. That amount for the 50 states, District of Columbia, state—was established in the 1996 law. That amount for the 50 states, District of Columbia,
territories, and tribes was $16.6 billion in total. From FY1997 through FY2016, that amount territories, and tribes was $16.6 billion in total. From FY1997 through FY2016, that amount
remained the same. The basic block grant was not adjusted for changes that occur over time, such remained the same. The basic block grant was not adjusted for changes that occur over time, such
as inflation, the size of the TANF assistance caseload, or changes in the poverty population. as inflation, the size of the TANF assistance caseload, or changes in the poverty population.
During this period, the real (inflation-adjusted) value of the block grant declined by one-third During this period, the real (inflation-adjusted) value of the block grant declined by one-third
(33.1%). Beginning with FY2017, the state family assistance grant was reduced by 0.33% from (33.1%). Beginning with FY2017, the state family assistance grant was reduced by 0.33% from
its historical levels to finance TANF-related research and technical assistance. The reduced block its historical levels to finance TANF-related research and technical assistance. The reduced block
grant amount is $16.5 billion. grant amount is $16.5 billion.
Table 1 shows the state family assistance grant, in both nominal (actual) and real (inflation-shows the state family assistance grant, in both nominal (actual) and real (inflation-
adjusted) dollars for each year, FY1997 through adjusted) dollars for each year, FY1997 through
FY2020FY2021. In real (inflation-adjusted) terms, the . In real (inflation-adjusted) terms, the
FY2020FY2021 block grant was block grant was
3840% below its value in FY1997. % below its value in FY1997.
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Table 1. TANF Basic Block Grant Funding in Nominal and Constant Dollars
(
(
In Billions of $$ in billions) )
State Family
State
Assistance
Family
Cumulative
Grant: 50
Assistance
Percentage
States, DC,
Grant
CumulativeChange,
Fiscal
Tribes, and
Constant
PercentageConstant
Year
Territories
1997 dollars
Change
1997 dollars
1997
1997
$16.567
$16.567
$16.567
$16.567
—
1998 1998
16.567
16.567
16.306
16.306
-1.6%
-1.6%
1999
1999
16.567
16.567
15.991
15.991
-3.5
-3.5
2000
2000
16.567
16.567
15.498
15.498
-6.5
-6.5
2001
2001
16.567
16.567
15.020
15.020
-9.3
-9.3
2002
2002
16.567
16.567
14.792
14.792
-10.7
-10.7
2003
2003
16.567
16.567
14.456
14.456
-12.7
-12.7
2004
2004
16.567
16.567
14.124
14.124
-14.7
-14.7
2005
2005
16.567
16.567
13.680
13.680
-17.4
-17.4
2006
2006
16.567
16.567
13.190
13.190
-20.4
-20.4
2007
2007
16.567
16.567
12.893
12.893
-22.2
-22.2
2008
2008
16.567
16.567
12.345
12.345
-25.5
-25.5
2009
2009
16.567
16.567
12.382
12.382
-25.3
-25.3
2010
2010
16.567
16.567
12.182
12.182
-26.5
-26.5
2011
2011
16.567
16.567
11.859
11.859
-28.4
-28.4
2012
2012
16.567
16.567
11.585
11.585
-30.1
-30.1
2013
2013
16.567
16.567
11.394
11.394
-31.2
-31.2
2014
2014
16.567
16.567
11.217
11.217
-32.3
-32.3
2015
2015
16.567
16.567
11.179
11.179
-32.5
-32.5
2016
2016
16.567
16.567
11.082
11.082
-33.1
-33.1
2017
2017
16.512
16.512
10.820
10.820
-34.7
-34.7
2018
2018
16.512
16.512
10.564
10.564
-36.2
-36.2
2019
2019
16.512
16.512
10.372
10.372
-37.4
-37.4
2020
2020
16.512
16.512
10.224
10.224
-38.3
-38.3
2021
16.512
9.893
-40.3
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS), Services (HHS),
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance; and the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). and the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Notes: Constant dol ars were computed using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Constant dol ars were computed using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U).
How Have States Used TANF Funds?
In In
FY2019FY2020, a total of $, a total of $
30.931.6 billion of both federal TANF and state MOE expenditures were either billion of both federal TANF and state MOE expenditures were either
expended or transferred to other block grant programs. expended or transferred to other block grant programs.
Basic assistance—ongoing benefits to families to meet basic needs—represented 21% ($6.5 billion) of total FY2019 TANF and MOE dollars. (This total excludes expenditures in tribal
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
TANF
TANF
programs or those operated in the territories.) Basic assistance—ongoing benefits to families to meet basic needs—represented 22% ($7.1 billion) of total FY2020 TANF and MOE dollars.
TANF is a major contributor of child care funding. In is a major contributor of child care funding. In
FY2019FY2020, $5., $5.
02 billion ( billion (
1617% of all TANF and % of all TANF and
MOE funds) were either expended on child care or transferred to the child care block grant (the MOE funds) were either expended on child care or transferred to the child care block grant (the
Child Care and Development Fund, or CCDF). TANF work-related activities (including education Child Care and Development Fund, or CCDF). TANF work-related activities (including education
and training) were the third-largest TANF and MOE spending category at $3.and training) were the third-largest TANF and MOE spending category at $3.
20 billion, or 10% of billion, or 10% of
total TANF and MOE funds. TANF also helps low-wage parents by helping to finance state total TANF and MOE funds. TANF also helps low-wage parents by helping to finance state
refundable tax credits, such as state add-ons to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). TANF and refundable tax credits, such as state add-ons to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). TANF and
MOE expenditures on refundable tax credits in MOE expenditures on refundable tax credits in
FY2019FY2020 totaled $2.8 billion, or 9% of total TANF totaled $2.8 billion, or 9% of total TANF
and MOE spending. and MOE spending.
TANF and MOE funds also help fund state TANF and MOE funds also help fund state
prekindergartenpre-kindergarten (pre-K) programs, with total (pre-K) programs, with total
FY2019FY2020 expenditures for that category at $2.expenditures for that category at $2.
67 billion. TANF is also a major contributor to the child billion. TANF is also a major contributor to the child
welfare system, which provides foster care, adoption assistance, and services to families with welfare system, which provides foster care, adoption assistance, and services to families with
children who either have experienced or are at risk of experiencing child abuse or neglect, children who either have experienced or are at risk of experiencing child abuse or neglect,
spending about $2.6 billion on such activities. TANF and MOE funds are also used for short-term spending about $2.6 billion on such activities. TANF and MOE funds are also used for short-term
and emergency benefits and a wide range of other social serviceand emergency benefits and a wide range of other social service
s. Figure 1 shows the uses of shows the uses of
federal TANF grants to states and state MOE funds in federal TANF grants to states and state MOE funds in
FY2019. FY2020.
Figure 1. Uses of TANF Funds by Spending Category, FY2019
(DollarsFY2020
($ in billions) in billions)
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS)Services (HHS)
. , Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance.
Notes: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in
tribal TANF programs. tribal TANF programs.
For state-specific information on the use of TANF funds, see
For state-specific information on the use of TANF funds, see
Table B-1 andand
Table B-2.
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How Much of the TANF Grant Has Gone Unspent?
TANF law permits states to “reserve” unused funds without time limit. This permits flexibility in TANF law permits states to “reserve” unused funds without time limit. This permits flexibility in
timing of the use of TANF funds, including the ability to “save” funds for unexpected timing of the use of TANF funds, including the ability to “save” funds for unexpected
occurrences that might increase costs (such as recessions or natural disasters). occurrences that might increase costs (such as recessions or natural disasters).
At the end of
At the end of
FY2019FY2020 (September 30, (September 30,
20192020), a total of $), a total of $
5.86.0 billion of federal TANF funding billion of federal TANF funding
remained neither transferred nor spent. However, some of these unspent funds represent monies remained neither transferred nor spent. However, some of these unspent funds represent monies
that states had already committed to spend later. that states had already committed to spend later.
At the end of FY2019Of this amount, states had made such , states had made such
commitments to spend—that is, had obligated—a total of $commitments to spend—that is, had obligated—a total of $
1.40.9 billion. At the end of billion. At the end of
FY2019,
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FY2020, states had $states had $
4.55.2 billion of “unobligated balances.” These funds are available to states to make billion of “unobligated balances.” These funds are available to states to make
new spending commitmentspending commitment
s. Table B-3 shows unspent TANF funds by state. shows unspent TANF funds by state.
The Caseload
How Many Families Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded Benefits and
Services?
This number is not known. Federal TANF reporting requirements focus on families receiving This number is not known. Federal TANF reporting requirements focus on families receiving
only ongoing assistance. There is no complete reporting on families receiving other TANF only ongoing assistance. There is no complete reporting on families receiving other TANF
benefits and services. benefits and services.
“Assistance” is defined as benefits provided to families to meet ongoing, basic needs.1 It is most
“Assistance” is defined as benefits provided to families to meet ongoing, basic needs.1 It is most
often paid in cash. However, some states use TANF or MOE funds to provide an “earnings often paid in cash. However, some states use TANF or MOE funds to provide an “earnings
supplement” to working parents added to monthly Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program supplement” to working parents added to monthly Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP) allotments. These earnings supplements are paid separately from the regular TANF cash (SNAP) allotments. These earnings supplements are paid separately from the regular TANF cash
assistance program. Additionally, TANF MOE dollars are used to fund food assistance for assistance program. Additionally, TANF MOE dollars are used to fund food assistance for
immigrants barred from regular SNAP benefits in certain states. These forms of nutrition aid meet immigrants barred from regular SNAP benefits in certain states. These forms of nutrition aid meet
an ongoing need, and thus are considered TANF assistance. an ongoing need, and thus are considered TANF assistance.
As discussed in a previous section of this report, TANF basic assistance accounts for about 21%
As discussed in a previous section of this report, TANF basic assistance accounts for about 21%
of all TANF expenditures. Therefore, the federal reporting requirements that pertain to families of all TANF expenditures. Therefore, the federal reporting requirements that pertain to families
receiving assistance are likely to undercount the number of families receiving any TANF-funded receiving assistance are likely to undercount the number of families receiving any TANF-funded
benefit or service. benefit or service.
How Many Families and People Currently Receive TANF- or MOE-
Funded Assistance?
Table 2 provides assistance caseload information. A total of 1.0 million families, composed of 2.6 provides assistance caseload information. A total of 1.0 million families, composed of 2.6
million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in November 2020.2 The bulk of million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in November 2020.2 The bulk of
the “recipients” were children—1.9 million in that month. For state-by-state assistance caseloads, the “recipients” were children—1.9 million in that month. For state-by-state assistance caseloads,
seesee
Table B-4.
Table 2. Families and Recipients of TANF Assistance, November 2020
Families
1,002,327
Recipients
2,598,799
Children
1,912,820
Adults
685,979
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
1 The definition of TANF assistance is not in statute. However, because the statutory language has most TANF 1 The definition of TANF assistance is not in statute. However, because the statutory language has most TANF
requirements triggered by a family receiving “assistance,” the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) requirements triggered by a family receiving “assistance,” the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
regulations define assistance at 45 C.F.R. §260.31. regulations define assistance at 45 C.F.R. §260.31.
2 The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has posted data on families and recipients of TANF assistance
2 The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has posted data on families and recipients of TANF assistance
through December 2020. However, the data reported for Oregon are erroneous. Therefore, this report will show TANF through December 2020. However, the data reported for Oregon are erroneous. Therefore, this report will show TANF
assistance family and recipient data for November 2020, as the most recent data available for all states as of the update assistance family and recipient data for November 2020, as the most recent data available for all states as of the update
of this report. of this report.
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Table 2. Families and Recipients of TANF Assistance, November 2020
Families
1,002,327
Recipients
2,598,799
Children
1,912,820
Adults
685,979
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Notes: TANF assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted TANF assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted
toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
How Does the Current Assistance Caseload Level Compare with
Historical Levels?
Figure 2 provides a long-term historical perspective on the number of families receiving provides a long-term historical perspective on the number of families receiving
assistance from TANF or its predecessor program, from July 1959 to November 2020. The shaded assistance from TANF or its predecessor program, from July 1959 to November 2020. The shaded
areas of the figure represent months when the national economy was in recession. Though the areas of the figure represent months when the national economy was in recession. Though the
health of the national economy has affected the trend in the cash assistance caseload, the long-health of the national economy has affected the trend in the cash assistance caseload, the long-
term trend in receipt of cash assistance does not follow a classic countercyclical pattern. Such a term trend in receipt of cash assistance does not follow a classic countercyclical pattern. Such a
pattern would have the caseload rise during economic slumps, and then fall again during periods pattern would have the caseload rise during economic slumps, and then fall again during periods
of economic growth. Factors other than the health of the economy (demographic trends, policy of economic growth. Factors other than the health of the economy (demographic trends, policy
changes) also have influenced the caseload trend. changes) also have influenced the caseload trend.
The figure shows two periods of sustained caseload increases: the period from the mid-1960s to
The figure shows two periods of sustained caseload increases: the period from the mid-1960s to
the mid-1970s and a second period from 1988 to 1994. The number of families receiving the mid-1970s and a second period from 1988 to 1994. The number of families receiving
assistance peaked in March 1994 at 5.1 million families. The assistance caseload fell rapidly in assistance peaked in March 1994 at 5.1 million families. The assistance caseload fell rapidly in
the late 1990s, after PRWORA, before leveling off in 2001. In 2004, the caseload began another the late 1990s, after PRWORA, before leveling off in 2001. In 2004, the caseload began another
decline, albeit at a slower pace than in the late 1990s. During the 2007-2009 recession and its decline, albeit at a slower pace than in the late 1990s. During the 2007-2009 recession and its
aftermath, the caseload began to rise from 1.7 million families in August 2008, peaking in aftermath, the caseload began to rise from 1.7 million families in August 2008, peaking in
December 2010 at close to 2.0 million families. The number of families receiving assistance December 2010 at close to 2.0 million families. The number of families receiving assistance
declined by almost half (to a little over 1 million families) during the long economic expansion of declined by almost half (to a little over 1 million families) during the long economic expansion of
2010 through 2019. 2010 through 2019.
During 2020, a year when the economy was affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
During 2020, a year when the economy was affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
19) pandemic, there was a brief uptick in the number of families receiving assistance. The 19) pandemic, there was a brief uptick in the number of families receiving assistance. The
number of families receiving assistance increased in the April through June 2020 period. number of families receiving assistance increased in the April through June 2020 period.
However, after June 2020, the number of families receiving TANF assistance again began to However, after June 2020, the number of families receiving TANF assistance again began to
decline.3 In November 2020, the number of families receiving assistance was reported at 1.0 decline.3 In November 2020, the number of families receiving assistance was reported at 1.0
million families, down 6.4% from its level in November 2019. million families, down 6.4% from its level in November 2019.
3 In 2020 and 2021, Congress enacted expansions to other programs – in particular, unemployment insurance—that 3 In 2020 and 2021, Congress enacted expansions to other programs – in particular, unemployment insurance—that
might have lessened the need for need-tested cash from TANF. See CRS Report R46687, might have lessened the need for need-tested cash from TANF. See CRS Report R46687,
Current Status of
Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Permanent-Law Programs and COVID-19 Pandemic Response. For estimates . For estimates
of the impact of the poverty interventions in response to COVID-19’s economic downturn, see Laura Wheaton, Linda of the impact of the poverty interventions in response to COVID-19’s economic downturn, see Laura Wheaton, Linda
Giannarelli, and Ilham Dehry, Giannarelli, and Ilham Dehry,
2021 Poverty Projections: Assessing the Impact of Benefits and Stimulus Measures, ,
Urban Institute, July 2021. Urban Institute, July 2021.
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Figure 2. Number of Families Receiving Assistance, June 1959 to November 2020
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), with data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), with data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
Notes: Shaded areas denote months when the national economy was in recession. Information represents Shaded areas denote months when the national economy was in recession. Information represents
families receiving cash assistance from Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), Aid to Families with Dependent families receiving cash assistance from Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), Aid to Families with Dependent
Children (AFDC), and TANF. For October 1999 through the last month shown, includes families receiving Children (AFDC), and TANF. For October 1999 through the last month shown, includes families receiving
assistance from Separate State Programs (SSPs) with expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of assistance from Separate State Programs (SSPs) with expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of
effort requirement.effort requirement.
See Table A-1 for average annual data on families, recipients, adult recipients, and child for average annual data on families, recipients, adult recipients, and child
recipients of ADC, AFDC, and TANF cash assistance for 1961 to 2019. recipients of ADC, AFDC, and TANF cash assistance for 1961 to 2019.
Table B-5 shows recent trends in the number of cash assistance families by state. shows recent trends in the number of cash assistance families by state.
What Are the Characteristics of Families Receiving TANF
Assistance?
Before PRWORA, the “typical” family receiving assistance had been headed by a single parent Before PRWORA, the “typical” family receiving assistance had been headed by a single parent
(usually the mother) with one or two children. That single parent had also typically been (usually the mother) with one or two children. That single parent had also typically been
unemployed. However, since 1996, the assistance caseload decline has occurred together with a unemployed. However, since 1996, the assistance caseload decline has occurred together with a
major shift in the composition of the rolls. major shift in the composition of the rolls.
Figure 3 shows the change in the size and composition of the assistance caseload under both shows the change in the size and composition of the assistance caseload under both
AFDC (1988 and 1994) and TANF. In FY1988, an estimated 84% of AFDC families were headed AFDC (1988 and 1994) and TANF. In FY1988, an estimated 84% of AFDC families were headed
by an unemployed adult recipient. In FY2019, families with an unemployed adult recipient by an unemployed adult recipient. In FY2019, families with an unemployed adult recipient
represented 32% of all cash assistance families. This decline occurred, in large part, as the represented 32% of all cash assistance families. This decline occurred, in large part, as the
number of families headed by unemployed adult recipients declined more rapidly than other number of families headed by unemployed adult recipients declined more rapidly than other
components of the assistance caseload. In FY1994, a monthly average of 3.8 million families per components of the assistance caseload. In FY1994, a monthly average of 3.8 million families per
month who received AFDC cash assistance had adult recipients who were not working. In month who received AFDC cash assistance had adult recipients who were not working. In
FY2019, a monthly average of 359,000 families per month had adult recipients or work-eligible FY2019, a monthly average of 359,000 families per month had adult recipients or work-eligible
individuals, with no adult recipient or work-eligible individual working. individuals, with no adult recipient or work-eligible individual working.
With the decline in families headed by unemployed adults, the share of the caseload represented
With the decline in families headed by unemployed adults, the share of the caseload represented
by families with employed adults and “child-only” families has increased. The first category by families with employed adults and “child-only” families has increased. The first category
includes families in “earnings supplement” programs separate from the regular TANF cash includes families in “earnings supplement” programs separate from the regular TANF cash
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assistance program. In FY2019, families with an employed adult comprised 26% of all TANF
assistance program. In FY2019, families with an employed adult comprised 26% of all TANF
families. families.
Child-only TANF families are those where no adult recipient receives benefits in their own right;
Child-only TANF families are those where no adult recipient receives benefits in their own right;
the family receives benefits on behalf of its children. The share of the caseload that was child-the family receives benefits on behalf of its children. The share of the caseload that was child-
only in FY2019 was 42%. In FY2019, families with a nonrecipient, nonparent relative only in FY2019 was 42%. In FY2019, families with a nonrecipient, nonparent relative
(grandparents, aunts, uncles) represented 17% of all assistance families. Families with ineligible, (grandparents, aunts, uncles) represented 17% of all assistance families. Families with ineligible,
noncitizen adults or adults who have not reported their citizenship status made up 10% of the noncitizen adults or adults who have not reported their citizenship status made up 10% of the
assistance caseload in that year. Families where the parent received Supplemental Security assistance caseload in that year. Families where the parent received Supplemental Security
Income (SSI) and the children received TANF made up 9% of all assistance families in FY2019. Income (SSI) and the children received TANF made up 9% of all assistance families in FY2019.
Figure 3. Composition of the AFDC/TANF Assistance Caseload by Family Type:
Selected Years, FY1988 to FY2019
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the TANF national data files. Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the TANF national data files.
NotesNote: TANF assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted TANF assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted
toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
TANF Cash Benefits: How Much Does a Family
Receive in TANF Cash Per Month?
There are There are
no federal rules that help determine the amount of TANF cash benefits paid to a family. federal rules that help determine the amount of TANF cash benefits paid to a family.
(There are also no federal rules that require states to use TANF to pay cash benefits, though all (There are also no federal rules that require states to use TANF to pay cash benefits, though all
states do so.) Benefit amounts are determined solely by the states. states do so.) Benefit amounts are determined solely by the states.
Most states base TANF cash benefit amounts on family size, paying larger cash benefits to larger
Most states base TANF cash benefit amounts on family size, paying larger cash benefits to larger
families on the presumption that they have greater financial needs. The maximum monthly cash families on the presumption that they have greater financial needs. The maximum monthly cash
benefit is usually paid to a family that receives no other income (e.g., no earned or unearned benefit is usually paid to a family that receives no other income (e.g., no earned or unearned
income) and complies with program rules. Families with income other than TANF often are paid income) and complies with program rules. Families with income other than TANF often are paid
a reduced benefit. Moreover, some families are financially sanctioned for not meeting a program a reduced benefit. Moreover, some families are financially sanctioned for not meeting a program
requirement (e.g., a work requirement), and are also paid a lower benefit. requirement (e.g., a work requirement), and are also paid a lower benefit.
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Figure 4 shows the maximum monthly TANF cash benefit by state for a single parent caring for shows the maximum monthly TANF cash benefit by state for a single parent caring for
two children (family of three) in July 2019.4 For a family of three, the maximum TANF benefit two children (family of three) in July 2019.4 For a family of three, the maximum TANF benefit
paid in July 2019 varied from $170 per month in Mississippi to $1,066 per month in New paid in July 2019 varied from $170 per month in Mississippi to $1,066 per month in New
Hampshire. The map shows a regional pattern to the maximum monthly benefit paid, with lower Hampshire. The map shows a regional pattern to the maximum monthly benefit paid, with lower
benefit amounts in the South than in other regions. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal benefit amounts in the South than in other regions. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal
poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF cash assistance amount for this sized family in excess poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF cash assistance amount for this sized family in excess
of 50% of poverty-level income. of 50% of poverty-level income.
Figure 4. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single-
Parent Family with Two Children, 50 States and the District of Columbia, July 2019
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Urban Institute’s Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Urban Institute’s
Welfare Rules
Database. The welfare rules database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have . The welfare rules database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have
information on TANF assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands or tribal TANF information on TANF assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands or tribal TANF
programs. programs.
TANF Work Participation Standards TANF’s main federal work requirement is actually a performance measure that applies to the states, rather than individual recipients. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients.
4 States are not required to report to the federal government their cash assistance benefit amounts in either the TANF 4 States are not required to report to the federal government their cash assistance benefit amounts in either the TANF
state plan (under Section 402 of the Social Security Act) or in annual program reports (under Section 411 of the Social state plan (under Section 402 of the Social Security Act) or in annual program reports (under Section 411 of the Social
Security Act). The benefit amounts shown are from the “Welfare Rules Database,” maintained by the Urban Institute Security Act). The benefit amounts shown are from the “Welfare Rules Database,” maintained by the Urban Institute
and funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Some states vary their benefit amounts for other and funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Some states vary their benefit amounts for other
family types such as two-parent families or “child-only” cases. States also vary their benefits by other factors such as family types such as two-parent families or “child-only” cases. States also vary their benefits by other factors such as
housing costs and substate geography. housing costs and substate geography.
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TANF Work Participation Standards
TANF’s main federal work requirement is actually a performance measure that applies to the states, rather than individual recipients. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients.
What Is the TANF Work Participation Standard States Must Meet?
The TANF statute requires states to have 50% of their caseload meet standards of participation in The TANF statute requires states to have 50% of their caseload meet standards of participation in
work or activities—that is, a family member must be in specified activities for a minimum work or activities—that is, a family member must be in specified activities for a minimum
number of hours.5 There is a separate participation standard that applies to the two-parent portion number of hours.5 There is a separate participation standard that applies to the two-parent portion
of a state’s caseload, requiring 90% of the state’s two-parent caseload to meet participation of a state’s caseload, requiring 90% of the state’s two-parent caseload to meet participation
standards. standards.
However, the statutory work participation standards are reduced by a “caseload reduction credit.”
However, the statutory work participation standards are reduced by a “caseload reduction credit.”
The caseload reduction credit reduces the participation standard one percentage point for each The caseload reduction credit reduces the participation standard one percentage point for each
percentage point decline in a state’s caseload. Additionally, under a regulatory provision, a state percentage point decline in a state’s caseload. Additionally, under a regulatory provision, a state
may get “extra” credit for caseload reduction if it spends more than required under the TANF may get “extra” credit for caseload reduction if it spends more than required under the TANF
MOE. Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% and 90% targets, MOE. Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% and 90% targets,
and vary by state and by year. and vary by state and by year.
States that do not meet the TANF work participation standard are at
States that do not meet the TANF work participation standard are at
risk of being penalized of being penalized
through a reduction in their block grant. However, penalties can be forgiven if a state claims, and through a reduction in their block grant. However, penalties can be forgiven if a state claims, and
the Secretary of HHS finds, that it had “reasonable cause” for not meeting the standard. Penalties the Secretary of HHS finds, that it had “reasonable cause” for not meeting the standard. Penalties
can also be forgiven for states that enter into “corrective compliance plans,” and subsequently can also be forgiven for states that enter into “corrective compliance plans,” and subsequently
meet the work standard. meet the work standard.
Have There Been Changes in the Work Participation Rules Enacted
Since the 1996 Welfare Reform Law?
The 50% and 90% target standards that states face, as well as the caseload reduction credit, date The 50% and 90% target standards that states face, as well as the caseload reduction credit, date
back to the 1996 welfare reform law. However, the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. back to the 1996 welfare reform law. However, the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L.
109-171) made several changes to the work participation rules effective in FY2007. 109-171) made several changes to the work participation rules effective in FY2007.
The caseload reduction credit was changed to measure caseload reduction from
The caseload reduction credit was changed to measure caseload reduction from
FY2005, rather than the original law’s FY1995.
FY2005, rather than the original law’s FY1995.
The work participation standards were broadened to include families receiving
The work participation standards were broadened to include families receiving
cash aid in “separate state programs.” Separate state programs are programs run
cash aid in “separate state programs.” Separate state programs are programs run
with state funds, distinct from a state’s “TANF program,” but with expenditures with state funds, distinct from a state’s “TANF program,” but with expenditures
countable toward the TANF MOE. countable toward the TANF MOE.
HHS was instructed to provide definition to the allowable TANF work activities
HHS was instructed to provide definition to the allowable TANF work activities
listed in law. HHS was also required to define what is meant by a “work-eligible”
listed in law. HHS was also required to define what is meant by a “work-eligible”
individual, expanding the number of families that are included in the work individual, expanding the number of families that are included in the work
participation calculation. participation calculation.
States were required to develop plans and procedures to verify work activities.
States were required to develop plans and procedures to verify work activities.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5), a law enacted in response to the sharp economic downturn of 2007-2009, held states “harmless” for caseload increases affecting the work participation standards for FY2009 through FY2011. It did so by allowing states to “freeze” caseload reduction credits at pre-recession levels through the FY2011 standards.
5 Families without a work-eligible individual are excluded from the participation rate calculation. It excludes families 5 Families without a work-eligible individual are excluded from the participation rate calculation. It excludes families
where the parent is a nonrecipient (for example, disabled receiving Supplemental Security Income or an ineligible where the parent is a nonrecipient (for example, disabled receiving Supplemental Security Income or an ineligible
noncitizen) or the children in the family are being cared for by a nonparent relative (e.g., grandparent, aunt, uncle) who noncitizen) or the children in the family are being cared for by a nonparent relative (e.g., grandparent, aunt, uncle) who
does not receive assistance on his or her behalf. does not receive assistance on his or her behalf.
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5), a law enacted in response to the sharp economic downturn of 2007-2009, held states “harmless” for caseload increases affecting the work participation standards for FY2009 through FY2011. It did so by allowing states to “freeze” caseload reduction credits at pre-recession levels through the FY2011 standards.
What Work Participation Rates Have the States Achieved?
HHS computes two work participation rates for each state that are then compared with the HHS computes two work participation rates for each state that are then compared with the
effective (after-credit) standard to determine if it has met the TANF work standard. An “all-effective (after-credit) standard to determine if it has met the TANF work standard. An “all-
families” work participation rate is computed and compared with the all-families effective families” work participation rate is computed and compared with the all-families effective
standard (50% minus the state’s caseload reduction credit). HHS also computes a two-parent standard (50% minus the state’s caseload reduction credit). HHS also computes a two-parent
work participation rate that is compared with the two-parent effective standard (90% minus the work participation rate that is compared with the two-parent effective standard (90% minus the
state’s caseload reduction credit). state’s caseload reduction credit).
Figure 5 shows the national average all-families work participation rate for FY2002 through shows the national average all-families work participation rate for FY2002 through
FY2020. For the period FY2002 through FY2011, states achieved an average all-families work FY2020. For the period FY2002 through FY2011, states achieved an average all-families work
participation rate hovering around 30%. The work participation rate increased since then. In participation rate hovering around 30%. The work participation rate increased since then. In
FY2016, it exceeded 50% for the first time since TANF was established. However, it is important FY2016, it exceeded 50% for the first time since TANF was established. However, it is important
to note that the increase in the work participation rate has not come from an increase in the to note that the increase in the work participation rate has not come from an increase in the
number of recipients in regular TANF assistance programs who are either working or in job number of recipients in regular TANF assistance programs who are either working or in job
preparation activities. This increase stems mostly from states creating new “earnings supplement” preparation activities. This increase stems mostly from states creating new “earnings supplement”
programs that use TANF funds to aid working parents in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance programs that use TANF funds to aid working parents in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps) or who have left the regular TANF assistance programs Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps) or who have left the regular TANF assistance programs
for work.6 The national average TANF work participation rate for all families declined in 2018 for work.6 The national average TANF work participation rate for all families declined in 2018
and 2019 from its 2017 high of 53.0%. In FY2020, a year affected by the COVID-19 virus and its and 2019 from its 2017 high of 53.0%. In FY2020, a year affected by the COVID-19 virus and its
economic fallout, the national average all-families rate fell by 7.5 percentage points. However, in economic fallout, the national average all-families rate fell by 7.5 percentage points. However, in
FY2020 all states met their all-families TANF work participation standards despite this decline FY2020 all states met their all-families TANF work participation standards despite this decline
(in FY2019, only Montana did not meet its standard). (in FY2019, only Montana did not meet its standard).
Figure 5. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families,
FY2002-FY2020
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
6 See CRS In Focus IF10856, 6 See CRS In Focus IF10856,
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Work Requirements. .
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Figure 5. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families, FY2002-
FY2020
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
In FY2020, 5 states (California, Nevada, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Wyoming) as well as In FY2020, 5 states (California, Nevada, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Wyoming) as well as
Guam failed the separate, higher two-parent standarGuam failed the separate, higher two-parent standar
d. Table B-6 provides information for each provides information for each
jurisdiction on the TANF work standard, caseload reduction credit, and work participation rate for jurisdiction on the TANF work standard, caseload reduction credit, and work participation rate for
all families for FY2020all families for FY2020
. Table B-7 provides that information for two-parent families. provides that information for two-parent families.
However, theThe table shows that 26 jurisdiction did not have two-parent families receiving assistance funded by TANF or MOE funds (denoted with an “NA” in the table).
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the ability to reduce or waive the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the ability to reduce or waive the
penalty on states for failing to meet the TANF work participation standard. HHS, under the penalty on states for failing to meet the TANF work participation standard. HHS, under the
Administration of President Donald Trump, said that it would exercise its authority to provide Administration of President Donald Trump, said that it would exercise its authority to provide
states with relief from the penalty for not meeting participation standards “to the maximum extent states with relief from the penalty for not meeting participation standards “to the maximum extent
possible.”7 HHS has not revised this statement under the current, Biden Administration. possible.”7 HHS has not revised this statement under the current, Biden Administration.
7 U.S. Department of Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, 7 U.S. Department of Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance,
Questions and answers about TANF and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, TANF-ACF-Pi-2020-, TANF-ACF-Pi-2020-
01, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/resource/tanf-acf-pi-2020-01. 01, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/resource/tanf-acf-pi-2020-01.
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Appendix A. Supplementary Tables
Table A-1. Trends in the Cash Assistance Caseload: 1961-2019
TANF Child Recipients
As a
As a
Percentage Percentage
Families
Recipients
Adults
Children
of All
of All Poor
Year
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
Children
Children
1961
1961
0.873
0.873
3.363
3.363
0.765
0.765
2.598
2.598
3.7%
3.7%
14.3%
14.3%
1962
1962
0.939
0.939
3.704
3.704
0.860
0.860
2.844
2.844
4.0
4.0
15.7
15.7
1963
1963
0.963
0.963
3.945
3.945
0.988
0.988
2.957
2.957
4.1
4.1
17.4
17.4
1964
1964
1.010
1.010
4.195
4.195
1.050
1.050
3.145
3.145
4.3
4.3
18.6
18.6
1965
1965
1.060
1.060
4.422
4.422
1.101
1.101
3.321
3.321
4.5
4.5
21.5
21.5
1966
1966
1.096
1.096
4.546
4.546
1.112
1.112
3.434
3.434
4.7
4.7
26.5
26.5
1967
1967
1.220
1.220
5.014
5.014
1.243
1.243
3.771
3.771
5.2
5.2
31.2
31.2
1968
1968
1.410
1.410
5.702
5.702
1.429
1.429
4.274
4.274
5.9
5.9
37.8
37.8
1969
1969
1.696
1.696
6.689
6.689
1.716
1.716
4.973
4.973
6.9
6.9
49.7
49.7
1970
1970
2.207
2.207
8.462
8.462
2.250
2.250
6.212
6.212
8.6
8.6
57.7
57.7
1971
1971
2.763
2.763
10.242
10.242
2.808
2.808
7.435
7.435
10.4
10.4
68.5
68.5
1972
1972
3.048
3.048
10.944
10.944
3.039
3.039
7.905
7.905
11.1
11.1
74.9
74.9
1973
1973
3.148
3.148
10.949
10.949
3.046
3.046
7.903
7.903
11.2
11.2
79.9
79.9
1974
1974
3.219
3.219
10.847
10.847
3.041
3.041
7.805
7.805
11.2
11.2
75.0
75.0
1975
1975
3.481
3.481
11.319
11.319
3.248
3.248
8.071
8.071
11.8
11.8
71.2
71.2
1976
1976
3.565
3.565
11.284
11.284
3.302
3.302
7.982
7.982
11.8
11.8
76.2
76.2
1977
1977
3.568
3.568
11.015
11.015
3.273
3.273
7.743
7.743
11.6
11.6
73.9
73.9
1978
1978
3.517
3.517
10.551
10.551
3.188
3.188
7.363
7.363
11.2
11.2
72.8
72.8
1979
1979
3.509
3.509
10.312
10.312
3.130
3.130
7.181
7.181
11.0
11.0
68.0
68.0
1980
1980
3.712
3.712
10.774
10.774
3.355
3.355
7.419
7.419
11.5
11.5
63.2
63.2
1981
1981
3.835
3.835
11.079
11.079
3.552
3.552
7.527
7.527
11.7
11.7
59.2
59.2
1982
1982
3.542
3.542
10.358
10.358
3.455
3.455
6.903
6.903
10.8
10.8
49.6
49.6
1983
1983
3.686
3.686
10.761
10.761
3.663
3.663
7.098
7.098
11.1
11.1
50.1
50.1
1984
1984
3.714
3.714
10.831
10.831
3.687
3.687
7.144
7.144
11.2
11.2
52.3
52.3
1985
1985
3.701
3.701
10.855
10.855
3.658
3.658
7.198
7.198
11.3
11.3
54.4
54.4
1986
1986
3.763
3.763
11.038
11.038
3.704
3.704
7.334
7.334
11.5
11.5
56.0
56.0
1987
1987
3.776
3.776
11.027
11.027
3.661
3.661
7.366
7.366
11.5
11.5
56.4
56.4
1988
1988
3.749
3.749
10.915
10.915
3.586
3.586
7.329
7.329
11.4
11.4
57.8
57.8
1989
1989
3.798
3.798
10.992
10.992
3.573
3.573
7.419
7.419
11.5
11.5
57.9
57.9
1990
1990
4.057
4.057
11.695
11.695
3.784
3.784
7.911
7.911
12.1
12.1
57.9
57.9
1991
1991
4.497
4.497
12.930
12.930
4.216
4.216
8.715
8.715
13.2
13.2
59.8
59.8
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
12
12
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
TANF Child Recipients
As a
As a
Percentage Percentage
Families
Recipients
Adults
Children
of All
of All Poor
Year
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
Children
Children
1992
1992
4.829
4.829
13.773
13.773
4.470
4.470
9.303
9.303
13.9
13.9
59.9
59.9
1993
1993
5.012
5.012
14.205
14.205
4.631
4.631
9.574
9.574
14.1
14.1
60.0
60.0
1994
1994
5.033
5.033
14.161
14.161
4.593
4.593
9.568
9.568
13.9
13.9
61.7
61.7
1995
1995
4.791
4.791
13.418
13.418
4.284
4.284
9.135
9.135
13.1
13.1
61.5
61.5
1996
1996
4.434
4.434
12.321
12.321
3.928
3.928
8.600
8.600
12.3
12.3
58.7
58.7
1997
1997
3.740
3.740
10.376
10.376
NA
NA
NA
NA
10.0
10.0
50.1
50.1
1998
1998
3.050
3.050
8.347
8.347
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.1
8.1
42.9
42.9
1999
1999
2.578
2.578
6.924
6.924
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.7
6.7
39.4
39.4
2000
2000
2.303
2.303
6.143
6.143
1.655
1.655
4.479
4.479
6.1
6.1
38.1
38.1
2001
2001
2.192
2.192
5.717
5.717
1.514
1.514
4.195
4.195
5.7
5.7
35.3
35.3
2002
2002
2.187
2.187
5.609
5.609
1.479
1.479
4.119
4.119
5.6
5.6
33.6
33.6
2003
2003
2.180
2.180
5.490
5.490
1.416
1.416
4.063
4.063
5.5
5.5
31.3
31.3
2004
2004
2.153
2.153
5.342
5.342
1.362
1.362
3.969
3.969
5.4
5.4
30.2
30.2
2005
2005
2.061
2.061
5.028
5.028
1.261
1.261
3.756
3.756
5.1
5.1
28.9
28.9
2006
2006
1.906
1.906
4.582
4.582
1.120
1.120
3.453
3.453
4.6
4.6
26.7
26.7
2007
2007
1.730
1.730
4.075
4.075
0.956
0.956
3.119
3.119
4.2
4.2
23.2
23.2
2008
2008
1.701
1.701
4.005
4.005
0.946
0.946
3.059
3.059
4.1
4.1
21.6
21.6
2009
2009
1.838
1.838
4.371
4.371
1.074
1.074
3.296
3.296
4.4
4.4
21.2
21.2
2010
2010
1.919
1.919
4.598
4.598
1.163
1.163
3.435
3.435
4.6
4.6
20.9
20.9
2011
2011
1.907
1.907
4.557
4.557
1.149
1.149
3.408
3.408
4.6
4.6
20.9
20.9
2012
2012
1.852
1.852
4.402
4.402
1.104
1.104
3.298
3.298
4.4
4.4
20.3
20.3
2013
2013
1.726
1.726
4.042
4.042
0.993
0.993
3.050
3.050
4.1
4.1
19.1
19.1
2014
2014
1.650
1.650
3.957
3.957
1.007
1.007
2.950
2.950
4.0
4.0
18.9
18.9
2015
2015
1.609
1.609
4.126
4.126
1.155
1.155
2.971
2.971
4.0
4.0
20.4
20.4
2016
2016
1.479
1.479
3.780
3.780
1.037
1.037
2.743
2.743
3.7
3.7
20.7
20.7
2017
2017
1.358
1.358
3.516
3.516
0.930
0.930
2.577
2.577
3.5
3.5
20.1
20.1
2018
2018
1.196
1.196
3.150
3.150
0.833
0.833
2.317
2.317
3.2
3.2
19.5
19.5
2019
2019
1.093
1.093
2.866
2.866
0.747
0.747
2.199
2.199
2.9
2.9
20.2
20.2
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) and the U.S. Census Bureau. Services (HHS) and the U.S. Census Bureau.
Notes: NA denotes not available. During transition reporting from AFDC to TANF, caseload statistics on adult NA denotes not available. During transition reporting from AFDC to TANF, caseload statistics on adult
and child recipients were not col ected. For those years, TANF children as a percent of all children and percent and child recipients were not col ected. For those years, TANF children as a percent of all children and percent
of all poor children were estimated by HHS and published in of all poor children were estimated by HHS and published in
Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors, Annual Report to
Congress, Table TANF 2, p. A-7. See https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/private/pdf/116161/, Table TANF 2, p. A-7. See https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/private/pdf/116161/
FINAL%20Fourteenth%20Report%20-%20FINAL%209%2022%2015.pdf. For 2019, the ratio of TANF recipient FINAL%20Fourteenth%20Report%20-%20FINAL%209%2022%2015.pdf. For 2019, the ratio of TANF recipient
children to all children in poverty might be overstated. This is because child poverty might have been children to all children in poverty might be overstated. This is because child poverty might have been
underestimated, as responses to the survey used to estimate poverty were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. underestimated, as responses to the survey used to estimate poverty were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
13
13
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
See Jonathan Rothbaum and Adam Bee,
See Jonathan Rothbaum and Adam Bee,
Coronavirus Infects Surveys, Too: Nonresponse Bias During the Pandemic in
the CPS ASEC, U.S. Census Bureau, SEHSD Working Paper no. 2020-10, September 15, 2020. , U.S. Census Bureau, SEHSD Working Paper no. 2020-10, September 15, 2020.
Table A-2. Families Receiving AFDC/TANF Assistance by Family Category, Selected
Selected Years, FY1988-FY2019
1988
1994
2010
2019
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working
3,136,566
3,136,566
3,798,997
3,798,997
879,922
879,922
358,761
358,761
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working
243,573
243,573
378,620
378,620
287,146
287,146
286,373
286,373
Child-Only/SSI Parent
Child-Only/SSI Parent
59,988
59,988
171,391
171,391
181,852
181,852
104,397
104,397
Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent
Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent
47,566
47,566
184,397
184,397
217,487
217,487
108,249
108,249
Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent
Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent
51,764
51,764
146,227
146,227
4,968
4,968
3,391
3,391
Child-Only/Caretaker Relative
Child-Only/Caretaker Relative
188,598
188,598
328,290
328,290
254,088
254,088
190,494
190,494
Child-Only/Unknown
Child-Only/Unknown
19,897
19,897
38,341
38,341
84,378
84,378
68,743
68,743
Totals
Totals
3,747,952
3,747,952
5,046,263
5,046,263
1,909,841
1,909,841
1,120,407
1,120,407
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working
83.7%
83.7%
75.3%
75.3%
46.1%
46.1%
32.0%
32.0%
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working
Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working
6.5
6.5
7.5
7.5
15.0
15.0
25.6
25.6
Child-Only/SSI Parent
Child-Only/SSI Parent
1.6
1.6
3.4
3.4
9.5
9.5
9.3
9.3
Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent
Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent
1.3
1.3
3.7
3.7
11.4
11.4
9.7
9.7
Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent
Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent
1.4
1.4
2.9
2.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Child-Only/Caretaker Relative
Child-Only/Caretaker Relative
5.0
5.0
6.5
6.5
13.3
13.3
17.0
17.0
Child-Only/Unknown
Child-Only/Unknown
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
4.4
4.4
6.1
6.1
Totals
Totals
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the FY1988 and FY1994 AFDC Quality Control Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the FY1988 and FY1994 AFDC Quality Control
(QC) data files and the FY2010 and FY2019 TANF National Data Files. (QC) data files and the FY2010 and FY2019 TANF National Data Files.
Notes: FY2010 and FY2019 data include families receiving assistance from separate state programs (SSPs) with FY2010 and FY2019 data include families receiving assistance from separate state programs (SSPs) with
expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
14
14
Appendix B. State Tables
Table B-1. Use of FY2019FY2020 TANF and MOE Funds by Category
($ in
($ in
Billionsmillions) )
Work,
Emergency
Other
Educa-
Refundable
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
tion, and
Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services Spending
Alabama
Alabama
$
$
17.263
$5.524
$7.50016.378
$24.228
$6.875
$0.000
$0.000
$
$
22.005
$38.271
$12.855
$38.280
$35.228
$176.926
Alaska
37.176
14.782
10.15210.660
$40.010
$24.372
$46.281
$35.511
$204.316
Alaska
45.590
13.968
12.085
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
6.
6.
239905
0.
0.
367
16.192
84.908326
12.898
91.771
Arizona
Arizona
43.59945.033
0.000
0.000
0.
0.
682565
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
211.345
15.911
26.535
48.201
346.273238.209
18.940
9.179
43.640
355.567
Arkansas
Arkansas
4.
4.
912
2.660
14.025257
7.798
12.439
0.000
0.000
30.143
0.276
16.510
4.780
6.819
80.125
California
2,204.396
797.841
1,761.212
0.000
0.000
0.309
539.356
275.796
965.421
6,544.331
Colorado
75.424
12.422
11.619
76.440
59.323
50.090
18.451
18.121
60.979
382.870
Connecticut
41.886
41.485
11.267
59.300
82.701
70.619
38.627
20.945
134.497
501.326
Delaware
11.388
79.081
1.809
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.823
1.795
16.771
115.667
District of Columbia
164.956
59.117
34.563
23.681
0.000
0.000
9.725
69.144
7.068
368.253
Florida
145.677
290.578
46.106
0.000
0.000
250.139
88.941
0.950
81.598
903.989
Georgia
98.333
0.000
8.573
0.000
0.000
308.162
18.683
5.429
53.552
492.731
Hawaii
30.805
11.972
41.870
0.000
0.000
1.736
14.491
8.146
96.396
205.415
Idaho
8.299
13.293
3.250
0.000
1.505
1.998
6.840
12.540
0.724
48.450
Il inois
43.335
495.256
16.342
90.136
108.715
239.682
0.028
0.651
93.317
1,087.462
Indiana
12.749
123.164
6.365
25.177
0.000
9.169
30.519
0.191
144.564
351.898
Iowa
29.339
55.616
9.463
24.902
0.000
53.820
6.171
0.392
20.871
200.575
Kansas
11.901
6.673
0.737
40.117
17.990
34.534
10.418
0.000
47.000
169.37126.742
0.913
14.984
5.902
11.093
84.129
California
2,598.201
762.874
1,574.497
0.000
0.101
0.062
549.893
261.704
955.710
6,703.043
Colorado
80.602
15.238
8.473
72.077
91.198
53.148
51.730
21.549
57.943
451.957
Connecticut
36.207
62.591
10.506
58.091
70.878
68.389
42.288
18.565
138.266
505.781
Delaware
11.544
82.878
6.475
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.367
2.433
17.632
126.329
District of Columbia
185.408
37.433
39.216
23.842
0.000
0.000
11.578
11.552
7.327
316.355
Florida
133.883
341.154
50.224
0.000
0.000
244.252
97.793
0.877
81.413
949.598
Georgia
109.858
22.183
8.286
0.000
0.000
228.090
22.445
5.799
87.628
484.290
Hawaii
38.679
9.974
41.531
0.000
0.000
1.417
15.754
7.929
105.609
220.893
Idaho
7.915
10.965
2.946
0.000
1.487
1.726
6.480
11.798
0.415
43.731
Il inois
50.912
560.158
17.587
86.933
104.551
239.565
0.000
0.879
96.901
1,157.486
Indiana
16.013
114.016
5.707
24.845
0.000
2.759
28.415
0.290
141.256
333.302
Iowa
30.373
52.604
8.490
25.390
0.000
46.660
6.518
0.347
20.756
191.137
Kansas
13.061
6.673
0.641
38.493
18.375
42.921
9.903
0.000
47.006
177.072
CRS-15
CRS-15
Work,
Emergency
Other
Educa-
Refundable
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
tion, and
Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services Spending
Kentucky
Kentucky
186.166
30.490
27.922179.973
32.666
29.722
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
11.42412.107
0.000
9.214
263.682
Louisiana
15.122
12.653
35.222
19.933
51.151
26.963
16.848
6.898
29.031
213.821
Maine
37.473
19.990
11.593
7.579
0.507
9.802
6.317
5.177
29.047
127.485
Maryland
153.087
5.484
30.478
154.133
76.530
29.930
23.337
27.518
44.909
545.407
Massachusetts
240.784
265.421
203.514
220.172
0.000
6.559
33.135
103.344
78.870
1,151.798
Michigan
129.478
27.019
1.958
43.518
191.413
78.645
53.354
20.648
794.532
1,340.566
Minnesota
93.963
159.106
52.951
177.877
5.700
0.000
42.407
22.554
18.005
572.564
Mississippi
4.074
1.715
22.769
0.000
0.000
21.756
9.419
0.000
17.110
76.844
Missouri
31.551
27.504
62.874
0.000
0.000
112.570
9.297
73.252
54.188
371.236
Montana
17.448
10.621
2.664
0.000
0.000
1.927
4.709
2.038
9.057
48.464
Nebraska
28.344
18.375
12.299
32.472
0.000
6.100
2.977
0.090
3.238
103.896
Nevada
33.047
13.902
1.302
0.000
0.000
28.275
9.894
8.956
18.736
114.112
New Hampshire
34.201
4.582
7.225
0.000
0.000
4.544
11.407
2.373
16.217
80.549
New Jersey
82.639
218.423
73.767
361.436
614.997
0.000
50.883
16.103
72.455
1,490.702
New Mexico
68.684
34.278
20.737
74.691
70.361
1.019
6.133
6.369
22.966
305.238
New York
1,444.193
479.272
120.136
1,296.116
496.529
348.868
431.817
212.620
330.864
5,160.413
North Carolina
34.722
226.371
4.005
0.000
92.153
135.889
43.433
3.574
44.245
584.392
North Dakota
3.857
1.239
3.915
0.000
0.000
24.228
4.941
0.079
0.926
39.184
Ohio
247.480
423.168
82.829
0.000
0.158
18.212
99.060
76.521
248.456
1,195.884
Oklahoma
19.303
59.713
9.208
0.000
0.000
13.408
8.399
0.587
34.063
144.682
Oregon
83.504
11.102
18.507
3.381
11.599
14.496
36.467
23.731
42.954
245.739
0.000
12.509
268.512
Louisiana
17.404
10.742
34.530
11.836
40.644
19.780
16.939
7.851
26.938
186.664
Maine
32.738
28.664
9.533
7.900
0.595
10.688
5.033
5.760
30.163
131.075
Maryland
117.921
6.468
29.644
156.514
70.018
16.909
30.668
38.835
43.987
510.963
Massachusetts
220.293
334.776
177.164
171.271
0.000
4.819
37.826
104.098
78.236
1,128.483
Michigan
74.149
27.829
4.039
40.146
188.527
75.330
58.542
17.654
748.702
1,234.920
Minnesota
78.515
166.913
58.409
142.862
5.700
0.000
44.752
23.846
25.246
546.243
Mississippi
5.543
1.715
25.349
0.000
0.000
27.088
11.422
0.000
29.945
101.062
Missouri
31.318
31.460
64.115
0.000
0.000
106.116
9.959
67.182
51.512
361.662
Montana
19.597
9.277
3.036
0.000
0.000
3.964
5.456
2.147
9.832
53.310
Nebraska
24.037
23.059
9.248
32.813
0.000
4.901
3.934
0.127
0.809
98.928
Nevada
33.727
21.966
4.783
0.000
3.006
26.899
10.333
6.975
16.189
123.879
New Hampshire
34.054
12.282
7.535
0.000
0.000
5.918
11.244
8.286
17.508
96.826
New Jersey
69.186
163.904
69.698
373.073
559.777
0.000
48.640
14.785
64.225
1,363.288
New Mexico
47.430
32.976
17.272
45.478
47.614
0.317
4.760
9.473
26.815
232.134
New York
1,473.353
467.812
162.000
1,324.586
492.403
339.964
424.079
266.100
334.652
5,284.951
North Carolina
32.930
198.883
5.566
0.000
90.203
131.687
47.863
5.117
52.186
564.436
North Dakota
3.896
1.117
3.714
0.000
0.000
18.430
3.680
0.015
1.151
32.002
Ohio
239.856
410.532
78.974
0.000
0.000
20.101
112.034
57.001
234.621
1,153.119
Oklahoma
17.988
32.714
11.092
0.000
9.059
19.263
8.418
0.629
29.307
128.471
Oregon
84.649
11.951
19.574
3.381
11.924
13.786
24.708
29.005
38.863
237.841
CRS-16
CRS-16
Work,
Emergency
Other
Educa-
Refundable
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
tion, and
Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services Spending
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
151.419
506.841
99.100
0.000
235.879
0.000
80.402
14.261
143.073
1,230.975
Rhode Island
23.911
45.352
12.079
22.715
0.000
33.194
5.022
27.702
12.662
182.638
South Carolina
52.507
4.085
9.840
0.000
27.193
6.693
21.205
0.000
43.959
165.482
South Dakota
13.246
0.803
3.261
0.000
0.000
3.125
1.823
2.264
2.847
27.369
Tennessee
57.657
0.000
19.316
0.000
82.092
0.000
26.804
0.000
2.427
188.297
Texas
39.782
0.000
83.597
0.000
349.682
324.487
118.891
5.686
70.626
992.751
Utah
22.529
22.922
19.109
0.000
10.122
1.567
7.981
1.835
18.884
104.949
Vermont
13.716
32.255
1.923
19.420
0.000
6.998
5.533
1.447
14.856
96.147
Virginia
62.525
38.527
37.792
0.524
4.009
55.156
49.769
4.556
34.619
287.476
Washington
141.868
144.488
99.704
0.000
50.235
4.152
87.620
63.991
416.008
1,008.066
West Virginia
25.140
10.021
0.344
0.000
0.000
31.140
12.543
14.229
23.623
117.041
Wisconsin
71.793
201.426
31.826
69.700
0.000
6.413
31.914
38.011
126.522
577.606
Wyoming
8.321
2.883
4.742
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.329
3.294
1.982
25.551
Totals
6,510.603
5,044.598
3,231.368
2,761.975 2,601.063 2,589.039
2,224.139
1,326.224 4,614.682 30,903.691
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Notes: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.
CRS-17
Table B-2. Uses of FY2018130.776
482.527
86.953
0.000
219.345
0.000
62.785
9.851
142.789
1,135.026
Rhode Island
21.679
41.607
9.897
22.214
1.190
26.256
5.141
0.000
26.679
154.664
South Carolina
48.818
4.085
8.203
0.000
27.777
5.063
18.961
0.000
53.150
166.057
South Dakota
13.022
0.803
2.798
0.000
0.000
3.494
2.205
3.792
2.823
28.937
Tennessee
23.612
57.000
23.053
0.000
83.207
0.000
32.009
0.000
2.907
221.788
Texas
45.249
0.000
85.947
0.000
339.179
377.214
68.821
4.337
63.466
984.212
Utah
17.343
22.619
14.777
0.000
12.486
1.348
6.507
1.983
19.620
96.684
Vermont
13.144
33.365
0.734
19.246
0.000
8.364
5.114
0.674
14.094
94.735
Virginia
65.836
38.566
36.533
0.186
6.635
56.980
48.434
5.392
41.402
299.964
Washington
139.722
150.607
131.210
0.000
51.343
28.400
54.971
76.080
424.139
1,056.473
West Virginia
40.212
21.096
0.587
0.000
0.000
26.446
14.834
13.620
27.733
144.529
Wisconsin
73.364
195.758
28.987
69.700
0.000
7.317
28.730
32.356
129.978
566.190
Wyoming
11.461
1.554
5.192
0.000
1.709
0.000
3.517
3.220
2.841
29.494
Totals
7,051.079
5,226.926
3,049.091
2,832.324 2,677.958 2,632.197
2,181.733
1,169.148 4,731.712 31,552.168
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Notes: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.
CRS-17
Table B-2. Uses of FY2020 TANF and MOE Funds by Category as a Percentage of Total Federal TANF and
TANF and MOE Funds by Category as a Percentage of Total Federal TANF and State MOE
State MOE Spending
Work,
Emergency
Other
Education,
Refund-
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
and
able Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services
Spending
Alabama
Alabama
9.8%
3.1%
4.28.0%
11.9%
3.4% %
0.0%
0.0%
12.45.2% %
2119.6% .6%
7.3%
21.6%
19.911.9%
22.7%
17.4% %
100.0%
100.0%
Alaska
Alaska
43.8
17.4
12.049.7
15.2
13.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.
7.
35
0.4
0.4
1914.1 .1
100.0
100.0
Arizona
Arizona
12.
12.
67
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6167.0
5.3
2.6
12.3.0
4.6
7.7
13.9
100.0
100.0
Arkansas
Arkansas
65.1 .1
39.3 .3
17.514.8
0.0
0.0
37.6
0.3
20.6
6.0
8.531.8
1.1
17.8
7.0
13.2
100.0
100.0
California
California
33.7
12.2
26.938.8
11.4
23.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.2
8.2
4.23.9
14.
14.
83
100.0
100.0
Colorado
Colorado
19.717.8
3.
3.
2
3.0
20.0
15.5
13.1
4.8
4.7
15.94
1.9
15.9
20.2
11.8
11.4
4.8
12.8
100.0
100.0
Connecticut
Connecticut
8.4
8.3
2.2
11.8
16.5
14.1
7.7
4.2
26.87.2
12.4
2.1
11.5
14.0
13.5
8.4
3.7
27.3
100.0
100.0
Delaware
Delaware
9.
9.
8
68.4
1.61
65.6
5.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
4.2
1.
1.
69
14.
14.
50
100.0
100.0
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
44.8
16.1
9.4
6.458.6
11.8
12.4
7.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.6
18.8
1.93.7
3.7
2.3
100.0
100.0
Florida
Florida
1614.1 .1
32.135.9
5.
5.
13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2725.7 .7
9.810.3
0.1
0.1
9.08.6
100.0
100.0
Georgia
Georgia
20.0
0.022.7
4.6
1.7
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
62.5
3.8
1.1
10.947.1
4.6
1.2
18.1
100.0
100.0
Hawaii
Hawaii
15.0
5.8
20.417.5
4.5
18.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.
0.
86
7.1
7.1
4.0
46.93.6
47.8
100.0
100.0
Idaho
Idaho
1718.1 .1
27.425.1
6.7
6.7
0.0
0.0
3.
3.
1
4.14
3.9
14.
14.
1
25.9
1.58
27.0
0.9
100.0
100.0
Il inois
Il inois
4.
4.
0
45.54
48.4
1.5
1.5
8.3
10.0
22.07.5
9.0
20.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
8.
8.
64
100.0
100.0
Indiana
Indiana
3.6
35.0
1.8
7.2
0.0
2.6
8.7
0.1
41.14.8
34.2
1.7
7.5
0.0
0.8
8.5
0.1
42.4
100.0
100.0
Iowa
Iowa
14.615.9
27.
27.
75
4.
4.
7
12.44
13.3
0.0
0.0
26.824.4
3.
3.
14
0.2
0.2
10.
10.
49
100.0
100.0
Kansas
Kansas
7.
7.
04
3.
3.
98
0.4
0.4
2321.7 .7
10.
10.
6
20.4
6.24
24.2
5.6
0.0
0.0
27.726.5
100.0
100.0
Kentucky
Kentucky
6968.3 .3
1112.4 .4
10.411.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.
4.
36
0.0
0.0
4.73.5
100.0
100.0
Louisiana
Louisiana
9.37.1
5.
5.
8
189
16.5 .5
69.3 .3
21.8
10.6
9.1
4.2
14.423.9
12.6
7.9
3.2
13.6
100.0
100.0
CRS-18
CRS-18
Work,
Emergency
Other
Education,
Refund-
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
and
able Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services
Spending
Maine
Maine
25.0
21.9
7.3
6.0
0.5
8.2
3.8
4.4
23.029.4
15.7
9.1
5.9
0.4
7.7
5.0
4.1
22.8
100.0
100.0
Maryland
Maryland
2328.1 .1
1.
1.
30
5.
5.
8
30.6
13.7
3.3
6.0
7.6
8.66
28.3
14.0
5.5
4.3
5.0
8.2
100.0
100.0
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
19.5
29.7
15.7
15.220.9
23.0
17.7
19.1
0.0
0.0
0.
0.
4
3.46
2.9
9.
9.
20
6.
6.
98
100.0
100.0
Michigan
Michigan
6.09.7
2.
2.
30
0.
0.
31
3.
3.
3
15.3
6.1
4.7
1.4
60.62
14.3
5.9
4.0
1.5
59.3
100.0
100.0
Minnesota
Minnesota
1416.4
27.8
9.2
31.1
1.0
0.0
7.4
3.9
3.1.4
30.6
10.7
26.2
1.0
0.0
8.2
4.4
4.6
100.0
100.0
Mississippi
Mississippi
5.
5.
5
1.7
25.13
2.2
29.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.8
1128.3
12.3 .3
0.0
0.0
29.622.3
100.0
100.0
Missouri
Missouri
8.
8.
7
8.7
17.75
7.4
16.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2930.3 .3
2.
2.
8
18.65
19.7
14.
14.
26
100.0
100.0
Montana
Montana
36.
36.
8
17.4
5.70
21.9
5.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.4
10.2
4.0
18.44.0
9.7
4.2
18.7
100.0
100.0
Nebraska
Nebraska
2427.3
17.7
11.8
31.3.3
23.3
9.3
33.2
0.0
0.0
5.
5.
0
4.09
2.9
0.1
0.1
0.83.1
100.0
100.0
Nevada
Nevada
27.2
17.7
3.9
0.0
2.4
21.7
8.3
5.6
13.129.0
12.2
1.1
0.0
0.0
24.8
8.7
7.8
16.4
100.0
100.0
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
35.2
12.7
7.842.5
5.7
9.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.1
11.6
8.6
185.6
14.2
2.9
20.1 .1
100.0
100.0
New Jersey
New Jersey
5.
5.
1
12.0
5.1
27.4
41.15
14.7
4.9
24.2
41.3
0.0
0.0
3.
3.
64
1.1
1.1
4.
4.
79
100.0
100.0
New Mexico
New Mexico
20.4
14.2
7.4
19.6
20.5
0.1
2.1
4.1
11.622.5
11.2
6.8
24.5
23.1
0.3
2.0
2.1
7.5
100.0
100.0
New York
New York
27.9
8.9
3.128.0
9.3
2.3
25.1
25.1
9.
9.
36
6.
6.
48
8.
8.
0
5.04
4.1
6.
6.
34
100.0
100.0
North Carolina
North Carolina
5.
5.
8
35.2
1.09
38.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
16.015.8
23.3
23.3
8.57.4
0.
0.
9
9.26
7.6
100.0
100.0
North Dakota
North Dakota
12.29.8
3.
3.
5
11.62
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
57.6
11.5
0.0
3.661.8
12.6
0.2
2.4
100.0
100.0
Ohio
Ohio
20.
20.
87
35.
35.
64
6.
6.
89
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.
1.
7
9.7
4.9
20.35
8.3
6.4
20.8
100.0
100.0
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
14.0
25.5
8.6
0.0
7.1
15.0
6.6
0.5
22.813.3
41.3
6.4
0.0
0.0
9.3
5.8
0.4
23.5
100.0
100.0
Oregon
Oregon
35.6
5.0
8.234.0
4.5
7.5
1.4
1.4
5.04.7
5.
5.
8
10.4
12.2
16.3
100.0
Pennsylvania
12.3
41.2
8.1
0.0
19.2
0.0
6.5
1.2
119
14.8
9.7
17.5
100.0
Pennsylvania
11.5
42.5
7.7
0.0
19.3
0.0
5.5
0.9
12.6 .6
100.0
100.0
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
13.1
24.8
6.6
12.4
0.0
18.2
2.7
15.2
6.914.0
26.9
6.4
14.4
0.8
17.0
3.3
0.0
17.2
100.0
100.0
CRS-19
CRS-19
Work,
Emergency
Other
Education,
Refund-
Pre-
and Short-
Benefits
Basic
Child
and
able Tax
K/Head
Child
Adminis-
Term
and
Total
State
Assistance
Care
Training
Credits
Start
Welfare
tration
Benefits
Services
Spending
South Carolina
South Carolina
31.729.4
2.5
2.5
54.9 .9
0.0
0.0
16.
16.
47
43.0 .0
12.811.4
0.0
0.0
26.632.0
100.0
100.0
South Dakota
South Dakota
48.445.0
2.
2.
9
11.98
9.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.4
6.7
8.3
10.412.1
7.6
13.1
9.8
100.0
100.0
Tennessee
Tennessee
3010.6 .6
0.025.7
10.
10.
34
0.0
0.0
43.637.5
0.0
0.0
14.
14.
24
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.3
100.0
100.0
Texas
Texas
4.
4.
06
0.0
0.0
8.
8.
47
0.0
0.0
35.2
32.7
12.0
0.6
7.134.5
38.3
7.0
0.4
6.4
100.0
100.0
Utah
Utah
21.5
21.8
18.217.9
23.4
15.3
0.0
0.0
9.612.9
1.
1.
5
7.6
1.7
18.0
100.0
Vermont
14.3
33.5
2.0
20.2
0.0
7.3
5.8
1.5
15.54
6.7
2.1
20.3
100.0
Vermont
13.9
35.2
0.8
20.3
0.0
8.8
5.4
0.7
14.9
100.0
100.0
Virginia
Virginia
21.
21.
7
13.4
13.1
0.2
1.4
19.2
17.3
1.6
12.09
12.9
12.2
0.1
2.2
19.0
16.1
1.8
13.8
100.0
100.0
Washington
Washington
14.113.2
14.3
14.3
9.912.4
0.0
4.9
2.7
5.2
7.2
40.1
0.0
5.0
0.4
8.7
6.3
41.3
100.0
100.0
West Virginia
West Virginia
21.5
827.8
14.6 .6
0.
0.
34
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.618.3
10.
10.
7
12.2
203
9.4
19.2 .2
100.0
100.0
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
12.413.0
34.
34.
96
5.
5.
51
12.
12.
13
0.0
0.0
1.
1.
13
5.
5.
5
6.6
21.91
5.7
23.0
100.0
100.0
Wyoming
Wyoming
32.6
11.3
1838.9
5.3
17.6 .6
0.0
0.0
0.05.8
0.0
0.0
1611.9 .9
1210.9 .9
7.89.6
100.0
100.0
Totals
Totals
21.122.3
16.
16.
3
10.5
8.9
8.4
8.4
7.2
4.3
14.96
9.7
9.0
8.5
8.3
6.9
3.7
15.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
, Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. .
Notes: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.
CRS-20
CRS-20
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2019FY2020
(September 30,
(September 30,
20192020; $ in ; $ in
Millionsmillions) )
Unliquidated
State
Obligations
Unobligated Balance
Alabama
Alabama
$
$
50.8
$59.65.000
$96.385
Alaska
Alaska
1.9
30.53.823
17.833
Arizona
Arizona
0.
0.
0
41.8000
38.786
Arkansas
Arkansas
40.9
49.242.772
56.406
California
California
259.3100.860
0.
0.
0000
Colorado
Colorado
0.
0.
0
103.1000
87.486
Connecticut
Connecticut
0.
0.
0000
0.
0.
0000
Delaware
Delaware
3.1
29.75.356
35.457
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
0.
0.
0
31.1000
15.236
Florida
Florida
64.550.819
0.
0.
0000
Georgia
Georgia
39.7
48.1
Hawaii
23.7
328.1
Idaho
0.0
8.7
Il inois
0.0
0.0
Indiana
5.0
32.4
Iowa
0.0
0.9
Kansas
3.3
69.4
Kentucky
0.0
48.7
Louisiana
45.5
4.0
Maine
25.5
102.9
Maryland
0.0
29.5
Massachusetts
0.0
0.0
Michigan
0.0
99.2
Minnesota
0.0
64.4
Mississippi
0.0
15.7
Missouri
0.0
0.0
Montana
0.0
14.4
Nebraska
0.0
79.4
Nevada
0.0
28.9
New Hampshire
0.0
35.9
New Jersey
54.8
6.3
New Mexico
0.0
94.1
New York
17.4
649.1
North Carolina
64.6
0.026.758
79.824
Hawaii
15.302
364.301
Idaho
0.000
8.269
Il inois
0.000
0.000
Indiana
13.406
18.647
Iowa
11.008
0.000
Kansas
3.567
57.065
Kentucky
0.000
38.810
Louisiana
0.000
65.375
Maine
22.300
93.075
Maryland
0.000
0.051
Massachusetts
0.000
0.000
Michigan
0.000
94.231
Minnesota
0.000
103.991
Mississippi
0.000
47.037
Missouri
0.000
0.000
Montana
0.000
19.455
Nebraska
39.053
52.068
Nevada
33.445
1.769
New Hampshire
0.000
44.926
New Jersey
27.786
25.000
New Mexico
1.195
60.053
New York
311.017
586.125
North Carolina
55.335
0.000
Congressional Research Service
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21
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Unliquidated
State
Obligations
Unobligated Balance
North Dakota
North Dakota
0.
0.
0
5.3000
1.500
Ohio
Ohio
582.4
0.00.000
582.599
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
0.
0.
8
212.6000
264.061
Oregon
Oregon
0.
0.
0
33.5000
45.203
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
93.2
403.388.075
410.985
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
0.
0.
0
12.6000
25.051
South Carolina
South Carolina
0.
0.
0000
0.
0.
0000
South Dakota
South Dakota
0.
0.
0000
22.
22.
0795
Tennessee
Tennessee
0.
0.
0
731.9000
789.634
Texas
Texas
0.
0.
0
330.3000
281.369
Utah
Utah
0.
0.
0
55.9000
59.430
Vermont
Vermont
0.
0.
0000
0.
0.
0000
Virginia
Virginia
6.7
133.6
Washington
0.0
111.97.366
125.804
Washington
25.809
105.845
West Virginia
West Virginia
0.
0.
0000
101.
101.
8445
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
0.
0.
0
186.5000
204.997
Wyoming
Wyoming
0.
0.
0
28.6000
27.231
Totals
Totals
1,383.0
4,475.2890.054
5,155.608
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS)Services (HHS)
, Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family Assistance. Note. Notes: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs. Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.
Table B-4. Number of Families, Recipients, Children, and Adults Receiving TANF
Assistance by Jurisdiction, November 2020
State
Families
Recipients Children
Adults
Alabama
Alabama
7,228
7,228
16,719
16,719
13,642
13,642
3,077
3,077
Alaska
Alaska
2,013
2,013
5,376
5,376
3,692
3,692
1,684
1,684
Arizona
Arizona
7,581
7,581
15,342
15,342
12,680
12,680
2,662
2,662
Arkansas
Arkansas
1,953
1,953
4,492
4,492
3,431
3,431
1,061
1,061
California
California
308,432
308,432
984,915
984,915
704,151
704,151
280,764
280,764
Colorado
Colorado
12,359
12,359
30,023
30,023
22,338
22,338
7,685
7,685
Connecticut
Connecticut
6,320
6,320
13,403
13,403
9,791
9,791
3,612
3,612
Delaware
Delaware
2,650
2,650
7,356
7,356
4,296
4,296
3,060
3,060
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
7,465
7,465
21,847
21,847
16,103
16,103
5,744
5,744
Florida
Florida
41,491
41,491
75,073
75,073
59,340
59,340
15,733
15,733
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
State
Families
Recipients Children
Adults
Georgia
Georgia
8,060
8,060
15,222
15,222
13,889
13,889
1,333
1,333
Guam
Guam
437
437
1,078
1,078
834
834
244
244
Hawaii
Hawaii
6,881
6,881
21,265
21,265
13,595
13,595
7,670
7,670
Idaho
Idaho
1,773
1,773
2,496
2,496
2,456
2,456
40
40
Il inois
Il inois
10,735
10,735
21,098
21,098
18,996
18,996
2,102
2,102
Indiana
Indiana
8,327
8,327
19,721
19,721
15,351
15,351
4,370
4,370
Iowa
Iowa
7,504
7,504
17,947
17,947
13,759
13,759
4,188
4,188
Kansas
Kansas
3,520
3,520
3,520
3,520
1,882
1,882
1,638
1,638
Kentucky
Kentucky
14,168
14,168
28,696
28,696
24,903
24,903
3,793
3,793
Louisiana
Louisiana
3,855
3,855
8,982
8,982
7,555
7,555
1,427
1,427
Maine
Maine
11,778
11,778
39,372
39,372
24,821
24,821
14,551
14,551
Maryland
Maryland
23,055
23,055
56,580
56,580
39,938
39,938
16,642
16,642
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
41,560
41,560
108,953
108,953
77,773
77,773
31,180
31,180
Michigan
Michigan
10,762
10,762
26,774
26,774
21,444
21,444
5,330
5,330
Minnesota
Minnesota
19,680
19,680
47,585
47,585
35,101
35,101
12,484
12,484
Mississippi
Mississippi
1,877
1,877
3,158
3,158
2,888
2,888
270
270
Missouri
Missouri
8,776
8,776
20,513
20,513
15,579
15,579
4,934
4,934
Montana
Montana
2,438
2,438
5,696
5,696
4,557
4,557
1,139
1,139
Nebraska
Nebraska
4,737
4,737
11,759
11,759
9,644
9,644
2,115
2,115
Nevada
Nevada
6,658
6,658
17,198
17,198
12,826
12,826
4,372
4,372
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
4,422
4,422
10,342
10,342
7,713
7,713
2,629
2,629
New Jersey
New Jersey
9,459
9,459
22,892
22,892
16,902
16,902
5,990
5,990
New Mexico
New Mexico
11,582
11,582
29,935
29,935
21,739
21,739
8,196
8,196
New York
New York
113,201
113,201
289,625
289,625
198,575
198,575
91,050
91,050
North Carolina
North Carolina
13,775
13,775
25,289
25,289
22,273
22,273
3,016
3,016
North Dakota
North Dakota
1,078
1,078
2,820
2,820
2,244
2,244
576
576
Ohio
Ohio
51,566
51,566
94,341
94,341
84,268
84,268
10,073
10,073
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
5,592
5,592
12,901
12,901
10,932
10,932
1,969
1,969
Oregon
Oregon
25,192
25,192
72,859
72,859
48,144
48,144
24,715
24,715
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
29,869
29,869
71,549
71,549
55,079
55,079
16,470
16,470
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
4,357
4,357
11,800
11,800
7,195
7,195
4,605
4,605
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
2,577
2,577
6,094
6,094
4,622
4,622
1,472
1,472
South Carolina
South Carolina
8,133
8,133
18,749
18,749
15,127
15,127
3,622
3,622
South Dakota
South Dakota
2,716
2,716
5,495
5,495
5,051
5,051
444
444
Tennessee
Tennessee
15,578
15,578
32,436
32,436
26,923
26,923
5,513
5,513
Texas
Texas
21,404
21,404
44,545
44,545
37,455
37,455
7,090
7,090
Utah
Utah
2,657
2,657
6,195
6,195
4,621
4,621
1,574
1,574
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
State
Families
Recipients Children
Adults
Vermont
Vermont
2,052
2,052
4,305
4,305
3,233
3,233
1,072
1,072
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
69
69
225
225
156
156
69
69
Virginia
Virginia
18,311
18,311
34,337
34,337
26,552
26,552
7,785
7,785
Washington
Washington
41,979
41,979
99,966
99,966
66,093
66,093
33,873
33,873
West Virginia
West Virginia
5,703
5,703
11,121
11,121
9,379
9,379
1,742
1,742
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
16,495
16,495
37,683
37,683
30,420
30,420
7,263
7,263
Wyoming
Wyoming
487
487
1,136
1,136
869
869
267
267
Totals
Totals
1,002,327
1,002,327
2,598,799 1,912,820
2,598,799 1,912,820
685,979
685,979
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
NotesNote: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted
toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
Table B-5. Number of Needy Families with Children Receiving Assistance
by Jurisdiction, November of Selected Years
Percentage Change
to 2020 from …
1994-
2019-
1994
2010
2019
2020
2020
2020
Alabama Alabama
48,142
48,142
23,954
23,954
7,456
7,456
7,228
7,228
-85.0%
-85.0%
-3.1%
-3.1%
Alaska
Alaska
12,145
12,145
3,423
3,423
2,110
2,110
2,013
2,013
-83.4
-83.4
-4.6
-4.6
Arizona
Arizona
72,171
72,171
19,406
19,406
7,108
7,108
7,581
7,581
-89.5
-89.5
6.7
6.7
Arkansas
Arkansas
25,039
25,039
8,525
8,525
2,364
2,364
1,953
1,953
-92.2
-92.2
-17.4
-17.4
California
California
914,344
914,344
593,714
593,714
363,509
363,509
308,432
308,432
-66.3
-66.3
-15.2
-15.2
Colorado
Colorado
39,171
39,171
11,998
11,998
13,671
13,671
12,359
12,359
-68.4
-68.4
-9.6
-9.6
Connecticut
Connecticut
60,846
60,846
16,922
16,922
7,659
7,659
6,320
6,320
-89.6
-89.6
-17.5
-17.5
Delaware
Delaware
11,102
11,102
5,794
5,794
3,226
3,226
2,650
2,650
-76.1
-76.1
-17.9
-17.9
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
27,390
27,390
9,963
9,963
7,243
7,243
7,465
7,465
-72.7
-72.7
3.1
3.1
Florida
Florida
239,902
239,902
57,861
57,861
38,479
38,479
41,491
41,491
-82.7
-82.7
7.8
7.8
Georgia
Georgia
141,307
141,307
20,630
20,630
8,719
8,719
8,060
8,060
-94.3
-94.3
-7.6
-7.6
Guam
Guam
2,060
2,060
1,289
1,289
422
422
437
437
-78.8
-78.8
3.6
3.6
Hawaii
Hawaii
21,415
21,415
10,019
10,019
4,022
4,022
6,881
6,881
-67.9
-67.9
71.1
71.1
Idaho
Idaho
8,608
8,608
1,809
1,809
2,014
2,014
1,773
1,773
-79.4
-79.4
-12.0
-12.0
Il inois
Il inois
239,840
239,840
26,014
26,014
10,957
10,957
10,735
10,735
-95.5
-95.5
-2.0
-2.0
Indiana
Indiana
70,161
70,161
33,553
33,553
5,410
5,410
8,327
8,327
-88.1
-88.1
53.9
53.9
Iowa
Iowa
37,941
37,941
21,478
21,478
8,787
8,787
7,504
7,504
-80.2
-80.2
-14.6
-14.6
Kansas
28,774
15,563
3,984
3,520
-87.8
-11.6
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Percentage Change
to 2020 from …
1994-
2019-
1994
2010
2019
2020
2020
2020
Kansas
28,774
15,563
3,984
3,520
-87.8
-11.6
Kentucky
Kentucky
77,403
77,403
31,175
31,175
16,234
16,234
14,168
14,168
-81.7
-81.7
-12.7
-12.7
Louisiana
Louisiana
84,031
84,031
11,062
11,062
4,478
4,478
3,855
3,855
-95.4
-95.4
-13.9
-13.9
Maine
Maine
21,782
21,782
15,397
15,397
14,586
14,586
11,778
11,778
-45.9
-45.9
-19.3
-19.3
Maryland
Maryland
80,480
80,480
25,347
25,347
16,761
16,761
23,055
23,055
-71.4
-71.4
37.6
37.6
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
106,736
106,736
50,878
50,878
50,505
50,505
41,560
41,560
-61.1
-61.1
-17.7
-17.7
Michigan
Michigan
211,259
211,259
68,790
68,790
11,119
11,119
10,762
10,762
-94.9
-94.9
-3.2
-3.2
Minnesota
Minnesota
61,352
61,352
24,759
24,759
15,087
15,087
19,680
19,680
-67.9
-67.9
30.4
30.4
Mississippi
Mississippi
53,652
53,652
12,052
12,052
3,011
3,011
1,877
1,877
-96.5
-96.5
-37.7
-37.7
Missouri
Missouri
91,205
91,205
39,737
39,737
9,687
9,687
8,776
8,776
-90.4
-90.4
-9.4
-9.4
Montana
Montana
11,464
11,464
3,650
3,650
3,266
3,266
2,438
2,438
-78.7
-78.7
-25.4
-25.4
Nebraska
Nebraska
15,543
15,543
8,381
8,381
4,346
4,346
4,737
4,737
-69.5
-69.5
9.0
9.0
Nevada
Nevada
15,330
15,330
10,778
10,778
7,821
7,821
6,658
6,658
-56.6
-56.6
-14.9
-14.9
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
11,154
11,154
6,097
6,097
5,286
5,286
4,422
4,422
-60.4
-60.4
-16.3
-16.3
New Jersey
New Jersey
113,444
113,444
34,996
34,996
9,003
9,003
9,459
9,459
-91.7
-91.7
5.1
5.1
New Mexico
New Mexico
34,906
34,906
21,447
21,447
9,901
9,901
11,582
11,582
-66.8
-66.8
17.0
17.0
New York
New York
462,309
462,309
157,247
157,247
112,549
112,549
113,201
113,201
-75.5
-75.5
0.6
0.6
North Carolina
North Carolina
127,829
127,829
23,879
23,879
14,236
14,236
13,775
13,775
-89.2
-89.2
-3.2
-3.2
North Dakota
North Dakota
5,290
5,290
1,967
1,967
972
972
1,078
1,078
-79.6
-79.6
10.9
10.9
Ohio
Ohio
239,144
239,144
104,370
104,370
43,736
43,736
51,566
51,566
-78.4
-78.4
17.9
17.9
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
45,863
45,863
9,380
9,380
5,650
5,650
5,592
5,592
-87.8
-87.8
-1.0
-1.0
Oregon
Oregon
39,763
39,763
32,548
32,548
36,514
36,514
25,192
25,192
-36.6
-36.6
-31.0
-31.0
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
209,875
209,875
59,090
59,090
39,133
39,133
29,869
29,869
-85.8
-85.8
-23.7
-23.7
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
56,378
56,378
13,953
13,953
4,410
4,410
4,357
4,357
-92.3
-92.3
-1.2
-1.2
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
22,581
22,581
6,648
6,648
3,846
3,846
2,577
2,577
-88.6
-88.6
-33.0
-33.0
South Carolina
South Carolina
50,351
50,351
19,371
19,371
8,220
8,220
8,133
8,133
-83.8
-83.8
-1.1
-1.1
South Dakota
South Dakota
6,434
6,434
3,247
3,247
2,928
2,928
2,716
2,716
-57.8
-57.8
-7.2
-7.2
Tennessee
Tennessee
107,498
107,498
63,925
63,925
18,804
18,804
15,578
15,578
-85.5
-85.5
-17.2
-17.2
Texas
Texas
281,897
281,897
52,970
52,970
21,904
21,904
21,404
21,404
-92.4
-92.4
-2.3
-2.3
Utah
Utah
17,387
17,387
7,097
7,097
3,133
3,133
2,657
2,657
-84.7
-84.7
-15.2
-15.2
Vermont
Vermont
9,691
9,691
3,264
3,264
2,665
2,665
2,052
2,052
-78.8
-78.8
-23.0
-23.0
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
1,222
1,222
526
526
101
101
69
69
-94.4
-94.4
-31.7
-31.7
Virginia
Virginia
73,692
73,692
37,478
37,478
16,586
16,586
18,311
18,311
-75.2
-75.2
10.4
10.4
Washington
Washington
102,718
102,718
67,762
67,762
35,846
35,846
41,979
41,979
-59.1
-59.1
17.1
17.1
West Virginia
West Virginia
39,299
39,299
10,747
10,747
6,361
6,361
5,703
5,703
-85.5
-85.5
-10.3
-10.3
Wisconsin
73,730
25,056
14,839
16,495
-77.6
11.2
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Percentage Change
to 2020 from …
1994-
2019-
1994
2010
2019
2020
2020
2020
Wisconsin
73,730
25,056
14,839
16,495
-77.6
11.2
Wyoming
Wyoming
5,457
5,457
302
302
482
482
487
487
-91.1
-91.1
1.0
1.0
Totals
Totals
4,968,507
4,968,507
1,947,288
1,947,288
1,071,146
1,071,146
1,002,327
1,002,327
-79.8
-79.8
-6.4
-6.4
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
NotesNote: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted
toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.
Table B-6. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction for All
Families: FY2020
Effective
Caseload
(after-
Work
Statutory
Reduction
credit)
Participation
Met the
State
Standard
Credit
standard
Rate
Standard?
Alabama
Alabama
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
0.0%
44.3%
44.3%
Yes
Yes
Alaska
Alaska
50.0
50.0
42.4
42.4
7.6
7.6
38.2
38.2
Yes
Yes
Arizona
Arizona
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
15.2
15.2
Yes
Yes
Arkansas
Arkansas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.4
17.4
Yes
Yes
California
California
50.0
50.0
25.3
25.3
24.7
24.7
50.5
50.5
Yes
Yes
Colorado
Colorado
50.0
50.0
35.0
35.0
15.0
15.0
39.9
39.9
Yes
Yes
Connecticut
Connecticut
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
11.3
11.3
Yes
Yes
Delaware
Delaware
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
28.6
28.6
Yes
Yes
District of Col.
District of Col.
50.0
50.0
47.7
47.7
2.3
2.3
49.9
49.9
Yes
Yes
Florida
Florida
50.0
50.0
39.0
39.0
11.0
11.0
19.1
19.1
Yes
Yes
Georgia
Georgia
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
16.1
16.1
Yes
Yes
Guam
Guam
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
9.6
9.6
Yes
Yes
Hawaii
Hawaii
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
18.2
18.2
Yes
Yes
Idaho
Idaho
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
54.7
54.7
Yes
Yes
Il inois
Il inois
50.0
50.0
46.1
46.1
3.9
3.9
66.5
66.5
Yes
Yes
Indiana
Indiana
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
21.3
21.3
Yes
Yes
Iowa
Iowa
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
20.0
Yes
Yes
Kansas
Kansas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
31.8
31.8
Yes
Yes
Kentucky
Kentucky
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
41.0
41.0
Yes
Yes
Louisiana
Louisiana
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
3.5
Yes
Yes
Maine
Maine
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
83.5
83.5
Yes
Yes
Maryland
50.0
50.0
0.0
14.3
Yes
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Effective
Caseload
(after-
Work
Statutory
Reduction
credit)
Participation
Met the
State
Standard
Credit
standard
Rate
Standard?
Maryland
50.0
50.0
0.0
14.3
Yes
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
50.0
50.0
25.1
25.1
24.9
24.9
56.9
56.9
Yes
Yes
Michigan
Michigan
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
32.2
32.2
Yes
Yes
Minnesota
Minnesota
50.0
50.0
44.6
44.6
5.4
5.4
22.3
22.3
Yes
Yes
Mississippi
Mississippi
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
40.3
40.3
Yes
Yes
Missouri
Missouri
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.1
17.1
Yes
Yes
Montana
Montana
50.0
50.0
18.4
18.4
31.6
31.6
35.5
35.5
Yes
Yes
Nebraska
Nebraska
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
10.2
10.2
Yes
Yes
Nevada
Nevada
50.0
50.0
39.2
39.2
10.8
10.8
27.0
27.0
Yes
Yes
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
55.1
55.1
Yes
Yes
New Jersey
New Jersey
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
17.4
17.4
Yes
Yes
New Mexico
New Mexico
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
25.8
25.8
Yes
Yes
New York
New York
50.0
50.0
48.9
48.9
1.1
1.1
17.8
17.8
Yes
Yes
North Carolina
North Carolina
50.0
50.0
47.7
47.7
2.3
2.3
10.0
10.0
Yes
Yes
North Dakota
North Dakota
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
35.2
35.2
Yes
Yes
Ohio
Ohio
50.0
50.0
42.5
42.5
7.5
7.5
29.4
29.4
Yes
Yes
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
20.1
20.1
Yes
Yes
Oregon
Oregon
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
59.6
59.6
Yes
Yes
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
14.5
14.5
Yes
Yes
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
6.6
6.6
Yes
Yes
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
6.8
6.8
Yes
Yes
South Carolina
South Carolina
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
20.4
20.4
Yes
Yes
South Dakota
South Dakota
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
52.7
52.7
Yes
Yes
Tennessee
Tennessee
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
33.6
33.6
Yes
Yes
Texas
Texas
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
11.3
11.3
Yes
Yes
Utah
Utah
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
13.0
13.0
Yes
Yes
Vermont
Vermont
50.0
50.0
46.7
46.7
3.3
3.3
39.7
39.7
Yes
Yes
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
4.1
Yes
Yes
Virginia
Virginia
50.0
50.0
45.5
45.5
4.5
4.5
29.3
29.3
Yes
Yes
Washington
Washington
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
41.8
41.8
Yes
Yes
West Virginia
West Virginia
50.0
50.0
48.6
48.6
1.4
1.4
24.8
24.8
Yes
Yes
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
50.0
50.0
42.2
42.2
7.8
7.8
37.3
37.3
Yes
Yes
Wyoming
Wyoming
50.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
76.0
76.0
Yes
Yes
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Table B-7. TANF Work Participation Standard and Rate, By Jurisdiction, for Two-
Two-Parent Families: FY2020
(NA Denotes that the Jurisdiction Did Not Have Two-Parent Families Receiving TANF or MOE-Funded
Assistance)
Effective
Caseload
(after-
Work
Statutory
Reduction
credit
Participation
Met the
State
Standard
Credit
standard)
Rate
Standard?
Alabama
Alabama
90.0%
90.0%
90.0%
90.0%
0.0%
0.0%
48.1%
48.1%
Yes
Yes
Alaska
Alaska
90.0
90.0
54.8
54.8
35.2
35.2
52.1
52.1
Yes
Yes
Arizona
Arizona
90.0
90.0
76.0
76.0
14.0
14.0
27.1
27.1
Yes
Yes
Arkansas
Arkansas
90.0
90.0
75.8
75.8
14.2
14.2
16.8
16.8
Yes
Yes
California
California
90.0
90.0
30.5
30.5
59.5
59.5
27.5
27.5
No
No
Colorado
Colorado
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Connecticut
Connecticut
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Delaware
Delaware
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
District of Col.
District of Col.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Florida
Florida
90.0
90.0
86.7
86.7
3.3
3.3
17.1
17.1
Yes
Yes
Georgia
Georgia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Guam
Guam
90.0
90.0
52.9
52.9
37.1
37.1
9.5
9.5
No
No
Hawaii
Hawaii
90.0
90.0
77.9
77.9
12.1
12.1
26.4
26.4
Yes
Yes
Idaho
Idaho
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Il inois
Il inois
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Indiana
Indiana
90.0
90.0
83.2
83.2
6.8
6.8
29.3
29.3
Yes
Yes
Iowa
Iowa
90.0
90.0
84.5
84.5
5.5
5.5
13.1
13.1
Yes
Yes
Kansas
Kansas
90.0
90.0
77.1
77.1
12.9
12.9
33.8
33.8
Yes
Yes
Kentucky
Kentucky
90.0
90.0
56.0
56.0
34.0
34.0
43.0
43.0
Yes
Yes
Louisiana
Louisiana
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Maine
Maine
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
94.0
94.0
Yes
Yes
Maryland
Maryland
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
90.0
90.0
25.1
25.1
64.9
64.9
86.0
86.0
Yes
Yes
Michigan
Michigan
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Minnesota
Minnesota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Mississippi
Mississippi
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Missouri
Missouri
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Montana
Montana
90.0
90.0
54.8
54.8
35.2
35.2
41.8
41.8
Yes
Yes
Nebraska
Nebraska
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nevada
Nevada
90.0
90.0
39.2
39.2
50.8
50.8
38.3
38.3
No
No
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
New Jersey
New Jersey
90.0
90.0
82.9
82.9
7.1
7.1
94.2
94.2
Yes
Yes
New Mexico
90.0
64.4
25.6
32.0
Yes
Congressional Research Service
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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FAQs
Effective
Caseload
(after-
Work
Statutory
Reduction
credit
Participation
Met the
State
Standard
Credit
standard)
Rate
Standard?
New Mexico
90.0
64.4
25.6
32.0
Yes
New York
New York
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
North Carolina
North Carolina
90.0
90.0
47.7
47.7
42.3
42.3
11.1
11.1
No
No
North Dakota
North Dakota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ohio
Ohio
90.0
90.0
88.6
88.6
1.4
1.4
27.8
27.8
Yes
Yes
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Oregon
Oregon
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
97.8
97.8
Yes
Yes
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
90.0
90.0
89.6
89.6
0.4
0.4
20.5
20.5
Yes
Yes
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
90.0
90.0
62.4
62.4
27.6
27.6
7.3
7.3
No
No
South Carolina
South Carolina
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
South Dakota
South Dakota
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Tennessee
Tennessee
90.0
90.0
77.4
77.4
12.6
12.6
30.9
30.9
Yes
Yes
Texas
Texas
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Utah
Utah
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vermont
Vermont
90.0
90.0
63.7
63.7
26.3
26.3
63.0
63.0
Yes
Yes
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Virginia
Virginia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Washington
Washington
90.0
90.0
51.9
51.9
38.1
38.1
62.4
62.4
Yes
Yes
West Virginia
West Virginia
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
90.0
90.0
63.4
63.4
26.6
26.6
45.9
45.9
Yes
Yes
Wyoming
Wyoming
90.0
90.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
78.6
78.6
No
No
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Services (HHS).
Author Information
Gene Falk Gene Falk
Patrick A. Landers
Patrick A. Landers
Specialist in Social Policy
Specialist in Social Policy
Analyst in Social Policy
Analyst in Social Policy
Acknowledgments
Amber Wilhelm and Calvin DeSouza produced this report’s data visualizations.
Amber Wilhelm and Calvin DeSouza produced this report’s data visualizations.
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
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Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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