Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation

Changes from October 26, 2021 to November 1, 2022

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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges
~~October 26, 2021~~November 1, 2022
by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined
Kezee Procita
Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation
~~Senior~~Head Research Research ~~Librarian~~

and Library Services Section Human-related Human-related ~~emissions~~emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) of greenhouse gases (GHG) ~~have~~has increased increased ~~global y~~globally over time. over time.
These These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climateincreasing emissions contribute to a changing climate~~, which is a concern for~~

~~governments, organizations, and other stakeholders~~. Many governments are taking steps . Many governments are taking steps
to reduce GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. to reduce GHG emissions in an effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. ~~Two ways in which~~
~~national~~ National governments are governments are ~~making~~guiding efforts to reduce GHG emissions efforts to reduce GHG emissions ~~are~~in two general ways: (1) by setting emission reduction targets in by setting emission reduction targets in
updated updated ~~National y~~Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Determined Contributions (NDCs) ~~and by~~ to the Paris Agreement (PA), and (2) by enacting domestic legislation aimed at achieving enacting domestic legislation aimed at achieving
net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Net-zero emissions or net-zero refers to situations where net-zero emissions, referred to as net-zero legislation. Net-zero emissions or net-zero refers to situations where
human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural human-caused GHG emissions are balanced by removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural
storage in forests and other ecosystems storage in forests and other ecosystems ~~as wel as by~~and technological removal and storage. technological removal and storage.
NDCs are the primary communication of how Parties to the NDCs are the primary communication of how Parties to the ~~Paris Agreement (PA)~~PA are seeking to achieve the are seeking to achieve the
agreement’s goals. NDCs reflect countries’ own national climate agreement’s goals. NDCs reflect countries’ own national climate objectives and plans, including emission reduction goals, plans, including emission reduction goals,
climate change adaptation plans, and other elements. adaptation plans, and other elements. Al All NDCs must address GHG emissions reductionsNDCs must address GHG emissions reductions~~, and most NDCs~~ and list list
quantifiable GHG emission reduction targetsquantifiable GHG emission reduction targets, with flexibility for some countries as to when. Many countries requesting financial assistance include two sets of . Many countries requesting financial assistance include two sets of
~~targets: targets unconditional on international support~~targets: unconditional targets using a country’s own resources, and additional, more ambitious targets that are conditional and additional, more ambitious targets that are conditional
on international support. Parties must submit subsequent NDCs every five yearson international support. Parties must submit subsequent NDCs every five years~~; these submissions reflect a~~
~~progressive set of targets that contribute to a collectively increased ambition over time~~, with the next due in 2025; these submissions are to reflect a progression to collectively increased ambition over time. Many countries submitted updated NDCs in 2020 and 2021 in advance of the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in Glasgow, UK. Increased ambition is . Increased ambition is
reflected in some of the NDCs submittedreflected in some of the NDCs submitted ~~in 2020~~, which, in many instances, , which, in many instances, ~~include~~identify countries’ actions by the year countries’ actions by the year
~~2030. Many countries have submitted updated NDCs in 2020 and 2021 in advance of the 26th United Nations~~
~~Climate Change Conference (COP26), which was original y scheduled to be held in November 2020 but was~~
~~postponed until November 2021 due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.~~
~~CRS selected to track herein the NDCs of 44 countries; the~~ 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26 Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties asserted based on then-current NDCs that “the aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted nationally determined contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in 2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact consequently requested Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.” The Congressional Research Service selected to track herein the NDCs of 51 countries, including the United States; the countries were identified using various criteria (e.g., countries were identified using various criteria (e.g.,
G20 members, top 20 GHG emitters, countries with enacted or introduced net-zero legislation). G20 members, top 20 GHG emitters, countries with enacted or introduced net-zero legislation). ~~Of the 44~~
~~countries, 31~~As of September 30 2022, of the 51 countries, 44 have submitted updated or second NDCs, have submitted updated or second NDCs, ~~21 of which include~~39 of these clearly stated more ambitious GHG emission more ambitious GHG emission
reduction targets than reduction targets than ~~the first NDCs.~~
~~The~~ their country’s first NDC. More generally, the PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and encourages countries to PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and encourages countries to
submit long-term low GHG emission development strategies. These strategies do not necessarily translate into submit long-term low GHG emission development strategies. These strategies do not necessarily translate into
clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries have proposed or enacted clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries have proposed or enacted
~~legislation~~ legislation aiming to achieve net-zero emissions aiming to achieve net-zero emissions ~~domestical y~~domestically, in addition to pledges in their NDCs. Other , in addition to pledges in their NDCs. Other
countries, like the United States, have references to net-zero emissions in policy documents without having countries, like the United States, have references to net-zero emissions in policy documents without having
enacted legislation. enacted legislation.
Research by the Law Library of Congress indicates Research by the Law Library of Congress indicates ~~that 22 countries or regions have enacted legislation and three~~
~~have proposed legislation; the research did not track U.S. legislation. Most (15 of 22)~~the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted net-zero legislation and 3 countries have proposed net-zero legislation. Most countries or regions with countries or regions with
enacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissionsenacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissions, carbon neutrality, or climate neutrality by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland, by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland,
which has enacted legislation requiring which has enacted legislation requiring ~~net-zero emissions~~carbon neutrality by 2040. Germany and Sweden both have set by 2040. Germany and Sweden both have set a
~~deadline~~deadlines of of net-zero emissions by 2045. Several bills~~net-zero emissions by 2045. Four countries (Ukraine, Slovenia, Malta, and Finland) do not specify~~
~~dates, according to the Law Library of Congress report. The European Union and 11 of its member states~~
~~(Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden) have~~
~~enacted net-zero legislation. Seven of the G20 members (Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea,~~
~~and the UK) have enacted net-zero legislation.~~
~~Several bil s~~ proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent Congresses. proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been introduced in recent Congresses.
Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis. Discussion of legislative proposals for U.S. net-zero emissions is beyond the scope of this analysis.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries

Introduction
Human-related Human-related ~~emissions~~emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) of greenhouse gases (GHG) ~~have~~has increased increased ~~global y~~globally over time. These over time. These
increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern to governments, increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate, which is a concern to governments,
organizations, and others. Many governments are taking steps to reduce GHG emissions in an organizations, and others. Many governments are taking steps to reduce GHG emissions in an
effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Such efforts are occurring on multiple effort to lessen the potential impacts of climate change. Such efforts are occurring on multiple
levels, including levels, including ~~global y, national y, and sub-national y, as wel~~ globally, nationally, and sub-nationally, as well as by civil society and as by civil society and
individuals. On the global and national scale, many countries are working toward the goals laid individuals. On the global and national scale, many countries are working toward the goals laid
out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement (PA), which commits collectively toout in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement (PA), which commits collectively to, “Holding “Holding the increase the increase
in the global average temperature to in the global average temperature to ~~wel~~ well below 2⁰C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing below 2⁰C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing
efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5⁰C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5⁰C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this
would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.”1would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.”1
This report presents information about This report presents information about ~~National y~~Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which Determined Contributions (NDCs), which
communicate the primary targets and actions to 2030 by which Parties to the PA are seeking to communicate the primary targets and actions to 2030 by which Parties to the PA are seeking to
achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs report countries’ own national climate plans and include achieve the agreement’s goals. NDCs report countries’ own national climate plans and include
emission reduction goals, emission reduction goals, climate change adaptation plans, and financing needs, among other elements. Each adaptation plans, and financing needs, among other elements. Each
country’s NDC country’s NDC ~~should~~is to reflect its capacity to contribute to the collective reduction of global reflect its capacity to contribute to the collective reduction of global
emissions, a principle described in the PA as “common but differentiated responsibilities and emissions, a principle described in the PA as “common but differentiated responsibilities and
respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”2 respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”2
This report This report also lists selected countries’ enacted or proposed net-zero emissions legislation. lists selected countries’ enacted or proposed net-zero emissions legislation. Net-zero
emissions refers to a situation where human-caused GHG emissions are refers to a situation where human-caused GHG emissions are fully balanced by removal of balanced by removal of
GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems as GHG from the atmosphere, including by natural storage in forests and other ecosystems as ~~wel~~ well as as
by technological removal and storage.3by technological removal and storage.3 Background and Context NDCs and legislation focused on achieving net-zero NDCs and legislation focused on achieving net-zero
emissions are the main tools countries use to emissions are the main tools countries use to ~~meet the~~ guide their contributions to meeting the temperature goals of the PA and the broader goals of the PA and the broader ~~goals~~objective of the of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was
adopted in 1992 with the objective of achieving adopted in 1992 with the objective of achieving
[S]tabilization of [S]tabilization of ~~greenhouse~~ greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level thatgas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should
be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate
change, to ensurechange, to ensure that food production isthat food production is not threatenednot threatened and to enable economic and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner.4development to proceed in a sustainable manner.4
~~The PA is a subsidiary agreement under the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the PA expands on the~~
~~objectives of the UNFCCC:~~
~~In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach~~
~~global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking~~
~~will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter~~

1 United Nations 1 United Nations ~~T reaty~~Treaty Collection, Chapter XXVII Environment, 7.d. Paris Agreement, Paris, December 12, 2015, at Collection, Chapter XXVII Environment, 7.d. Paris Agreement, Paris, December 12, 2015, at
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. (https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. (~~Hereafter~~Hereinafter, Paris Agreement.) For more information, , Paris Agreement.) For more information,
see CRSsee CRS Report R44609, Report R44609, ~~Clim ate~~Climate Change: Frequently Asked Questions About the 2015 ~~P aris Agreem ent~~, Paris Agreement, by Jane A. by Jane A.
Leggett and RichardLeggett and Richard K. Lattanzio. K. Lattanzio.
2 Paris Agreement, Article 2. 2 Paris Agreement, Article 2.
3 For more information, see CRS3 For more information, see CRS In FocusIn Focus IF11821, IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
~~Developm ents~~Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), ~~agreed~~ agreed on May 9, 1992, entered into force on May 9, 1992, entered into force
March 21, 1994, 1771 U.N.TMarch 21, 1994, 1771 U.N.T .S. 107, United Nations, .S. 107, United Nations, Treaty Series,Series, vol. 1771, p. 107; and U.S.vol. 1771, p. 107; and U.S. depositary notifications depositary notifications
C.N.148.1993, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1993/CN.148.1993-Eng.pdf. C.N.148.1993, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1993/CN.148.1993-Eng.pdf.
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link to page link to page 1619 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries

The PA is a subsidiary agreement under the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the PA expands on the objectives of the UNFCCC: In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between
anthropogenicanthropogenic ~~emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the~~
~~second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context o f~~ emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable sustainable
development and efforts to eradicate poverty.5 development and efforts to eradicate poverty.5
~~There are other~~Other ways in which countries ways in which countries ~~individual y~~individually and collectively work toward these goals and collectively work toward these goals,
~~including~~ include developing long-term low emissions development scenarios (LT-LEDS)6 and developing long-term low emissions development scenarios (LT-LEDS)6 and
implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goalsimplementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 13, Climate Action.7 .7 These latter efforts are These latter efforts are
outside of the scope of this report. outside of the scope of this report.
Congress has expressed interest in collective global Congress has expressed interest in collective global ~~GHG emissions reduction efforts~~efforts to reduce net GHG emissions for for
numerous reasons. The potential impacts from a warming climate pose numerous reasons. The potential impacts from a warming climate pose ~~risks global y and to~~
already-detected risks globally, to varying degrees across countries and regions.varying degrees across countries and regions.8 The United States is vulnerable to many potential The United States is vulnerable to many potential
impacts of climate change, including more variable water supplies, more extreme weather events, impacts of climate change, including more variable water supplies, more extreme weather events,
shifting crop yields and declining livestock productivity, rising energy costs, higher levels of air shifting crop yields and declining livestock productivity, rising energy costs, higher levels of air
pollution,pollution, ~~and~~ and coastal effects of sea level rise. The ability to stabilize climate change and avoid potential global and sea level rise. The ability to stabilize climate change and avoid potential global and
domestic effects depends on the participation of significant GHG emitters.domestic effects depends on the participation of significant GHG emitters.8
9 As a Party to the PA, the United States submitted an NDC in 2016 and again when it rejoined the As a Party to the PA, the United States submitted an NDC in 2016 and again when it rejoined the
agreement in 2021.agreement in 2021.910 Members of Congress have expressed interest in countries’ relative emissions Members of Congress have expressed interest in countries’ relative emissions
reductions efforts, including how they compare with U.S. efforts. They have expressed concerns reductions efforts, including how they compare with U.S. efforts. They have expressed concerns
about the relationships between about the relationships between ~~effort~~efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, their fairness, and effects on to mitigate GHG emissions, their fairness, and effects on
economic competitiveness. Members and their staff meet with representatives from other nations economic competitiveness. Members and their staff meet with representatives from other nations
to discuss potential needs and actions to address climate change; for example, theyto discuss potential needs and actions to address climate change; for example, they may meet at the meet at the
annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP) meetings and other bilateral and multilateral annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP) meetings and other bilateral and multilateral
meetings. The United States helps build governance capacities and funds, including meetings. The United States helps build governance capacities and funds, including via multilateral ~~via~~
~~multilateral~~ funding mechanisms and overseas climate mitigation and adaptation programs that funding mechanisms and overseas climate mitigation and adaptation programs that
may be identified in NDCs. may be identified in NDCs.
Whereas Whereas most NDCs aim at the 2030 time frame, this report NDCs aim at the 2030 time frame, this report also lists a mid-century perspective of lists a mid-century perspective of
countries’ enacted and proposed domestic laws that aim to reduce GHG emissions to net-zero countries’ enacted and proposed domestic laws that aim to reduce GHG emissions to net-zero
(Table 3). This report presents a series of tables and visualizations to facilitate comparison of . This report presents a series of tables and visualizations to facilitate comparison of
~~countries’ emission reduction targets, where available. Countries were selected for inclusion~~
~~because they meet one or more of the following criteria:~~
~~ among the top 20 emitters of GHGs global y;~~
~~ a member of the Group of Seven (G7) or Group of 20 (G20) largest countries~~
~~plus the European Union;~~
~~ hosted a COP meeting since adoption of the PA (i.e., Spain, Poland, Germany,~~
~~Morocco, France);~~

5 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 5 Paris Agreement, Article 4.
6 UNFCCC,6 UNFCCC, Communication of long-term strategies, at https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-Communication of long-term strategies, at https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-
strategies. strategies.
7 United Nations (7 United Nations (~~UN), T he~~U.N.), The 17 Sustainable 17 Sustainable Development Goals, at https://sdgs.un.org/goals. Development Goals, at https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
8 8 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policy Makers,” August 9, 2021. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/. 9 In 2019~~In 2018~~, the top 10 greenhouse gas (GHG), the top 10 greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters are (from highest to lowest): China, the U.S., India, emitters are (from highest to lowest): China, the U.S., India, ~~the EU~~Indonesia, ,
Russia,Russia, ~~Indonesia,~~ Brazil, Japan, Iran, Brazil, Japan, Iran, Canada, and Saudi Arabia~~and South Korea~~. World Resources. World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Institute, Climate Watch Data, “ Historical Historical
GHGGHG Emissions,” Emissions,” ~~2021~~2022, available at, available at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.
~~9 See CRS~~ 10 See CRS In FocusIn Focus IF11746, IF11746, United States Rejoins the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Options for Congress, by , by
Jane A. LeggettJane A. Leggett . .
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~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~ among the top 50 emitters of GHGs global y and received over $10 mil ion~~ link to page 9 link to page 9 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries countries’ emission reduction targets, where available. Countries were selected for inclusion because they meet one or more of the following criteria:  among the top 20 emitters of GHGs globally;  a member of the Group of Seven (G7) or Group of 20 (G20) largest countries plus the European Union;  among the top 50 emitters of GHGs globally and received over $10 million in in
economic assistance from the U.S. Agency for International Development economic assistance from the U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) in (USAID) in ~~2018;10~~2019 or 2020;11
 among the top 50 emitters of GHGs  among the top 50 emitters of GHGs ~~global y~~ globally and have received funding from the and have received funding from the
Green Climate Fund; Green Climate Fund;1112  have been of interest to Members of Congress engaging in international congressional delegations; or or
 introduced or enacted net-zero legislation.  introduced or enacted net-zero legislation.
This report is not comprehensive of data for This report is not comprehensive of data for ~~al countries global y or al~~ all countries globally or all Parties to the Paris Parties to the Paris
Agreement. The data in this report are current as of Agreement. The data in this report are current as of ~~October 20, 2021~~September 30, 2022, unless otherwise noted. , unless otherwise noted.
Nationally Determined Contributions
NDCs present countries’ own efforts, dependent on their circumstances, to reduce emissions and NDCs present countries’ own efforts, dependent on their circumstances, to reduce emissions and
adapt to the effects of climate change. Per Article 4 of the PA, “Each Party adapt to the effects of climate change. Per Article 4 of the PA, “Each Party ~~shal~~ shall prepare, prepare,
communicate and maintain successive communicate and maintain successive ~~national y~~nationally determined contributions that it determined contributions that it NDCs Timeline13 intends to intends to
achieve. Parties achieve. Parties ~~shal~~ shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of ~~achieving the~~
~~objectives of such contributions.”12~~
~~Each Party that signed the PA was required to~~
~~submit an Intended NDC at that time, and that~~
~~NDCs Timeline13~~
~~document became its First NDC upon~~
~~2015 – COP21: Signatories~~ 2015 – COP21: Signatories to the PA wereto the PA were ~~required to~~
~~ratification of the PA; otherwise, Parties must~~
required to submit an Intended NDC (INDC); INDC becomes First submit an Intended NDC (INDC); INDC becomes First
~~communicate their NDCs upon joining the~~achieving the objectives of such
NDC upon ratification of PA. NDC upon ratification of PA.
~~agreement.14 Parties are required to submit~~contributions.”14
2020 (2021) – COP26: Parties to the PA are required 2020 (2021) – COP26: Parties to the PA are required
Each Party that signed the PA was required to to submit a new or updated NDC that includes the to submit a new or updated NDC that includes the
~~subsequent NDCs every five years.~~
~~time frame~~ time frame to 2025 and 2030. COP26, which was submit an Intended NDC at that time, and that scheduled to be held in 2020, was postponed until 2021 document became its First NDC upon due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ratification of the PA; otherwise, Parties must 2025 – Next round of NDCs expected. communicate their NDCs upon joining the agreement.15 Parties are required to submit subsequent NDCs every five years, with the next due 11 These countries were identified using the foreignassistance.gov database to search for all USAID economic (not military) obligations in 2019 and 2020 and totaling each countries’ obligations to identify those that ~~to 2025 and 2030.~~
~~Subsequent NDCs are intended to reflect a~~
~~2025 – Next round of NDCs expected.~~
~~progressive set of targets to contribute toward~~
~~a collectively increased ambition over time.~~
~~Article 4 of the PA states that, “Each Party’s successive national y determined contribution wil~~
~~represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current national y determined contribution and~~
~~reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and~~
~~respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”15~~

~~10 T hese countries were identified using the federalassistance.gov database to search for all USAID economic (not~~
~~military) obligations in 2018 and totaling each countries’ obligations to identify those that~~ received more than $10 received more than $10
million million in either year and Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters of GHGand Climate Watch Data to identify the top 50 emitters of GHG ~~in 2018~~ in 2019. Countries meeting both criteria were . Countries meeting both criteria were
~~included in T able 1. T his~~included in Table 1. This list is not comprehensive of all aid recipients. It does not include aid list is not comprehensive of all aid recipients. It does not include aid ~~awarded~~ awarded regionally or to regionally or to
multiple countries. multiple countries.
~~11 T hese~~ 12 These countries were identified using countries were identified using the Green Climate Fundthe Green Climate Fund ~~(GCF) Data-Interactive Map on program and project -~~
~~level data by country available at https://unfccc.int/climatefinance/gcf/gcf_data~~ (GCF) Projects & Programs Countries website available at https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries and Climate Watch Data to identify the and Climate Watch Data to identify the
top 50 emitters. top 50 emitters. ~~Countries meeting both criteria were included in T able 1. T his list should~~ GCF recipient countries that were also among the top 50 emitters of GHG in 2019 are included in Table 1. This list should not be considered not be considered
comprehensive of all GCFcomprehensive of all GCF recipients. recipients.
~~12 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
13 For more information, see UNFCCC,13 For more information, see UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process-Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process-
and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs. and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs.
14 14 ~~UN T reaty~~Paris Agreement, Article 4. 15 UN Treaty Collection, “7.d Paris Agreement,” Status as at 26-8-2021, at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ Collection, “7.d Paris Agreement,” Status as at 26-8-2021, at https://treaties.un.org/pages/
~~ViewDetails.aspx?src=T REAT Y&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en.~~
~~15 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
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~~Increased ambition is reflected in some of the NDCs submitted in 2020,16 which, in many~~
~~instances, include countries’ actions by the year 2030. Parties~~ in 2025. Subsequent NDCs are to reflect a progression of contributions to collectively increase ambition over time. Article 4 of the PA states that, “Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”16 Parties decided that those who submitted first NDCs that did who submitted first NDCs that did
not include 2030 goals were required to submit new (second) NDCs by 2020. Others were asked not include 2030 goals were required to submit new (second) NDCs by 2020. Others were asked
to submit updated NDCs by 2020 that reflect increasing ambitions. to submit updated NDCs by 2020 that reflect increasing ambitions. ~~As of October 20, 2021, of~~
~~192 Parties to the PA, all had submitted first (including 113 updated) NDCs and 13 had submitted~~
~~second NDCs.17~~The majority of countries met this deadline in advance of the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), held in November 2021 in Glasgow, UK. As of September 30, 2022, of 192 Parties to the PA, 165 have submitted new, updated, or second NDCs.17 Increased ambition is reflected in some of the new NDCs or updates submitted in 2020 or 2021, which, in many instances, identify countries’ actions by the year 2030. Nonetheless, in the COP26 Glasgow Climate Compact, Parties noted analysis of then-current NDCs, finding that “the aggregate greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted nationally determined contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in 2030.” The Parties also “recogniz[ed] that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-century as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases.” The Glasgow Climate Compact consequently requested Parties “to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances.”18
The UNFCCC divides Parties into three broad groups with differing emissions reduction The UNFCCC divides Parties into three broad groups with differing emissions reduction
capacities and expectations. capacities and expectations. Annex I Parties (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) are (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) are ~~general y~~
generally those countries that were considered developed in 1992; those countries that were considered developed in 1992; non-Annex I Parties are are al all the others. the others.
The The UNUnited Nations considers 49 Parties to be considers 49 Parties to be least developed countries; the UNFCCC recognizes these ; the UNFCCC recognizes these
countries to have limited capacity to respond and adapt to climate change, and therefore provides countries to have limited capacity to respond and adapt to climate change, and therefore provides
different treatment in some provisions.different treatment in some provisions.1819 The UNFCCC also refers to developed country Parties The UNFCCC also refers to developed country Parties
and developing country Parties, but these categories are not defined. and developing country Parties, but these categories are not defined.
The PA largely erased the bifurcation of responsibilities between Annex I and non-Annex I The PA largely erased the bifurcation of responsibilities between Annex I and non-Annex I
Parties, such that Parties, such that al all share the same mandatory requirements. It retains the UNFCCC principle of share the same mandatory requirements. It retains the UNFCCC principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities, and sometimes acknowledges that the pace of common but differentiated responsibilities, and sometimes acknowledges that the pace of
implementation may vary by development status. Article 4 of the PA states the following: implementation may vary by development status. Article 4 of the PA states the following:
Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy -wide -wide
absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing
theirtheir ~~mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy~~ mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide -wide
emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.
ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en. 16 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 17 Climate Watch Data, NDC Enhancement Tracker, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker. 18 UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on its third session, held in Glasgow from 31 October to 13 November 2021, March 8, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf. 19 UNFCCC, Parties & Observers, at https://unfccc.int/parties-observers. Congressional Research Service 7 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries The least developed countries ~~The least developed countries~~ and small island developingand small island developing ~~States~~ States may preparemay prepare and and
communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development
reflecting their special circumstances.reflecting their special circumstances.19
Al 20 All NDCs must address GHG emission reductions. Most NDCs list quantifiable GHG emission NDCs must address GHG emission reductions. Most NDCs list quantifiable GHG emission
reduction targets. These targets appear in a variety of formats and include measurable reductions reduction targets. These targets appear in a variety of formats and include measurable reductions
for specific sectors or GHGs and a specified year to reach peak emissions prior to reducing for specific sectors or GHGs and a specified year to reach peak emissions prior to reducing
emissions. emissions. Al All Parties are required to include in their NDCs, “information necessary for clarity, Parties are required to include in their NDCs, “information necessary for clarity,
transparency, and understanding,”transparency, and understanding,”2021 including a reference point (base year including a reference point (base year or scenario), ), implementation implementation
timeframe and sectors and gases included, among other details. Many countries requesting timeframe and sectors and gases included, among other details. Many countries requesting
financial assistance include two sets of targets: targets unconditional on international support and financial assistance include two sets of targets: targets unconditional on international support and
additional, more ambitious, targets that are conditional on international support.additional, more ambitious, targets that are conditional on international support.21 22 Countries’ Countries’
NDCs may include additional goals, for example, efforts to improve adaptation measures, NDCs may include additional goals, for example, efforts to improve adaptation measures,
~~increase forest coverage, or improve access to water.~~

~~16 T he round of NDCs initially due in 2020 were delayed as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which also~~
~~resulted in a postponement of the 2020 COP meeting (COP26) from November 2020 to November 2021.~~
~~17 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-~~
~~agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs.~~
~~18 UNFCCC, Parties & Observers, at https://unfccc.int/parties-observers.~~
~~19 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
~~20 Paris Agreement, Article 4.~~
~~21 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat,~~
~~September 17, 2021, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_08_adv_1.pdf.; Center for Climate and~~
~~Energy Solutions, Q&A: Understanding Paris Agreement NDCs, at https://www.c2es.org/content/q-and-a-~~
~~understanding-paris-agreement -ndcs/.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 9~~ ~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~The September 2021~~increase forest coverage, or improve access to water. The October 2022 Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement Synthesis
Report by the Secretariat reviewed reviewed ~~164~~166 NDCs, including NDCs, including 86142 new or updated NDCs new or updated NDCs
communicated by communicated by ~~113~~193 Parties that were available in the Parties that were available in the ~~interim~~ NDC registry as of NDC registry as of ~~July 30,~~
~~2021.22~~ September 23, 2022.23 The Synthesis Report estimates the Parties included in this review account for The Synthesis Report estimates the Parties included in this review account for
approximately approximately 9395% of total global emissions in 2019.% of total global emissions in 2019.2324 Selected observations in the Selected observations in the Synthesis Synthesis
Report include the following: Report include the following:
 “Most Parties  “Most Parties (90 percent) provided quantified mitigation targets, expressed as provided quantified mitigation targets, expressed as ~~clear~~
clear numerical targets, while numerical targets, while ~~some~~the rest (10 per cent) included strategies, included strategies, policies, plans and actions plans and actions as
~~components of their NDCs~~ for which there is no quantifiable informationfor which there is no quantifiable information as components of their NDCS”; ”;
 “Most Parties  “Most Parties (80 percent) communicated economy-wide targets, covering communicated economy-wide targets, covering ~~al or almost al~~
all or almost all sectors defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with an increasing number of sectors defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with an increasing number of
Parties moving to absolute emission reduction targets in their new or updated Parties moving to absolute emission reduction targets in their new or updated
~~NDCs”;~~
~~ “[A]lmost al NDCs cover CO2 emissions; most cover CH4, and N2O emissions,~~
~~many cover HFC emissions and some cover PFC, SF6, and NF3 emissions”;~~
~~ “Most of the Parties~~ NDCs”;  “In terms of GHGs, all NDCs cover CO2 [carbon dioxide] emissions; most cover CH4 [methane] (91 percent), and N2O [nitrous oxide] (per cent) emissions, many (53 per cent) cover HFC [hydrofluorocarbons] emissions and some cover PFC [perfluorocarbons], SF6 [sulfur hexafluoride] (36 percent) and NF3 [nitrogen trifluoride] (26 percent) emissions”;  “Most of the Parties (74 percent) that submitted new or updated NDCs have ~~that submitted new or updated NDCs have~~ strengthened their strengthened their
commitment to reducing or limiting GHG emissions by 2025 and/or 2030”; and commitment to reducing or limiting GHG emissions by 2025 and/or 2030”; and
 “  “~~Most Parties~~Almost all Parties (93 percent) provided quantified information on their provided quantified information on their mitigation targets and mitigation targets and
reference points. Of the Parties that submitted new or updated NDCs, most reference points. Of the Parties that submitted new or updated NDCs, most
(84 percent) updated the basis for defining their targets, 20 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 21 Paris Agreement, Article 4. 22 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat, October 26, 2022, at https://unfccc.int/documents/619180 (Hereinafter, Synthesis Report, 2022); Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Q&A: Understanding Paris Agreement NDCs, at https://www.c2es.org/content/q-and-a-understanding-paris-agreement-ndcs/. 23 Synthesis Report, 2022. 24 Synthesis Report, 2022. Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 9 link to page 9 link to page 9 link to page 11 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries including reference points and/or ‘business as usual’ scenarios. Such updates lead to higher-quality NDCs and, for some Parties, to significant changes in the estimated emission levels for 2025 and 2030.”25 Observations of Selected NDCs NDC Submission Status Table 1 contains the NDC submission status for the 51 countries selected for inclusion in this report. Of the top 20 GHG emitters,26 16 submitted updated NDCs in 2020, 2021, or 2022 (as of September 30, 2022). Russia and Turkey submitted first NDCs in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The United States submitted its new first NDC after rejoining the PA in 2021. Iran has not submitted an NDC. Table 1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Submission Status for Selected Countries (as of September 30, 2022) Most Recent NDC Countries No. of Countries First NDC Algeria, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Russia, Turkey 6 First NDC, updated Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, 43 Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, European Union, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, United Kingdom,a United States,b Venezuela, Vietnam Second NDC Argentina 1 No NDC Iran 1 Source: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Registry, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG. a. The United Kingdom submitted its own First NDC on December 12, 2020, reflecting an increased ambition over the European Union’s First NDC from 2016. b. The United States submitted its First NDC on April 22, 2021, after rejoining the PA, reflecting an increased ambition over its First NDC from 2016. Comparison of First NDCs to Updated or Second NDCs In most instances, countries’ updated or second NDCs reflect greater emissions reduction intentions—often referred to as “enhanced ambition”—when compared with their first NDCs. Additionally, many updated NDCs include specific emission reduction targets for 2030.27 Table 2 compares~~updated the basis for defining their targets, including reference points and/or~~
~~‘business as usual’ scenarios.”24~~
~~Observations of Selected NDCs~~
~~NDC Submission Status~~
Table 1 contains the NDC submission status for al selected countries. Of the top 20 GHG
~~emitters,25 12 submitted updated NDCs in 2019, 2020, or 2021, and 6 have submitted first NDCs.~~
~~Turkey and Iran have not submitted NDCs. Russia and the UK submitted first NDCs in 2020 and~~
~~the United States submitted its new first NDC after rejoining the PA in 2021.~~

~~22 An Initial NDC Synthesis Report was published on February 26, 2021, a final version was published on September~~
~~17, 2021, and the UNFCCC anticipates publishing an updated version on October 25, 2021, see https://unfccc.int/~~
~~process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-~~
~~contributions-ndcs/ndc-synthesis-report#eq-1.~~
~~23 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat,~~
~~September 17, 2021, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_08_adv_1.pdf.~~
~~24 UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat,~~
~~Executive Summary, September 17, 2021, pp. 4 -5, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/~~
~~cma2021_08_adv_1.pdf.~~
~~25 Based on 2018 Climate Watch Data.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 9 link to page 9 link to page 10 link to page 11~~ ~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~Table 1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Submission Status for Selected~~
~~Countries~~
~~as of October 20, 2021~~
~~Most Recent NDC~~
~~Countries~~
~~No. of Countries~~
~~First NDC~~
~~China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, India,~~
11
~~Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia,~~
~~Uzbekistan, Venezuela~~
~~First NDC, updated~~
~~Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon,~~
29
~~Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ethiopia, EU, France, Germany,~~
~~Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Poland,~~
~~South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Tanzania, Ukraine, United~~
~~Kingdom,a United States,b Vietnam~~
~~Second NDC~~
~~Argentina, South Sudan~~
2
~~No NDC available~~
~~Iran, Turkey~~
2
Source: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), National y Determined
~~Contributions (NDCs) Registry, at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/Al .aspx.~~
~~a. The United Kingdom submitted its own First NDC on December 12, 2020, reflecting an increased ambition~~
~~over the European Union’s First NDC from 2016.~~
~~b. The United States submitted its First NDC on April 22, 2021, after rejoining the PA, reflecting an increased~~
~~ambition over its First NDC from 2016.~~
~~Comparison of First NDCs to Updated or Second NDCs~~
~~In many instances, countries’ updated or second NDCs reflect greater emissions reduction~~
~~ambition than their first NDCs. 26 Of the countries included in this report, some countries did not~~
~~provide sufficient information to compare the two NDCs’ ambitions. Unlike in first NDCs, al but~~
~~three of the submitted NDCs reviewed use a common time horizon of 2030.~~
Figure 1 shows a map of the selected countries and their NDC status, including whether their
~~updated or second NDCs reflect an increased greater emissions reduction intentions.~~
Table 2 contains countries that have submitted updated or second NDCs with increased ambitions
~~and provides a comparison of GHG mitigation targets between each country’s first and updated or~~
~~second NDC.~~

26 GHG mitigation targets between each country’s first and updated or second NDC, where available. 25 Synthesis Report, 2022. 26 Based on 2019 Climate Watch Data. 27 Article 4 of the Paris Agreement uses Article 4 of the Paris Agreement uses the term “ambition” to describe countries’ emission reduction plans. the term “ambition” to describe countries’ emission reduction plans. ~~T he~~The use of use of
“ambition” throughout this report reflects this language and does“ambition” throughout this report reflects this language and does not imply judgment by CRS. not imply judgment by CRS.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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~~Figure 1. Selected Countries NDC Status and Percentage of Global GHG Emissions~~
~~as of October 20, 2021~~

Sources: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), National y Determined Contributions (NDCs), at https://unfccc.int/process-and-
~~meetings/the-paris-agreement/national y-determined-contributions-ndcs/national y-determined-contributions-ndcs; and World Resources Institute,~~ link to page 14 link to page 14 link to page 11 link to page 14 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Figure 1 shows a map of the selected countries and whether their updated or second NDCs include enhanced ambition. Figure 1 distinguishes between G20 and non-G20 countries and includes the percentage of global GHG emissions estimates for each G20 member country in 2019. Collectively, G20 member countries accounted for approximately 75% of global GHG emissions in 2019.28 Countries without updated NDCs are excluded from Table 2 and Figure 1. 28 Climate Watch Data, Global Historical Emissions, ~~Climate Watch Data,~~
~~“Historical GHG Emissions,”~~ at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.
Notes: G20 member countries are shown with a solid color; countries that are not G20 members are shown with stripes.

~~CRS-~~ Congressional Research Service 10 10

link to page link to page 1213 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries

Table 2. Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Targets in Updated or Second
NDCs from Selected Countries
GHG emissions estimates are in GHG emissions estimates are in ~~mil ion~~million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2e) and metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2e) and
include net of removals by land uses and forestry. BAU is “business-as-usual” scenario. include net of removals by land uses and forestry. BAU is “business-as-usual” scenario.
(as of September 30, 2022) First NDC ~~First NDC~~ (INDC) Mitigation
Second or ~~Updated NDC~~ Updateda NDC Mitigation
Country
Commitments
Commitments
Angola Angola
35% reduction from 35% reduction from ~~BAU scenario~~ BAU (BAU = (BAU =
193 in 15 14% reduction from% reduction from ~~revised BAU scenario~~
~~156 in 2025~~ BAU (BAU = 108 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); ) by 2030 (unconditional);
~~(BAU = 108 in~~ 2025) by 2025 (unconditional); 2025) by 2025 (unconditional);
50% reduction from 50% reduction from ~~BAU scenario~~ BAU (BAU = (BAU =
193 in 25 24% reduction from% reduction from ~~revised BAU scenario~~
~~156 in 2025) by 2030 (unconditional +~~
~~(BAU = 108 in~~ BAU (BAU = 108 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2025) by 2025 (unconditional + 2025) by 2025 (unconditional +
~~conditional)~~
conditional) conditional)
Argentina Argentina
~~Shal~~ Shall not exceed 483 in 2030 not exceed 483 in 2030
~~Shal~~ Shall not exceed 359 in 2030 not exceed 359 in 2030
Australia 26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2030 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 Bangladesh Bangladesh
5% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the 5% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the
6.73% reduction from 6.73% reduction from ~~BAU by 2030~~ BAU (BAU = 409 in
power, transport, and industry sectors power, transport, and industry sectors
2030) by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional);
(unconditional); (unconditional);
21.85% reduction from BAU 21.85% reduction from BAU ~~by 2030~~(BAU = 409 in
20% reduction from 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 in the BAU by 2030 in the
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
power, transport, and industry sectors power, transport, and industry sectors
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Brazil Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025; below 2005 levels in 2025; Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% below 2005 levels in 2030 below 2005 levels in 2030 Cameroon 32% reduction from baseline ~~Cameroon~~
~~32% reduction from baseline~~ (104) in 2035 (104) in 2035
12% reduction 12% reduction ~~by 2030~~ from 2010 levels from 2010 levels
by 2030 (conditional) (conditional)
(unconditional) (unconditional)
35% reduction 35% reduction ~~by 2030~~ from 2010 levels from 2010 levels
by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Canada Canada
30% reduction from 30% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030 2005 levels by 2030
40%-45% reduction from 2005 levels 40%-45% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030 by 2030
Chile Chile
30% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP 30% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP from from
Peak emissions Peak emissions by 2025; by 2025;
2007 levels 2007 levels by 2030; by 2030;
Maximum annual emissions Maximum annual emissions up to 95 by 2030; up to 95 by 2030;
35%-45% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP 35%-45% reduction of CO2 emissions/GDP
Accumulated emissions Accumulated emissions between 2020 and between 2020 and
from 2007 levels from 2007 levels by 2030, conditional and by 2030, conditional and
2030 2030 ~~shal~~ shall not exceed 1,100 not exceed 1,100
considering economic considering economic growth China Peak CO2 emissions around 2030; Peak CO2 emissions before 2030; Reduce CO2 emissions per unit GDP from Achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; 2005 levels by 60%-65%; Lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by Increase share of nonfossil fuels in primary over 65% from the 2005 level; energy consumption to around 20%; Increase share of non-fossil fuels in primary Increase forest stock by 4.5 billion cubic energy consumption to around 25%; meters from 2005 level Increase the forest stock volume by 6 bil ion cubic meters from the 2005 level; Bring total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030~~growth~~
Colombia Colombia
20% reduction from 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 BAU by 2030
Emit a maximum of 169.44 in 2030 (equivalent Emit a maximum of 169.44 in 2030 (equivalent
(unconditional); (unconditional);
to a 51% reduction compared with emissions to a 51% reduction compared with emissions
30% reduction from 30% reduction from BAU by 2030 BAU by 2030
projection in 2030 reference projection in 2030 reference scenario) (unconditional + conditional) Congressional Research Service 11 link to page 13 link to page 13 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries First NDC (INDC) Mitigation Second or Updateda NDC Mitigation Country Commitments Commitments Democratic 17% reduction from BAU (BAU = 430) by 2% reduction from BAU by 2030 Republic of the 2030 (unconditional); Congo 21% reduction from BAU by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Egypt INDC did not include quantified GHG Reduction of electricity emissions by 33%; oil reduction targets. and gas emissions by 65%; and transport emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to BAU ~~scenario)~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
Ethiopia Ethiopia
64% reduction from 64% reduction from BAU by 2030 BAU by 2030
14% reduction from 14% reduction from ~~BAU~~ BAU (BAU = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 by 2030
(unconditional); (unconditional);
68.8% reduction from68.8% reduction from ~~BAU~~ BAU (BAU = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 by 2030
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~EUa~~EUb
At least a 40% reduction from At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by 1990 levels by
At least a 55% reduction from At least a 55% reduction from 1990 levels by 2030 2030 India 33% to 35% reduction in emissions intensity of 45% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 GDP by 2030 compared to 2005 levels Indonesia 26% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2881 in 31.89% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 41% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2881 in 43.20% reduction from BAU (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) ~~1990 levels by~~
~~2030~~
~~2030~~
Japan Japan
26% reduction from 26% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030;FY2013 levels by FY2030; 46% reduction from46% reduction from FY2013 levels by FY2030; FY2013 levels by FY2030;
(25.4% reduction compared(25.4% reduction compared with FY2005) with FY2005)
Net zero by 2050 Net zero by 2050
~~Morocco~~
~~42% reduction below BAU by 2030~~
~~18.3% reduction compared with reference~~
~~(conditional)~~
~~scenario by 2030 (unconditional);~~
~~45.5% reduction compared with reference~~
~~scenario~~Kenya 30% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by 32% reduction from BAU (BAU = 143) by 2030 2030 Malaysia 35% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of 45% reduction of economy-wide carbon GDP by 2030 (unconditional); intensity (per unit of GDP) from 2005 level by 45% reduction of GHG emissions intensity of 2030 GDP by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Mexico 25% reduction of GHG and short lived climate 22% of GHG emissions and 51% reduction of pol utants from BAU by 2030 including a 22% black carbon emissions from BAU (BAU = 991 reduction of GHG and a 51% reduction of in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); black carbon (unconditional); 36% reduction of GHG from BAU (BAU = Up to a 40% reduction of GHG and short 991 in 2030) by 2030 including a 70% lived climate pol utants from BAU by 2030 reduction of black carbon by 2030 including a 70% reduction of black carbon by (unconditional + conditional) 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Morocco 17% reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in 18.3% reduction compared to BAU (BAU = 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 142 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); 32% reduction below BAU (BAU = 171 in 45.5% reduction compared to BAU (BAU = 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) 142 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional)
Myanmar Myanmar
INDC did not include quantified GHG INDC did not include quantified GHG
244.52 reduction by 2030 (unconditional); 244.52 reduction by 2030 (unconditional);
reduction targets. reduction targets.
414.75 reduction by 2030 (unconditional + 414.75 reduction by 2030 (unconditional +
conditional) conditional)
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 20 link to page 19 link to page 20~~Nigeria 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional); 45% reduction from BAU by 2030 47% reduction from BAU by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional) Congressional Research Service 12 link to page 13 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries

First NDC (INDC) Mitigation
Second or ~~Updated NDC~~ Updateda NDC Mitigation
Country
Commitments
Commitments
~~Nigeria~~
~~20% reduction from BAU by 2030~~
20Pakistan INDC did not include quantified GHG 15% reduction from% reduction from ~~BAU by 2030~~
~~(unconditional);~~
BAU (BAU = 1603 in reduction targets. 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional);
4550% reduction from% reduction from ~~BAU by 2030~~
~~47% reduction from BAU by 2030~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
BAU (BAU = 1603 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Peru Peru
20% reduction from 20% reduction from BAU by 2030 BAU by 2030
Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 (unconditional); Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 (unconditional);
(unconditional); (unconditional);
Not to exceed 179 in 2030 (unconditional + Not to exceed 179 in 2030 (unconditional +
30% reduction from 30% reduction from BAU by 2030 BAU by 2030
conditional) conditional)
(unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
Saudi Arabia INDC did not include quantified GHG Reduce and avoid GHG emissions by 278 reduction targets. annually by 2030 South Africa South Africa
398-614 in 2025-2030 398-614 in 2025-2030
398-510 by 2025, and 350-420 by 2030 398-510 by 2025, and 350-420 by 2030
South Korea South Korea
37% reduction from 37% reduction from BAU (BAU = 850.6BAU (BAU = 850.6~~) by~~
~~24.4~~ in 40% reduction from% reduction from ~~2017~~ 2018 emission emission levels levels
2030 2030) by 2030 (727.6
~~(709.1~~) by 2030 ) by 2030
Tanzania Tanzania
10%-20% reduction from BAU 10%-20% reduction from BAU ~~by 2030~~
(BAU =138- 30%-35% reduction from BAU by 2030 30%-35% reduction from BAU by 2030, 153 in 2030) by 2030 whereby about 138-153 MtCO2e gross emissions is expected to be reduced
Ukraine Ukraine
Not to exceed 60% of 1990 levels Not to exceed 60% of 1990 levels ~~by 2030~~(883) by
65% reduction from 65% reduction from 1990 levels 1990 levels by (883) by 2030 2030; 2030;
“Carbon neutrality” by 2060 “Carbon neutrality” by 2060
United United
At least a 40% reduction from At least a 40% reduction from 1990 levels by 1990 levels by
At least 68% reduction compared to reference At least 68% reduction compared to reference
Kingdom Kingdom
2030 (per EU First NDC) 2030 (per EU First NDC)
years by 2030 years by 2030
United States United States
26%-28% below 2005 levels 26%-28% below 2005 levels by 2025 by 2025
50%-52% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030 50%-52% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030
Uzbekistan 10% reduction of specific emissions of GHG 35% reduction of specific GHG emissions per per unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030 unit GDP from 2010 levels by 2030 Venezuela At least 20% reduction relative to baseline 20% reduction compared to BAU by 2030 scenario by 2030 (conditional) Vietnam 8% reduction from BAU (BAU = 787 in 2030)~~Vietnam~~
~~8% reduction from BAU by 2030~~
9% reduction from BAU 9% reduction from BAU ~~by 2030~~
(BAU = 928 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional);
by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional);
25% reduction from 25% reduction from ~~BAU by 2030~~ BAU (BAU = 787 in
27% reduction from 27% reduction from ~~BAU by 2030~~
BAU (BAU = 928 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~Source~~Sources: CompiledCompiled by the Congressionalby the Congressional Research ServiceResearch Service (CRS) using data from(CRS) using data from UNFCCC, NDCs, at UNFCCC, NDCs, at
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/~~national y~~nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/-determined-contributions-ndcs/~~national y~~nationally--
determined-contributions-ndcs; and World Resourcesdetermined-contributions-ndcs; and World Resources Institute, ClimateInstitute, Climate Watch Data, “NDC Enhancement Watch Data, “NDC Enhancement
Tracker,”Tracker,” ~~2020~~ 2022, at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker. , at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker.
Notes: This table only includes emissionThis table only includes emission reduction targets listed in NDCs and does not include other elements reduction targets listed in NDCs and does not include other elements
of NDCs, such as supporting information that may have been updated. Please see individual NDC documents for of NDCs, such as supporting information that may have been updated. Please see individual NDC documents for
a complete descriptiona complete description of gases, sectors,of gases, sectors, and other data and elementsand other data and elements associated with each countries’associated with each countries’ ~~targets.~~
~~a. European Union (EU) member states included among selected countries reviewed for this report are~~
~~France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain.~~
targets. a. In some instances, countries have submitted multiple updates to their NDCs. This table compares the initial NDC to the most recent NDC. b. European Union (EU) member states included among the countries CRS selected for review for this report are France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain. Congressional Research Service 13 Figure 1. Selected Countries’ NDC Updates and Percent of Annual Global GHG Emissions in 2019 as of September 30, 2022 Sources: CRS using data from UNFCCC NDCs, at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical GHG Emissions,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. Note: G20 member countries are shown with a solid color; countries that are not G20 members are shown with stripes. CRS-14 link to page 24 link to page 23 link to page 24 link to page 16 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Emission Reduction Targets and 2030 Projected Emissions
As described above, this report summarizes NDCs from selected As described above, this report summarizes NDCs from selected ~~countries~~countries. Table A-1 in the in the
Appendix provides GHG emissions and NDC data—including quantified targets and projected provides GHG emissions and NDC data—including quantified targets and projected
emissions for 2030—for emissions for 2030—for ~~these~~all selected countries, where available. The majority of the selected countries’ countries, where available. The majority of the selected countries’
NDCs contain quantifiable emission reduction targets, but not NDCs contain quantifiable emission reduction targets, but not al all of these provide of these provide ~~al of~~ the data the data
needed to calculate projected 2030 emissions. Angolaneeded to calculate projected 2030 emissions. Angola ~~and Cameroon, for example, provide~~
~~targets for years other than 2030 (2025 and 2035, respectively). Myanmar lists a reduction of total~~
~~emissions but does not provide a reference year.~~
~~Countries that provide quantifiable~~ , for example, provides a target for 2025 but not for 2030. Bolivia and Egypt provide emission reduction targets for specific sectors only. Myanmar and Algeria provide a percentage of emission reduction but no reference scenario. India and Malaysia provide targets to reduce emissions intensity and carbon intensity, respectively. In addition, China’s updated NDC states that the country pledges to peak emissions before 2030 (versus peak emissions around 2030 from its first NDC), among other sector- and gas-specific pledges that do not allow for calculating a projected 2030 emissions target. Countries that provide quantifiable 2030 targets do so in a number of different ways. Some 2030 targets do so in a number of different ways. Some
countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and Japan) provide a single target; others (e.g., countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and Japan) provide a single target; others (e.g.,
Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico) list targets conditional upon receiving foreign financial Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico) list targets conditional upon receiving foreign financial
assistance in addition to not conditional targets; the EU and its member states present a “not to assistance in addition to not conditional targets; the EU and its member states present a “not to
exceed” target; and the United States and Canada, for example, present a range of emissions exceed” target; and the United States and Canada, for example, present a range of emissions
reductions for 2030. Additional data presented ireductions for 2030. Additional data presented in Table A-1 include include ~~2018~~2019 emissions, emissions ~~emissions, emissions~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

12

~~link to page 10 link to page 14~~ ~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

per capita, emissions per gross domestic product (GDP), and emissions reductions targets per capita, emissions per gross domestic product (GDP), and emissions reductions targets
included in each country’s NDC, if available. included in each country’s NDC, if available.
G20 Countries
G20 countries are responsible for the majority of G20 countries are responsible for the majority of annual GHG emissions GHG emissions ~~global y, 27~~globally,29 and many and many
stakeholders are invested in the stakeholders are invested in the ~~further~~ emission reduction commitments of G20 members.emission reduction commitments of G20 members.2830 As of September 30, 2022, 18 As
~~of October 20, 2021, 15~~ members of the G20 have submitted new or updated NDCs members of the G20 have submitted new or updated NDCs ~~and, of these~~
~~new submissions, 11 indicated~~all of which include plans for greater emissions reductions beyond their initial NDC plans for greater emissions reductions beyond their initial NDC
(including the EU, Italy, Germany, and France).(including the EU, Italy, Germany, and France).
Figure 12 shows the percentage of global GHG emissions each G20 member was responsible for shows the percentage of global GHG emissions each G20 member was responsible for
in in ~~2018~~1990, 2005, and 2019 and each member’s and each member’s 2030 NDC target, where available. China, India, Russia, and Saudi Arabia’s 2030 projections are not quantifiable with the information available in each country’s NDC. 29~~NDC target. Figure 2 il ustrates historical GHG emissions and,~~
~~where available, projected 2030 emissions for G20 member countries.~~

27 G20 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, G20 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, India, Indonesia, Italy, China, France, Germany, Japan, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Mexico, Russia,Mexico, Russia, ~~Saudi~~ Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, ~~T urkey~~Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the , the United Kingdom, the United States, and the
European Union. Spain is invited asEuropean Union. Spain is invited as a permanent guest. Seea permanent guest. See G20, About the G20, https://www.g20.org/abouthttps://www.g20.org/about -the-g20-the-g20~~.html.~~
28/#participants. 30 For additional analyses on G20 countries’ NDCs For additional analyses on G20 countries’ NDCs and other climate-related activities as welland other climate-related activities as well as analyses on potential as analyses on potential
progress toward meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals, see progress toward meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals, see ~~UNFCCC,~~ ~~Nationally Determined Contributions Under the~~
~~Paris Agreem ent, Synthesis Report by the Secretariat, Executive Summary, September 17, 2021, at https://unfccc.int/~~
~~sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_08_adv_1.pdf~~Synthesis Report, 2022; World Resources Institute, ; World Resources Institute, Closing the Gap: The ~~Im pact~~Impact of G20 Climate Commitments on Limiting Global Temperature Rise to 1.5oC ~~of G20~~
~~Clim ate Com m itm ents on Lim iting Global Tem perature Rise to 1.5 oC~~, September 16, 2021, at https://www.wri.org/, September 16, 2021, at https://www.wri.org/
research/closing-the-gap-g20-climate-commitments-limiting-global-temperature-rise; and Climate Action research/closing-the-gap-g20-climate-commitments-limiting-global-temperature-rise; and Climate Action ~~T racker~~Tracker, at , at
https://climateactiontracker.org/. https://climateactiontracker.org/.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Figure 2. G20 Countries: Historical GHG Emissions and 2030 Emissions Projections
as of as of ~~October 20, 2021~~September 30, 2022

Sources: CRS using data from UNFCCC, NDCs,UNFCCC, NDCs, ~~at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/national y-determined-contributions-ndcs/national y-determined-~~
~~contributions-ndcs; and World Resources~~ at https://unfccc.int/NDCREG; and World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data, “HistoricalInstitute, Climate Watch Data, “Historical GHG Emissions,”GHG Emissions,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions.

~~CRS-14~~

~~link to page 16 link to page 16~~ ~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~
China’s NDC does not provide a quantifiable 2030 target. Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) are not available as of September 30, 2022. The EU’s Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by Member States, has not yet been aligned with the 55% target level. See, Technical Background Document Accompanying the report, Trends and Projections in Europe 2021, at https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2021/technical-background-document/view. CRS-16 link to page 19 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries
Net-Zero Legislation
In addition to working toward meeting 2030 emission reduction targets identified in their NDCs, In addition to working toward meeting 2030 emission reduction targets identified in their NDCs,
some countries are seeking to achieve net-zero emissions within the next several decades, in some countries are seeking to achieve net-zero emissions within the next several decades, in
conformance with the Article 4 provision to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions conformance with the Article 4 provision to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.” by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.” Net-
zero emissions refers to a situation where any continued human-caused GHG emissions are refers to a situation where any continued human-caused GHG emissions are
balanced by any removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including carbon storage in forests and balanced by any removal of GHG from the atmosphere, including carbon storage in forests and
other ecosystems as other ecosystems as ~~wel~~ well as technological removal and storage.as technological removal and storage.2931 Multiple terms can refer to net- Multiple terms can refer to net-
zero emissions, including zero emissions, including climate neutrality or or carbon neutrality, depending on whether the scope , depending on whether the scope
~~is al~~ is all GHG or just CO2. GHG or just CO2. Carbon neutrality refers refers ~~specifical y~~specifically to net-zero carbon emissions to net-zero carbon emissions
whereas other terms whereas other terms ~~general y include al~~ generally include all greenhouse gases. Although they have distinct greenhouse gases. Although they have distinct
meanings, some stakeholders or observers at times use the terms interchangeably or with meanings, some stakeholders or observers at times use the terms interchangeably or with
ambiguity.ambiguity.3032
The PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and The PA asks countries to commit to increasingly ambitious GHG mitigation efforts and
encourages countries to submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies encourages countries to submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies
(LT-LEDS). Article 4 of the PA states, “(LT-LEDS). Article 4 of the PA states, “Al All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate Parties should strive to formulate and communicate
long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into
account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of
~~difference~~different national circumstances.” national circumstances.”3133
Many countries have submitted LT-LEDS, Many countries have submitted LT-LEDS,3234 but these strategies do not necessarily translate into but these strategies do not necessarily translate into
clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries, clear pathways or concrete domestic efforts to reach net-zero emissions. Some countries,
however, have introduced or enacted legislation aimed at reducing domestic emissions to net however, have introduced or enacted legislation aimed at reducing domestic emissions to net
zero. Other countries may refer to net-zero in policy documents without having enacted zero. Other countries may refer to net-zero in policy documents without having enacted
~~legislation.~~ legislation. Table 3 provides a list of countries with enacted or proposed domestic net-zero or provides a list of countries with enacted or proposed domestic net-zero or
climate neutrality legislationclimate neutrality legislation~~.33~~, as of October 2022.35 The table does not include countries that have The table does not include countries that have announced net-zero net-zero
policies or intentions but not taken action to embody them in law. The table is not a policies or intentions but not taken action to embody them in law. The table is not a
~~comprehensive list of potential legislation.~~
~~Observations of Net-Zero Legislation~~
~~Table 3~~ ~~is derived from the 2021 report published by the Global Legal Research Directorate at~~
~~the Law Library of Congress, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World.34 The Law~~
~~Library identified 25 countries or regions with enacted or proposed net-zero legislation. Of these,~~
~~22 have enacted net-zero legislation and three have proposed legislation. The Law Library of~~
~~Congress report does not include analysis of proposed net-zero emission legislation in the United~~
~~States. Several bil s proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been~~

29comprehensive list of enacted legislation. 31 For more information, see CRS For more information, see CRS In FocusIn Focus IF11821, IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
~~Developm ents~~Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
3032 For more information, see CRS For more information, see CRS In FocusIn Focus IF11821, IF11821, Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent
~~Developm ents~~Developments, by Michael I. Westphal. , by Michael I. Westphal.
31 33 Paris Agreement, Article 4. Paris Agreement, Article 4.
3234 As of October As of October ~~20, 2021, 33~~18, 2022, 53 countries had submitted long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies countries had submitted long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies
to the UNFCCC,to the UNFCCC, see https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies.see https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies.
~~33 T able 2 only includes~~ As of October 18, 2022, 53 Parties had made submissions. 35 Table 2 only includes legislation that explicitly proposes netlegislation that explicitly proposes net -zero emissions. Other climate-related legislation is not -zero emissions. Other climate-related legislation is not
included. included.
~~34 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal~~ Congressional Research Service 17 Figure 3. Countries with Net-Zero Legislation as of October 2022 Source: CRS using data from Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World,
~~2021, p. 7~~: 2022 Update, at https://, at https://~~lccn~~www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. Notes: Multiple terms can refer to net-zero emissions, including climate neutrality or carbon neutrality, depending on whether the scope is all GHG or just CO2. The color-based distinctions in this figure reflect the language in each country’s net-zero legislation. Gabon’s 2021 law allows the country to trade carbon credits and retain its status as a “carbon positive” country through 2050. EU member states are shaded on the map only if they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-wide law included. CRS-18 link to page 19 link to page 19 ~~.loc.gov/2021687417.~~
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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries
Observations of Net-Zero Legislation Table 3 is derived from the 2022 report published by the Global Legal Research Directorate at the Law Library of Congress, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: 2022 Update.36 The Law Library identified 57 jurisdictions with enacted or proposed net-zero legislation. Of these 57, the EU, 11 of its member states, and 20 additional countries have enacted net-zero legislation. Three countries have proposed net-zero legislation. The remaining jurisdictions are sub-national. Laws have been enacted and proposed at the state and regional level in a number of countries and these are outside of the scope of this report. The Law Library of Congress report does not include analysis of proposed net-zero emission legislation in the United States. Several bills proposing net-zero emissions goals for the United States have been
introduced in recent Congresses. introduced in recent Congresses. ~~Analysis~~Because analysis of U.S. net-zero legislative proposals is beyond the of U.S. net-zero legislative proposals is beyond the
scope of this CRS reportscope of this CRS report.
~~The EU and 11 of its~~, Table 3 does not include the United States. The EU’s European Climate Law, which establishes the framework for achieving climate neutrality by 2050, applies to all 27 of its member states. Eleven EU member states (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, member states (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Hungary, ~~Iceland,~~
Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Luxembourg, Malta, ~~Slovenia,~~ Spain, and Sweden) have enacted net-zero legislationSpain, and Sweden) have enacted net-zero legislation~~. Seven of~~
~~the G20 members (~~ in addition to the EU law. Two member states—Germany and Sweden—have set 2045 target dates, versus the EU’s 2050 target date. Nine of the G20 members (Australia, Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Spain, and the UK) have and the UK) have
enacted net-zero legislation. enacted net-zero legislation.
Most Most ~~(15 of 22) countries or regions~~jurisdictions with enacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissions with enacted legislation have set a date of net-zero emissions, carbon neutrality, or climate neutrality
by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland, which has enacted legislation requiring by 2050. The most ambitious deadline is set by Iceland, which has enacted legislation requiring
~~net-zero emissions by 2040. Germany and Sweden both have set a deadline of net-zero emissions~~
~~by 2045~~carbon neutrality by 2040. Four countries (. Four countries (~~Ukraine~~Ecuador, Slovenia, Malta, and Finland) do not specify dates, according , Slovenia, Malta, and Finland) do not specify dates, according
to the Law Library of Congress report.to the Law Library of Congress report.3537
Table 3. Net-Zero Emissions Legislation for Selected Countries and Regions
(as of October 2022)~~as of September 27, 2021~~
Enacted Legislation
Country
(goal and date, if available) Proposed Legislation Argentina Senate Bil 682/21 Amending Law 27.520 (on Minimum Standards for Global Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation), on Carbon Neutrality by 2050, art. 1 Australia Climate Change Act 2022 (Cth) s 10(1)(b) (came into effect Sept. 13, 2022), (net zero by 2050) ~~if available)~~
~~Proposed Legislation~~
Canada Canada
Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Accountability

Act, S.C. 2021, c.22, Royal Assent, June 29, Act, S.C. 2021, c.22, Royal Assent, June 29, ~~2031~~
2031(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Chile Chile

~~Climate Change Framework Law,~~
~~§IV.2.a, submitted to National~~
~~Congress, Jan. 10, 2020~~
~~(net zero by 2050)~~
~~,Denmark~~
~~Climate Act (No. 965 of June 26, 2020) art. 1~~

~~(climate neutrality by 2050)~~
~~European Union~~
~~Regulation (EU) 2021/1119~~

~~(EU)~~
~~(European Climate~~ Ley 21445 Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, Diario Oficial June 13, 2022, art. 1, (net zero by 2050) 36 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: 2022 Update, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. 37 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World: 2022 Update, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2022666110/. Congressional Research Service 19 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Enacted Legislation Country (goal and date, if available) Proposed Legislation Colombia Ley 2169, por Medio de la Cual se Impulsa el Desarrol o Bajo en Carbono del País Mediante el Establecimiento de Metas y Medidas Mínimas en Materia de Carbono Neutralidad y Resiliencia Climática y se Dictan otras Disposiciones, art. 5.2, Diario Oficial Dec. 22, 2021, (carbon neutrality by 2050) Denmark Climate Act (No. 965 of June 26, 2020) art. 1(climate neutrality by 2050) Ecuador Acuerdo Ministerial 018-2021 on Ecuador Carbon Neutral Program, Ministerio del Ambiente y Agua, Registro Oficial Aug. 18, 2021, (establishes Zero Carbon Ecuador program that provides incentives to achieve carbon neutrality) European Union Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 (European Climate (EU) Law), art. 2, 2021 O.J. (L Law), art. 2, 2021 O.J. (L
243) 1 243) 1
(climate neutrality by 2050) (climate neutrality by 2050)
Fiji Fiji

Climate Climate ~~Change Bil 2021 clauses 6(5)~~
~~and 38(1)~~
Change Act 2021(Act No. 43 of 2021) s 6(5), (net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Finland Finland
~~Klimatlag~~ Klimatlag (FFS 609/2015), §6 (FFS 609/2015), §6

France France
Code de l’énergie, Code de l’énergie, art. L100-4, as amended by art. L100-4, as amended by

Loi n° 2019-1147 du 8 novembre 2019 relative à Loi n° 2019-1147 du 8 novembre 2019 relative à
l'énergiel'énergie et au climat,et au climat, art. 1, Nov. 8, 2019 art. 1, Nov. 8, 2019
(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Gabon Ordonnance N° 019/2021 du 13 septembre 021 relative aux changements climatiques, Sept. 13, 2021, (Gabon’s status as carbon positive country wil be maintained through 2050) Germany Germany
Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz [KSG], Dec. 12, 2019, Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz [KSG], Dec. 12, 2019,
Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2513, as amended, Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2513, as amended,
art. 3, para. 2art. 3, para. 2
(climate neutrality by 2045) Gibraltar Climate Change Act 2019, No. 29/2019, ss 8, 25, (100% lower net emissions by 2045 from 1990 or 1995 baselines) Greece National Climate Law, Law 4936/2022, E.K.E.D. 2022, A:105, (climate neutrality by 2050) ~~(climate neutrality by 2045)~~
Hungary Hungary
Law on Climate Law on Climate Policy: On the DeclarationPolicy: On the Declaration of a of a

Climate Climate Emergency, on ClimateEmergency, on Climate Protection, Protection,
(T/7021), adopted on May 14, 2020, art. 3, §4(T/7021), adopted on May 14, 2020, art. 3, §4
(climate neutrality by 2050) Iceland Climate Act (Lög um loftslagsmál, ~~(climate neutrality by 2050)~~

~~35 Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the World,~~
~~2021.~~
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~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~Enacted Legislation~~
~~Country~~
~~(goal and date, if available)~~
~~Proposed Legislation~~
~~Iceland~~
~~Climate Act (Lög um loftslagsmál, 2012 nr. 70~~

~~29. Júní,~~
~~(Legal y~~2012 nr. 70 29. Júní, (Legally binding emissions binding emissions reductions for 2030; reductions for 2030;
~~specifies~~ specifies that the government can issue further that the government can issue further
~~legal y~~legally binding targets. Current policy is carbon binding targets. Current policy is carbon
neutrality by 2040.) neutrality by 2040.)
Ireland Ireland
Climate Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Action and Low Carbon Development

Act 2015, No. 46/2015, s 3(1), as amended by Act 2015, No. 46/2015, s 3(1), as amended by
the Climatethe Climate Action and Low Carbon Action and Low Carbon
DevelopmentDevelopment (Amendment) Act 2021, No. (Amendment) Act 2021, No.
32/2021 32/2021
~~(climate neutrality by 2050)~~
(climate neutrality by 2050) Isle of Man Climate Change Act 2021, AT 20/2021, s 9(1), (net zero emissions by 2050) Israel Climate Law Bil 5782-2022 Congressional Research Service 20 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Enacted Legislation Country (goal and date, if available) Proposed Legislation (Government Bil No. 1551, p. 1042, S48B-M76S (net zero by 2050) Japan Japan
Amendment (Act No. 54 of 2021) of Act on Amendment (Act No. 54 of 2021) of Act on

Promotion of Global Warming Promotion of Global Warming
Countermeasures,Countermeasures, Act No. 117 of 1998, art. 2-2Act No. 117 of 1998, art. 2-2
(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Emissionshandelsgesetz Emissionshandelsgesetz [EHG], Sept. 19, 2012, [EHG], Sept. 19, 2012,

Landesgesetzblatt-Nummer [LGBl.-Nr.] Landesgesetzblatt-Nummer [LGBl.-Nr.]
~~2012~~012.346, as amended, art. 4, para. 4,.346, as amended, art. 4, para. 4,
(climate neutrality by 2050) (climate neutrality by 2050)
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Loi du 15 décembre Loi du 15 décembre 2020 relative au climat et 2020 relative au climat et

modifiant la loi modifiée modifiant la loi modifiée du 31 maidu 31 mai 1999 portant 1999 portant
institution d’un fonds pour la protection de institution d’un fonds pour la protection de
l’environnement,l’environnement, art. 4, Dec.art. 4, Dec. 15, 2020 15, 2020
(net zero by 2050) (net zero by 2050)
Maldives Maldives
Climate Climate Emergency Act, Law No. 9/2021 Emergency Act, Law No. 9/2021
(net
~~(net~~ zero by 2030) zero by 2030)
Malta Malta
Climate Climate Action Act, cap. 543 Action Act, cap. 543

New Zealand New Zealand
Climate Climate Change Response Act 2002 s 5Q, Change Response Act 2002 s 5Q,

inserted by Climate inserted by Climate Change Response (Zero Change Response (Zero
Carbon) AmendmentCarbon) Amendment Act 2019 s 8Act 2019 s 8
(net zero by 2050; except biogenic methane) (net zero by 2050; except biogenic methane)
Norway Norway
Lov om klimamål Lov om klimamål (klimaloven) (LOV-2017-06-(klimaloven) (LOV-2017-06-

16-60) §4 16-60) §4
(reduce emissions(reduce emissions by 90%-95% compared with by 90%-95% compared with
1990 by 2050)1990 by 2050)
Slovenia Slovenia
Resolution on Slovenia’s Resolution on Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Long-Term Climate

Strategy Until 2050, No. 801-08/21-5/, adopted Strategy Until 2050, No. 801-08/21-5/, adopted
by National Assemblyby National Assembly on July 13, 2021 on July 13, 2021
South Korea South Korea
Framework Framework Act on Carbon Neutral and Green Act on Carbon Neutral and Green

Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis, Growth to Respond to Climate Crisis, Act No. Act No.
18469, Sept. 24, 2021, art. 7(1) 18469, Sept. 24, 2021, art. 7(1)
(carbon neutrality by 2050) (carbon neutrality by 2050)
Spain Spain
Ley 7/2021, de 20 de mayo, de cambio climático Ley 7/2021, de 20 de mayo, de cambio climático

y transición energética, art. 3-2, Boletin y transición energética, art. 3-2, Boletin Oficial Oficial
del Estado, May 21, 2021del Estado, May 21, 2021
(climate neutrality by 2050) (climate neutrality by 2050)
Sweden Sweden
Klimatlag Klimatlag (SFS 2017:720), §3 ~~(SFS 2017:720), §3~~

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~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~Enacted Legislation~~
~~Country~~
~~(goal and date, if available)~~
~~Proposed Legislation~~
~~(Does not set~~ (Does not set specific timelinesspecific timelines for emissions for emissions
reductions, but government must reviewreductions, but government must review and set and set
targets everytargets every four years. Official policy as of four years. Official policy as of
March 2021 is net-zero emissionsMarch 2021 is net-zero emissions by 2045; 85% by 2045; 85%
reduction reduction compared with 1990.) Switzerland Bundesgesetz über die Ziele im Klimaschutz, die Innovation und die Stärkung der Energiesicherheit [KlG], Sept. 30, 2022, Bundesblatt [BBl.] 2022, 2403, art. 3, para. 2, (climate neutrality by 2050) Taiwan On April 21, 2022, the Executive Yuan passed the draft revision of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Congressional Research Service 21 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Enacted Legislation Country (goal and date, if available) Proposed Legislation Management Act. The draft revision was reviewed by~~compared with 1990.)~~
~~Taiwan~~

~~In 2021, the premier tasked the~~
~~Environmental Protection~~
~~Administration with amending the~~
~~Greenhouse Gas Reduction and~~
~~Management Act to incorporate the~~
~~goal of net-zero carbon emissions by~~
~~2050 and rename the act the Climate~~
~~Change Response Act.~~
~~(Taiwan Working Toward Net-Zero~~
~~Emissions by 2050, Overseas~~
~~Community Aff. Council, Taiwan~~
~~[OCAC] [Sept. 2, 2021])~~
~~Individual members of~~ the Legislative the Legislative
~~Yuan proposed their own bil s for~~
~~amending the act to include the 2050~~
~~net-zero emissions goal. (See e.g.,~~
~~Yuan Zong No. 1711, Member~~
~~Proposal No. 25885 [Feb. 26, 2021];~~
~~Yuan Zong No. 1711, Member~~
~~Proposal No. 26787 [May 27, 2021].~~Yuan committees in May 2022. The revision wil rename the act to “Climate Change Response Act” and incorporate the goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. (Change from Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to Climate Change Response Act Approved, Environmental Protection Administration (July 19, 2022) )
Ukraine Ukraine
Law of Ukraine on the Principles of Monitoring, Law of Ukraine on the Principles of Monitoring,

Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Gas
Emissions,Emissions, No. 377-IX, adopted Dec.No. 377-IX, adopted Dec. 12, 2019, 12, 2019,
in force since Jan. 1, 2021, (ВВР), 2020, No. 22, in force since Jan. 1, 2021, (ВВР), 2020, No. 22,
p. 150, pmbl.p. 150, pmbl.
(harmonizes Ukrainian legislation(harmonizes Ukrainian legislation with standards with standards
of EU law [an obligation for Ukraine under the of EU law [an obligation for Ukraine under the
EU-Ukraine AssociationEU-Ukraine Association Agreement]Agreement] and implements ~~and~~
~~implements~~ the provisionsthe provisions ~~of Directives~~ of Directives No. No.
2003/87/ЕС and No. 2003/87/ЕС and No. ~~2004~~004/101/ЕС) /101/ЕС)
United Kingdom United Kingdom
of United Kingdom: Great Britain and Climate ~~Climate~~ Change Act 2008, c.Change Act 2008, c. ~~27, s 1(1), as~~

~~inserted by the Climate Change Act 2008~~ 27, s Northern Ireland 1(1),https://perma.cc/2HJ4-KNRJ, as amended by theClimate Change Act 2008(2050 (2050
Target Amendment)Target Amendment)Order ~~Order~~ 2019, SI 2019/10562019, SI 2019/1056
, (net (net zero by 2050) Northern Ireland: Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, c. 31, (Northern Ireland to have 100% lower emissions by 2050 from 1990 or 1995 baselines) Scotland: Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, asp 12, https://perma.cc/748L-CXP8, as amended by Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019, asp 15, (Scotland to achieve net zero by 2045) ~~zero by 2050)~~
Source: Law Library of Congress,Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate,Global Legal Research Directorate, Net Zero Emissions Legislation Around the
World~~, 2021, p. 7~~: 2022 Update, at https://, at https://~~lccn~~www.loc.gov/.loc.gov/~~2021687417.~~
item/2022666110/. Notes: This table includes This table includes al all countries listed in the Law Library of Congresscountries listed in the Law Library of Congress report and is not limitedreport and is not limited to the set to the set
of selectedof selected countries as described earliercountries as described earlier in this report. EU memberin this report. EU member countries are listedcountries are listed only in their own row if only in their own row if
they have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-wide law included. Links to legislationthey have domestic net-zero legislation in addition to the EU-wide law included. Links to legislation (including (including
links to English translations) available in the referencedlinks to English translations) available in the referenced Law Library of Congress report. Law Library of Congress report.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

1822

link to page link to page 2024 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries

Appendix. Table of GHG Emissions and NDC Data
for Selected Countries
Table A-1 provides GHG emissions data and NDC information for the selected countries provides GHG emissions data and NDC information for the selected countries
discussed in this report. The emissions data, including net GHG emissions, emissions per capita, discussed in this report. The emissions data, including net GHG emissions, emissions per capita,
and emissions per GDP are the most recent year available (and emissions per GDP are the most recent year available (~~2018~~2019) from Climate Watch Data.) from Climate Watch Data.3638
NDC targets are as reported in Parties’ NDCs. The Congressional Research Service calculated NDC targets are as reported in Parties’ NDCs. The Congressional Research Service calculated
2030 emissions targets using data available via Climate Watch Data and stated NDC targets (e.g., 2030 emissions targets using data available via Climate Watch Data and stated NDC targets (e.g.,
a percentage reduction from a base year), unless otherwise noted. This table is not comprehensive a percentage reduction from a base year), unless otherwise noted. This table is not comprehensive
~~of al~~ of all Parties’ NDC targets, emissions, and projections. Parties’ NDC targets, emissions, and projections.

36 38 Climate Watch Data integrates emissions inventories from the UNFCCC and other sources, then it provides access Climate Watch Data integrates emissions inventories from the UNFCCC and other sources, then it provides access to to
the most complete annual emissions data across all countries. Article 12 of the UNFCCCthe most complete annual emissions data across all countries. Article 12 of the UNFCCC ~~requires~~ requires that all Parties to that all Parties to
Annex I countries submitAnnex I countries submit annual emissions inventories (the annual emissions inventories (the ~~m ost~~most recent of which is for emissions in recent of which is for emissions in ~~2018~~2019). Non). Non -Annex -Annex
I countries submit emissions inventories less frequently. CRSI countries submit emissions inventories less frequently. CRS relies on countries’ own emissions inventory data, as relies on countries’ own emissions inventory data, as
available via Climate Watch Data, wherever possible.available via Climate Watch Data, wherever possible. In instances where countries In instances where countries ~~h ave~~have not provided 2018 emissions not provided 2018 emissions
data, CRSdata, CRS ~~relies~~ relies on data from CAITon data from CAIT , as available via Climate Watch Data. (, as available via Climate Watch Data. (~~see~~ See Climate Watch, “About,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/
about/faq/ghg).about/faq/ghg).
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

1923

link to page link to page 2732 link to page link to page 2732 link to page link to page 2832 link to page link to page 2832 link to page link to page 2832 link to page link to page 2832
Table A-1. GHG Emissions Data and NDC Information for Selected Countries
Emissions data, including Emissions data, including ~~2018~~2019 emissions, NDC targets and references, and 2030 projections are carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) and are shown as emissions, NDC targets and references, and 2030 projections are carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) and are shown as ~~mil ion~~million
metric tons (Mt) CO2e, unless otherwise noted, and emissions per capita and per metric tons (Mt) CO2e, unless otherwise noted, and emissions per capita and per ~~mil ion~~million $ GDP are shown as metric tons (t). $ GDP are shown as metric tons (t).
Change in
Change in
GHG
GHG
~~2018~~Projected 2030 2019 Net
Net GHG
Net GHG
Emissions/
Emissions/
~~Projected 2030~~GHG Emissions Country
GHG
Emissions
Emissions
Capita in
Million GDP
~~GHG Emissions~~
~~Country~~ Per NDC (date)
Emissions
1990-~~2018~~2019
2005-~~2018~~
~~2018~~
~~in 2018~~2019 2019 in 2019
NDC Targetsa
~~Per NDC Targetsb~~
~~Angolac~~
~~125~~
~~+59~~
+9
~~4.04t~~
~~1,229t 14% reduction from BAU~~
~~not available~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~scenario (2015 inventory~~
~~updated~~
~~projections) by 2025~~
~~5/31/2021)~~
~~(unconditional)~~
~~24% reduction from BAU~~
~~scenario (2015 inventory~~
~~projections) by 2025~~
~~(unconditional +~~
~~conditional)~~
~~Argentinac~~
~~396~~
~~+107~~
~~-15~~
~~8.89t~~
~~764t Shal not exceed 359 in~~
~~No more than 359~~
~~(Second NDC,~~
~~2030~~
~~(from NDC)~~
~~12/30/2020)~~
~~Australia~~
~~537~~
~~-80~~
~~-80~~
~~21.51t~~
~~375t 26%-28% reduction from~~
~~444-457~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~2005 levels by 2030, to be~~
~~updated~~
~~implemented as an~~
~~12/31/2020)~~
~~emissions budget covering~~
~~the period 2021-2030~~
~~Bangladeshc~~
~~221~~
~~+106~~
~~+70~~
~~1.37t~~
~~806t 27.56 (7%) reduction from~~
~~320-382~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~BAU levels (409.4) by 2030~~
~~updated~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~8/26/2021)~~
~~89.47 (22%) reduction from~~
~~BAU (409.4) by 2030~~
~~(unconditional +~~
~~conditional)~~
~~Brazilc~~
~~1,420~~
~~-220~~
~~-580~~
~~6.78t~~
~~753t 37% reduction from 2005~~
~~1,140~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~levels by 2025; and 43%~~
~~updated~~
~~reduction from 2005 levels~~
~~12/9/2020)~~
~~by 2030~~
~~CRS-20~~

~~link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 28 link to page 28 link to page 28 link to page 28~~
~~Change in~~
~~Change in~~
~~GHG~~
~~GHG~~
~~2018 Net~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Projected 2030~~
~~GHG~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Capita in~~
~~Million GDP~~
~~GHG Emissions~~
~~Country (date)~~
~~Emissions~~
~~1990-2018~~
~~2005-2018~~
~~2018~~
~~in 2018~~
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Per NDC Targetsb~~
~~Cameroonc~~
~~123~~
~~+51.4~~
-3
~~4.89t~~
~~3187t 12% reduction by 2030 from~~
~~113 (unconditional);~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~2010 levels (unconditional)~~
~~83 (unconditional +~~
~~updated~~
~~35% reduction by 2030 from~~
~~conditional)~~
~~10/11/2021)~~
~~2010 levels (unconditional +~~
~~conditional)~~
~~Canada~~
~~716~~
~~+173~~
~~-0.55~~
~~19.33t~~
~~417t 40%-45% reduction from~~
~~394-430~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~2005 levels~~ Targetsb Algeriac (First 282 +161 +97 6.56 1,643 7% reduction from BAU ( BAU not available NDC, 2016) not available) by 2030 (unconditional); Up to 22 % reduction from BAU (BAU not available) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Angolac 128 +62 +13 4.03t 1,851t 15% reduction from BAU (BAU not available (First NDC, = 108 in 2025) by 2025 updated 2021) (unconditional); 25% reduction from BAU (BAU = 108 in 2025) by 2025 (unconditional + conditional) Argentinac 399 +106 -19 8.88t 881t Shall not exceed 359 in 2030 No more than 359 (Second NDC, (from NDC) updated 2021) Australia 519 -97 -93 20.46t 373t 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 349 (First NDC, updated 2022) Bangladeshc 238 +121 +82 1.46t 677t 6.73% reduction from BAU 320-381 (First NDC, (BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030 updated 2021) (unconditional); 21.85% reduction from BAU (BAU = 409 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) CRS-24 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Boliviac (First 139 +26 +36 12.05t 3392t Sector-specific targets for not available NDC, updated energy and forests. 2022) Brazilc 1,450 -190 -560 6.88t 775t Reduce greenhouse gas 1,001 (First NDC, emissions by 37% below 2005 updated 2022) levels in 2025; Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% below 2005 levels in 2030 Cameroonc 125 +51 -2 4.82t 3,146t 12% reduction by 2030 from 113 (First NDC, 2010 levels (unconditional) (unconditional); updated 2021) 35% reduction by 2030 from 83 (unconditional 2010 levels (unconditional + + conditional) conditional) Canada 740 +195 -7 19.68t 425t 40%-45% reduction from 2005 411-448 (First NDC, levels by 2030 updated 2021) Chilec 55 +27 +16 2.92t 199t Peak emissions by 2025; No more than 95 (First NDC, Maximum ~~by 2030~~
~~updated~~
~~7/12/2021)~~
~~Chilec~~
52
~~+21~~
~~+11~~
~~2.76t~~
~~174t Peak emissions by 2025;~~
~~No more than 95~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~Maximum annual emissions~~
~~updated~~
~~up to 95 by 2030;~~
~~4/9/2020)~~
~~Accumulated emissions~~
~~between~~ annual emissions up (from NDC) updated 2020) to 95 by 2030; Accumulated emissions between 2020 and 2030 shall ~~2020 and 2030~~
~~shal~~ not exceednot exceed 1,100 1,100
Chin Chinac
~~11,710~~
~~+8,840~~
~~+4,850~~
~~8.4t~~
~~842t~~12,060 +9,170 +5,130 8.6t 844t Peak CO2 emissions Peak CO2 emissions ~~around~~ before
not available not available
(First (First NDC, 2030; updated 2021) Achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; Lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level; CRS-25 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Increase share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%; Increase the forest stock volume by 6 bil ion cubic meters from the 2005 level; Bring total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 bil ion kilowatts by 2030 Colombiac 271 +54 +45 5.37t 837t 2% reduction from BAU by 169.44 (First NDC, 2030 (unconditional); (from NDC) updated 2020) Democratic 680 +249 +239 7.83t 13,125kt 21% reduction from BAU by 1,303 Republic of the 2030 (unconditional + (unconditional); Congoc conditional) 1,050 (First NDC, (unconditional + updated 2021) conditional) Egyptc 352 +218 +108 3.51t 1,161t Reduction of electricity not available (First NDC, emissions by 33%; oil and gas updated 2022) emissions by 65%; and transport emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to BAU Ethiopiac 183 +88 +61 1.64t 1,912t 14% reduction from BAU (BAU 347 (First NDC, = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); updated 2021) (unconditional); 126 (conditional + 68.8% reduction from BAU unconditional) (BAU = 403.5 in 2030) by 2030 ~~NDC,~~
~~2030;~~
~~9/3/2016)~~
~~Reduce CO2 emissions/GDP~~
~~from 2005 levels by 60%-~~
~~65%;~~
~~Increase share of nonfossil~~
~~fuels in primary energy~~
~~consumption to around~~
~~20%;~~
~~Increase forest stock by 4.5~~
~~bil ion cubic meters from~~
~~2005 level~~
~~Colombiac~~
~~268~~
~~+51~~
~~+40~~
~~5.4t~~
~~803t Emit a maximum of 169.44~~
~~169.44 (from NDC)~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~in 2030 (equivalent to 51%~~
~~updated~~
~~reduction compared with~~
~~12/30/2020)~~
~~CRS-21~~

~~link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 28 link to page 28 link to page 28~~
~~Change in~~
~~Change in~~
~~GHG~~
~~GHG~~
~~2018 Net~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Projected 2030~~
~~GHG~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Capita in~~
~~Million GDP~~
~~GHG Emissions~~
~~Country (date)~~
~~Emissions~~
~~1990-2018~~
~~2005-2018~~
~~2018~~
~~in 2018~~
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Per NDC Targetsb~~
~~Indiac~~
~~3,350~~
~~+2,340~~
~~+1,370~~
~~2.47t~~
~~1233t 33%-35% reduction of~~
~~not available~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~emissions intensity of GDP~~
~~10/2/2016)~~
~~from 2005 levels by 2030;~~
~~40% cumulative electric~~
~~power instal ed capacity from~~
~~nonfossil fuel-based energy~~
~~resources by 2030;~~
~~Create additional carbon sink~~
~~of 2.5-3 bil ion t CO2e~~
~~through additional forest and~~
~~tree cover by 2030~~
~~Indonesiac~~
~~1,700~~
~~+440~~
~~+460~~
~~6.37t~~
~~1630t 29% reduction from BAU~~
~~2,037~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(2,870) by 2030~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~updated~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~1,692 (conditional +~~
~~7/22/2021)~~
~~41% reduction from BAU~~
~~unconditional)~~
~~(2,870) by 2030~~
by updated 2020) 2030) Germanyb 793 -477 -199 9.55t 204t EU target (at least a 55% not available (EU First NDC, reduction from 1990 levels by updated 2020) 2030) Ghanac (First 13 -9 -53 .42t 187t Implement 34 mitigation not available NDC, updated measures to achieve absolute 2021) emission reductions of 64 by 2030. Nine unconditional measures are expected to lead to a 24.6 reduction. An additional 25 conditional measures can be implemented to further achieve an additional 39.4 reduction. Indiac 3,360 +2,360 +1,410 2.46t 1,188t 45% reduction in emissions not available (First NDC, intensity by 2030 compared to updated 2022) 2005 levels Indonesiac 1,960 +730 +710 7.24t 1,751t 31.89% reduction from BAU 1954 (First NDC, (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); updated 2022) (unconditional); 1,630 (conditional 43.20% reduction from BAU + unconditional) (BAU = 2869 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Iranc 894 +590 +269 10.78t 3,068t No NDC communicated to not available UNFCCC CRS-27 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Iraqc (First 321 +201 +176 8.17t 1,375t not available not available NDC, 2021) Italyb 377 -321 -177 6.31t 187t EU target (at least a 55% not available (EU First NDC, reduction from 1990 levels by updated 2030) 12/18/2020) Japan 1,160 -40 -130 9.16t 226t 46% reduction from FY2013 724 (First NDC, levels by FY2030; Net zero by updated 2021) 2050 Kazakhstan 364 -9 +80 19.69t 2,006t 15% reduction from 1990 levels 290-328 (First NDC, by 2030 (unconditional); 2016) 25% reduction from 1990 levels by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) (unconditional + conditional)
~~Iranc~~
~~828~~
~~+588~~
~~+259~~
~~10.13t~~
~~1820t No NDC communicated to~~

~~UNFCCC~~
~~Italy~~
~~391~~
~~-121~~
~~-160~~
~~6.48t~~
~~187t EU target (at least a 55%~~
~~No more than 231~~
~~(EU First NDC,~~
~~reduction from 1990 levels~~
~~(al ocated share of~~
~~updated~~
~~by 2030)~~
~~projected EU~~
~~12/18/2020)~~
~~emissions)~~
~~Japan~~
~~1,180~~
~~-30~~
~~-110~~
~~9.33t~~
~~238t 46% reduction from FY2013~~
~~724~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~levels by FY2030~~
~~interim updated~~
~~10/12/2020)~~
~~Kazakhstan~~
~~402~~
~~+16~~
~~+130~~
~~21.99t~~
~~2241t 15% reduction from 1990~~
~~290-328~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~levels by 2030~~
~~12/6/2016)~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~CRS-23~~

~~link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 28 link to page 28 link to page 28~~
~~Change in~~
~~Change in~~
~~GHG~~
~~GHG~~
~~2018 Net~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Net GHG~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Emissions/~~
~~Projected 2030~~
~~GHG~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Emissions~~
~~Capita in~~
~~Million GDP~~
~~GHG Emissions~~
~~Country (date)~~
~~Emissions~~
~~1990-2018~~
~~2005-2018~~
~~2018~~
~~in 2018~~
~~NDC Targetsa~~
~~Per NDC Targetsb~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~12/12/2020)~~
~~United States~~
~~5,900~~
~~+320~~
~~-680~~
~~18.07t~~
~~287t 50%-52% reduction from~~
~~3,158-3,290~~
~~(First NDC after~~
~~2005 emissions levels by 2030~~
~~rejoining the Paris~~
~~Agreement,~~
~~4/22/2021)~~
~~Uzbekistanc~~
~~232~~
~~+34~~
~~+15~~
~~7.04t~~
~~4610t “To decrease specific~~
~~not available~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~emissions of GHG per unit of~~
~~11/9/2018)~~
~~GDP by 10% by 2030 from~~
~~level of 2010.”~~
~~Venezuelac~~
~~277~~
~~-48~~
~~-59~~
~~9.6t~~
~~not available 20% reduction from BAU~~
~~272~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(340) by 2030 (conditional)~~
~~2/27/2018)~~
~~Vietnamc~~
~~364~~
~~+363~~
~~+157~~
~~3.81t~~
~~1490t 9% reduction from BAU~~
~~677-844~~
~~(First NDC,~~
~~(927.9) by 2030~~
~~updated~~
~~(unconditional);~~
~~9/11/2020)~~
~~27% reduction from BAU~~
~~(927.9) by 2030~~
~~(unconditional + conditional)~~
Source: World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data “Country Profiles,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries; and UNFCCC NDC Registry, at
~~https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/Al .aspx.~~
Notes: GHG emissions data from 2018, 2005, and 1990 and GHG emissions per capita and per GDP data are from countries’ reported submissions to the UNFCCC as
~~available from Climate Watch Data, except where noted (see table note c). CO2e is the tons of CO2 that would have the equivalent effect of the GHG on forcing global~~
~~average temperature (positive or negative) as one ton of the GHG in question. Emissions data include those emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry~~
~~(LULUCF). Also, t = metric tons; and Gt (gigatons) = 1 bil ion metric tons. BAU = “business-as-usual.” Maia Alberts, CRS Intern Summer 2021, contributed to this table.~~
~~a. NDC targets extracted from most recently submitted NDCs available in the UNFCCC NDC Registry.~~
~~b. Year 2030 emissions targets calculated using NDC 2030 target reductions and base year emissions as reported by each country t o the UNFCCC, where available.~~
~~Estimates for the EU-27 and listed member states (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) under their Effort-Sharing Decision are from Table A1.1 in European~~
~~Environment Agency, Trends and Projections in Europe 2020: Tracking Progress Towards Europe’s Climate and Energy Targets, EEA Report No. 13/2020, November 26,~~
~~2020, at https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2020/.~~
~~CRS-27~~

~~c. Because certain countries submitted GHG emissions data to the UNFCCC for intermittent years only, some emissions data are from CAIT (formerly known as the~~
~~Climate Analysis Indicators Tool), as available from Climate Watch Data. CAIT compiles emissions data from nongovernmental sources to supplement countries’~~
~~intermittent emissions reporting (see https://cait.wri.org/faq.html).~~
~~d. EU-27 emissions data for al years exclude emissions from the UK.~~

~~CRS-28~~

~~Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries~~

~~Author Information~~

~~Kezee Procita~~

~~Senior Research Librarian~~

~~Disclaimer~~
~~This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan~~
~~shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and~~
~~under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should n ot~~ Myanmarc 243 +35 +26 4.5 3,537t 244.5 reduction by 2030 not available (First NDC, (unconditional); updated 2021) 414.8 reduction by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Nigeriac 354 +86 +56 1.76t 791t 20% reduction from BAU (453) 362 (First NDC, by 2030 (unconditional); (unconditional); updated 2021) 47% reduction from BAU 240 (conditional + (453Mt) by 2030 (unconditional unconditional) + conditional) Pakistanc 439 +272 +154 2.03t 1,370t 15% reduction from BAU (BAU 1363 (First NDC, = 1603 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional); updated 2021) (unconditional); 802 (unconditional 50% reduction from BAU (BAU + conditional) = 1603 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Peruc 191 +87 +58 5.86t 835t Not to exceed 208.8 in 2030 No more than (First NDC, (unconditional); 208.8 updated 2020) Not to exceed 179 in 2030 (unconditional) (conditional) ; no more than 179 (conditional) (from NDC) CRS-29 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Philippinesc 237 +139 +87 2.2t 628t 2.71% reduction from BAU (3.3 not available (First NDC, Gt cumulative emissions) for updated 2021) the period 2020-2030 (unconditional) 75% reduction from BAU (3.3 Gt cumulative emissions) for the period 2020-2030 (unconditional + conditional) Polandb 376 -70 +21 9.91t 641t EU target (at least a 55% not available (EU First NDC, reduction from 1990 levels by updated 2020) 2030) Russia 1,580 -1510 +150 10.97t 936t 70% reduction relative to 1990 927 (First NDC, levels by 2030 2020) Saudi Arabiac 723 +482 +294 21.1t 900t Reduce and avoid GHG not available (First NDC, emissions by 278 annually by updated 2021) 2030 South Africac 562 +224 +80 9.6t 1,449t 398-510 by 2025, 350-420 (First NDC, implementation period of 2021- (from NDC) updated 2021) 2025; 350-420 by 2030, implementation period 2026-2030 South Koreac 653 +414 +164 12.61t 395t 40% reduction from 2018 437 (First NDC, emission levels (727.6) by 2030 updated 2021) Spainb 277 +23 -127 5.88t 199t EU target (at least a 55% not available (EU First NDC, reduction from 1990 levels by updated 2020) 2030) CRS-30 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Sudanc (First 127 +56 +16 2.97 3,929 Sector-specific targets for not available NDC, updated energy, forests, and waste. 2021) Tanzaniac 155 +57 +32 2.67t 2,533t 30%-35% reduction from BAU not available (First NDC, by 2030, whereby about 138- updated 2021) 153 gross emissions is expected to be reduced Thailandc (First 437 +264 +155 6.28t 804t 20% reduction from BAU (BAU 416-444 NDC, updated = 555) by 2030 (unconditional); 2020) Up to 25% reduction from BAU (BAU = 555) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Turkey (First 422 +258 +159 5.06t 555t Up to 21% reduction from BAU 929 (from NDC) NDC, 2021) (BAU = 1,175 in 2030) by 2030 Ukraine 332 -552 -76 7.48t 2,159t 65% reduction from 1990 levels 309 (First NDC, (883) by 2030; updated 2021) “Carbon neutrality” by 2060 United Kingdom 459 -354 -239 6.87t 159t At least 68% reduction from No more than 260 (First NDC, 1990 levels by 2030 updated 2022) United States 5,770 +230 -860 17.57t 270t 50%-52% reduction from 2005 2,984-3,315 (First NDC emissions levels by 2030 after rejoining the Paris Agreement, 2021) Uzbekistanc 185 +21 +24 5.52t 3,095t 35% reduction of specific GHG not available (First NDC, emissions per unit GDP from updated 2021) 2010 levels by 2030 CRS-31 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 link to page 32 Change in Change in GHG GHG Projected 2030 2019 Net Net GHG Net GHG Emissions/ Emissions/ GHG Emissions Country GHG Emissions Emissions Capita in Million GDP Per NDC (date) Emissions 1990-2019 2005-2019 2019 in 2019 NDC Targetsa Targetsb Venezuelac 300 -97 -143 10.51t not available 20% reduction compared to not available (First NDC, BAU by 2030 updated 2021) Vietnamc 438 +436 +230 4.54t 1,326t 9% reduction from BAU (BAU 677-844 (First NDC, = 928 in 2030) by 2030 updated 2020) (unconditional); 27% reduction from BAU (BAU = 928 in 2030) by 2030 (unconditional + conditional) Sources: World Resources Institute, Climate Watch Data “Country Profiles,” at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries; and UNFCCC NDC Registry, at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx. Notes: GHG emissions data from 2019, 2005, and 1990 and GHG emissions per capita and per GDP data are from countries’ reported submissions to the UNFCCC as available from Climate Watch Data, except where noted (see table note c). CO2e is the tons of CO2 that would have the equivalent effect of the GHG on forcing global average temperature (positive or negative) as one ton of the GHG in question. Emissions data include those emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF). Also, t = metric tons; and Gt (gigatons) = 1 bil ion metric tons. BAU = “business-as-usual.” a. NDC targets extracted from most recently submitted NDCs available in the UNFCCC NDC Registry. b. Year 2030 emissions targets calculated using NDC 2030 target reductions and base year emissions as reported by each country to the UNFCCC, where available. Estimates for the EU-27 Member States (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain) are not available as of September 30, 2022. The EU’s Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), which creates binding minimum targets for emissions reductions by Member States, has not yet been aligned with the 55% target level. See, Technical Background Document Accompanying the report, Trends and Projections in Europe 2021, at https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2021/technical-background-document/view. c. Because certain countries submitted GHG emissions data to the UNFCCC for intermittent years only, some emissions data are from CAIT (formerly known as the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool), as available from Climate Watch Data. CAIT compiles emissions data from nongovernmental sources to supplement countries’ intermittent emissions reporting (see https://cait.wri.org/faq.html). d. EU-27 emissions data for all years exclude emissions from the UK. CRS-32 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts by Selected Countries Author Information Kezee Procita Head Research and Library Services Section Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other be relied upon for purposes other
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R46945 R46945 · VERSION ~~1 · NEW~~
295 · UPDATED 33