FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions

Changes from September 20, 2021 to September 29, 2021

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 September September 2029, 2021 , 2021
Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions
Kevin J. Hickey
On August 23, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its regulatory On August 23, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its regulatory
Legislative Attorney Legislative Attorney
approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine for people 16 vaccine for people 16

years of age or older. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is the first COVID-19 vaccine—and the first years of age or older. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is the first COVID-19 vaccine—and the first
Erin H. Ward
vaccine based on messenger RNA (mRNA) technology—to be licensed by FDA. Previously, the vaccine based on messenger RNA (mRNA) technology—to be licensed by FDA. Previously, the
Legislative Attorney Legislative Attorney
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was available in the United States only under an Emergency Use Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was available in the United States only under an Emergency Use

Authorization (EUA), a distinct regulatory pathway that allows FDA to authorize use of a drug, Authorization (EUA), a distinct regulatory pathway that allows FDA to authorize use of a drug,
biologic, or medical device prior to approval during a public health emergency. biologic, or medical device prior to approval during a public health emergency.
Agata Bodie
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy
Pfizer and BioNTech are marketing their licensed vaccine under the new brand name Comirnaty Pfizer and BioNTech are marketing their licensed vaccine under the new brand name Comirnaty

(pronounced koe-MIR-na-tee). Comirnaty has the same ingredients and formulation as the Pfizer- (pronounced koe-MIR-na-tee). Comirnaty has the same ingredients and formulation as the Pfizer-
BioNTech vaccine that is authorized under the EUA. The two products differ in branding and BioNTech vaccine that is authorized under the EUA. The two products differ in branding and

labeling but can be used interchangeably without any impact on safety or effectiveness. labeling but can be used interchangeably without any impact on safety or effectiveness.
Although Comirnaty is fully approved by FDA for administration to individuals 16 years and older, an EUA remains in effect Although Comirnaty is fully approved by FDA for administration to individuals 16 years and older, an EUA remains in effect
for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Among other things, the reissued EUA authorizes the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine vaccine. Among other things, the reissued EUA authorizes the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine
for uses that FDA had previously authorized but fall outside the scope of FDA’s approval of Comirnaty. Such uses include for uses that FDA had previously authorized but fall outside the scope of FDA’s approval of Comirnaty. Such uses include
the administration of the vaccine to children aged 12the administration of the vaccine to children aged 12- to 15 and third doses of the vaccine regimen for certain 15 and third doses of the vaccine regimen for certain
immunocompromised individuals. The EUA also authorizes use of Comirnaty for those purposes to allow for interchangeable immunocompromised individuals. The EUA also authorizes use of Comirnaty for those purposes to allow for interchangeable
administration of the two vaccines. administration of the two vaccines.
To encourage rapid development and administration of medical countermeasures during a public health emergency, the To encourage rapid development and administration of medical countermeasures during a public health emergency, the
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) allows the Secretary of Health and Human ServicesPublic Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) allows the Secretary of Health and Human Services to to
provide liability protections to manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of medical countermeasures. The Secretary provide liability protections to manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of medical countermeasures. The Secretary
invoked the PREP Act with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic in a declaration effective February 4, 2020. Under the current invoked the PREP Act with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic in a declaration effective February 4, 2020. Under the current
PREP Act declaration, manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of COVID-19 vaccines (along with other COVID-19 PREP Act declaration, manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of COVID-19 vaccines (along with other COVID-19
countermeasures) are generally immune from lawsuits based on injuries relating to the use of the vaccines. Liability countermeasures) are generally immune from lawsuits based on injuries relating to the use of the vaccines. Liability
immunity under the PREP Act applies to both licensed and authorized COVID-19 vaccines and thus generally applies in the immunity under the PREP Act applies to both licensed and authorized COVID-19 vaccines and thus generally applies in the
same manner to both Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. However, the PREP Act may not protect “off label” uses same manner to both Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. However, the PREP Act may not protect “off label” uses
of the vaccine—that is, uses covered neither by the EUA nor by the biologics license. of the vaccine—that is, uses covered neither by the EUA nor by the biologics license.
Some employers, businesses, and schools require proof of vaccination for certain activities to Some employers, businesses, and schools require proof of vaccination for certain activities to protect their employees, protect their employees,
customers, and students from COVID-19.customers, and students from COVID-19. Such “vaccine mandates” take different forms and have largely been sustained Such “vaccine mandates” take different forms and have largely been sustained
when challenged in court. As a practical matter, FDA’s approval of Comirnaty may result in greater use of vaccine mandates when challenged in court. As a practical matter, FDA’s approval of Comirnaty may result in greater use of vaccine mandates
by these entities to the extent that some of them previously did not require vaccination because no COVID-19 vaccine had by these entities to the extent that some of them previously did not require vaccination because no COVID-19 vaccine had
been fully licensed by FDA. FDA’s approval may also diminish uncertainty surrounding the legality of such vaccine been fully licensed by FDA. FDA’s approval may also diminish uncertainty surrounding the legality of such vaccine
mandates, although the legal authority for and limitations on these mandates are largely the same for both licensed and mandates, although the legal authority for and limitations on these mandates are largely the same for both licensed and
authorized vaccines. authorized vaccines.
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FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions

Onn August 23, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the Coronavirus August 23, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine manufactured by Pfizer and BioNTechDisease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine manufactured by Pfizer and BioNTech O for individuals 16 for individuals 16
years of age or older.1 The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is the years of age or older.1 The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is the first COVID-19 vaccine—first COVID-19 vaccine—
and the first vaccine based on messenger RNA (mRNA) technology—to be licensed by FDA.2 and the first vaccine based on messenger RNA (mRNA) technology—to be licensed by FDA.2
Pfizer and BioNTech Pfizer and BioNTech ~~wil~~ will market their licensed COVID-19 vaccine under the brand name market their licensed COVID-19 vaccine under the brand name
Comirnaty (pronounced koe-MIR-na-tee). Comirnaty (pronounced koe-MIR-na-tee).
Prior to approval, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was available in the United States only under an Prior to approval, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was available in the United States only under an
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).3 An EUAEmergency Use Authorization (EUA).3 An EUA is a distinct regulatory pathway from the is a distinct regulatory pathway from the
ordinary biologics licensure pathway that ordinary biologics licensure pathway that ~~al ows~~allows FDA to authorize use of a drug or biologic prior FDA to authorize use of a drug or biologic prior
to approval in circumstances such as a public health emergency.4 FDA first issued an EUA for the to approval in circumstances such as a public health emergency.4 FDA first issued an EUA for the
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine on December 11, 2020, and has reissued the EUA several times since Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine on December 11, 2020, and has reissued the EUA several times since
then, such as to authorize the vaccine in additional groups—for example, children 12then, such as to authorize the vaccine in additional groups—for example, children 12- to 15 years 15 years of of
age.5 A revised EUAage.5 A revised EUA remains in effect for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.6 remains in effect for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.6
FDA’s approval of Comirnaty has caused some confusion about the scope of FDA’s approval, the FDA’s approval of Comirnaty has caused some confusion about the scope of FDA’s approval, the
relationship between Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and other issues.7 relationship between Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and other issues.7
This report addresses some common questions about FDA’s approval of Comirnaty. This report addresses some common questions about FDA’s approval of Comirnaty.
Frequently Asked Questions
Has the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine been fully approved by FDA?
Yes. On August 23, 2021, FDA licensed (i.e., approved)8 the first COVID-19 vaccine, Comirnaty, Yes. On August 23, 2021, FDA licensed (i.e., approved)8 the first COVID-19 vaccine, Comirnaty,
manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech. The vaccine is licensed for the prevention of COVID-19, manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech. The vaccine is licensed for the prevention of COVID-19,
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in individuals 16 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in individuals 16
years of age and older.9 years of age and older.9

~~1 FDA, “~~ 1 FDA, “FDA Approves First COVID-19FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine,” press release, AugustVaccine,” press release, August 23, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/23, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/
press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine. press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine.
2 FDA, “2 FDA, “ FDA Approves First COVID-19FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine.” Vaccine.”
3 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, 3 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. 1, https://www.fda.gov/media/150386/download., 2021, p. 1, https://www.fda.gov/media/150386/download.
4 21 U.S.C.4 21 U.S.C. §360bbb-3. §360bbb-3.
5 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, 5 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, pp. 1-2. , 2021, pp. 1-2.
66 ~~FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 1-2.~~
~~7 See,~~ On the same day FDA approved the Comirnaty BLA, FDA reissued the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA to incorporate its approval of Comirnaty. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 1-2, https://web.archive.org/web/20210824120845/https://www.fda.gov/media/150386/download. On September 22, 2021, FDA reissued the EUA again to authorize third doses of the vaccine for additional categories of individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID, including individuals 65 years of age and older. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. 7 See, for example, Angelo Fichera, “Researcher Distorts Facts on COVID-19 Vaccinefor example, Angelo Fichera, “Researcher Distorts Facts on COVID-19 Vaccine Approval, Liability,” Approval, Liability,”
FactCheck.org, AugustFactCheck.org, August 30, 2021, https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/scicheck-researcher-distorts-facts-on-covid-19-30, 2021, https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/scicheck-researcher-distorts-facts-on-covid-19-
vaccine-approval-liability/; Reuters Fact Check, “vaccine-approval-liability/; Reuters Fact Check, “ Fact Check-Media Reports Have Not Lied about Pfizer-Fact Check-Media Reports Have Not Lied about Pfizer-~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech’s ’s
FDA Approval,” AugustFDA Approval,” August 27, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-fda-pfizer/fact-check-media-reports-27, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-fda-pfizer/fact-check-media-reports-
have-not-lied-about-pfizer-biontechs-fda-approval-idUSL1N2PY0OL; and Glenn Kessler,have-not-lied-about-pfizer-biontechs-fda-approval-idUSL1N2PY0OL; and Glenn Kessler, ~~“ T he~~ “The False Claim False Claim ~~T hat~~That the the
Fully-Approved Pfizer VaccineFully-Approved Pfizer Vaccine Lacks Liability Protection,” Lacks Liability Protection,” Washington Post,, August 30, 2021, August 30, 2021,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/30/false-claim-that-fully-approved-pfizer-vaccine-lacks-liability-https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/30/false-claim-that-fully-approved-pfizer-vaccine-lacks-liability-
protection/. protection/.
8 Biologics 8 Biologics are a subsetare a subset of drugsof drugs and subjectand subject to many of the same statutory requirements. However, while small to many of the same statutory requirements. However, while small
molecule, chemically synthesized drugsmolecule, chemically synthesized drugs are are approved by FDA via a new drug by FDA via a new drug application under the Federal Food, application under the Federal Food,
Drug,Drug, and Cosmetic Act, biologicsand Cosmetic Act, biologics such assuch as vaccines are vaccines are licensed via a biologics via a biologics license application under the Public license application under the Public
Health Service Act. Health Service Act.
9 FDA, “ 9 FDA, “ FDA Approves First COVID-19FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine.” SeeVaccine.” See also FDA, Approval Letter to also FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech Manufacturing~~
~~GmbH, Pfizer Inc., August 23, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/151710/download. T he approval letter states that~~
~~FDA is “issuing Department of Health and Human Services U.S. License No. 22 29 to BioNT ech Manufacturing~~
~~GmbH, Mainz, Germany, under the provisions of section 351(a) of the Public Health Service Act controlling the~~
~~manufacture and sale of biological products. T he license authorizes you to introduce or deliver for introduction into~~
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FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions

To obtain licensure from FDA, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, in partnership with Pfizer, To obtain licensure from FDA, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, in partnership with Pfizer,
submitted a biologics license application (BLA) to the agency for review. The BLA for Comirnaty submitted a biologics license application (BLA) to the agency for review. The BLA for Comirnaty
included clinical trial safety and effectiveness data and other information that built on data included clinical trial safety and effectiveness data and other information that built on data
previously submitted to FDA in Pfizer-BioNTech’s November 2020 EUA request for the Pfizer-previously submitted to FDA in Pfizer-BioNTech’s November 2020 EUA request for the Pfizer-
BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.10BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.10
FDA received the BLA FDA received the BLA on May 18, 2021.11 The agency granted the BLA priority review, on May 18, 2021.11 The agency granted the BLA priority review,
assigning it a review goal date of January 16, 2022. FDA also had previously designated the assigning it a review goal date of January 16, 2022. FDA also had previously designated the
vaccine as a fast track product.12 Fast track designation may be granted to a vaccine that is vaccine as a fast track product.12 Fast track designation may be granted to a vaccine that is
intended to prevent a serious disease or condition and for which nonclinical or clinical data intended to prevent a serious disease or condition and for which nonclinical or clinical data
demonstrate the product’s potential to address an unmet medical need.13 The designation confers demonstrate the product’s potential to address an unmet medical need.13 The designation confers
certain benefits, such as expedited review and eligibilitycertain benefits, such as expedited review and eligibility for rolling review, meaning that FDA for rolling review, meaning that FDA
may review portions of the BLAmay review portions of the BLA before the completed application is submitted.14 FDA issued its before the completed application is submitted.14 FDA issued its
decision to license Comirnaty in 97 days, or about three months after receiving the complete BLA decision to license Comirnaty in 97 days, or about three months after receiving the complete BLA
from Pfizer-BioNTech.15 from Pfizer-BioNTech.15
What is Comirnaty?
Comirnaty is the proprietary name (i.e., the brand name) under which the FDA-licensed vaccine Comirnaty is the proprietary name (i.e., the brand name) under which the FDA-licensed vaccine
that has been known as the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (or BNT162b2) that has been known as the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (or BNT162b2) ~~wil~~ will be be
marketed.16 The proprietary name is the exclusive name of a drug or vaccine that is owned by a marketed.16 The proprietary name is the exclusive name of a drug or vaccine that is owned by a
company under trademark law. Pharmaceutical products are often marketed under a brand name, company under trademark law. Pharmaceutical products are often marketed under a brand name,
which the company selects and FDA approves as part of the BLA review process.17 In the BLA which the company selects and FDA approves as part of the BLA review process.17 In the BLA
approval letter, FDA indicated that Pfizer and BioNTech may label and market the licensed approval letter, FDA indicated that Pfizer and BioNTech may label and market the licensed
vaccine as Comirnaty,18 which, according to the companies, “represents a combination of the vaccine as Comirnaty,18 which, according to the companies, “represents a combination of the
terms COVID-19, mRNA, community, and immunity.”19terms COVID-19, mRNA, community, and immunity.”19

GmbH, Pfizer Inc., August 23, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/151710/download. The approval letter states that FDA is “issuing Department of Health and Human Services U.S. License No. 2229 to BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Mainz, Germany, under the provisions of section 351(a) of the Public Health Service Act controlling the manufacture and sale of biological products. The license authorizes you to introduce or deliver for introduction into interstate commerce, those products for which your company has demonstrated compliance with establishment and interstate commerce, those products for which your company has demonstrated compliance with establishment and
product standards.” product standards.”
10 FDA, Approval Letter to 10 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.
11 FDA, Summary11 FDA, Summary ~~Basis~~ Basis for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 5, https://www.fda.gov/media/151733/download. for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 5, https://www.fda.gov/media/151733/download.
12 FDA, Summary12 FDA, Summary ~~Basis~~ Basis for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 5. for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 5.
13 21 U.S.C.13 21 U.S.C. §356(b). FDA, “Guidance§356(b). FDA, “Guidance for Industry Expedited Programs for Seriousfor Industry Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions—DrugsConditions—Drugs and and
Biologics,”Biologics,” May 2014, p. 9, https://www.fda.gov/media/86377/download. May 2014, p. 9, https://www.fda.gov/media/86377/download.
14 21 U.S.C. 14 21 U.S.C. §356(d). FDA, “Guidance§356(d). FDA, “Guidance for Industry Expedited Programs for Seriousfor Industry Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions—DrugsConditions—Drugs and and
Biologics,”Biologics,” p. 10. p. 10.
15 FDA, “First COVID-19 Vaccine Approval Media Call,”15 FDA, “First COVID-19 Vaccine Approval Media Call,” ~~August~~ August 23, 2021, at 19:05 minutes. 23, 2021, at 19:05 minutes.
16 FDA, Summary16 FDA, Summary ~~Basis~~ Basis for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 3; FDA, “for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 3; FDA, “ Comirnaty and Pfizer-Comirnaty and Pfizer-~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech COVID-19 COVID-19
Vaccine,” accessedVaccine,” accessed ~~August~~ August 27, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-27, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-
2019-covid-19/comirnaty-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine; and Pfizer, “2019-covid-19/comirnaty-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine; and Pfizer, “ Pfizer and Pfizer and ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Receive Receive
Authorization in the European Union for COVID-19 Vaccine,” December 21, 2020, https://www.pfizer.com/news/Authorization in the European Union for COVID-19 Vaccine,” December 21, 2020, https://www.pfizer.com/news/
press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-receive-authorization-european-union. press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-receive-authorization-european-union.
17 FDA, “Contents of a Complete Submission17 FDA, “Contents of a Complete Submission for the Evaluation of Proprietary Names,” Guidancefor the Evaluation of Proprietary Names,” Guidance for Industry, April for Industry, April
2016, pp. 5-7, https://www.fda.gov/media/72144/download. 2016, pp. 5-7, https://www.fda.gov/media/72144/download.
18 FDA, Approval Letter to 18 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.
19 Pfizer, “Pfizer and 19 Pfizer, “Pfizer and ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Receive Authorization in the European Union for COVID-19 Vaccine,” press release, Receive Authorization in the European Union for COVID-19 Vaccine,” press release,
December 21, 2020, https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-receive-December 21, 2020, https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-receive-
~~authorization-european-union.~~
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What is the scope of FDA’s biologics license for Comirnaty?
Comirnaty is licensed as a two-dose vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals 16 Comirnaty is licensed as a two-dose vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals 16
years of age and older. It is years of age and older. It is not licensed for use in individuals under 16 years of age. It is also not licensed for use in individuals under 16 years of age. It is also not
licensed to be administered as a third dose to individualslicensed to be administered as a third dose to individuals who are immunocompromisedwho are immunocompromised, or as a booster dose to individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19. The EUA ~~. The~~
~~EUA~~ for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, however, does cover these uses, as explained for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, however, does cover these uses, as explained
below in the section below in the section “What is the scope of the current EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?”
In determining whether to license a vaccine for a specific use, FDA reviews the data and In determining whether to license a vaccine for a specific use, FDA reviews the data and
information submitted by the manufacturer in the BLAinformation submitted by the manufacturer in the BLA and inspects the facilities in which a and inspects the facilities in which a
vaccine is made to ensure that the product meets standards for safety, purity, and potency (i.e., vaccine is made to ensure that the product meets standards for safety, purity, and potency (i.e.,
effectiveness).20 The scope of Comirnaty’s licensure is based on the supporting data and effectiveness).20 The scope of Comirnaty’s licensure is based on the supporting data and
information FDA received in Pfizer-BioNTech’s BLA. This support included data regarding the information FDA received in Pfizer-BioNTech’s BLA. This support included data regarding the
safety and effectiveness of two doses of the vaccine administered in individuals 16 years of age safety and effectiveness of two doses of the vaccine administered in individuals 16 years of age
and older, building on the data and information previously submitted by the companies in their and older, building on the data and information previously submitted by the companies in their
~~initial~~ initial EUA request. EUA request.
For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine EUA For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine EUA was granted based on safety and was granted based on safety and
effectiveness data derived from an ongoing, randomized, effectiveness data derived from an ongoing, randomized, ~~control ed~~controlled, and blinded trial of , and blinded trial of
approximately 36,000 individuals 16 years of age and older who did not have evidence of SARS-approximately 36,000 individuals 16 years of age and older who did not have evidence of SARS-
CoV-2 infection within a week of receiving the second dose of the vaccine. About half of this CoV-2 infection within a week of receiving the second dose of the vaccine. About half of this
group received the vaccine (n=18,198) and the other half placebo (n=18,325).21 The vaccine was group received the vaccine (n=18,198) and the other half placebo (n=18,325).21 The vaccine was
found to be 95% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, with eight cases of COVID-19 found to be 95% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, with eight cases of COVID-19
identified in the vaccine group and 162 in the placebo group.22identified in the vaccine group and 162 in the placebo group.22
FDA evaluated follow-up data from this trial as part of the Comirnaty BLA, FDA evaluated follow-up data from this trial as part of the Comirnaty BLA, with the updated with the updated
analysis including approximately 19,993 individuals in the vaccine group and 20,118 in the analysis including approximately 19,993 individuals in the vaccine group and 20,118 in the
placebo group.23 The updated analysis found an effectiveness rate of 91%, based on the placebo group.23 The updated analysis found an effectiveness rate of 91%, based on the
occurrence of 77 cases of COVID-19 in the vaccine group and 833 COVID-19 cases in the occurrence of 77 cases of COVID-19 in the vaccine group and 833 COVID-19 cases in the
placebo group.24 In determining whether to license the vaccine, FDA evaluated these data, along placebo group.24 In determining whether to license the vaccine, FDA evaluated these data, along
with information about the manufacturing facilities, longer term followwith information about the manufacturing facilities, longer term follow -up safety data from the -up safety data from the
trial, adverse events reported from use of the vaccine under EUA, and other information. trial, adverse events reported from use of the vaccine under EUA, and other information.
Under the terms of licensure, Comirnaty may be manufactured only in facilities identified and Under the terms of licensure, Comirnaty may be manufactured only in facilities identified and
approved under the vaccine’s BLA.25 Comirnaty’s labeling must be identical to that approved by approved under the vaccine’s BLA.25 Comirnaty’s labeling must be identical to that approved by
FDA and must include warnings and precautions, contraindications, dosage and administration FDA and must include warnings and precautions, contraindications, dosage and administration
instructions, and storage and handling conditions, among other information.26 The Comirnaty instructions, and storage and handling conditions, among other information.26 The Comirnaty
~~approval letter also requires that any manufacturing changes that deviate from those approved~~

~~20 42 U.S.C.~~ authorization-european-union. 20 42 U.S.C. §262(a)(1)(C). §262(a)(1)(C).
21 FDA, “21 FDA, “ Q&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA),” accessedQ&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA),” accessed ~~August~~ August 30, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/30, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/
vaccines-blood-biologics/qa-comirnaty-covid-19-vaccine-mrna. See also FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, vaccines-blood-biologics/qa-comirnaty-covid-19-vaccine-mrna. See also FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11,
2020, p. 23, https://www.fda.gov/media/144416/download. 2020, p. 23, https://www.fda.gov/media/144416/download.
22 22 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020, p. 23. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020, p. 23.
23 FDA, “23 FDA, “ Q&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA);”Q&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA);” and FDA, Summary Basisand FDA, Summary Basis for Regulatory Action—for Regulatory Action—
Comirnaty, p. 19. Comirnaty, p. 19.
24 FDA, “24 FDA, “ Q&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA);”Q&A for Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA);” and FDA, Summary Basisand FDA, Summary Basis for Regulatory Action—for Regulatory Action—
Comirnaty, p. 19. Comirnaty, p. 19.
25 FDA, Approval Letter to 25 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.
26 FDA, Approval Letter to 26 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. A vaccine manufacturer must submit Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. A vaccine manufacturer must submit proposed proposed
vaccine labelingvaccine labeling as part of a BLA. Seeas part of a BLA. See 21 C.F.R. §601.14. Labeling requirements for drugs21 C.F.R. §601.14. Labeling requirements for drugs and biologicsand biologics are specified are specified
~~in 21 C.F.R. §§201.56, 201.57, for example.~~
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~~under the BLA~~ approval letter also requires that any manufacturing changes that deviate from those approved under the BLA be submitted to FDA, specifies requirements for advertising and promotional be submitted to FDA, specifies requirements for advertising and promotional
labeling, and outlines postmarketing study obligations for the manufacturer.27labeling, and outlines postmarketing study obligations for the manufacturer.27
As required for As required for al all licensed vaccines, Pfizer and BioNTech must report adverse events associated licensed vaccines, Pfizer and BioNTech must report adverse events associated
with Comirnaty to FDA.28 Each serious and unexpected adverse experience must be reported as with Comirnaty to FDA.28 Each serious and unexpected adverse experience must be reported as
soon as possible but no later than 15 days from initial receipt of the information by the soon as possible but no later than 15 days from initial receipt of the information by the
manufacturer.29 Periodic safety reports are required for each adverse experience not reported in a manufacturer.29 Periodic safety reports are required for each adverse experience not reported in a
15-day alert report and must be submitted to FDA at quarterly intervals for the first three years 15-day alert report and must be submitted to FDA at quarterly intervals for the first three years
following approval and at annual intervals thereafter.30 following approval and at annual intervals thereafter.30
Is there any difference ~~betw een~~between Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?
The BLA-licensed vaccine Comirnaty is the same formulation as the EUA-authorized Pfizer- The BLA-licensed vaccine Comirnaty is the same formulation as the EUA-authorized Pfizer-
BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. ~~Specifical y~~Specifically, both Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine , both Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine
contain “a nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein contain “a nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein
(S) of SARSCoV-2” formulated in the same lipids (i.e., organic compounds that are insoluble in (S) of SARSCoV-2” formulated in the same lipids (i.e., organic compounds that are insoluble in
water such as fats).31 Because the vaccines contain the same formulation, doses distributed under water such as fats).31 Because the vaccines contain the same formulation, doses distributed under
the EUAthe EUA can be used interchangeably with doses licensed under the BLAcan be used interchangeably with doses licensed under the BLA without safety or without safety or
effectiveness concerns.32 The distinction between Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 effectiveness concerns.32 The distinction between Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
vaccine is legal rather than scientific, as further discussed in the vaccine is legal rather than scientific, as further discussed in the ~~secti~~on section “Why did FDA refer to
Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine as “~~legal y~~legally distinct”?”
If Comirnaty is now licensed, why did FDA reissue an EUA for the Pfizer-
BioNTech vaccine?
There are several reasons FDA reissued the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA when it licensed the There are several reasons FDA reissued the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA when it licensed the
Comirnaty vaccine under the BLA. Comirnaty vaccine under the BLA. In the August 23, 2021 letter, FDA stated that it reissued the FDA stated that it reissued the ~~EUA~~ EUA “to clarify that the EUA “to clarify that the EUA
~~wil~~ will remain in place for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for the previously-authorized remain in place for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for the previously-authorized
indication and uses, and to authorize use of COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) under indication and uses, and to authorize use of COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) under
this EUAthis EUA for certain uses that are not included in the approved BLA.”33 Reissuing the EUAfor certain uses that are not included in the approved BLA.”33 Reissuing the EUA has has
several legalseveral legal and practical effects. and practical effects.
First, the EUA First, the EUA ~~al ows~~allows the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Comirnaty to be used for patient the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Comirnaty to be used for patient
populations and clinical situations that are not included in the Comirnaty BLA.34 FDA approved populations and clinical situations that are not included in the Comirnaty BLA.34 FDA approved
Comirnaty to be marketed only for a two-dose regimen for individuals 16 years of age and Comirnaty to be marketed only for a two-dose regimen for individuals 16 years of age and
older.35 The EUAolder.35 The EUA authorizes both the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Comirnaty to be used for a authorizes both the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Comirnaty to be used for a
two-dose regimen for individuals 12two-dose regimen for individuals 12- to 15 years of age15 years of age ~~and~~, for certain immunocompromised for certain immunocompromised
~~individuals to receive a third dose of the vaccine.36 Without the EUA, individuals 12-15 years of~~

in 21 C.F.R. §§201.56, 201.57, for example. 27 FDA, Approval Letter to 27 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.
28 FDA, Approval Letter to 28 FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer. Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.
29 21 C.F.R29 21 C.F.R §600.80(c). §600.80(c).
30 21 C.F.R30 21 C.F.R §600.80(c). §600.80(c).
31 FDA, Summary31 FDA, Summary ~~Basis~~ Basis for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 3; and FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020, for Regulatory Action—Comirnaty, p. 3; and FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020,
p. 11. p. 11.
32 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, 32 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 23. .
33 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2.33 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2.
34 See also FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. 2, n. 9. 34 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 2. 35 FDA, Approval Letter to BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer~~, 2021, p. 2.~~
~~35 FDA, Approval Letter to BioNT ech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer.~~
~~36 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 5-6~~. .
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individuals to receive a third dose of the vaccine, and for single booster doses at least six months after the primary vaccination series for certain individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID.36 Without the EUA, individuals 12 to 15 years of age would not be authorized or approved to receive a Pfizer-manufactured COVID-19 vaccine, age would not be authorized or approved to receive a Pfizer-manufactured COVID-19 vaccine,
~~nor could the applicable immunocompromised~~nor could any individuals receive a third individuals receive a third ~~shot~~dose or booster. (For a summary of . (For a summary of
the populations covered by the EUA and the approved BLA, sethe populations covered by the EUA and the approved BLA, see Table 1.)
Second, reissuing the EUA Second, reissuing the EUA ~~al ows~~allows vaccine administrators to use the remaining doses of the vaccine administrators to use the remaining doses of the
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine that have not yet been administered. FDA notes in the EUAPfizer-BioNTech vaccine that have not yet been administered. FDA notes in the EUA that there that there
“remains a significant amount of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine that was manufactured and “remains a significant amount of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine that was manufactured and
labeled in accordance with” the EUA.labeled in accordance with” the EUA.37 The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has the same formulation as The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has the same formulation as
Comirnaty but is Comirnaty but is ~~legal y~~ legally distinct and can be manufactured, marketed, distributed, and distinct and can be manufactured, marketed, distributed, and
administered only pursuant to the EUA.administered only pursuant to the EUA.3738 (For more information on what it means for the two (For more information on what it means for the two
vaccines to be vaccines to be ~~legal y~~legally distinct, see distinct, see “Why did FDA refer to Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech
vaccine as “~~legal y~~legally distinct”?”) If FDA had revoked the EUA) If FDA had revoked the EUA when it approved the Comirnaty when it approved the Comirnaty
BLA, the remaining Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine doses would have been unauthorized and unable to BLA, the remaining Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine doses would have been unauthorized and unable to
be used. be used.
Third, the EUA Third, the EUA facilitates the logistics of distributing and administering Pfizer-manufactured facilitates the logistics of distributing and administering Pfizer-manufactured
COVID-19 vaccines. The EUA authorizes use of Comirnaty for the patient populations and COVID-19 vaccines. The EUA authorizes use of Comirnaty for the patient populations and
clinical situations for which the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is authorized but that are not covered clinical situations for which the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is authorized but that are not covered
by the BLA:by the BLA: a two-dose regimen for individuals 12a two-dose regimen for individuals 12- to 15 years of age15 years of age ~~and~~, a third dose for certain a third dose for certain
immunocompromised individualsimmunocompromised individuals~~.38~~ 12 years and older, and a booster dose for certain individuals 18 years and older determined to be at high risk of severe COVID.39 By authorizing Comirnaty for these uses, and clarifying that By authorizing Comirnaty for these uses, and clarifying that
Comirnaty is interchangeable with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the EUA Comirnaty is interchangeable with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the EUA ~~al ows~~allows vaccine vaccine
administrators to use whichever vaccine is available—whether it is labeled Comirnaty or Pfizer-administrators to use whichever vaccine is available—whether it is labeled Comirnaty or Pfizer-
BioNTech—which may avoid potential shortages or other logistical complications.BioNTech—which may avoid potential shortages or other logistical complications.3940 36 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. 37 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 13. 38 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3, n. 10; 42 U.S.C. §360bbb-3. 39 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. 40 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, pp. 2 and 7. Congressional Research Service 5 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions
Table 1. Comparison of Patient Populations Covered by the Pfizer-BioNTech EUA
and Comirnaty BLA
Pfizer-BioNTech EUA
Comirnaty BLA
Patient Population
Pfizer-BioNTech
Comirnaty

Individuals 0 Individuals 0- to 11 11
x
x
x
Individuals 12 Individuals 12- to 15 15
√ √
√ √
x
Individuals 16 and older Individuals 16 and older
√ √
x
√ √
Third dose for certain Third dose for certain
~~immunocompromised individuals~~
√
√
x
Source: CRS.
~~Note~~ √ √ x immunocompromised individuals Single booster dose at least six √ √ x months after completing the primary vaccination series for certain individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19 Source: CRS. Notes: EUA = Emergency Use Authorization; BLA = biologics license EUA = Emergency Use Authorization; BLA = biologics license application.application.
On August 12, 2021, FDA authorized third doses for individuals 12 years of age and older who have undergone solid organ transplants or been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditions. On September 22, 2021, FDA reissued the EUA to authorize a single booster dose at least six months after completing the primary vaccination series for (1) individuals 65 years of age or older, (2) individuals 18 to 64 years of age who are at high risk of severe COVID-19, and (3) individuals 18 to 64 years of age whose institutions or occupations involve frequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 such that they are at high risk of serious complications of COVID-19. What is the scope of the current EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?
The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA, as reissued on The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA, as reissued on ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, authorizes a two-dose , 2021, authorizes a two-dose
regimen of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 12 years or age and olderregimen of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 12 years or age and older ~~and~~, a third dose a third dose
of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 12 years of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for individuals 12 years orof age and older who have undergone age and older who have undergone
solid organ transplants or been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditionssolid organ transplants or been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditions~~.40 The~~

~~37 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021; 42 U.S.C. §360bbb-3.~~
~~38 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 6.~~
~~39 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 2 and 6.~~
~~40 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 5-6. T he August 23~~, and single booster doses at least six months after completing the primary vaccination series for certain categories of individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID. Specifically, the EUA authorizes booster doses for (1) individuals 65 years of age or older, (2) individuals 18 to 64 years of age who are at high risk of severe COVID-19, and (3) individuals 18 to 64 years of age whose institutions or occupations involve frequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 such that they are at high risk of serious complications of COVID including severe COVID-19.41 The EUA also authorizes a two-dose regimen of Comirnaty for individuals 12 to 15 years of age, a third dose of Comirnaty for individuals 12 years or age and older who have undergone solid organ transplants or have been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditions, and a single booster dose six months after the primary vaccination series for the same categories authorized for the Pfizer- 41 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. The September 22, 2021, EUA revises the existing EUA, , 2021, EUA revises the existing EUA, which FDA originally issued for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine on December 11, 2020, for a two-dose regimen in individuals 16 years of age or older. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020. Since the initial EUA, FDA has amended the EUA several times and issued three additional decision memoranda. The first, issued May 10, 2021, authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to be used in individuals 12 to 15 years of age. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, May 10, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/148542/download. The second, issued August 12, 2021, authorized a third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to be administered to individuals~~which~~
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~~EUA also authorizes a two-dose regimen of Comirnaty for individuals 12-15 years of age and a~~
~~third dose of Comirnaty for individuals 12 years or age and older~~ who have undergone solid who have undergone solid
organ transplants or have been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditions.organ transplants or have been diagnosed with similarly immunocompromising conditions.41
FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 12, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/151613/download. Congressional Research Service 6 link to page 6 link to page 6 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions BioNTech vaccine.42 These uses are not included in the approved Comirnaty BLAThese uses are not included in the approved Comirnaty BLA (see (see “What is the scope of FDA’s
biologics license for Comirnaty?”). ).
The scope of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA is based on the supporting data and information The scope of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA is based on the supporting data and information
submitted to FDA by the companies in their EUAsubmitted to FDA by the companies in their EUA requests. As FDA has received additionalrequests. As FDA has received additional data data
to support that the vaccine may be effective in preventing COVID-19 in certain pediatric to support that the vaccine may be effective in preventing COVID-19 in certain pediatric
populations (i.e., 12populations (i.e., 12- to 15 year olds) and under expanded dosing regimens (i.e., a third dose for 15 year olds) and under expanded dosing regimens (i.e., a third dose for
certain immunocompromised individualscertain immunocompromised individuals and single booster doses for individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19), the agency has amended and reissued the original ), the agency has amended and reissued the original
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA to include these indications.Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA to include these indications.
~~FDA initial y~~ FDA initially granted the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUAgranted the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA on December 11, 2020, based on safety on December 11, 2020, based on safety
and effectiveness data in individuals 16 years of age and older.and effectiveness data in individuals 16 years of age and older.4243 FDA subsequently reissued the FDA subsequently reissued the
EUAEUA on May 10, 2021, to authorize the use of the vaccine in individualson May 10, 2021, to authorize the use of the vaccine in individuals ~~12-~~ 12 to 15 years of age based 15 years of age based
on clinical trialon clinical trial safety and effectiveness data in more than 2,000 individuals in this age group.safety and effectiveness data in more than 2,000 individuals in this age group.43
44 FDA again amended the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA on August 12, 2021, as requested FDA again amended the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA on August 12, 2021, as requested by by
Pfizer, to Pfizer, to ~~al ow~~allow for the use of a third dose of the vaccine in certain immunocompromised for the use of a third dose of the vaccine in certain immunocompromised
~~individuals~~ individuals based on safety and effectiveness data in the published literature.based on safety and effectiveness data in the published literature.44
45 On August 23, 2021, FDA reissued the EUA On August 23, 2021, FDA reissued the EUA after it approved the Comirnaty BLAafter it approved the Comirnaty BLA “to clarify that “to clarify that
the EUAthe EUA ~~wil~~ will remain in place for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for the previously-remain in place for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for the previously-
authorized indication and uses, and to authorize use of COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, authorized indication and uses, and to authorize use of COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine,
mRNA) under this EUAmRNA) under this EUA for certain uses that are not included in the approved BLA.”for certain uses that are not included in the approved BLA.”45 46 FDA reissued the EUA again on September 22, 2021, to authorize single booster doses at least six months after the primary vaccination series for certain categories of individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19.47 Under the Under the
terms of the EUA, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be manufactured only in a facility identified terms of the EUA, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be manufactured only in a facility identified
and agreed upon in Pfizer’s EUAand agreed upon in Pfizer’s EUA request.request.4648 The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine vial label and carton The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine vial label and carton
labels must be clearly marked for “Emergency Use Authorization.”labels must be clearly marked for “Emergency Use Authorization.”4749 Pfizer must distribute the Pfizer must distribute the
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to emergency response stakeholders directly or through authorized Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to emergency response stakeholders directly or through authorized
distributors as directed by the U.S. government, such as the Centers for Disease Control and distributors as directed by the U.S. government, such as the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC).Prevention (CDC).4850 The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine must be administered by vaccine providers, as The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine must be administered by vaccine providers, as

~~FDA originally issued for the Pfizer-BioNT ech vaccine on December 11, 2020, for individuals 16 years of age or older.~~
42 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. 43 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020. 44 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, May 10, 2021. 45 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 12, 2021. 46 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2. 47 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. 48 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 8. 49 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 8. 50 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, pp. 6-7~~FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020. Since the initial EUA, FDA has amended the EUA several times and~~
~~issued two additional decision memoranda. T he first, issued May 10, 2021, authorized the Pfizer -BioNT ech vaccine to~~
~~be used in individuals 12-15 years of age. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, May 10, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/~~
~~148542/download. T he second, issued August 12, 2021, authorized a third dose of the Pfizer -BioNT ech vaccine to be~~
~~administ ered to individuals who have undergone solid organ transplants or have been diagnosed with similarly~~
~~immunocompromising conditions. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 12, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/151613/~~
~~download.~~
~~41 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 5-6.~~
~~42 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, December 11, 2020.~~
~~43 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, May 10, 2021.~~
~~44 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 12, 2021.~~
~~45 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2.~~
~~46 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 7.~~
~~47 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 7.~~
~~48 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, pp. 5-6~~. Pfizer and the U.S. government determine which entities are . Pfizer and the U.S. government determine which entities are
“authorized distributor(s).” FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, “authorized distributor(s).” FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 56, n., n.~~11. T he~~14. The letter defines letter defines emergency
response stakeholder as public as public health agencies and their delegates. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, health agencies and their delegates. FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 56, n. , n.
1215. .
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defined by the EUA. defined by the EUA.4951 Fact sheets must be made available to vaccination providers and Fact sheets must be made available to vaccination providers and
recipients.recipients.5052
The EUA The EUA imposes reporting requirements on Pfizer in connection with adverse events.imposes reporting requirements on Pfizer in connection with adverse events.5153 It also It also
imposes conditions on emergency response stakeholders and vaccination providers to distribute imposes conditions on emergency response stakeholders and vaccination providers to distribute
and administer the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in accordance with the EUA’s terms and to provide and administer the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in accordance with the EUA’s terms and to provide
relevant information to stakeholders and recipients.relevant information to stakeholders and recipients.5254 The EUA further provides conditions The EUA further provides conditions
related to advertising, promoting, and exporting the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.related to advertising, promoting, and exporting the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.~~53 Final y~~55 Finally, the EUA , the EUA
requires that Comirnaty vaccines be manufactured, distributed, and administered in accordance requires that Comirnaty vaccines be manufactured, distributed, and administered in accordance
with the EUAwith the EUA terms when administered for uses authorized by the EUA (i.e., for individuals 12terms when administered for uses authorized by the EUA (i.e., for individuals 12-
to 15 years 15 years ~~or age and~~of age, third doses for certain immunocompromised individuals third doses for certain immunocompromised individuals, and single booster doses for certain individuals determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19), except that ), except that
Comirnaty vaccines manufactured and labeled in accordance with the BLA are deemed to meet Comirnaty vaccines manufactured and labeled in accordance with the BLA are deemed to meet
the EUA’s manufacturing, labeling, and distribution requirements.the EUA’s manufacturing, labeling, and distribution requirements.5456
Unlike Unlike the BLA, which the BLA, which ~~wil~~ will remain in effect indefinitely unless it is withdrawn for safety or remain in effect indefinitely unless it is withdrawn for safety or
efficacy reasons, the EUA remains in effect only until the Secretary revokes the declaration that efficacy reasons, the EUA remains in effect only until the Secretary revokes the declaration that
an emergency exists due to the COVID-19 pandemic that justifies the emergency use of an emergency exists due to the COVID-19 pandemic that justifies the emergency use of
unapproved drugs and biological products.unapproved drugs and biological products.55
~~Can COVID-19 vaccine providers use the Comirnaty-labeled vaccine~~
~~interchangeably with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?~~
~~Yes. The revised EUA states that Comirnaty can be used interchangeably with~~57 Why did the FDA Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee recommend booster doses only for certain categories of individuals? The Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) made its recommendation as to booster doses of the Pfizer- the Pfizer-
~~BioNTech vaccine because it is the same formulation.56 This means vaccine administrators may~~
~~use Comirnaty for the first dose and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for the second dose, or vice versa,~~
~~“without presenting any safety or effectiveness concerns.”57 Similarly, either the Comirnaty or~~

~~49 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 6. As defined~~ BioNTech vaccine based on the data available from clinical trials and real-world case studies, as well as on statutory standards for approving or authorizing biologics such as vaccines. On September 17, 2021, FDA convened a meeting of the VRBPAC to discuss the supplemental BLA submitted by Pfizer-BioNTech for approval of a single booster dose of Comirnaty for individuals 16 years of age and older.58 Pfizer and BioNTech initiated submission of their 51 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 7. As defined in the EUA, for vaccines administered in the United in the EUA, for vaccines administered in the United
States, a vaccination provider is “a facility, organization, or healthcare provider licensed or otherwise authorized by the States, a vaccination provider is “a facility, organization, or healthcare provider licensed or otherwise authorized by the
emergency response stakeholder …emergency response stakeholder … to administer or provide to administer or provide ~~vaccinat ion~~vaccination services” and “who is services” and “who is enrolled in the CDC enrolled in the CDC
COVID-19 Vaccination Program.” FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, COVID-19 Vaccination Program.” FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 67, n. , n. ~~13.~~
5016. 52 Specifically, vaccination providers must be provided with a fact sheet titled “Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Specifically, vaccination providers must be provided with a fact sheet titled “Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers
Administering Vaccine (VaccineAdministering Vaccine (Vaccine Providers): Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of PfizerProviders): Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of Pfizer ~~-BioNT ech~~-BioNTech COVID-19 COVID-19
VaccineVaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Vaccine recipients must be provided with a fact sheet to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Vaccine recipients must be provided with a fact sheet
titled “Vaccine Information Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregiverstitled “Vaccine Information Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers ~~About COMIRNAT Y~~ About COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, (COVID-19 Vaccine,
mRNA) and Pfizer-mRNA) and Pfizer-~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).” FDA, EUA letter to COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).” FDA, EUA letter to
Pfizer, Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 78. .
5153 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 9.
5210. 54 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, pp. , 2021, pp. ~~10-11.~~
5311-12. 55 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, pp. , 2021, pp. ~~11-12.~~
5413. 56 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. ~~12.~~
5513-14. 57 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. 1314; 42 U.S.C.; 42 U.S.C. §300bbb-3. §300bbb-3.
~~56 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2.~~
~~57 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2, n. 8. In the context of biological products, the standard for~~
~~interchangeability is that (1) the biological product is biosimilar to the reference (i.e., brand-name) product; (2) the~~
~~biological product can be expected to produce the same clinical result in any given patient as the reference product; and~~
~~(3) if administered more than once to an individual (as the Pfizer -BioNT ech and Comirnaty vaccines are due to the~~
~~two-dose regimen), the risk of safety and diminished efficacy from switching between the biosimilar and reference~~
~~product is not greater than when using the reference product alone. 42 U.S.C. §262(k)(4). FDA appears to have used~~
~~the same standard to determine that the Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNT ech vaccines are interchangeable.~~
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~~FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions~~

~~Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be used for any third doses regardless of which vaccine was used~~
58 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee September 17, 2021 Meeting Announcement,” accessed on September 27, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-september-17-2021-meeting-announcement#event-materials. Congressional Research Service 8 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions supplemental BLA to FDA on August 25, 2021.59 After consideration of the available data, as well as the statutory standards for approving or authorizing biologics such as vaccines, VRBPAC voted not to recommend approval of a single booster for individuals 16 years of age and older. VRBPAC instead voted to recommend an EUA for single booster doses for individuals 65 years of age and older and for individuals 18 to 64 years of age at high risk for severe COVID-19 or with frequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in their institution or occupation that put them at high risk of serious complications from COVID-19, including severe COVID-19.60 FDA reissued the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine EUA on September 22, 2021, with new authorizations consistent with VRBPAC’s recommendations.61 During the September 17, 2021 hearing, FDA and Pfizer-BioNTech presented the data available on changes in immunity over time after full vaccination and side effects associated with administering booster doses.62 The Committee also heard presentations on data from the United Kingdom regarding real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and on data from Israel regarding the protection provided by booster doses against infection and severe cases of COVID-19.63 The hearing also included a presentation on the epidemiology of the pandemic and comments from members of the public.64 The standards for approving a biologic under a BLA are different from those for authorizing a medical countermeasure, such as a vaccine, for emergency use under an EUA. To approve a BLA (or supplemental BLA) under the Public Health Service (PHS) Act, FDA must determine that the sponsor has demonstrated the product (e.g., a vaccine) is safe and effective.65 EUAs are subject to a different standard for authorization. To issue an EUA, FDA must determine, among other things, that the known and potential benefits of using the countermeasure to diagnose, treat, or prevent the relevant disease or condition outweigh the known and potential risks of such use.66 Thus, to issue an EUA for a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, FDA would have to determine that the known and potential benefits of administering a single booster dose to 59 Pfizer and BioNTech, “Pfizer and BioNTech Initiate Rolling Submission of Supplemental Biologics License Application to U.S. FDA for Booster Dose of Comirnaty in Individuals 16 and Older,” press release, August 25, 2021, https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-initiate-rolling-submission. 60 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 7:51-7:52 minutes, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFph7-6t34M. 61 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3. 62 FDA, “Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) Supplemental Biologics License Application for a Booster Dose in Individuals 16 Years of Age and Older,” presentation, September 17, 2021, p. 6, https://www.fda.gov/media/152242/download (hereinafter VRBPAC Meeting Agenda); FDA, “Application for Licensure of a Booster Dose of COMIRNATY, COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152238/download; FDA, “FDA Review of Effectiveness and Safety of COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) Booster Dose Biologics License Application Supplement,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152239/download; Pfizer and BioNTech, “BNT162b2 [COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA)] Booster (Third) Dose,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152240/download. 63 VRBPAC Meeting Agenda, p. 5; Jonathan Sterne, University of Bristol, “Real-World Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152241/download; Israel MOH, Weizmann Institute of Science, Gertner Institute, Hebrew University, and Technion, “Booster Protection Against Confirmed Infections and Severe Disease – Data from Israel,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152205/download. 64 VRBPAC Meeting Agenda, p. 5; Sara Oliver, CDC, “Updates to COVID-19 Epidemiology and COVID-19 Vaccines,” presentation, September 17, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/152243/download. 65 42 U.S.C. §262(a); 21 U.S.C. §355. 66 21 U.S.C. §360bbb-3(c)(2)(B). Congressional Research Service 9 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions individuals 18 years of age and older outweigh the known and potential risks of administering the booster dose. During the Committee discussion, VRBPAC members raised concerns about the available data’s adequacy, particularly with respect to the risks and benefits for younger individuals not at high risk for severe COVID-19. Committee members expressed concerns that the value for younger individuals with lower risks of COVID-19 complications was not as clear, and that such individuals might be at higher risk for adverse events from additional doses.67 In particular, multiple Committee members raised concerns about whether the risk of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)—particularly for men under the age of 40—might be increased with a third dose.68 Others observed that myocarditis is a short-term condition, versus the potential longer-term consequences of COVID-19, and that the infrequency of myocarditis as a side effect may mean that sufficient data are obtainable only through widespread use of boosters rather than clinical trials.69 The Committee noted that the pathogenesis of myocarditis is poorly understood, and more data are needed before moving forward with a booster dose in the general population.70 In addition, Committee members observed that Pfizer’s clinical trial was small, so it provided limited data on risks associated with boosters, particularly in younger age groups.71 Given that unauthorized booster doses have been administered to healthy individuals, some Committee members were surprised about the lack of strong safety evidence presented, and indicated that FDA’s failure to request such data was a missed opportunity.72 A related challenge noted by members was that additional data and studies were forthcoming, but not yet available to inform the Committee’s deliberations.73 Finally, some members questioned whether there were adequate data about whether and how much the immune response decreased over time after the primary vaccination series, primarily due to reliance on measuring antibody levels rather than assessing cell-mediated immunity.74 Due to the limitations of the Pfizer clinical trial data presented, the Committee also considered Israeli data.75 Committee members observed that because Israel had administered booster doses beginning with older populations, limited data were available about the risks and benefits for younger populations.76 Committee members also questioned whether the Israeli data were representative of the expected risks and benefits for the U.S. population, which has a lower vaccination rate. In particular, in the United States, transmission is driven primarily by unvaccinated individuals, and thus providing a third dose to the already vaccinated may provide only a marginal benefit for reducing overall disease burden.77 Members observed that those who 67 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:18-6:19. 68 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:24-6:30, 6:39-40. 69 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:45-6:46, 6:53-6:54. 70 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:25. 71 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:14-6:15, 6:45, 6:56. 72 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:14-6:15. 73 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:38. 74 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:17-6:18, 6:35. 75 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:14-6:15, 7:05. 76 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:30-6:32, 7:05. 77 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:17-6:18, 6:30-6:32, 6:35, 6:37. Congressional Research Service 10 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions stand to benefit most from additional doses that reduce the disease’s severity are those at highest risk of severe complications from COVID-19.78 This approach may be reevaluated as more data become available.79 Following the presentations and public comments provided at the hearing, VRBPAC voted on whether the safety and effectiveness data from the Pfizer-BioNTech clinical trial (C4591001) supported the approval of a Comirnaty booster dose administered at least six months after completing the primary vaccination series for use in individuals 16 years of age and older.80 Two Committee members voted to approve the supplemental BLA and sixteen voted not to approve it.81 Following a discussion of the first voting question, FDA recognized that Committee members had several concerns related to the benefit-risk balance of a booster in the population of individuals 16 years and older, as well as concerns about the data and level of evidence available to support the safety and effectiveness of a booster dose.82 Given this, FDA formulated a new question involving an EUA. The second voting question asked whether, based on the totality of scientific evidence available, including from clinical trial C4591001, the known and potential benefits outweighed the known and potential risks of providing a Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine booster at least six months after the primary vaccination series to individuals 65 years of age and older and individuals at high risk of severe COVID-19.83 The Committee unanimously voted yes, recommending issuance of an EUA of a booster dose for those populations.84 VRBPAC’s recommendation to authorize booster doses only for certain populations was based on the data available and presented on September 17, 2021. The Committee could vote in a future meeting to modify its recommendations regarding such doses based on additional data on declining immunity, the effectiveness of booster doses after various intervals following the primary vaccination series, or the side effects of booster doses. Similarly, VRBPAC could vote to recommend approving booster doses for the population covered by the September 22, 2021 EUA or some other population, pursuant to a resubmitted supplemental BLA. While FDA takes VRBPAC’s recommendation into consideration, it is not binding on the agency. As such, FDA may choose to expand the EUA or approve the vaccine for additional uses even if VRBPAC does not recommend such uses. Can COVID-19 vaccine providers use the Comirnaty-labeled vaccine interchangeably with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine? Yes. The revised EUA states that Comirnaty can be used interchangeably with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine because it is the same formulation.85 This means vaccine administrators may use Comirnaty for the first dose and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for the second dose, or vice versa, “without presenting any safety or effectiveness concerns.”86 Similarly, either the Comirnaty or 78 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:30-6:32. 79 Ibid. 80 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 6:57. 81 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 7:00-7:02. 82 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 7:42-7:43. 83 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 7:50. 84 FDA, “Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee,” September 17, 2021, at 7:51-7:52. 85 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3. 86 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3, n. 10. In the context of biological products, the standard for interchangeability is that (1) the biological product is biosimilar to the reference (i.e., brand-name) product; (2) the biological product can be expected to produce the same clinical result in any given patient as the reference product; and Congressional Research Service 11 FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be used for any third doses regardless of which vaccine was used for the original two-dose regimen. for the original two-dose regimen.
Why did FDA refer to Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine as “legally
distinct”?
In the EUA, FDA states that the Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines “are In the EUA, FDA states that the Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines “are ~~legal y~~legally distinct distinct
with certain differences that do not impact safety or effectiveness.”with certain differences that do not impact safety or effectiveness.”5887 While the Comirnaty and While the Comirnaty and
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines have the same formulation, they are Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines have the same formulation, they are ~~legal y al owed~~legally allowed to be marketed to be marketed
and used pursuant to different legal authorities.and used pursuant to different legal authorities.~~59 Specifical y~~88 Specifically, Comirnaty is licensed pursuant to a , Comirnaty is licensed pursuant to a
~~BLA~~ BLA issued under the issued under the ~~Public Health Service (PHS)~~PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §262). Act (42 U.S.C. §262).6089 The Pfizer-BioNTech The Pfizer-BioNTech
vaccine is authorized for emergency use pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic vaccine is authorized for emergency use pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
(FD&C) Act (21 U.S.C. §360bbb-3).(FD&C) Act (21 U.S.C. §360bbb-3).61
90 Each product must be manufactured, labeled, marketed, distributed, and administered in Each product must be manufactured, labeled, marketed, distributed, and administered in
accordance with the requirements of the legal regime under which it was approved or authorized. accordance with the requirements of the legal regime under which it was approved or authorized.
These requirements may differ in a number of ways. For example, under the EUA, the Pfizer-These requirements may differ in a number of ways. For example, under the EUA, the Pfizer-
BioNTech vaccine must be accompanied by fact sheets for the vaccine administrator and recipient BioNTech vaccine must be accompanied by fact sheets for the vaccine administrator and recipient
informing them, among other things, of the product’s emergency authorization, known and informing them, among other things, of the product’s emergency authorization, known and
anticipated risks and benefits, and the right to decline the vaccine.anticipated risks and benefits, and the right to decline the vaccine.6291 Comirnaty need not be Comirnaty need not be
accompanied by this information if it is being administered pursuant to the BLA rather than the accompanied by this information if it is being administered pursuant to the BLA rather than the
EUA;EUA; instead, the PHS Act and other FDA regulatory labelinginstead, the PHS Act and other FDA regulatory labeling requirements apply.requirements apply.63
92 As another example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be manufactured only at facilities As another example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine may be manufactured only at facilities
identified and agreed upon in Pfizer’s EUA request, must be distributed directly by Pfizer or identified and agreed upon in Pfizer’s EUA request, must be distributed directly by Pfizer or
through authorized distributors to emergency response stakeholders (as defined in the EUA) as through authorized distributors to emergency response stakeholders (as defined in the EUA) as
directed by the U.S. government, and must be administered by vaccination providers (as defined directed by the U.S. government, and must be administered by vaccination providers (as defined
in the EUA)in the EUA) only to individuals 12 years of age and olderonly to individuals 12 years of age and older~~.64~~ in accordance with the uses authorized by the EUA.93 These limitations do not apply to These limitations do not apply to
Comirnaty vaccines manufactured and distributed pursuant to the BLA; instead, the PHS Act and Comirnaty vaccines manufactured and distributed pursuant to the BLA; instead, the PHS Act and
FD&C Act requirements apply. Comirnaty may be manufactured only at facilities identified and FD&C Act requirements apply. Comirnaty may be manufactured only at facilities identified and
approved in the BLA.approved in the BLA.65
~~What liability protections apply to COVID-19 vaccines?~~
~~Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act), the Secretary of~~
~~Health and Human Services (HHS) has the authority to limit legal liability for losses relating to~~
~~the administration of medical countermeasures—such as diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines—~~

~~58 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2, n. 8.~~
~~59 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 2.~~
~~60 FDA, Approval Letter to BioNT ech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer, August 23, 2021; 42 U.S.C. §262.~~
~~61 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021.~~
~~62 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, August 23, 2021, p. 7~~94 (3) if administered more than once to an individual (as the Pfizer-BioNTech and Comirnaty vaccines are due to the two-dose regimen), the risk of safety and diminished efficacy from switching between the biosimilar and reference product is not greater than when using the reference product alone. 42 U.S.C. §262(k)(4). FDA appears to have used the same standard to determine that the Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines are interchangeable. 87 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3, n. 10. 88 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 3. 89 FDA, Approval Letter to BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer, August 23, 2021; 42 U.S.C. §262. 90 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021. 91 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, September 22, 2021, p. 8; FDA, “Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Administering Vaccine ; FDA, “Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Administering Vaccine
(Vaccination Providers): Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of Pfizer-(Vaccination Providers): Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of Pfizer-~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent
Coronavirus DiseaseCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-2019),” 2019 (COVID-2019),” ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download;, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download; FDA, FDA,
“Vaccine Information Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers“Vaccine Information Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers About Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine,About Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) and mRNA) and
Pfizer Pfizer ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19),” COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19),” ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, , 2021,
https://www.fda.gov/media/144414/download. https://www.fda.gov/media/144414/download.
63 92 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, p. , 2021, p. ~~12.~~
6414. 93 FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, FDA, EUA letter to Pfizer, ~~August 23~~September 22, 2021, pp. , 2021, pp. 56-7. -7.
6594 FDA, Approval Letter to FDA, Approval Letter to ~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer, August Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer, August 23, 2021. 23, 2021.
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FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions
What liability protections apply to COVID-19 vaccines? Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act), the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the authority to limit legal liability for losses relating to the administration of medical countermeasures—such as diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines—
during a public health emergency.during a public health emergency.6695 In a declaration effective February 4, 2020, the Secretary In a declaration effective February 4, 2020, the Secretary
invoked the PREP Act and declared COVID-19 to be a public health emergency warranting invoked the PREP Act and declared COVID-19 to be a public health emergency warranting
liabilityliability protections for manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of covered protections for manufacturers, distributors, and administrators of covered
countermeasures (along with other covered persons).countermeasures (along with other covered persons).6796 If covered by the terms of such a If covered by the terms of such a
declaration, the PREP Act declaration, the PREP Act ~~general y~~generally immunizes a covered person from legal liability immunizes a covered person from legal liability for all ~~for al~~
claims for loss relating to the administration or use of a covered countermeasure.claims for loss relating to the administration or use of a covered countermeasure.68
97 Under the current PREP Act declaration for COVID-19, covered countermeasures include “any Under the current PREP Act declaration for COVID-19, covered countermeasures include “any
drug, any biologic … or any vaccine manufactured, used, designed, [or] developed … [t]o drug, any biologic … or any vaccine manufactured, used, designed, [or] developed … [t]o
diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure COVID-19.”diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure COVID-19.”6998 Covered persons include manufacturers, Covered persons include manufacturers,
distributors, and qualified persons authorized to administer covered countermeasures by federal, distributors, and qualified persons authorized to administer covered countermeasures by federal,
state, tribal, and local public health agencies.state, tribal, and local public health agencies.7099
Thus, vaccine manufacturers, distributors, and authorized health care providers administering the Thus, vaccine manufacturers, distributors, and authorized health care providers administering the
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine or Comirnaty are Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine or Comirnaty are ~~general y~~generally immune from legal claims for immune from legal claims for
injury or other losses resulting from the administration of the vaccine.injury or other losses resulting from the administration of the vaccine.71100 For example, an For example, an
individualindividual who suffers an adverse who suffers an adverse ~~al ergic~~allergic reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine—such as the rare reaction to a COVID-19 vaccine—such as the rare
reported cases of reported cases of ~~anaphylaxis72—general y~~anaphylaxis101—generally cannot sue the vaccine manufacturer for damages cannot sue the vaccine manufacturer for damages
resulting from the injury. Instead, while the declared public health emergency remains in effect, resulting from the injury. Instead, while the declared public health emergency remains in effect,
monetary compensation for any deaths or serious injuries caused by COVID-19 vaccines may be monetary compensation for any deaths or serious injuries caused by COVID-19 vaccines may be
availableavailable from the federal government through the Countermeasures Injury Compensation from the federal government through the Countermeasures Injury Compensation
Program.Program.73

~~66 42 U.S.C.~~ 102 95 42 U.S.C. §§247d-6d, 247d-6e. For more detail on the scope of liability protections for COVID-19 countermeasures §§247d-6d, 247d-6e. For more detail on the scope of liability protections for COVID-19 countermeasures
under the PREP Act, see generally CRSunder the PREP Act, see generally CRS ~~Legal Sidebar~~ Legal Sidebar LSB10443, LSB10443, The PREP Act and COVID-19: ~~Lim iting~~Limiting Liability
for Medical ~~Counterm easures~~Countermeasures, by Kevin J. Hickey. , by Kevin J. Hickey.
67 96 HHS, HHS, “Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medicaland Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical Countermeasures Countermeasures
Against COVID-19,” 85 Against COVID-19,” 85 Federal Register 15198, March 10, 2020. 15198, March 10, 2020. ~~T he~~The PREP Act declaration has been subsequently PREP Act declaration has been subsequently
amended nine times to expand the scope of its liability protection in various ways. Seeamended nine times to expand the scope of its liability protection in various ways. See HHS,HHS, “Public Readiness“Public Readiness and and
Emergency Preparedness Act,” accessedEmergency Preparedness Act,” accessed September 8, 2021, https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/September 8, 2021, https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/
default.aspx (linking to the PREP Act declaration amendments). default.aspx (linking to the PREP Act declaration amendments).
6897 42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(1). §247d-6d(a)(1).
6998 HHS, HHS, “Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for and Emergency Preparedness Act for
MedicalMedical Countermeasures Against COVID-19Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declaration,” 85 and Republication of the Declaration,” 85 Federal Register 79190, 79190,
79196, December 3, 2020. (Subsequent79196, December 3, 2020. (Subsequent amendments have not altered this section of the declaration.)amendments have not altered this section of the declaration.)
~~70 HHS, “~~ 99 HHS, “Ninth Amendment to Declaration Under the Public ReadinessNinth Amendment to Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical
Countermeasures Against COVID-19,” 86 Countermeasures Against COVID-19,” 86 Federal Register 51160, 51163, September 14, 2021. 51160, 51163, September 14, 2021.
71100 42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(1); see generally CRS§247d-6d(a)(1); see generally CRS Report R46399, Report R46399, Legal Issues in COVID-19 Vaccine Development and
~~Deploym ent~~Deployment, by Kevin J. Hickey, Wen W. Shen, and Erin H. Ward, at pp. 32-36. , by Kevin J. Hickey, Wen W. Shen, and Erin H. Ward, at pp. 32-36. ~~T he “~~ The “sole exception to the immunity” sole exception to the immunity”
is a claim for willfulis a claim for willful misconduct. Seemisconduct. See 42 U.S.C.42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(d)(1). “§247d-6d(d)(1). “ Willful misconduct” asWillful misconduct” as defined in the PREP Act defined in the PREP Act
requiresrequires that the covered person acted (i) intentionally to achieve a wrongful purpose; (ii) knowingly without legalthat the covered person acted (i) intentionally to achieve a wrongful purpose; (ii) knowingly without legal or or
factual justification; factual justification; and (iii) in disregard (iii) in disregard of a known or obviousof a known or obvious risk that is so great as to make it highly probable that risk that is so great as to make it highly probable that
the harm willthe harm will outweigh the benefit. 42 U.S.C.outweigh the benefit. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(c)(1)(A). §247d-6d(c)(1)(A).
~~72 CDC~~ 101 CDC and FDA, “and FDA, “ Allergic Reactions IncludingAllergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of PfizerAnaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer ~~-BioNT ech~~-BioNTech
COVID-19 Vaccine—UnitedCOVID-19 Vaccine—United States, December 14-23,” States, December 14-23,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 70, no. 2 (January , vol. 70, no. 2 (January
15, 2021), pp. 46-51, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm. 15, 2021), pp. 46-51, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm.
73102 Health Resources Health Resources and Servicesand Services Administration, “Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program,”Administration, “Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program,” accessed accessed
September 8, 2021, https://www.hrsa.gov/cicp; see generally CRSSeptember 8, 2021, https://www.hrsa.gov/cicp; see generally CRS Legal SidebarLegal Sidebar LSB10584, Compensation Programs ~~LSB10584,~~ ~~Com pensation Program s~~
~~for Potential COVID-19 Vaccine Injuries, by Kevin J. Hickey and Erin H. Ward.~~
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Does FDA’s licensure of Comirnaty affect liability protections for COVID-19
vaccines under the PREP Act?
~~General y~~Generally speaking, it does not. Under the PREP Act, “covered countermeasures” include both speaking, it does not. Under the PREP Act, “covered countermeasures” include both
(1) “qualified pandemic or epidemic products” and (2) biological products authorized for (1) “qualified pandemic or epidemic products” and (2) biological products authorized for
emergency use under an EUA.emergency use under an EUA.74103
Comirnaty is a biological Comirnaty is a biological product licensed by FDA to prevent COVID-19 (see product licensed by FDA to prevent COVID-19 (see “What is the scope
of FDA’s biologics license for Comirnaty?”). It meets the definition of ). It meets the definition of qualified pandemic or
epidemic product and is thus a covered countermeasure under the PREP Act while the PREP Act and is thus a covered countermeasure under the PREP Act while the PREP Act
declaration remains in effect. For its part, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is authorized under an declaration remains in effect. For its part, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is authorized under an
EUAEUA to prevent COVID-19 (see to prevent COVID-19 (see “What is the scope of the current EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech
vaccine?”). It, too, meets the definition of ). It, too, meets the definition of covered countermeasure under the PREP Act. under the PREP Act.
Because Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine are both covered Because Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine are both covered
countermeasures, the liability protections under the PREP Act apply to both products. That is, countermeasures, the liability protections under the PREP Act apply to both products. That is,
assuming that assuming that al all the other elements for immunity under the PREP Act are met,the other elements for immunity under the PREP Act are met,75104 whether the whether the
vaccine’s use is licensed by FDA or authorized under an EUAvaccine’s use is licensed by FDA or authorized under an EUA does not affect the PREP Act’s does not affect the PREP Act’s
~~liability~~ liability protections. protections.
Do the PREP Act’s liability protections extend to off-label uses of Comirnaty?
It is not clear whether off-label uses of otherwise covered countermeasures, such as Comirnaty, It is not clear whether off-label uses of otherwise covered countermeasures, such as Comirnaty,
would receive the same liabilitywould receive the same liability protections under the PREP Act as authorized and approved uses. protections under the PREP Act as authorized and approved uses.
Off-label use Off-label use ~~general y~~generally refers to the practice of prescribing or administering a drug or biologic refers to the practice of prescribing or administering a drug or biologic
(such as a vaccine) for a use other than the one or more specific uses FDA approved.(such as a vaccine) for a use other than the one or more specific uses FDA approved.76105 Such off- Such off-
label uses are label uses are ~~general y~~generally considered to be within the scope of the practice of medicine, with the considered to be within the scope of the practice of medicine, with the
physician exercising professional judgment about treatment, and therefore not in violation of the physician exercising professional judgment about treatment, and therefore not in violation of the
FD&C Act’s marketing restrictions.FD&C Act’s marketing restrictions.77
106 Following the licensure of Comirnaty, there were reports of parents expressing interest in Following the licensure of Comirnaty, there were reports of parents expressing interest in
vaccinating their younger children who are not covered by the scope of the licensed vaccine or vaccinating their younger children who are not covered by the scope of the licensed vaccine or
the EUA-authorizedthe EUA-authorized vaccine (i.e., children under 12 years of age) through off-label use of vaccine (i.e., children under 12 years of age) through off-label use of
Comirnaty.Comirnaty.78107 The CDC has noted that such uses of Comirnaty are not authorized and indicated The CDC has noted that such uses of Comirnaty are not authorized and indicated
that off-label uses therefore “may not be covered” under the PREP Act.that off-label uses therefore “may not be covered” under the PREP Act.79

~~74 42 U.S.C.~~ 108 for Potential COVID-19 Vaccine Injuries, by Kevin J. Hickey and Erin H. Ward. 103 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(i)(1)(A), (C). A “qualified pandemic product” is defined§247d-6d(i)(1)(A), (C). A “qualified pandemic product” is defined to includeto include a “a “ biological product that is biological product that is
…… manufactured, used,manufactured, used, designed,designed, [or] developed …[or] developed … to diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure a pandemic or to diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure a pandemic or
epidemic” and that is approved or licensedepidemic” and that is approved or licensed by FDA. 42 U.SC.by FDA. 42 U.SC. §247d-6d(i)(7)(A)-(B). §247d-6d(i)(7)(A)-(B).
~~75 See CRS~~ 104 See CRS Legal SidebarLegal Sidebar LSB10443, LSB10443, The PREP Act and COVID-19: Limiting Liability for Medical Countermeasures, ,
by Kevin J. Hickey, for a discussionby Kevin J. Hickey, for a discussion of those other elements (such as the claim beingof those other elements (such as the claim being against a against a ““ covered person” and a covered person” and a
~~causal~~ causal relationship between the loss and the use of the covered countermeasure).relationship between the loss and the use of the covered countermeasure).
76 105 FDA, “ FDA, “ Understanding Unapproved Use of Approved DrugsUnderstanding Unapproved Use of Approved Drugs ‘Off Label,’” accessed‘Off Label,’” accessed September 1, 2021, September 1, 2021,
https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-abouthttps://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about -expanded-access-and-other-treatment-options/understanding-unapproved--expanded-access-and-other-treatment-options/understanding-unapproved-
use-approved-drugs-label. use-approved-drugs-label.
77 106 See, See, for example, Buckman Co. v. for example, Buckman Co. v. ~~P laintiffs~~Plaintiffs’ Legal Comm., 531 U.S. 341, 350 (2001). ’ Legal Comm., 531 U.S. 341, 350 (2001).
78107 See, See, for example, for example, ~~T heresa~~Theresa Gaffney, “ Gaffney, “ ~~‘T ired~~‘Tired of Worrying’: As Some of Worrying’: As Some Parents Press for Vaccines Off-Label, Parents Press for Vaccines Off-Label,
Pediatricians Call for Patience,” Pediatricians Call for Patience,” STAT News,, ~~August~~ August 27, 2021, https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/27/covid19-27, 2021, https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/27/covid19-
vaccine-off-label-kids/. vaccine-off-label-kids/.
79108 CDC, CDC, “ “COVID-19 VaccineCOVID-19 Vaccine FAQs for Healthcare Professionals” (see section “Off-Label Use”), accessedFAQs for Healthcare Professionals” (see section “Off-Label Use”), accessed ~~August 30,~~
~~2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/hcp/faq.html#off-label-use.~~
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The CDC’s statement reflects legal uncertainty as to whether PREP Act immunity extends to The CDC’s statement reflects legal uncertainty as to whether PREP Act immunity extends to
claims for injuries resulting from off-label uses of a covered countermeasure. For immunity under claims for injuries resulting from off-label uses of a covered countermeasure. For immunity under
the PREP Act to apply, the activity at issue must relate to the administration or use of a covered the PREP Act to apply, the activity at issue must relate to the administration or use of a covered
countermeasure for which the Secretary of HHS has issued a PREP Act declaration.countermeasure for which the Secretary of HHS has issued a PREP Act declaration.80109 If providers If providers
knowingly administer vaccines to populations currently outside of the EUA or the approved knowingly administer vaccines to populations currently outside of the EUA or the approved
biologics license for Comirnaty, they would arguably biologics license for Comirnaty, they would arguably ~~fal~~ fall outside of the current PREP Act outside of the current PREP Act
declaration and therefore not be immunized from liability.declaration and therefore not be immunized from liability. In particular, the declaration contains In particular, the declaration contains
language excluding uses that exceed the scope of authorization by the relevant public health language excluding uses that exceed the scope of authorization by the relevant public health
authority. For example, the declaration states that “liabilityauthority. For example, the declaration states that “liability protections are afforded to Covered protections are afforded to Covered
Persons only for” covered countermeasures that (1) “are related to activities authorized in Persons only for” covered countermeasures that (1) “are related to activities authorized in
accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction” accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction” or or
(2) are administered “pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization.”(2) are administered “pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization.”81 110 The The
“Authority Having Jurisdiction” refers to the state, federal, tribal, or local “public agency … that “Authority Having Jurisdiction” refers to the state, federal, tribal, or local “public agency … that
has legal responsibility and authority for responding to an incident.”has legal responsibility and authority for responding to an incident.”82111 Thus, if providers Thus, if providers
~~intentional y~~ intentionally engage in activities that the relevant public health authorities—here, the CDC and engage in activities that the relevant public health authorities—here, the CDC and
FDA—did FDA—did not authorize, they may not be immune from claims of legal liability authorize, they may not be immune from claims of legal liability under the PREP under the PREP
Act declaration for those actions. Act declaration for those actions.
Off-label use Off-label use ~~general y~~generally refers to a situation where the provider exercises professional judgment to refers to a situation where the provider exercises professional judgment to
prescribe or administer a drug or biologic for an unapproved use. A prescribe or administer a drug or biologic for an unapproved use. A ~~potential y~~potentially distinct scenario distinct scenario
may occur when an otherwise-authorized health care provider unknowingly administers the may occur when an otherwise-authorized health care provider unknowingly administers the
vaccine to a recipient outside of the currently authorized population. For example, anecdotal vaccine to a recipient outside of the currently authorized population. For example, anecdotal
media reports indicate instances of parents misrepresenting the ages of their children to obtain media reports indicate instances of parents misrepresenting the ages of their children to obtain
COVID-19 vaccines.COVID-19 vaccines.83112 In that situation, the health care provider administering the vaccine may In that situation, the health care provider administering the vaccine may
have no reason to know that the vaccine administration was unauthorized under the EUA and have no reason to know that the vaccine administration was unauthorized under the EUA and
current CDC guidance. current CDC guidance.
Language in the PREP Act declaration arguably Language in the PREP Act declaration arguably ~~al ows~~allows health care providers to retain legal health care providers to retain legal
immunity in this situation. The current PREP Act declaration purports to provide immunity even immunity in this situation. The current PREP Act declaration purports to provide immunity even
if the vaccine recipient is outside the covered population if the “qualifiedif the vaccine recipient is outside the covered population if the “qualified person reasonably could person reasonably could
have believed the recipient was in this population.”have believed the recipient was in this population.”84113 The PREP Act declaration would therefore The PREP Act declaration would therefore
arguably reach authorized health care providers who unwittingly administer COVID-19 vaccines arguably reach authorized health care providers who unwittingly administer COVID-19 vaccines
to populations beyond those currently authorized. As the former general counsel of HHS to populations beyond those currently authorized. As the former general counsel of HHS
explained in an advisory opinion (later explicitly incorporated into the operative PREP Act explained in an advisory opinion (later explicitly incorporated into the operative PREP Act
~~declaration85~~declaration114), PREP Act immunity should apply to persons who “reasonably could have ), PREP Act immunity should apply to persons who “reasonably could have
~~believed” they were covered persons administering a covered countermeasure, even if that belief~~

~~80 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(1), (b)(1).~~
~~81 HHS,~~ 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/hcp/faq.html#off-label-use. 109 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(1), (b)(1). 110 HHS, “Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for and Emergency Preparedness Act for
MedicalMedical Countermeasures Against COVID-19Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declarationand Republication of the Declaration~~.” T here~~,” at 79196-97. There are other covered activities are other covered activities
and distribution channels in the PREP Act declaration—such asand distribution channels in the PREP Act declaration—such as activities relating to federal contracts—but these do not activities relating to federal contracts—but these do not
appear relevant to the off-label use scenario. appear relevant to the off-label use scenario.
82111 HHS, HHS, “Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for and Emergency Preparedness Act for
MedicalMedical Countermeasures Against COVID-19Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declaration,” at 79197. and Republication of the Declaration,” at 79197.
83 112 See, See, for example, Brett Kast, “Some Michigan Parents Reportedly Lying About for example, Brett Kast, “Some Michigan Parents Reportedly Lying About ~~T heir~~Their Child’s Age to Get Child’s Age to Get ~~T hem~~Them
COVIDCOVID Vaccine,”Vaccine,” WXYZ, AugustWXYZ, August 18, 2021, https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccine/some-18, 2021, https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccine/some-
michigan-parents-reportedly-lying-aboutmichigan-parents-reportedly-lying-about -their-childs-age-to-get-them-covid-vaccine. -their-childs-age-to-get-them-covid-vaccine.
84113 HHS, HHS, “Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for and Emergency Preparedness Act for
MedicalMedical Countermeasures Against COVID-19Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declarationand Republication of the Declaration,” at 79197. 114 HHS, .”
~~85 HHS,~~ “Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness“Fourth Amendment to the Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for and Emergency Preparedness Act for
MedicalMedical Countermeasures Against COVID-19Countermeasures Against COVID-19 and Republication of the Declaration” at 79195, n. 19.and Republication of the Declaration” at 79195, n. 19.
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~~later proved mistaken.86 Given the limited~~ believed” they were covered persons administering a covered countermeasure, even if that belief later proved mistaken.115 Given the limited case law on the PREP Act, however, it is difficult to case law on the PREP Act, however, it is difficult to
determine whether a court would agree with these constructions of the PREP Act declaration and determine whether a court would agree with these constructions of the PREP Act declaration and
statute.statute.87116
Separately from the PREP Act issue, the CDC has stated that knowing off-label uses “would be in Separately from the PREP Act issue, the CDC has stated that knowing off-label uses “would be in
violation of the CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Program provider agreement and therefore may not violation of the CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Program provider agreement and therefore may not
be reimbursable, and may impact the ability of a provider to remain in the CDC Program, in be reimbursable, and may impact the ability of a provider to remain in the CDC Program, in
addition to other potential sanctions.”addition to other potential sanctions.”88117 Thus, whether or not PREP Act immunity applies, Thus, whether or not PREP Act immunity applies,
providers engaging in intentionalproviders engaging in intentional off-label use may be in violation of their contractual off-label use may be in violation of their contractual
obligations. obligations.
~~The~~VRBPAC, the FDA’s vaccine advisory committee FDA’s vaccine advisory committee~~, the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory~~
~~Committee (VRBPAC), may ultimately~~ , may ultimately recommend authorizing additional uses for the Pfizer-recommend authorizing additional uses for the Pfizer-
BioNTech and other COVID-19 vaccines—such as administration of the vaccine to children aged BioNTech and other COVID-19 vaccines—such as administration of the vaccine to children aged
5-5 to 11 or booster shots for the general adult population11 or booster shots for the general adult population that is not determined to be at high risk for severe COVID-19. FDA would then likely. FDA would then likely reissue the reissue the
currently operative EUAcurrently operative EUA to authorize these additional uses. At that point, such uses would no to authorize these additional uses. At that point, such uses would no
longer be off-label but within the scope of an EUA and covered by the PREP Act. longer be off-label but within the scope of an EUA and covered by the PREP Act.
Does FDA’s licensure of Comirnaty affect the authority of employers or
schools to “mandate” COVID-19 vaccines?
As explained in more detail in other CRS products, federal law does not As explained in more detail in other CRS products, federal law does not ~~general y~~generally preclude preclude
private employers from requiring that their employees be vaccinated but may require these private employers from requiring that their employees be vaccinated but may require these
entities to provide appropriate exemptions based on medical disabilitiesentities to provide appropriate exemptions based on medical disabilities or religious beliefs.or religious beliefs.89118 As As
to government employers and public schools, modern courts have relied on to government employers and public schools, modern courts have relied on Jacobson v.
Massachusetts—a 1905 Supreme Court ruling holding that the Constitution does not preclude —a 1905 Supreme Court ruling holding that the Constitution does not preclude
state governments from mandating state governments from mandating ~~vaccination90~~vaccination119—to uphold such vaccine mandates (with —to uphold such vaccine mandates (with

~~86 HHS,~~ 115 HHS, “Advisory Opinion on the Public Readiness“Advisory Opinion on the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act and the March 10, 2020 and Emergency Preparedness Act and the March 10, 2020
Declaration under the Act,” May 19, 2020, p. 2, https://www.hhs.gov/Declaration under the Act,” May 19, 2020, p. 2, https://www.hhs.gov/~~guidance/~~sites/default/files/sites/default/files/ ~~hhs-guidance-~~
~~documents/prep-act-advisoryopinion~~prep-act-advisory-opinion-hhs-ogc.pdf. HHS’s interpretation draws on the statutory provision that provides -hhs-ogc.pdf. HHS’s interpretation draws on the statutory provision that provides
immunity under “immunity under “ circumstances in which circumstances in which … … the covered person reasonably couldthe covered person reasonably could have believedhave believed that the that the
countermeasure wascountermeasure was administered or usedadministered or used in accordance within accordance with ” population or geographical limitations in the PREP Act ” population or geographical limitations in the PREP Act
Declaration. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(4)(B). Declaration. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(a)(4)(B).
87 116 For example, assuming For example, assuming the PREP Act declaration is read to cover this situation, the liability protections must still the PREP Act declaration is read to cover this situation, the liability protections must still
accord with the statute. accord with the statute. ~~T o~~To be a covered countermeasure under be a covered countermeasure under the PREP Act, the vaccine must be the PREP Act, the vaccine must be ~~appro ved~~approved, licensed, , licensed,
or authorized for emergency use by FDA.or authorized for emergency use by FDA. 42 U.S.C.42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(i)(1)(C), (7)(B). Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech §247d-6d(i)(1)(C), (7)(B). Comirnaty and the Pfizer-BioNTech
vaccine are licensed and authorized for emergency usevaccine are licensed and authorized for emergency use by FDA, respectively, and are thus covered countermeasures. by FDA, respectively, and are thus covered countermeasures.
ReadRead literally, the PREP Act’s definition of literally, the PREP Act’s definition of covered ~~counterm easure~~countermeasure requires only that “ requires only that “ the biological product …the biological product … is is
authorized” (or licensed)authorized” (or licensed) and does not speak to the authorization of particular uses. 42 U.S.C.and does not speak to the authorization of particular uses. 42 U.S.C. §247d-6d(i)(1)(C), §247d-6d(i)(1)(C),
(7)(B)(i). (7)(B)(i). ~~T hat~~That said, a court might understand said, a court might understand the word the word authorized (or (or licensed) to imply that the actual use at issue ) to imply that the actual use at issue
must be within the scope of the EUA (or approved biologicsmust be within the scope of the EUA (or approved biologics license) in order to be a “covered countermeasure.”license) in order to be a “covered countermeasure.”
~~88 CDC, “~~ 117 CDC, “COVID-19 VaccineCOVID-19 Vaccine FAQs for Healthcare Professionals” (see section “Off-Label Use”). FAQs for Healthcare Professionals” (see section “Off-Label Use”).
~~89 See CRS~~ 118 See CRS Legal SidebarLegal Sidebar LSB10573, LSB10573, COVID-19 Vaccination Requirements: Potential Constraints on Employer
Mandates Under Federal Law, by April J. Anderson and Victoria L. Killion, by April J. Anderson and Victoria L. Killion ; see; see also Equalalso Equal Employment Opportunity Employment Opportunity
Commission, “Commission, “ What You ShouldWhat You Should Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO
Laws,”Laws,” ~~accessed~~ accessed September 9, 2021, https://www.eeoc.gov/wysk/whatSeptember 9, 2021, https://www.eeoc.gov/wysk/what -you-should-know-about-you-should-know-about -covid-19-and-ada--covid-19-and-ada-
rehabilitation-act-and-other-eeo-laws (“rehabilitation-act-and-other-eeo-laws (“ ~~T he~~The federal [employment laws] do not prevent an employer from requiring all federal [employment laws] do not prevent an employer from requiring all
employees physically entering the workplace to be vaccinated for COVID-19, subjectemployees physically entering the workplace to be vaccinated for COVID-19, subject to the reasonable accommodation to the reasonable accommodation
provisions of provisions of ~~T itle~~Title VII [relating to religious VII [relating to religious objections] and the ADA [relating to disabilities].”). objections] and the ADA [relating to disabilities].”).
90119 Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 26–31 (1905); Zucht v. King, 260 U.S. 174, 176 (1922) (“[ Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 26–31 (1905); Zucht v. King, 260 U.S. 174, 176 (1922) (“[Jacobson]] settled settled
that it is within the police power of a State to provide for compulsory vaccinationthat it is within the police power of a State to provide for compulsory vaccination .”). .”).
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appropriate exemptions). appropriate exemptions).91120 Based on this precedent, legal Based on this precedent, legal ~~chal enges~~challenges to public schools’ and to public schools’ and
employers’ COVID-19 vaccine mandates have largely been rejected by courts in early stages of employers’ COVID-19 vaccine mandates have largely been rejected by courts in early stages of
litigation.litigation.92121
Prior to FDA approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, some commentators argued Prior to FDA approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, some commentators argued
that the mandates for EUA-authorized vaccines may not be legal under the EUAthat the mandates for EUA-authorized vaccines may not be legal under the EUA statute.statute.93122 In In
particular, Section 564(e)(1)(A)(particular, Section 564(e)(1)(A)(i ii)(III) of the )(III) of the ~~PHS~~FD&C Act requires the Secretary of HHS to ensure Act requires the Secretary of HHS to ensure
that individualsthat individuals receiving EUAreceiving EUA products “are informed … of the option to accept or refuse products “are informed … of the option to accept or refuse
administration of the product, of the consequences, if any, of refusing administration of the administration of the product, of the consequences, if any, of refusing administration of the
product, and of the alternatives to the product that are available and of their benefits and risks.”product, and of the alternatives to the product that are available and of their benefits and risks.”94123
In these commentators’ view, this language might suggest that mandating EUA products is In these commentators’ view, this language might suggest that mandating EUA products is
““~~categorical y~~categorically prohibited” because the recipient must have the “option to accept or refuse prohibited” because the recipient must have the “option to accept or refuse
administration of the product.”administration of the product.”95124 Others read this provision not to prohibit schools’ or employers’ Others read this provision not to prohibit schools’ or employers’
vaccine requirements but merely to require that vaccine recipients receive appropriate vaccine requirements but merely to require that vaccine recipients receive appropriate
information—such as the FDA fact sheets for COVID-19 vaccines.information—such as the FDA fact sheets for COVID-19 vaccines.96125
In a recent opinion, the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC)—the division of the Department of In a recent opinion, the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC)—the division of the Department of
Justice that provides legal advice to the President—considered and rejected the argument that Justice that provides legal advice to the President—considered and rejected the argument that
Section 564(e)(1)(A)(Section 564(e)(1)(A)(i ii)(III) prohibits vaccine mandates.)(III) prohibits vaccine mandates.97126 In OLC’s view, this section “concerns In OLC’s view, this section “concerns
only the provision of information to potential vaccine recipients and does not prohibit public or only the provision of information to potential vaccine recipients and does not prohibit public or
private entities from imposing vaccination requirements.”private entities from imposing vaccination requirements.”98127 Consistent with this view, at least two district courts have rejected this statutory argument.128 120 See CRS ~~Consistent with this view, one district~~
~~court summarily rejected this statutory argument in a chal enge to a private hospital’s requirement~~
~~that its employees receive COVID-19 vaccines prior to full FDA approval.99~~

~~91 See CRS~~ Report R46745, Report R46745, State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination, by Wen W. Shen, pp. 3-, by Wen W. Shen, pp. 3-4 4
(collecting cases). Presuming that it acts pursuant to valid statutory and constitutional authority, (collecting cases). Presuming that it acts pursuant to valid statutory and constitutional authority, Jacobson implies that implies that
the federal government has power to require vaccination in some circumstances—for example, for federal employees. the federal government has power to require vaccination in some circumstances—for example, for federal employees.
~~See~~ See Executive Order on RequiringExecutive Order on Requiring Coronavirus DiseaseCoronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Federal Employees, September 9, 2021, 2019 Vaccination for Federal Employees, September 9, 2021,
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/09/09/executive-order-on-requiring-coronavirus-https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/09/09/executive-order-on-requiring-coronavirus-
disease-2019-vaccination-for-federal-employees/; see generally CRSdisease-2019-vaccination-for-federal-employees/; see generally CRS Legal SidebarLegal Sidebar LSB10633, LSB10633, Federal ~~Em ployees~~Employees and
COVID-19 Vaccination Attestations: ~~Im m ediate~~Immediate Takeaways, by April J. Anderson, Wen W. Shen, and Jon O. , by April J. Anderson, Wen W. Shen, and Jon O.
Shimabukuro. Shimabukuro.
92121 See, See, for example, Klaassen v. for example, Klaassen v. ~~T rustees~~Trustees of Indiana Univ., No. 1:21 of Indiana Univ., No. 1:21 -CV-238 DRL, 2021 WL 3073926 (N.D. Ind. July -CV-238 DRL, 2021 WL 3073926 (N.D. Ind. July
18, 2021) (denying preliminary injunction against Indiana University’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate for students), 18, 2021) (denying preliminary injunction against Indiana University’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate for students),
~~m otion~~motion for injunction pending appeal denied, 7 F.4th 592, 593 (7th Cir. 2021) (“Given, 7 F.4th 592, 593 (7th Cir. 2021) (“Given [[Jacobson], there can’t be a ], there can’t be a
constitutional problem with [requiring] vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.”);constitutional problem with [requiring] vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.”); ~~Bridges~~ Bridges v. Houston Methodist Hosp., No. v. Houston Methodist Hosp., No.
CVCV H-21-1774, 2021 WL 2399994, at *1 (S.D. H-21-1774, 2021 WL 2399994, at *1 (S.D. ~~T ex~~Tex. June 12, . June 12, ~~202 1~~2021) (dismissing) (dismissing ~~wrongful~~ wrongful termination claim based on termination claim based on
private-employer COVID-19 vaccine mandate); Harris v. Univ. of Massachusetts, No. 21private-employer COVID-19 vaccine mandate); Harris v. Univ. of Massachusetts, No. 21 -CV-11244-DJC, 2021 WL -CV-11244-DJC, 2021 WL
3848012, at *1 (D. Mass. Aug.3848012, at *1 (D. Mass. Aug. 27, 2021) (denying preliminary injunction against University of Massachusetts’ 27, 2021) (denying preliminary injunction against University of Massachusetts’
COVID-19 vaccine mandate for students); Norris v. Stanley, No. 1:21COVID-19 vaccine mandate for students); Norris v. Stanley, No. 1:21 -CV-756, 2021 WL 3891615, at *1 (W.D. Mich. -CV-756, 2021 WL 3891615, at *1 (W.D. Mich.
Aug.Aug. 31, 2021) (denying temporary restraining order against COVID-19 vaccine mandate for Michigan State 31, 2021) (denying temporary restraining order against COVID-19 vaccine mandate for Michigan State
University employeesUniversity employees); Valdez v. Grisham, No. 21-cv-783, 2021 WL 4145746, at *13 (D.N.M. September 13, 2021) (denying temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction against COVID-19 vaccine mandate for school workers, certain health care workers, the governor’s office, and state fair attendees). 122).
93 Efthimios Parasidis and Aaron S. Efthimios Parasidis and Aaron S. Kesselheim, “AssessingKesselheim, “Assessing the Legality of Mandates for Vaccinesthe Legality of Mandates for Vaccines Authorized ViaAuthorized Via an an
Emergency Use Authorization,” https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20210212.410237/full/. Emergency Use Authorization,” https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20210212.410237/full/.
94 123 21 U.S.C. 21 U.S.C. §360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(ii)(III). §360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(ii)(III).
95124 Parasidis and Kesselheim, Parasidis and Kesselheim, ~~footnote 93.~~
96footnote 122. 125 Anderson, Shen, and Shimabukuro, Anderson, Shen, and Shimabukuro, ~~footnote 91~~, footnote 120, at 6 (explaining this argument). at 6 (explaining this argument).
97126 OLC, “Whether Section 564 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Prohibits Entities from Requiring the Use of a OLC, “Whether Section 564 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Prohibits Entities from Requiring the Use of a
VaccineVaccine ~~Subject~~ Subject to an Emergency Useto an Emergency Use Authorization,” July 6, 2021, https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/1415446/Authorization,” July 6, 2021, https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/1415446/
downloaddownload (hereinafter (hereinafter OLC Section 564 Opinion). ).
98127 OLC Section 564 Opinion, p. 7. , p. 7.
99128 Bridges Bridges v. Houston Methodist Hosp., No. CVv. Houston Methodist Hosp., No. CV H-21-1774, 2021 WL 2399994, at p. *2 (S.D. H-21-1774, 2021 WL 2399994, at p. *2 (S.D. ~~T ex~~Tex. June 12, 2021). June 12, 2021).;
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It is therefore not clear that the EUA It is therefore not clear that the EUA status of a vaccine has any bearing on the authority of status of a vaccine has any bearing on the authority of
schools and employers to mandate that vaccine. Now that FDA has approved Comirnaty, legal schools and employers to mandate that vaccine. Now that FDA has approved Comirnaty, legal
arguments against vaccine mandates that relied on COVID-19 vaccines’ EUA status are now arguments against vaccine mandates that relied on COVID-19 vaccines’ EUA status are now
largely moot.largely moot.~~100~~129 To that extent, FDA’s approval of Comirnaty may reduce any legal uncertainty To that extent, FDA’s approval of Comirnaty may reduce any legal uncertainty
surrounding vaccine mandates. surrounding vaccine mandates.
For the most part, however, the legal For the most part, however, the legal authority for COVID-19 vaccine mandates—and the authority for COVID-19 vaccine mandates—and the
statutory or constitutional constraints on them—are the same before and after Comirnaty’s statutory or constitutional constraints on them—are the same before and after Comirnaty’s
licensure.licensure.~~101~~130 As a practical matter, to the extent that some employers and schools previously As a practical matter, to the extent that some employers and schools previously
refrained from vaccination mandates because no COVID-19 vaccine had been fully approved by refrained from vaccination mandates because no COVID-19 vaccine had been fully approved by
FDA, the approval of Comirnaty may result in greater use of vaccine mandates.FDA, the approval of Comirnaty may result in greater use of vaccine mandates.~~102~~
131
Author Information

Kevin J. Hickey Kevin J. Hickey
Agata Bodie Agata Bodie
Legislative Attorney Legislative Attorney
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy

Erin H. Ward Erin H. Ward

Legislative Attorney Legislative Attorney

~~100~~ Valdez v. Grisham, No. 21-cv-783, 2021 WL 4145746, at *5 (D.N.M. September 13, 2021). 129 At the time of this writing, Comirnaty is the only FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccine. At the time of this writing, Comirnaty is the only FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccine. ~~T he~~The Moderna and Johnson & Moderna and Johnson &
Johnson COVID-19 vaccines are availableJohnson COVID-19 vaccines are available only under an EUA. However, the argument against vaccine mandates based only under an EUA. However, the argument against vaccine mandates based
on the EUA statute wouldon the EUA statute would appear to be precludedappear to be precluded as long as the vaccine as long as the vaccine ~~m andate~~mandate at issue at issue accepts an available FDA-accepts an available FDA-
approved option (here, Comirnaty). See Norris v. Stanley, No. 1:21approved option (here, Comirnaty). See Norris v. Stanley, No. 1:21 -CV-756, 2021 WL 3891615, at p. *2 (W.D. Mich. -CV-756, 2021 WL 3891615, at p. *2 (W.D. Mich.
Aug.Aug. 31, 2021) (“[S]hould Plaintiff be offered the FDA-approved Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine, her argument31, 2021) (“[S]hould Plaintiff be offered the FDA-approved Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine, her argument under the under the
EUA statute wouldEUA statute would be moot.…”). be moot.…”). ~~T he~~The legal issue legal issue may remain open with respect to vaccine mandates imposed on may remain open with respect to vaccine mandates imposed on
individualsindividuals ~~12-~~ 12 to 15 years old, however, as no vaccine is15 years old, however, as no vaccine is approved for use in this age group. Seeapproved for use in this age group. See “ “If Comirnaty is now
licensed, why ~~did~~ did FDA reissue an EUA for the Pfizer-~~BioNT ech~~BioNTech vaccine?”
~~101 T here~~” 130 There are some exceptions, such as where are some exceptions, such as where particular statutory authorities (or, in the employment context, contractual particular statutory authorities (or, in the employment context, contractual
requirements such as collective bargainingrequirements such as collective bargaining agreements) distinguishagreements) distinguish between authorized and approved vaccines. For between authorized and approved vaccines. For
example, the Department of Defense interprets example, the Department of Defense interprets ~~T itle~~Title 10, Section 1107a, of the 10, Section 1107a, of the U.S. Code to preclude a mandate for to preclude a mandate for
EUA vaccines unlessEUA vaccines unless the President issuesthe President issues a waiver. Seea waiver. See OLC Section 564 Opinion,, pp. 16-17. pp. 16-17.
~~102~~ 131 See, See, for example, Deepa Shivaram, “for example, Deepa Shivaram, “ Why Pfizer’s FDA Approval Matters and What It Means for Vaccine Why Pfizer’s FDA Approval Matters and What It Means for Vaccine
Mandates,” NPR, AugustMandates,” NPR, August 24, 2021, https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/08/24/1030267314/24, 2021, https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/08/24/1030267314/
pfizer-vaccine-covid-fda-approval-kids-faq-mandate (“It’s likely we’ll seepfizer-vaccine-covid-fda-approval-kids-faq-mandate (“It’s likely we’ll see more vaccine requirements put in place now more vaccine requirements put in place now
that there is one vaccine with fullthat there is one vaccine with full FDA approval.”). FDA approval.”).
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FDA Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions

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