Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022

Changes from September 13, 2021 to November 17, 2021

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Federal Research and Development (R&D)
~~September 13~~November 17, 2021 , 2021
Funding: FY2022
John F. Sargent Jr.,
President Biden’s budget request for FY2022 includes approximately $171.3 billion for research President Biden’s budget request for FY2022 includes approximately $171.3 billion for research
Coordinator
and development (R&D), $13.5 billion (8.5%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $157.8 and development (R&D), $13.5 billion (8.5%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $157.8
Specialist in Science and Specialist in Science and
billion. In constant FY2022 dollars, the FY2022 R&D request represents an increase of $10.6 billion. In constant FY2022 dollars, the FY2022 R&D request represents an increase of $10.6
Technology Policy Technology Policy
billion (6.6%) above the FY2021 estimated level. billion (6.6%) above the FY2021 estimated level.

Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few federal departments and agencies. In FY2021, five Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few federal departments and agencies. In FY2021, five

agencies received 93.0% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, agencies received 93.0% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD,
40.1%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 27.6%) combined accounting for more than two40.1%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 27.6%) combined accounting for more than two -thirds of -thirds of
all federal R&D funding. In the FY2022 request, the top five R&D agencies would account for 92.4%, with DOD accounting all federal R&D funding. In the FY2022 request, the top five R&D agencies would account for 92.4%, with DOD accounting
for 36.7% and HHS for 29.9%. for 36.7% and HHS for 29.9%.
Under the President’s FY2022 budget request, nearly all federal Under the President’s FY2022 budget request, nearly all federal
Federal Research and Development
agencies would see their R&D funding increase relative to FY2021. agencies would see their R&D funding increase relative to FY2021.
Funding, FY2020-FY2022
The only exception is DOD, which would decrease by $550 million The only exception is DOD, which would decrease by $550 million
In In ~~billions of dollars~~bil ions of dol ars
(0.9%) in FY2022 (0.9%) in FY2022 to $62.8to $62.8 billion. The largest dollar increases in R&D billion. The largest dollar increases in R&D
funding would be made to HHS (up $7.7 billion, 17.8%), the funding would be made to HHS (up $7.7 billion, 17.8%), the
Department of Energy (up $2.1 billion, 11.1%), and the National Department of Energy (up $2.1 billion, 11.1%), and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (up $1.3 billion, 10.1%). The Aeronautics and Space Administration (up $1.3 billion, 10.1%). The
largest percentage increases in R&D funding would be at the largest percentage increases in R&D funding would be at the
Department of the Interior (up 30.8%), the Department of Commerce Department of the Interior (up 30.8%), the Department of Commerce
(up 29.3%), and the Department of Agriculture (up 21.7%). (up 29.3%), and the Department of Agriculture (up 21.7%).
The President’s FY2022 budget request would increase funding for The President’s FY2022 budget request would increase funding for
basic research by $4.4 billion (10.2%), applied research by $6.3 billion basic research by $4.4 billion (10.2%), applied research by $6.3 billion
(14.0%), development by $2.4 billion (3.6%), and R&D facilities and (14.0%), development by $2.4 billion (3.6%), and R&D facilities and
equipment by $380 million (9.0%). equipment by $380 million (9.0%).
Several multiagency R&D initiatives continue under the President’s Several multiagency R&D initiatives continue under the President’s
FY2022FY2022 budget request. Some activities supporting these initiatives are budget request. Some activities supporting these initiatives are

discussed in agency budget justifications. However, comprehensive discussed in agency budget justifications. However, comprehensive
Source: CRS analysis of data from CRS analysis of data from OMB, OMB, Analytical
aggregate budget information on these initiatives will likely not be aggregate budget information on these initiatives will likely not be
Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government,
available until budget supplements for each are released later in the available until budget supplements for each are released later in the
Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, year. May 28, year.
2021. 2021.
The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it
may express different priorities through the appropriations process. Congress provides annual R&D appropriations through 9 may express different priorities through the appropriations process. Congress provides annual R&D appropriations through 9
of the 12 regular appropriations billsof the 12 regular appropriations bills . .
In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Completing the In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Completing the
process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of ~~continuing~~contin uing resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of
their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment. their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment.

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Introduction
The 117th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in The 117th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in
evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important
role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies,
from jet aircraft and the internet to communications from jet aircraft and the internet to communications ~~satellites~~satel ites, shale gas extraction, and defenses , shale gas extraction, and defenses
against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch
decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and
among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio.
The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes
include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security;
advancing knowledge advancing knowledge ~~generally~~general y; developing the scientific and engineering workforce; and ; developing the scientific and engineering workforce; and
strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. Most of the R&D strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. Most of the R&D
funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual
funding agencies. funding agencies.
The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D activities of these agencies. There is no The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D activities of these agencies. There is no
single, centralized source of R&D funds. Agency R&D budgets are developed single, centralized source of R&D funds. Agency R&D budgets are developed ~~internally~~internal y as part as part
of each agency’s of each agency’s ~~overall~~ overal budget development process. R&D funding may be included either in budget development process. R&D funding may be included either in
accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D
activities. Agency budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of activities. Agency budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’s annual budget submission to Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’s annual budget submission to
Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D activities of each Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D activities of each
federal agency. federal agency.
Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about
the level and the level and ~~allocation~~al ocation of R&D funding— of R&D funding—~~overall~~overal , within agencies, and for specific programs. As , within agencies, and for specific programs. As
Congress acts to complete the FY2021 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the Congress acts to complete the FY2021 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the
amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and ~~allocation of~~
al ocation of the availablethe available funding. funding.
This report begins with a discussion of the This report begins with a discussion of the ~~overall level~~ overal level of R&D in President Biden’s FY2022 of R&D in President Biden’s FY2022
budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of
perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses
and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that,
collectively, account for approximately 99% of total federal R&D funding. collectively, account for approximately 99% of total federal R&D funding.
Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page. Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page.
Appendix A provides a list of acronyms and abbreviationsprovides a list of acronyms and abbreviations.. Appendix B lists the primary CRS lists the primary CRS
experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in this report. experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in this report.
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Definitions Associated with Federal Research and Development Funding
Two key sources of definitions associated with federal Two key sources of definitions associated with federal research and developmentresearch and development funding are the White House funding are the White House
Office of Management and Budget and the National Science Foundation. Office of Management and Budget and the National Science Foundation.
Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Management and Budget provides the The Office of Management and Budget provides the ~~following~~fol owing definitions definitions
of R&D-related termsof R&D-related terms in OMB Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission,in OMB Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget.”1 This and Execution of the Budget.”1 This
document provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’sdocument provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’s annual budget and instructions on annual budget and instructions on
budget execution. In 2017, OMB adopted a refinementbudget execution. In 2017, OMB adopted a refinement to the categories of R&D, replacing “development” with to the categories of R&D, replacing “development” with
“experimental“experimental development,” which moredevelopment,” which more narrowly defines the set of activitiesnarrowly defines the set of activities to be included. This definition is to be included. This definition is
used in the President’sused in the President’s FY2022 budget. The new definition has resulted in lowerFY2022 budget. The new definition has resulted in lower reported R&D by somereported R&D by some agencies, agencies,
including the Department of Defenseincluding the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For (NASA). For
FY2022, OMB has also opted to exclude DOD budget activity 6.6 (“Management Support”) funding from its R&D FY2022, OMB has also opted to exclude DOD budget activity 6.6 (“Management Support”) funding from its R&D
calculations; calculations; ~~historically,~~ historical y, this funding has been included in the DOD R&D total and federal R&D total this funding has been included in the DOD R&D total and federal R&D total ~~figures~~figu res. DOD . DOD
R&D funding R&D funding inin Table 1 ~~and~~and Table 3 ~~reflect~~ reflect this change for FY2020 and FY2021 (applied retroactively),this change for FY2020 and FY2021 (applied retroactively), ~~as well~~ as wel as as
for FY2022. OMB and DOD are currently evaluating whether budget activity 6.6 may be categorized as for FY2022. OMB and DOD are currently evaluating whether budget activity 6.6 may be categorized as
experimentalexperimental development in the future. development in the future.
Conduct of R&D. Research and experimental Research and experimental development (R&D) activities are defined as creativedevelopment (R&D) activities are defined as creative and and
systematic worksystematic work undertaken in order to increaseundertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people,
culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge.
Basic Research. Basic research is defined as experimentalBasic research is defined as experimental or theoretical workor theoretical work undertaken primarilyundertaken primarily to to
acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts. Basic researchacquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts. Basic research may may
include activitiesinclude activities with broad or general applications in mind, such as the study of how plant genomes change, with broad or general applications in mind, such as the study of how plant genomes change,
but excludes research directed towards a specific application or requirement,but excludes research directed towards a specific application or requirement, such as the optimization of the such as the optimization of the
genome of a specific crop species. genome of a specific crop species.
Applied Research. Applied researchApplied research is defined as original investigation undertaken in orderis defined as original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new to acquire new
knowledge.knowledge. Applied research is,Applied research is, however, directed primarilyhowever, directed primarily towards a specific practical aimtowards a specific practical aim or objective. or objective.
Experimental Development. Experimental developmentExperimental development is defined as creative and systematicis defined as creative and systematic work, work,
drawing on knowledge gained from researchdrawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, which is directed at producing new and practical experience, which is directed at producing new
products or processesproducts or processes or improvingor improving existing products or processes.existing products or processes. Like research,Like research, ~~experimental~~ experimental development development
~~will~~ wil result in gaining additional knowledge. result in gaining additional knowledge.
R&D Equipment. R&D equipment includes amounts for majorR&D equipment includes amounts for major equipment for researchequipment for research and development.and development. It It
includes acquisition, design, or production of majorincludes acquisition, design, or production of major movable equipment, such as mass spectrometers,movable equipment, such as mass spectrometers, research research
vessels,vessels, DNA sequencers, and other majorDNA sequencers, and other major movable instruments for use in R&D activities.movable instruments for use in R&D activities. It includes programs It includes programs
of $1 of $1 ~~million~~ mil ion or moreor more that are devoted to the purchase or construction of majorthat are devoted to the purchase or construction of major R&D equipmentR&D equipment . .
R&D Facilities. R&D facilities R&D facilities includes amounts for the construction of facilitiesincludes amounts for the construction of facilities that are necessary for the that are necessary for the
execution of an R&D program.execution of an R&D program. This may include land, majorThis may include land, major fixed equipment, and supporting infrastructure fixed equipment, and supporting infrastructure
such as a sewersuch as a sewer line or housing at a remoteline or housing at a remote location. location.
National Science Board/National Science Foundation. The National Science Board/National Science The National Science Board/National Science
FoundationFoundation (NSB/NSF) provides(NSB/NSF) provides ~~the following~~ the fol owing definitions of R&D-related terms definitions of R&D-related terms in its report in its report Science and
Engineering Indicators: 2020.2 .2
Research and Development (R&D): Research and experimentalResearch and experimental development comprisedevelopment comprise ~~creative~~ creative and and
systematic worksystematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture,
and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge. and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge.
Basic Research: Experimental or theoreticalExperimental or theoretical work undertaken primarilywork undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the to acquire new knowledge of the
underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
Applied Research: OriginalOriginal investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge—directedinvestigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge—directed primarily, primarily,
however,however, toward a specific, practical aim or objective.toward a specific, practical aim or objective.
Development (or Experimental Development): SystematicSystematic work, drawing on knowledgework, drawing on knowledge gained from gained from
research and practical experienceresearch and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new
products or processesproducts or processes or to improving existing products or processes. or to improving existing products or processes.

~~1 The~~ 1 T he White House, Office of Management and Budget, White House, Office of Management and Budget, ~~Circular~~ Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of
the Budgetthe Budget ,” ,” April 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf. April 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf.
2 National Science Board/National Science2 National Science Board/National Science Foundation, Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2020, January 2020, , January 2020,
https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/glossary. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/glossary.
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The President’s FY2022 Budget Request
On May 28, 2021, President Biden released his proposed FY2022 budget. President Biden is On May 28, 2021, President Biden released his proposed FY2022 budget. President Biden is
proposing $171.3 proposing $171.3 ~~billion~~bil ion for R&D for FY2022, an increase of $13.5 for R&D for FY2022, an increase of $13.5 ~~billion~~bil ion (8.5%) above the (8.5%) above the
FY2021 level of $157.8 FY2021 level of $157.8 ~~billion~~bil ion. Adjusted for inflation to FY2022 dollars, the President’s FY2022 . Adjusted for inflation to FY2022 dollars, the President’s FY2022
R&D request represents a constant-dollar increase of 6.6% above the FY2021 actual level.3 R&D request represents a constant-dollar increase of 6.6% above the FY2021 actual level.3
The President’s request includes continued R&D funding for existing single-agency and The President’s request includes continued R&D funding for existing single-agency and
multiagency programs and activities, as multiagency programs and activities, as ~~well~~ wel as new initiatives. This report provides government-as new initiatives. This report provides government-
wide, multiagency, and individualwide, multiagency, and individual agency analyses of the President’s FY2022 request as it relates agency analyses of the President’s FY2022 request as it relates
to R&D and related activities. More information to R&D and related activities. More information ~~will~~ wil become availablebecome available as the House and Senate as the House and Senate
act on the President’s budget request through appropriations act on the President’s budget request through appropriations ~~bills~~bil s. .
Factors Affecting Analysis of the FY2022 Budget Request
Several Several factors complicate the analysis of changes in R&D funding for FY2022, both in aggregate and for selected factors complicate the analysis of changes in R&D funding for FY2022, both in aggregate and for selected
agencies: agencies:
 
R&D included in President’s Biden’s R&D included in President’s Biden’s proposed Americanproposed American Jobs Plan is not included in his FY2022 budget Jobs Plan is not included in his FY2022 budget
request. The Americanrequest. The American Jobs Plan includes $50 Jobs Plan includes $50 ~~billion~~ bil ion for the National Science Foundation, $30 for the National Science Foundation, $30 ~~billion~~ bil ion for for
R&D at other agencies, and $40 R&D at other agencies, and $40 ~~billion~~bil ion to upgrade research infrastructure. to upgrade research infrastructure.
 
Inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities Inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities in accounts with in accounts with
non-R&D activitiesnon-R&D activities may resultmay result in different figures being reported by OMB and the White House Office of in different figures being reported by OMB and the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown inScience and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown in Table 1, and and those in agency budget those in agency budget
analyses that appear later in this report. analyses that appear later in this report.
Federal R&D Funding Perspectives
Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different
insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work
supported, and by a combination of these two perspectives. supported, and by a combination of these two perspectives.
Federal R&D by Agency
Congress makes decisions about R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations Congress makes decisions about R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations
processes primarily from the perspective of individual agencies and programsprocesses primarily from the perspective of individual agencies and programs.. Table 1 provides provides
data on R&D funding by agency for FY2020 (actual), FY2021 (estimate), and FY2022 (request).4data on R&D funding by agency for FY2020 (actual), FY2021 (estimate), and FY2022 (request).4
Under the request, eight federal agencies would receive 97% of total federal R&D funding in Under the request, eight federal agencies would receive 97% of total federal R&D funding in
FY2022: the Department of Defense (DOD), 36.7%; Department of Health and Human Services FY2022: the Department of Defense (DOD), 36.7%; Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 29.9%; Department of Energy (DOE), (HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 29.9%; Department of Energy (DOE),
12.5%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8.5%; National Science 12.5%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8.5%; National Science
Foundation (NSF), 4.8%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2.1%; Department of Commerce Foundation (NSF), 4.8%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2.1%; Department of Commerce
(DOC), 1.6%; and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 0.9%. This report provides an analysis of (DOC), 1.6%; and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 0.9%. This report provides an analysis of
the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as ~~well~~ wel as for the Department of Homeland Security as for the Department of Homeland Security

3 As calculated3 As calculated by CRSby CRS ~~using~~ using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (chained) price index for FY2021-FY2022 in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (chained) price index for FY2021-FY2022 in ~~Table~~T able
10.1, “Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used10.1, “Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical in the Historical ~~Tables~~T ables: 1940: 1940 –2026,” –2026,” Budget of the United States
~~Government~~Governm ent, Fiscal Year 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/hist10z1_fy22.xlsx. , https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/hist10z1_fy22.xlsx.
4 EOP, OMB, 4 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and
~~Development~~Developm ent, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ap_14_research_fy22.pdf.
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(DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), and (DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
With the exception of DOD, With the exception of DOD, ~~all~~ al federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase under the federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase under the
President’s FY2022 request compared to their FY2021 estimated levels. The agencies with the President’s FY2022 request compared to their FY2021 estimated levels. The agencies with the
largest R&D funding increases (measured in dollars) in the FY2022 request compared to FY2021 largest R&D funding increases (measured in dollars) in the FY2022 request compared to FY2021
estimated levels are HHS (up $7.738 estimated levels are HHS (up $7.738 ~~billion~~bil ion), DOE (up $2.140 ), DOE (up $2.140 ~~billion~~bil ion), and NASA (up $1.339 ), and NASA (up $1.339
~~billion~~ bil ion). DOD R&D funding would decline by $550 ). DOD R&D funding would decline by $550 ~~million~~ mil ion (down 0.9%). (down 0.9%). ~~See~~See Table 1.
The agencies with the largest percentage increases in R&D funding in the FY2022 request The agencies with the largest percentage increases in R&D funding in the FY2022 request
compared to the FY2021 estimated level are DOT (up 30.8%), DOC (up 29.3%), USDA (up compared to the FY2021 estimated level are DOT (up 30.8%), DOC (up 29.3%), USDA (up
21.7%), DOI (up 18.2%), and HHS (up 17.821.7%), DOI (up 18.2%), and HHS (up 17.8%). ~~See~~See Table 1.
Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2020-FY2022
(budget authority, (budget authority, ~~dollar~~dol ar amounts in amounts in ~~millions~~mil ions) )

FY2021-FY2022
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
Dollar
Percent
Department/Agency
Actual
Estimate
Request
Change
Change
Department of Defense Department of Defense
~~62,438a~~
~~63,350a~~62,43 8a 63,350a
62,800 62,800
-550 -550
-0.9% -0.9%
Dept. of Health and Human Services Dept. of Health and Human Services
44,455 44,455
43,494 43,494
51,232 51,232
7,738 7,738
17.8% 17.8%
Department of Energy Department of Energy
19,476 19,476
19,312 19,312
21,452 21,452
2,140 2,140
11.1% 11.1%
NASA NASA
14,801 14,801
13,226 13,226
14,565 14,565
1,339 1,339
10.1% 10.1%
National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
6,800 6,800
7,408 7,408
8,173 8,173
765 765
10.3% 10.3%
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture
2,989 2,989
2,965 2,965
3,609 3,609
644 644
21.7% 21.7%
Department of Commerce Department of Commerce
1,953 1,953
2,122 2,122
2,743 2,743
621 621
29.3% 29.3%
Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs
1,366 1,366
1,420 1,420
1,498 1,498
78 78
5.5% 5.5%
Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
1,043 1,043
1,024 1,024
1,339 1,339
315 315
30.8% 30.8%
Department of the Interior Department of the Interior
1,094 1,094
1,033 1,033
1,221 1,221
188 188
18.2% 18.2%
Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
532 532
590 590
627 627
37 37
6.3% 6.3%
Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Institution
516 516
524 524
585 585
61 61
11.6% 11.6%
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency
237 237
445 445
473 473
28 28
6.3% 6.3%
Department of Education Department of Education
344 344
322 322
346 346
24 24
7.5% 7.5%
Other Other
582 582
563 563
597 597
34 34
6.0% 6.0%
Total Total
158,626
157,798
171,260
13,462
8.5%
Source: CRS analysis of data from CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/
ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. ap_14_research_fy22.pdf.
Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.
a. DOD R&D in this table does not include funding for budget activity (BA) 6.6 and BA 6.7. OMB considers a. DOD R&D in this table does not include funding for budget activity (BA) 6.6 and BA 6.7. OMB considers
BA 6.6 to be “non-investment activities” and BA 6.7 to be considered BA 6.6 to be “non-investment activities” and BA 6.7 to be considered nonexperimental development. nonexperimental development.
Combined BA 6.6 and BA 6.7 funding is $46.2 Combined BA 6.6 and BA 6.7 funding is $46.2 ~~billion~~bil ion in FY2021 and $48.0 in FY2021 and $48.0 ~~billion~~ bil ion for FY2022. for FY2022.
Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment
Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of work it supports—basic research, Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of work it supports—basic research,
applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities
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and acquisition of major R&D equipment. ( and acquisition of major R&D equipment. (~~See~~See Table 2.) ) President Biden’s FY2022 request President Biden’s FY2022 request
includes $47.387 includes $47.387 ~~billion~~ bil ion for basic research, up $4.402 for basic research, up $4.402 ~~billion~~bil ion (10.2%) from the FY2021 estimated (10.2%) from the FY2021 estimated
level; $51.126 level; $51.126 ~~billion~~bil ion for applied research, up $6.283 for applied research, up $6.283 ~~billion~~bil ion (14.0%); $68.136 (14.0%); $68.136 ~~billion~~bil ion for for
development, up $2.397 development, up $2.397 ~~billion~~ bil ion (3.6%); and $4.611 (3.6%); and $4.611 ~~billion~~bil ion for R&D facilities and equipment, up for R&D facilities and equipment, up
$380 mil ion (9.0%). ~~$380 million (9.0%).~~
Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment,
FY2020-FY2022
(budget authority, (budget authority, ~~dollar~~dol ar amounts in amounts in ~~millions~~mil ions) )

Change, FY2021-FY2022
Character of Work, Facilities,
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
and Equipment
Actual
Estimated
Request
Dollars
Percent
Basic research Basic research
44,290 44,290
42,985 42,985
47,387 47,387
4,402 4,402
10.2% 10.2%
Applied research Applied research
45,992 45,992
44,843 44,843
51,126 51,126
6,283 6,283
14.0% 14.0%
Development Development
62,124 62,124
65,739 65,739
68,136 68,136
2,397 2,397
3.6% 3.6%
Facilities Facilities and Equipment and Equipment
6,220 6,220
4,231 4,231
4,611 4,611
380 380
9.0% 9.0%
Total
158,626
157,798
171,260
13,462
8.5%
Source: CRS analysis of data fromCRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/
ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. ap_14_research_fy22.pdf.
Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work
A primary policy justification for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax A primary policy justification for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax
credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the
private sector private sector ~~will~~wil , left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The , left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The
usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed
the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or
higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include
long time horizons for achieving commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due long time horizons for achieving commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due
to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk and uncertainty, shareholder demands to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk and uncertainty, shareholder demands
for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information. for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information.
The federal government is the nation’s largest supporter of basic research, funding 41% of U.S. The federal government is the nation’s largest supporter of basic research, funding 41% of U.S.
basic research in 2019 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available). basic research in 2019 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available).
Business funded 31% of U.S. basic research in 2019, with state governments, universities, and Business funded 31% of U.S. basic research in 2019, with state governments, universities, and
other nonprofit organizations funding the remaining 29%.5 For U.S. applied research, business is other nonprofit organizations funding the remaining 29%.5 For U.S. applied research, business is
the primary funder, accounting for an estimated 55% in 2019, while the federal government the primary funder, accounting for an estimated 55% in 2019, while the federal government
accounted for an estimated 33%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit accounted for an estimated 33%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit
organizations funded the remaining 12%. Business also provides the vast majority of U.S. organizations funded the remaining 12%. Business also provides the vast majority of U.S.
funding for development. Business accounted for 86% of development funding in 2019, while the funding for development. Business accounted for 86% of development funding in 2019, while the

5 Percentages may not sum to 100% due5 Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. to rounding.
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federal government provided 13%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit federal government provided 13%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit
organizations funded the remaining 2% (organizations funded the remaining 2% (~~see~~see Figure 1).6 6
Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development
by Funding Sector, 2019

Source: CRS analysis of CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2018–19 Data Update, ,
NSF 21-325, Tables 7-9, April 9, 2021. NSF 21-325, Tables 7-9, April 9, 2021.
Notes: Components may not add to total due to rounding. Data are preliminary Components may not add to total due to rounding. Data are preliminary and may be revised. and may be revised.
Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined
Federal R&D funding can also be viewed from the combined perspective of each agency’s Federal R&D funding can also be viewed from the combined perspective of each agency’s
contribution to basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipmentcontribution to basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment.. Table
3 lists the three agencies with the most funding in each of these categories as proposed in the lists the three agencies with the most funding in each of these categories as proposed in the
President’s FY2022 budget. The President’s FY2022 budget. The ~~overall~~ overal federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national
priorities, including supporting advances in spaceflight, developing new and affordable sources of priorities, including supporting advances in spaceflight, developing new and affordable sources of
energy, and understanding and deterring terrorist groups. These priorities and the mission of each energy, and understanding and deterring terrorist groups. These priorities and the mission of each
individualindividual agency contribute to the composition of that agency’s R&D spending (i.e., the agency contribute to the composition of that agency’s R&D spending (i.e., the
~~allocation~~al ocation of R&D funding among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities of R&D funding among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities
and equipment). and equipment).
In President Biden’s FY2022 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services, In President Biden’s FY2022 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services,
primarily NIH, would account for more than half (50.7%) of primarily NIH, would account for more than half (50.7%) of ~~all~~ al federal funding for basic federal funding for basic
research. HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about research. HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about
52.5% of 52.5% of ~~all federally~~al federal y funded applied research in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOD funded applied research in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOD
would be the primary federal funder of experimental development, accounting for 80.5% of total would be the primary federal funder of experimental development, accounting for 80.5% of total
federal development funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOE would be the federal development funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOE would be the
primary federal funder of R&D facilities and equipment, accounting for 58.2% of total federal primary federal funder of R&D facilities and equipment, accounting for 58.2% of total federal
R&D facilities and equipment funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request.7 R&D facilities and equipment funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request.7

~~6 CRS~~ 6 CRS analysis ofanalysis of National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2018–19 Data Update, NSF 21-, NSF 21-
325, 325, ~~Tables~~T ables 6-9, April 9, 2021. Data are preliminary and may be revised. 6-9, April 9, 2021. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Components may not add to total due to Components may not add to total due to
rounding. rounding.
7 CRS7 CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year
2021, Research and ~~Development~~Developm ent, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/
ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. ap_17_research_fy21.pdf.
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Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities,
and Equipment, FY2020 Actual, FY2021 Estimated, and FY2022 Request
(budget authority, (budget authority, ~~dollar~~dol ar amounts in amounts in ~~millions~~mil ions) )

Change, FY2021-FY2022
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
Character of Work/Agency
Actual
Estimate
Request
Dollars
Percent
Basic Research

Health and Human Services Health and Human Services
21,826 21,826
21,872 21,872
24,022 24,022
2,150 2,150
9.8% 9.8%
NSF NSF
5,437 5,437
5,966 5,966
6,532 6,532
566 566
9.5% 9.5%
Energy Energy
5,494 5,494
5,519 5,519
5,892 5,892
373 373
6.8% 6.8%
Applied Research

Health and Human Services Health and Human Services
22,081 22,081
21,297 21,297
26,835 26,835
5,538 5,538
26.0% 26.0%
Energy Energy
8,444 8,444
7,395 7,395
7,669 7,669
274 274
3.7% 3.7%
Defense Defense
6,274 6,274
6,654 6,654
5,559 5,559
-1,095 -1,095
-16.5% -16.5%
Experimental Development

Defense Defense
51,764 51,764
54,045 54,045
54,859 54,859
814 814
1.5% 1.5%
NASA NASA
5,430 5,430
5,990 5,990
5,915 5,915
-75 -75
-1.3% -1.3%
Energy Energy
3,060 3,060
3,715 3,715
5,206 5,206
1,491 1,491
40.1% 40.1%
Facilities and Equipment

Energy Energy
2,478 2,478
2,683 2,683
2,685 2,685
2 2
0.1% 0.1%
Commerce Commerce
366 366
352 352
657 657
305 305
86.6% 86.6%
NSF NSF
529 529
594 594
594 594
0 0
0.0% 0.0%
Source: CRS analysis of data fromCRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/
ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. ap_14_research_fy22.pdf.
Note: This table shows only the top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY2022 request. This table shows only the top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY2022 request.
Multiagency R&D Initiatives
For many years, presidential budgets have reported on multiagency R&D initiatives. Often, they For many years, presidential budgets have reported on multiagency R&D initiatives. Often, they
have also provided details of agency funding for these initiatives. Some of these efforts have a have also provided details of agency funding for these initiatives. Some of these efforts have a
statutory basis—for example, the Networking and Information Technology Research and statutory basis—for example, the Networking and Information Technology Research and
Development (NITRD) program, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), and the U.S. Development (NITRD) program, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), and the U.S.
Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). These programs Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). These programs ~~generally~~general y produce annual budget produce annual budget
supplements identifying objectives, activities, funding levels, and other information, supplements identifying objectives, activities, funding levels, and other information, ~~usually~~
usual y published shortly after the presidential budget release. Other multiagency R&D initiativespublished shortly after the presidential budget release. Other multiagency R&D initiatives have have
operated at the discretion of the President, without a specific statutory mandate, and may be operated at the discretion of the President, without a specific statutory mandate, and may be
eliminated at the discretion of the President. President Biden’s FY2022 budget is largely silent on eliminated at the discretion of the President. President Biden’s FY2022 budget is largely silent on
funding levels for these efforts and whether any or funding levels for these efforts and whether any or ~~all~~ al of the nonstatutory initiatives of the nonstatutory initiatives ~~will~~ wil continue. continue.
Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may
be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. This section provides available be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. This section provides available
multiagency information on these initiatives and multiagency information on these initiatives and ~~will~~ wil be updated as additional information be updated as additional information
becomes available. becomes available.
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Networking and Information Technology Research
and Development Program8
Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and
Information Technology Research and Development Program is the primary mechanism by which Information Technology Research and Development Program is the primary mechanism by which
the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D
investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software
engineering, and information management. The NITRD National Coordination Office (NCO) engineering, and information management. The NITRD National Coordination Office (NCO)
coordinates the information technology R&D activities of 24 federal agency members and more coordinates the information technology R&D activities of 24 federal agency members and more
than 45 other participating agencies with program interests and activities in IT R&D. NITRD than 45 other participating agencies with program interests and activities in IT R&D. NITRD
efforts are further coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) NITRD efforts are further coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) NITRD
Subcommittee.9 Subcommittee.9
P.L. 102-194, as reauthorized by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L. P.L. 102-194, as reauthorized by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L.
114-329), requires the director of the NITRD NCO to prepare an annual report to be delivered to 114-329), requires the director of the NITRD NCO to prepare an annual report to be delivered to
Congress along with the President’s budget request. This annual report, often referred to as a Congress along with the President’s budget request. This annual report, often referred to as a
budget supplement, is to include, among other things, detailed information on the program’s budget supplement, is to include, among other things, detailed information on the program’s
budget for the current and previous fiscal years and the proposed budget for the next fiscal year budget for the current and previous fiscal years and the proposed budget for the next fiscal year
(FY). The latest annual report was published in August 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget (FY). The latest annual report was published in August 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget
request. For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, request. For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, The
Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program:
Background, Funding, and Activities, by Patricia Moloney Figliola. Additional, by Patricia Moloney Figliola. Additional information on the information on the
NITRD Program can be obtained at https://www.nitrd.gov. NITRD Program can be obtained at https://www.nitrd.gov.
Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions~~mil ions of current of current ~~dollars~~dol ars) )

FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
Actual
Enacted
Request
Request
Total, NITRD Total, NITRD
6,472.1 6,472.1
6,692.2a 6,692.2a
6,505.0 6,505.0
n/a n/a
Source: EOP, NSTC, EOP, NSTC, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: ~~Supplement~~ Supplement to
the President’s FY2021 Budget, August 14, 2020., August 14, 2020.
Note: n/a = not available. n/a = not available.
a. Includes $6,666.5 a. Includes $6,666.5 ~~million~~ mil ion in regular appropriations and additional $25.7 in regular appropriations and additional $25.7 ~~million~~ mil ion in supplemental in supplemental
appropriation. appropriation.

8 For additional information on the Networking and Information 8 For additional information on the Networking and Information ~~Technology~~T echnology Research and Development program, Research and Development program,
please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and ~~Telecommunications Policy.~~
~~9 The NSTC was established~~ T elecommunications Policy. 9 T he NST C was established by Executive Order 12881 in 1993. According to the White House, “by Executive Order 12881 in 1993. According to the White House, “~~This~~T his Cabinet Cabinet -level -level
Council isCouncil is the principal means within the Executive Branch to coordinate science and technology policy across the the principal means within the Executive Branch to coordinate science and technology policy across the
diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development ~~enterprise~~enterpr ise. Chaired by the President, the . Chaired by the President, the
membership of the membership of the ~~NSTC~~NST C is made up of the Vice is made up of the Vice President, Cabinet SecretariesPresident, Cabinet Secretaries and Agency Headsand Agency Heads with significant with significant
science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. In practice, the Assistant to the science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. In practice, the Assistant to the ~~President~~Pr esident for for
ScienceScience ~~and Technology~~ and T echnology Policy oversees the Policy oversees the ~~NSTC~~NST C’s ongoing activities.” (Source:’s ongoing activities.” (Source: EOP, Office of ScienceEOP, Office of Science ~~and~~
~~Technology~~ and T echnology Policy, “ Policy, “~~NSTC~~NST C,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.) For more information on the ,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.) For more information on the ~~NSTC~~NST C, see CRS , see CRS
Report R43935, Report R43935, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview, by John F. Sargent Jr. and , by John F. Sargent Jr. and
Dana A. Shea;Dana A. Shea; and https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/. and https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.
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U.S. Global Change Research Program10
The U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates and integrates federal research and The U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates and integrates federal research and
applications to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes applications to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes
of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “build a of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “build a
knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated
and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”11 and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”11
In FY2019, 10 departments and agencies received appropriations for their USGCRP participation. In FY2019, 10 departments and agencies received appropriations for their USGCRP participation.
USGCRP efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Each USGCRP efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Each
agency develops and carries out its activities as its contribution to the USGCRP, and funds are agency develops and carries out its activities as its contribution to the USGCRP, and funds are
appropriated to each agency for those activities; those activities may or may not be identified as appropriated to each agency for those activities; those activities may or may not be identified as
associated with the USGCRP in agency budget justifications or other program materials available associated with the USGCRP in agency budget justifications or other program materials available
publicly. Complementing USGCRP activities are many federal climate change or global change-publicly. Complementing USGCRP activities are many federal climate change or global change-
related activities with programmatic missions, not predominantly scientific. These are reported related activities with programmatic missions, not predominantly scientific. These are reported
separately in budget justifications. separately in budget justifications.
The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA, P.L. 101-606) requires each federal agency or The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA, P.L. 101-606) requires each federal agency or
department involved in global change research to report department involved in global change research to report ~~annually~~annual y to Congress on each element of to Congress on each element of
its proposed global change research activities, as its proposed global change research activities, as ~~well~~ wel as the portion of its budget request as the portion of its budget request
~~allocated~~al ocated to each element of the program.12 The President is also required to identify those to each element of the program.12 The President is also required to identify those
activities and the annual global change research budget in the President’s annual budget request. activities and the annual global change research budget in the President’s annual budget request.
The President’s budget requests for years later than FY2017 do not report these budget data The President’s budget requests for years later than FY2017 do not report these budget data
required by the GCRA, although some agencies report their contributions in their budget required by the GCRA, although some agencies report their contributions in their budget
justifications to Congress. justifications to Congress.
In addition, in the 20 years prior to FY2018, language in appropriations laws required the In addition, in the 20 years prior to FY2018, language in appropriations laws required the
President to submit a comprehensive report to the appropriations committees “describing in detail President to submit a comprehensive report to the appropriations committees “describing in detail
~~all~~ al Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change programs, projects, Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change programs, projects,
and activities … including an accounting of funding by agency….”13 As these are no longer and activities … including an accounting of funding by agency….”13 As these are no longer
reported by OMBreported by OMB, Table 5 presents data compiled by CRS from communications with presents data compiled by CRS from communications with
departments and agencies that participated in the USGCRP in FY2018. departments and agencies that participated in the USGCRP in FY2018.
For additional For additional information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, Federal Climate Change
Funding from FY2008 to FY2014, by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, and Emily Bruner. , by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, and Emily Bruner.
~~Additional~~ Additional USGCRP information can be obtained at http://www.globalchange.gov. USGCRP information can be obtained at http://www.globalchange.gov.
Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions~~mil ions of current of current ~~dollars~~dol ars) )
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022

Enacted
Request
Request
Request
Total, USGCRP Total, USGCRP
2,436 2,436
1,943 1,943
~~n/a~~1,915
n/a n/a
Source: GlobalChange.gov, https://www.globalchange.gov/about. GlobalChange.gov, https://www.globalchange.gov/about.

10 For additional information on the U.S. Global10 For additional information on the U.S. Global Change Research Program, please contact Jane A. Leggett, Specialist Change Research Program, please contact Jane A. Leggett, Specialist
in Energy and Environmental Policy. in Energy and Environmental Policy.
11 U.S. 11 U.S. ~~Global~~ Global Change Research Program website,Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan. http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan.
12 Directives to report annually to Congress on budget12 Directives to report annually to Congress on budget ~~requests~~ requests and spendingand spending occur in several sections of P.L. 101-606, occur in several sections of P.L. 101-606,
includingincluding Sections 105(b) and (c) on BudgetSections 105(b) and (c) on Budget Coordination, and Section 107, Annual Report. Coordination, and Section 107, Annual Report.
13 See,13 See, most recently, P.L. 115-31, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 416. most recently, P.L. 115-31, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 416.
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Notes: n/a = not available. Funding for activities n/a = not available. Funding for activities that contribute to the USGCRP has been appropriated to more that contribute to the USGCRP has been appropriated to more
than a dozen federal departments and agencies in the past, and somethan a dozen federal departments and agencies in the past, and some spending of it is transferred or coordinated spending of it is transferred or coordinated
through interagency agreements.through interagency agreements. ~~Almost all~~ Almost al of the funding is spent directly by agencies on research and related of the funding is spent directly by agencies on research and related
activities; a activities; a ~~small~~ smal percentage is spent for interagency coordination and communications in the USGCRP program percentage is spent for interagency coordination and communications in the USGCRP program
office. office.
National Nanotechnology Initiative14
Launched in FY2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative is a multiagency R&D initiativeLaunched in FY2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative is a multiagency R&D initiative to to
advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and sometimes useful ways from the biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and sometimes useful ways from the
properties of individualproperties of individual atoms or bulk matter.15 In 2003, Congress enacted the 21st Century atoms or bulk matter.15 In 2003, Congress enacted the 21st Century
Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153), providing a legislative Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153), providing a legislative
foundation for some of the activities of the NNI. NNI efforts are coordinated by the NSTC foundation for some of the activities of the NNI. NNI efforts are coordinated by the NSTC
Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). For FY2020, the Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). For FY2020, the
President’s request included NNI funding for 15 federal departments and independent agencies President’s request included NNI funding for 15 federal departments and independent agencies
and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology R&D. The NSET includes other and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology R&D. The NSET includes other
federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with responsibilities for health, federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with responsibilities for health,
safety, and environmental regulation; trade; education; safety, and environmental regulation; trade; education; ~~intellectual~~intel ectual property; international property; international
relations; and other areas that might affect or be affected by nanotechnology.relations; and other areas that might affect or be affected by nanotechnology.
P.L. 108-153 requires the NSTC to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress at the P.L. 108-153 requires the NSTC to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress at the
time the President’s budget request is sent to Congress. This annual report, often referred to as a time the President’s budget request is sent to Congress. This annual report, often referred to as a
budget supplement, is to include detailed information on the program’s budget for the current budget supplement, is to include detailed information on the program’s budget for the current
fiscal year and the program’s proposed budget for the next fiscal year, as fiscal year and the program’s proposed budget for the next fiscal year, as ~~well~~ wel as additional as additional
information and data related to the performance of the program. The latest annual report was information and data related to the performance of the program. The latest annual report was
published in October 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget request. President Trump requested published in October 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget request. President Trump requested
$1.723 $1.723 ~~billion~~ bil ion for NNI research in FY2021, a decrease of $117 for NNI research in FY2021, a decrease of $117 ~~million~~mil ion (6.3%) from the enacted (6.3%) from the enacted
FY2020 level.16 FY2020 level.16
For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, The National Nanotechnology
Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues, by John F. Sargent Jr. , by John F. Sargent Jr.
~~Additional~~ Additional NNI information can be obtained at http://www.nano.gov. NNI information can be obtained at http://www.nano.gov.

14 For additional information on the National 14 For additional information on the National ~~Nanotechnology~~Nanot echnology Initiative, please contact John F. Sargent Initiative, please contact John F. Sargent, Jr., Specialist Jr., Specialist
~~in Science and Technology~~ in Science and T echnology Policy. Policy.
15 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer 15 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer
is one-billionth of a meter, or aboutis one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged sidethe width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by sideby side in a line. in a line.
16 EOP, 16 EOP, ~~NSTC~~NST C, , The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2020 Budget, August 2019. , August 2019.
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Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2019-FY2022
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions~~mil ions of current of current ~~dollars~~dol ars) )

FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
Estimated
Enacted
Request
Request
Total, NNI Total, NNI
1,858.3 1,858.3
1,839.7 1,839.7
1,723.2 1,723.2
n/a n/a
Source: EOP, NSTC, EOP, NSTC, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: ~~Supplement~~ Supplement to the President’s 2021 Budget, October October
2020. 2020.
FY2022 Appropriations Status
The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments
and agencies that, in aggregate, receive nearly 99% of total federal R&D funding. Agencies are and agencies that, in aggregate, receive nearly 99% of total federal R&D funding. Agencies are
presented in order of the size of their FY2020 R&D budget requests, with the largest presented presented in order of the size of their FY2020 R&D budget requests, with the largest presented
first.first.
Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations
~~bills~~ bil s. For each agency covered in this . For each agency covered in this ~~repo~~rtreport, Table 7 shows the corresponding regular shows the corresponding regular
appropriations appropriations ~~bill~~ bil that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities. that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities.
Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the
portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may
differ from R&D data in the President’s budget or otherwise provided by OMB. differ from R&D data in the President’s budget or otherwise provided by OMB.
Funding for R&D is often included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D Funding for R&D is often included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D
activities; therefore, in such cases, it may not be possible to identify precisely how much of the activities; therefore, in such cases, it may not be possible to identify precisely how much of the
funding provided in appropriations laws is funding provided in appropriations laws is ~~allocated to R&D specifically~~al ocated to R&D specifical y. In general, R&D . In general, R&D
funding levels are known only after departments and agencies funding levels are known only after departments and agencies ~~allocate~~al ocate their appropriations to their appropriations to
specific activities and report those figures. specific activities and report those figures.
As of the date of this report, the House has acted on six of the As of the date of this report, the House has acted on six of the ~~appropriations bills~~nine appropriations bil s that provide that provide
R&D funding; the Senate has not acted on any of the appropriations acts.R&D funding; the Senate has not acted on any of the appropriations acts. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022; the other three acts had previously been reported by committee.
In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations ~~bills~~bil s and and
for a number of federal agencies. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at for a number of federal agencies. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at
http://www.crs.gov/iap/appropriations. Also, the status of each appropriations http://www.crs.gov/iap/appropriations. Also, the status of each appropriations ~~bill~~ bil is availableis available on on
the CRS web page “Appropriations Status Table,” available at http://www.crs.gov/the CRS web page “Appropriations Status Table,” available at http://www.crs.gov/
AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.
Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills
Department/Agency
Regular ~~Appropriations~~ Appropriations Bill
Department of Defense Department of Defense
Department of Defense Department of Defense Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Health and Human Services Department of Health and Human Services
(1) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, (1) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,
- National Institutes of Health - National Institutes of Health
and Education, and Related Agencies and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
(2) Department of the Interior,(2) Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Environment, and Related
AgenciesAgencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Energy Department of Energy
Energy and Water Development Energy and Water Development ~~and Related Agencies~~
~~Appropriations Act~~
~~National Aeronautics and Space Administration~~
~~Commerce, Justice, Science,~~ and Related Agencies and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
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Department/Agency
Regular ~~Appropriations Bill~~ Appropriations Bill National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act
National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
Commerce, Commerce, Justice, Science,Justice, Science, and Related Agencies and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture
Agriculture, Agriculture, Rural Development,Rural Development, Food and Drug Food and Drug
Administration,Administration, and Related Agenciesand Related Agencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Commerce Department of Commerce
Commerce, Commerce, Justice, Science,Justice, Science, and Related Agencies and Related Agencies
- National Institute of Standards and Technology - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administration
Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related and Related
AgenciesAgencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of the Interior Department of the Interior
Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Environment, and Related
AgenciesAgencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and and
Related AgenciesRelated Agencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency
Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Environment, and Related
AgenciesAgencies Appropriations Act Appropriations Act
Source: CRS Report R40858, CRS Report R40858, Locate an Agency or Program ~~Within Appropriations Bills~~ Within Appropriations Bil s, by Justin Murray., by Justin Murray.
Department of Defense17
The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide “the military forces needed to deter war The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide “the military forces needed to deter war
and ensure our nation’s security.”18 Congress supports research and development activities at and ensure our nation’s security.”18 Congress supports research and development activities at
DOD primarily through the department’s Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) DOD primarily through the department’s Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E)
funding. These funds support the development of the nation’s future military hardware and funding. These funds support the development of the nation’s future military hardware and
software and the science and technology base upon which those products rely. This section software and the science and technology base upon which those products rely. This section
includes funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7 which OMB no longer counts as R&D.includes funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7 which OMB no longer counts as R&D.
Most of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV of the annual defense Most of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV of the annual defense
appropriations appropriations ~~bill. (S~~eebil . (See Table 8.) ) Title IV RDT&E funds support activities such as R&D Title IV RDT&E funds support activities such as R&D
performed by academic institutions, DOD laboratories, and companies, as performed by academic institutions, DOD laboratories, and companies, as ~~well~~ wel as test and as test and
evaluation activities at specialized DOD facilities, among other things. evaluation activities at specialized DOD facilities, among other things.
However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the ~~bill~~bil . For example, RDT&E . For example, RDT&E
funds are appropriated as part of the Defense Health Program, the Chemical Agents and funds are appropriated as part of the Defense Health Program, the Chemical Agents and
Munitions Destruction Program, and the National Defense Sealift Fund. Munitions Destruction Program, and the National Defense Sealift Fund.
 The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD  The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD
personnel and their families. DHP funds (including the RDT&E funds) are personnel and their families. DHP funds (including the RDT&E funds) are
requested through the Defense-wide Operations and Maintenance appropriations requested through the Defense-wide Operations and Maintenance appropriations
request. The program’s RDT&E funds support request. The program’s RDT&E funds support ~~congressionally~~congressional y directed research directed research
on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer; traumatic brain injuries; orthotics and on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer; traumatic brain injuries; orthotics and
prosthetics; and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this prosthetics; and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this
~~program in Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs) of the defense~~
~~appropriations bill.~~

~~17 This section was~~ 17 T his section was written by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialistwritten by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Sciencein Science ~~and Technology~~ and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Policy, CRS Resources,
Science,Science, and Industry Division. and Industry Division.
18 Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/. 18 Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/.
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program in Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs) of the defense appropriations bil .  The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to  The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to
destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid
future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are
requested through the Defense-wide Procurement appropriations request. requested through the Defense-wide Procurement appropriations request.
Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI. Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI.
 The National Defense Sealift Fund supports the procurement, operation and  The National Defense Sealift Fund supports the procurement, operation and
maintenance, and research and development associated with the nation’s naval maintenance, and research and development associated with the nation’s naval
reserve fleet and supports a U.S. flagged merchant fleet that can serve in time of reserve fleet and supports a U.S. flagged merchant fleet that can serve in time of
need. In some fiscal years, RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the need. In some fiscal years, RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the
Navy’s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V (Revolving and Navy’s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V (Revolving and
Management Funds) of the appropriations Management Funds) of the appropriations ~~bill~~bil ..
For more than a decade, RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of For more than a decade, RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of
DOD’s separate funding to support efforts in what the George W. Bush Administration termed the DOD’s separate funding to support efforts in what the George W. Bush Administration termed the
Global War on Terror (GWOT) and what the Obama and Trump Administrations referred to as Global War on Terror (GWOT) and what the Obama and Trump Administrations referred to as
Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). In appropriations Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). In appropriations ~~bills~~bil s, the term Overseas Contingency , the term Overseas Contingency
Operations/Global War on Terror (OCO/GWOT) was used. Operations/Global War on Terror (OCO/GWOT) was used. ~~Typically~~Typical y, the RDT&E funds , the RDT&E funds
appropriated for OCO activities were directed toward specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title appropriated for OCO activities were directed toward specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title
IV. President Biden’s FY2022 request does not include separate OCO/GWOT funding. IV. President Biden’s FY2022 request does not include separate OCO/GWOT funding.
For FY2022, the Biden Administration is requesting $111.964 For FY2022, the Biden Administration is requesting $111.964 ~~billion~~ bil ion for DOD’s Title IV RDT&E for DOD’s Title IV RDT&E
PEs, $4.509 PEs, $4.509 ~~billion~~bil ion (4.2%) above the estimated FY2021 level. ( (4.2%) above the estimated FY2021 level. (SeeSee Table 8.) ) In addition, the In addition, the
FY2022 request includes $630.7 FY2022 request includes $630.7 ~~million~~mil ion in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program (DHP; in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program (DHP;
down $1.762 down $1.762 ~~billion~~bil ion, 73.6% from FY2021), $1.001 , 73.6% from FY2021), $1.001 ~~billion~~bil ion in RDT&E through the Chemical in RDT&E through the Chemical
Agents and Munitions Destruction program (up $58.7 Agents and Munitions Destruction program (up $58.7 ~~million~~mil ion, 6.2% from FY2021), and $2.4 , 6.2% from FY2021), and $2.4
~~million~~ mil ion for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities (up $1.3 for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities (up $1.3 ~~million~~mil ion, 118.2% from , 118.2% from
FY2021). The FY2022 budget includes no RDT&E funding via the National Defense Sealift FY2021). The FY2022 budget includes no RDT&E funding via the National Defense Sealift
Fund, the same as the FY2021 estimated level. On July 13, 2021, the House Appropriations Committee reported the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4432). The act would provide $110.369 bil ion in Title IV RDT&E, an increase of $2.914 bil ion (2.7%) over FY2021 funding and $1.595 bil ion (1.4%) below the request. The act would also provide $1.839 bil ion for Defense Health Program R&D, down $553.9 mil ion (23.2%) from the FY2021 level and up $1.208 bil ion (191.5%) from the request; $1,001.2 bil ion for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, up $58.7 mil ion (6.2%) from the FY2021 level and equal to the request; and $2.4 bil ion for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities, up $1.3 (115.4%) mil ion from the FY2021 level and nearly the same as the request. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022. One of these acts was the Department of Defense appropriations act. The act would provide $116.152 bil ion in Title IV RDT&E, an increase of $8.698 bil ion (8.1%) over FY2021 funding, an increase of $4.188 bil ion (3.7%) over the request, and an increase of $5.784 bil ion (5.2%) over the House Committee-passed level. In addition, it would provide $1.850 bil ion for Defense Health Program R&D, down $543.0 mil ion (22.7%) from the FY2021 level and up $1.219 bil ion (193.3%) from the request; $1.094 bil ion for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, up $151.9 mil ion (16.1%) from the FY2021 level and up $93.2 mil ion (9.3%) from the request; and $2.4 bil ion for the Inspector General for Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 RDT&E-related activities, up $1.3 (115.4%) mil ion from the FY2021 level and nearly the same as the request. ~~Fund, the same as the FY2021 estimated level.~~
RDT&E funding can be analyzed in different ways. RDT&E funding can be characterized RDT&E funding can be analyzed in different ways. RDT&E funding can be characterized
~~organizationally~~ organizational y. Each military department requests and receives its own RDT&E funding. So, . Each military department requests and receives its own RDT&E funding. So,
too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency), collectively aggregated within the Defense-wide account. RDT&E Research Projects Agency), collectively aggregated within the Defense-wide account. RDT&E
funding also can be characterized by budget activity (i.e., the type of RDT&E supported). Those funding also can be characterized by budget activity (i.e., the type of RDT&E supported). Those
budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced
technology development, respectively) constitute what is technology development, respectively) constitute what is ~~called~~cal ed DOD’s Science and Technology DOD’s Science and Technology
(S&T) program and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget (S&T) program and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget
activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components for activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components for
which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget
activity 6.6 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities.19 activity 6.6 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities.19
Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational
systems.20 A new budget activity, 6.8, was added in the FY2021 budget and supports software and systems.20 A new budget activity, 6.8, was added in the FY2021 budget and supports software and
~~digital~~ digital technology pilot programs.21technology pilot programs.21
Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in DOD S&T program funding, Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in DOD S&T program funding,
since these funds support the development of new technologies and the science that underlies since these funds support the development of new technologies and the science that underlies
them. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as them. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as

~~19 Beginning in FY2022, budget activity 6.6 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB.~~
~~20 Beginning in FY2018, budget activity 6.7 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB.~~
~~21 For additional information on the structure of Defense RDT&E, see CRS Report R44711,~~ ~~Department of Defense~~
~~Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure, by John F. Sargent Jr.~~
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imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at
this stage of development may also contribute to advances in commercial technologies. this stage of development may also contribute to advances in commercial technologies.
The FY2022 request for Title IV S&T funding is $14.685 The FY2022 request for Title IV S&T funding is $14.685 ~~billion~~bil ion, $2.131 , $2.131 ~~billion~~ bil ion (12.7%) below (12.7%) below
the FY2021 estimated level. Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special the FY2021 estimated level. Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special
attention, particularly by the nation’s universities, as over half of DOD’s basic research budget is attention, particularly by the nation’s universities, as over half of DOD’s basic research budget is
spent at universities. The Biden Administration is requesting $2.283 spent at universities. The Biden Administration is requesting $2.283 ~~billion~~ bil ion for DOD basic for DOD basic
research for FY2022, $342.9 research for FY2022, $342.9 ~~million~~mil ion (13.1%) below the FY2021 estimated level. The proposed (13.1%) below the FY2021 estimated level. The proposed
FY2022 cuts in S&T are spread across a variety of program elements in the Army, Navy, and Air FY2022 cuts in S&T are spread across a variety of program elements in the Army, Navy, and Air
Force accounts. The Army would see the largest cut in both dollars and percentage ($1.3 Force accounts. The Army would see the largest cut in both dollars and percentage ($1.3 ~~billion~~bil ion, ,
33%), followed by the Air Force ($560 33%), followed by the Air Force ($560 ~~million~~mil ion, 18.1%), and the Navy ($309 , 18.1%), and the Navy ($309 ~~million~~mil ion, 11.6%). , 11.6%).
Among the proposed FY2022 program element cuts are the University Research Initiatives Among the proposed FY2022 program element cuts are the University Research Initiatives
program elements in the Army ($18 program elements in the Army ($18 ~~million,~~ mil ion, 20.9%), Navy ($27 20.9%), Navy ($27 ~~million~~mil ion, 18.5%), and Air Force , 18.5%), and Air Force
($34 ($34 ~~million~~mil ion, 17.4%). Increases in S&T funding would be provided to the Space Force ($36 , 17.4%). Increases in S&T funding would be provided to the Space Force ($36
~~million,~~ mil ion, 16.4%) and Defense-wide accounts ($29 16.4%) and Defense-wide accounts ($29 ~~million, 0.4%).~~
mil ion, 0.4%). The Senate Appropriations Committee draft would provide $17.672 bil ion for Defense S&T, including $3.005 bil ion for basic research. While DOD is not the largest federal funder of basic research, it is a substantial source of federal While DOD is not the largest federal funder of basic research, it is a substantial source of federal
funds for university R&D in certain fields, such as aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical funds for university R&D in certain fields, such as aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical
engineering (65%); electrical, electronic, and communications engineering (58%); industrial and engineering (65%); electrical, electronic, and communications engineering (58%); industrial and
manufacturing engineering (58%); mechanical engineering (49%); computer and information manufacturing engineering (58%); mechanical engineering (49%); computer and information
sciences (48%); materials science (44%); and sciences (48%); materials science (44%); and ~~metallurgical~~metal urgical and materials engineering (41%).22 and materials engineering (41%).22
~~Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E~~
~~(total obligational authority, in millions of dollars)~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~F2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Budget Account~~
Estimatea
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Army~~
~~14,144.9~~
~~12,799.6~~

~~Navy~~
~~20,138.4~~
~~22,639.4~~

~~Air Force~~
~~36,360.8~~
~~39,184.3~~

~~Space Force~~
~~10,540.1~~
~~11,266.4~~

~~Defense-wide~~
~~26,013.5~~
~~25,857.9~~

~~Director, Operational Test and~~
~~257.1~~
~~216.6~~

~~Evaluation~~
~~Total Title IV—By Account~~
~~107,454.8~~
~~111,964.2~~

~~Budget Activity~~

~~6.1 Basic Research~~
~~2,625.8~~
~~2,282.9~~

~~6.2 Applied Research~~
~~6,436.3~~
~~5,508.9~~

~~6.3 Advanced Technology~~
~~7,754.4~~
~~6,893.5~~

~~Development~~
~~6.4 Advanced Component~~
~~27,997.3~~
~~31,255.3~~

~~Development and Prototypes~~
~~6.5 Systems Dev. and~~
~~15,748.0~~
~~15,760.8~~

~~Demonstration~~
~~6.6 Management Supportb~~
~~7,626.8~~
~~7,387.3~~

~~22 CRS analysis of data from NSF, Higher Education Research and Development Survey, Fiscal Year 2019, Table 13,~~
~~January 2021, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21314 /.~~
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~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~F2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Budget Account~~
Estimatea
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~6.7 Operational Systems~~
~~38,602.8~~
~~40,591.5~~

~~Developmentc~~
~~6.8 Software and Digital~~
~~663.4~~
~~2,284.1~~

~~Technology Pilot Projects~~
~~Total Title IV—by Budget~~
~~107,454.8~~
~~111,964.2~~

~~Activity~~
~~Title V—Revolving and~~

~~Management Funds~~
~~National Defense Sealift Fund~~
~~0.0~~
~~0.0~~

~~Title VI—Other Defense~~

~~Programs~~
~~Defense Health Program~~
~~2,392.6~~
~~630.7~~

~~Chemical Agents and Munitions~~
~~942.5~~
~~1,001.2~~

~~Destruction~~
~~Inspector General~~
~~1.1~~
~~2.4~~

Grand Total, RDT&Ed
~~110,790.9~~
~~113,598.5~~

Source: CRS analysis of Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2022, RDT&E Programs (R‑1), May 2021.
Notes: n/a = not available. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed.
~~Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. According to DOD, “Total Obligation~~
~~Authority (TOA) is the sum of (1) all budget authority (BA) granted (or requested) from the Congress in a given~~
~~year, (2) amounts authorized to be credited to a specific fund, (3) BA transferred from another appropriation,~~
~~and (4) Unobligated balances of BA from previous years which remain available for obligation. In practice, this~~
~~term is used primarily in discussing the DOD budget, and most often refers to TOA as the ‘direct program,’~~
~~which equates to only (1) and (2) above.” DOD defines “budget authority” as “the authority becoming available~~
~~during the year to enter into obligations that result in immediate or future outlays of Government funds.” See~~
~~DOD 7000.14-R, “Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation,” http://comptroller.defense.gov/~~
~~fmr.aspx.~~
~~a. Includes funding provided in Division C, Title IX and Division J, Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations~~
~~Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260).~~
~~b. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation.~~
~~c. Includes funding for Classified Programs.~~
~~d. The Grand Total, RDT&E amounts for FY2021 and FY2022 include funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7~~
~~that OMB no longer counts as R&D. For these and other reasons,~~ 19 Beginning in FY2022, budget activity 6.6 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB. 20 Beginning in FY2018, budget activity 6.7 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB. 21 For additional information on the structure of Defense RDT &E, see CRS Report R44711, Department of Defense Research, Developm ent, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure , by John F. Sargent Jr. 22 CRS analysis of data from NSF, Higher Education Research and Development Survey, Fiscal Year 2019, T able 13, January 2021, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21314 . Congressional Research Service 14 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E (total obligational authority, in mil ions of dol ars) FY2021 FY2022 FY2022 F2022 FY2022 Budget Account Estimatea Request H. Cmte. S. Draft Enacted Army 14,144.9 12,799.6 13,381.4 13,467.9 Navy 20,138.4 22,639.4 20,694.7 21,546.5 Air Force 36,360.8 39,184.3 39,062.4 40,098.7 Space Force 10,540.1 11,266.4 10,774.3 11,642.6 Defense-wide 26,013.5 25,857.9 26,239.5 29,120.2 Director, Operational Test and 257.1 216.6 216.6 276.6 Evaluation Total Title IV—By Account 107,454.8 111,964.2 110,368.8 116,152.5 Budget Activity 6.1 Basic Research 2,625.8 2,282.9 2,445.5 3,005.4 6.2 Applied Research 6,436.3 5,508.9 5,917.3 6,531.9 6.3 Advanced Technology 7,754.4 6,893.5 7,655.7 8,134.8 Development 6.4 Advanced Component 27,997.3 31,255.3 30,256.1 32,486.4 Development and Prototypes 6.5 Systems Dev. and 15,748.0 15,760.8 15,121.1 14,865.0 Demonstration 6.6 Management Supportb 7,626.8 7,387.3 7,567.9 8,719.1 6.7 Operational Systems 38,602.8 40,591.5 40,106.9 41,704.7 Developmentc 6.8 Software and Digital 663.4 2,284.1 1,320.4 705.2 Technology Pilot Projects Undistributed Reducions -22.0 Total Title IV—by Budget 107,454.8 111,964.2 110,368.8 116,152.5 Activity Title V—Revolving and Management Funds National Defense Sealift Fund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Title VI—Other Defense Programs Defense Health Program 2,392.6 630.7 1,838.7 1,849.6 Chemical Agents and Munitions 942.5 1,001.2 1001.2 1,094.4 Destruction Inspector General 1.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 Grand Total, RDT&Ed 110,790.9 113,598.5 113,211.1 119,098.9 Defense S&T (6.1-6.3) 16,816.5 14,685.3 16,018.4 17,672.1 Source: CRS analysis of Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2022, RDT&E Programs (R‑1), May 2021. Congressional Research Service 15 link to page 8 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Notes: n/a = not available. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. According to DOD, “Total Obligation Authority (TOA) is the sum of (1) al budget authority (BA) granted (or requested) from the Congress in a given year, (2) amounts authorized to be credited to a specific fund, (3) BA transferred from another appropriation, and (4) Unobligated balances of BA from previous years which remain available for obligation. In practice, this term is used primarily in discussing the DOD budget, and most often refers to TOA as the ‘direct program,’ which equates to only (1) and (2) above.” DOD defines “budget authority” as “the authority becoming available during the year to enter into obligations that result in immediate or future outlays of Government funds.” See DOD 7000.14-R, “Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation,” http://comptrol er.defense.gov/fmr.aspx. a. Includes funding provided in Division C, Title IX and Division J, Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260). b. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation. c. Includes funding for Classified Programs. d. The Grand Total, RDT&E amounts for FY2021 and FY2022 include funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7 that OMB no longer counts as R&D. For these and other reasons, these amounts do not align with the DOD totals in~~these amounts do not align with the~~
~~DOD totals~~ in Table 1.
Department of Health and Human Services
The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is “to enhance and protect the The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is “to enhance and protect the
health and health and ~~well~~wel -being of -being of ~~all~~ al Americans ... by providing for effective health and human services Americans ... by providing for effective health and human services
and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services.”23 This section focuses on and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services.”23 This section focuses on
HHS research and development funded through the National Institutes of Health, an HHS agency HHS research and development funded through the National Institutes of Health, an HHS agency
that accounts for nearly 97% of total HHS R&D funding.24 Other HHS agencies that support that accounts for nearly 97% of total HHS R&D funding.24 Other HHS agencies that support
R&D include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Medicare and R&D include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Medicare and

~~23 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about.~~
~~24 Unpublished data provided to CRS by the Office of Management and Budget. Email communication, May 28, 2021.~~
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~~link to page 24~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

Medicaid Services (CMS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Agency for Healthcare Medicaid Services (CMS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (AHRQ), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and Research and Quality (AHRQ), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and
Administration for Children and Families (ACF); additional R&D funding is attributed to Administration for Children and Families (ACF); additional R&D funding is attributed to
departmental management.25 departmental management.25
National Institutes of Health26
NIH is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting NIH is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting
biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and
disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the
nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health,
lengthen life, and reduce lengthen life, and reduce ~~illness~~il ness and disability.”27 The agency consists of the NIH Office of the and disability.”27 The agency consists of the NIH Office of the
Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs), 25 of which manage research programs. Each Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs), 25 of which manage research programs. Each
IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. According to NIH, IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. According to NIH,
about 10% of the NIH budget supports intramural research projects conducted by the nearly 6,000 about 10% of the NIH budget supports intramural research projects conducted by the nearly 6,000
23 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about. 24 Unpublished data provided to CRS by the Office of Management and Budget. Email communication, May 28, 2021. 25 Ibid. 26 T his section was written by Kavya Sekar, Analyst in Health Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division, with support from Isaac Nicchitta, Research Assistant, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by Judith A. Johnson and Kavya Sekar. 27 HHS, National Institutes of Health, “About NIH, What We Do, Mission and Goals,” http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what -we-do/mission-goals. Congressional Research Service 16 link to page 25 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 NIH federal scientists, most of whom are located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. Al ~~NIH federal scientists, most of whom are located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. All~~ 25 25
research ICs have an intramural research program of varying sizes. More than 80% of NIH’s research ICs have an intramural research program of varying sizes. More than 80% of NIH’s
budget goes to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other budget goes to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other
awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 nonfederal scientists and awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 nonfederal scientists and
technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and
other research institutions.28other research institutions.28
Funding for NIH comes primarily from the annual Labor, HHS, and Education (LHHS) Funding for NIH comes primarily from the annual Labor, HHS, and Education (LHHS)
appropriations act, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities from the appropriations act, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities from the
Interior/Environment appropriations act.29 Those two appropriations acts provide NIH’s Interior/Environment appropriations act.29 Those two appropriations acts provide NIH’s
discretionary budget authority. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 discretionary budget authority. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 ~~million~~
~~annually~~mil ion annual y that is provided in Public Health that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B, for the Special Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B, for the Special
Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, most recently extended through FY2023 with an annual Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, most recently extended through FY2023 with an annual
funding level of $150 funding level of $150 ~~million~~ mil ion by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260; by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260;
Division BB, Title III). As shown Division BB, Title III). As shown inin Table 9, ~~separate~~ separate appropriations are provided to 24 of the 27 appropriations are provided to 24 of the 27
ICs, as ICs, as ~~well~~ wel as to OD, the Innovation Account (established by the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016, as to OD, the Innovation Account (established by the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016,
P.L. 114-255), and an intramural BuildingsP.L. 114-255), and an intramural Buildings and Facilities account. The other three centers, which and Facilities account. The other three centers, which
perform centralized support services, are funded through transfers from the other ICs. Some perform centralized support services, are funded through transfers from the other ICs. Some
funding is also pursuant to the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS Evaluation Tap funding is also pursuant to the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS Evaluation Tap
transfer authority, under Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). This provision transfer authority, under Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). This provision ~~allows the~~

~~25 Ibid.~~
~~26 This section was written by Kavya Sekar, Analyst in Health Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division, with~~
~~support from Isaac Nicchitta, Research Assistant, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information~~
~~on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by~~
~~Judith A. Johnson and Kavya Sekar.~~
~~27 HHS, National Institutes of Health, “About NIH, What We Do, Mission and Goals,” http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/~~
~~what-we-do/mission-goals.~~
~~28 NIH, “What We Do: Budget,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget.~~
~~29 The Superfund program was created to carry out the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and~~
~~Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA; P.L. 96-510), which authorized the federal government to prioritize contaminated~~
~~sites in the United States for cleanup in coordination with the states in which the sites are located and to make the~~
~~“potentially responsible parties” connected to those sites financially liable for the cleanup costs. The Superfund~~
~~program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. For more information on the Superfund program,~~
~~see CRS Report R41039,~~ ~~Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of~~
~~Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act, by David M. Bearden.~~
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~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~
al ows the
Secretary of HHS, with the approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible Secretary of HHS, with the approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS PHS
agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes.30 Although the PHS Act agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes.30 Although the PHS Act
limits the tap to no more than 1% of eligiblelimits the tap to no more than 1% of eligible appropriations, in recent years, annual LHHS appropriations, in recent years, annual LHHS
appropriations acts have specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2021, P.L. 116-260, Division appropriations acts have specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2021, P.L. 116-260, Division
H).31 Those acts also have H).31 Those acts also have ~~typically~~typical y directed specific amounts of funding from the tap for transfer directed specific amounts of funding from the tap for transfer
to a number of HHS programs, including at NIH—particularly for the National Institute of to a number of HHS programs, including at NIH—particularly for the National Institute of
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Readers should note that funding amounts in this report General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Readers should note that funding amounts in this report
show amounts “transferred in” to NIH under the PHS evaluation set-aside, but do not show show amounts “transferred in” to NIH under the PHS evaluation set-aside, but do not show
amounts “transferred out” under the same authority. amounts “transferred out” under the same authority.
NIH also receives funding through LHHS appropriations that is subject to different budget NIH also receives funding through LHHS appropriations that is subject to different budget
enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in the act—appropriations to the NIH enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in the act—appropriations to the NIH
Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund
programs authorized by that act. Appropriations of funds in this account are, in effect, not subject programs authorized by that act. Appropriations of funds in this account are, in effect, not subject
to discretionary spending limits.32 The NIH Director may transfer these amounts from the NIH to discretionary spending limits.32 The NIH Director may transfer these amounts from the NIH
Innovation Account to other NIH accounts but only for the purposes specified in the Cures Act. If Innovation Account to other NIH accounts but only for the purposes specified in the Cures Act. If
28 NIH, “What We Do: Budget,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. 29 T he Superfund program was created to carry out the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA; P.L. 96-510), which authorized the federal government to prioritize contaminated sites in the United States for cleanup in coordination with the states in which the sites are located and to make the “potentially responsible parties” connected to those sites financially liable for the cleanup costs. T he Superfund program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. For more information on the Superfund program, see CRS Report R41039, Com prehensive Environm ental Response, Com pensation, and Liability Act: A Sum m ary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act, by David M. Bearden. 30 For more information on the PHS evaluation tap, or PHS Evaluation Set -Aside, see discussion in CRS Report R44916, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2016 -FY2018), coordinated by C. Stephen Redhead and Agata Dabrowska. 31 Specifically, P.L. 116-260, Division H, T itle II, Section 204. 32 See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 the NIH Director determines that the funds for any of the four Innovation Projects are not the NIH Director determines that the funds for any of the four Innovation Projects are not
necessary, the amounts may be transferred back to the NIH Innovation Account. necessary, the amounts may be transferred back to the NIH Innovation Account. ~~All~~ Al amounts amounts
authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated to the Innovation Account since authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated to the Innovation Account since
FY2017, including $404 FY2017, including $404 ~~million~~ mil ion for FY2021. For FY2022, $496 for FY2021. For FY2022, $496 ~~million~~mil ion is authorized to be is authorized to be
appropriated.33appropriated.33
On December 27, 2020, Congress and the President enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, On December 27, 2020, Congress and the President enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included final FY2021 LHHS appropriations in Division H, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included final FY2021 LHHS appropriations in Division H,
Interior/Environment appropriations in Division G, and full year mandatory type 1 diabetes Interior/Environment appropriations in Division G, and full year mandatory type 1 diabetes
funding in Division BB. The enacted FY2021 NIH program level is $43.084 funding in Division BB. The enacted FY2021 NIH program level is $43.084 ~~billion~~bil ion and is made and is made
up of the following:34 up of the following:34
 $41.356  $41.356 ~~billion~~bil ion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);
 $1.272  $1.272 ~~billion~~ bil ion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer and a $225 pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer and a $225
~~million~~ mil ion transfer from the HHS nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF; this amount is transfer from the HHS nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF; this amount is
not reflected in the program level total shown above);35not reflected in the program level total shown above);35
 $81.5  $81.5 ~~million~~ mil ion for the Superfund research program and related activities from for the Superfund research program and related activities from
Interior/Environment appropriations; and Interior/Environment appropriations; and

~~30 For more information on the PHS evaluation tap, or PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, see discussion in CRS Report~~
~~R44916, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2016-FY2018), coordinated by C. Stephen~~
~~Redhead and Agata Dabrowska.~~
~~31 Specifically, P.L. 116-260, Division H, Title II, Section 204.~~
~~32 See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705,~~ ~~The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background~~
~~and Congressional Issues~~.
~~33 P.L. 114-255, Section 1001.~~
~~34 This report uses numbers from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations,~~ ~~Report Accompanying~~
~~Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 117th Cong.,~~
~~July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96 as amended by H.R. 2502 passed by the House on July~~  $150 mil ion in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program. President Biden’s FY2022 budget request proposes that NIH be provided with a total program level of $51.883 bil ion, an increase of $8.799 bil ion (+20%) from FY2021-enacted levels. The proposed FY2022 program level would be made up of36  $50.378 bil ion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);  $1.272 bil ion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;  $83.5 mil ion for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and  $150 mil ion in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program.37 Under the President’s FY2022 request, al existing IC accounts would receive an increase compared to FY2021 funding levels, except for the OD, which would receive a decrease of $174 mil ion (-7%). In addition, the full amount ($496 mil ion) authorized by the Cures Act for 33 P.L. 114-255, Section 1001. 34 T his report uses numbers from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Approp riations, Report Accompanying Departm ents of Labor, Health and Hum an Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill , 117th Cong., July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96 as amended by H.R. 2502 passed by the House on July 29, 2021. In some cases, there 29, 2021. In some cases, there
are discrepancies between the numbers in H.Rept. 117-96 and the FY2021 and FY2022 amounts as enacted inare discrepancies between the numbers in H.Rept. 117-96 and the FY2021 and FY2022 amounts as enacted in P.L. P.L.
116-260, Division H and in NIH FY2022 budget116-260, Division H and in NIH FY2022 budget request documents. request documents.
35 35 ~~The~~T he nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF) permits HHS nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF) permits HHS to transfer unobligated balancesto transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary funds of expired discretionary funds
from FY2008 and subsequentfrom FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. years into the NEF account. ~~The~~T he uses of funds uses of funds ~~include~~ include capital acquisitions suchcapital acquisitions such as as
information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). Congress may direct usesinformation technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). Congress may direct uses of NEF in appropriations laws. 36 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, pp. 89-91, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf . 37 T he FY2022 NIH budget request shows sequestration of $8.55 million for the $150 million in mandatory appropriations for FY2022. See “Budget Mechanism T able,” p. 92 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf . Congressional Research Service 18 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ~~of NEF in~~
~~appropriations laws.~~
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~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~ $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research~~
~~program.~~
~~President Biden’s FY2022 budget request proposes that NIH be provided with a total program~~
~~level of $51.883 billion, an increase of $8.799 billion (+20%) from FY2021-enacted levels. The~~
~~proposed FY2022 program level would be made up of36~~
~~ $50.378 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);~~
~~ $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;~~
~~ $83.5 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from~~
~~Interior/Environment appropriations; and~~
~~ $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research~~
~~program.37~~
~~Under the President’s FY2022 request, all existing IC accounts would receive an increase~~
~~compared to FY2021 funding levels, except for the OD, which would receive a decrease of $174~~
~~million (-7%). In addition, the full amount ($496 million) authorized by the Cures Act for~~
FY2022 would be appropriated to the Innovation Account. The Buildings and Facilities (B&F) FY2022 would be appropriated to the Innovation Account. The Buildings and Facilities (B&F)
account would receive an increase of $50 account would receive an increase of $50 ~~million~~mil ion (+25%) in LHHS discretionary budget (+25%) in LHHS discretionary budget
authority, but an authority, but an ~~overall~~ overal decrease of $175 decrease of $175 ~~million~~mil ion (-41%) when accounting for the additional NEF (-41%) when accounting for the additional NEF
transfer of $225 transfer of $225 ~~million~~mil ion directed to the B&F account in FY2021 appropriations.38 directed to the B&F account in FY2021 appropriations.38
The FY2022 budget request also proposes the creation of an Advanced Research Projects Agency The FY2022 budget request also proposes the creation of an Advanced Research Projects Agency
for Health (ARPA-H) within NIH. The budget request includes $6.5 for Health (ARPA-H) within NIH. The budget request includes $6.5 ~~billion~~bil ion for ARPA-H “to build for ARPA-H “to build
platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and other platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and other
diseases.”39 The $6.5 diseases.”39 The $6.5 ~~billion~~bil ion for ARPA-H for ARPA-H would account for 74% of the FY2022 budget request’s would account for 74% of the FY2022 budget request’s
$8.799 $8.799 ~~billion~~ bil ion increase from FY2021 enacted levels. The creation of a new NIH component may increase from FY2021 enacted levels. The creation of a new NIH component may
require amendments to the PHSA, require amendments to the PHSA, ~~especially~~especial y Section 401(d), which specifies that “[i]n the Section 401(d), which specifies that “[i]n the
National Institutes of Health, the number of national research institutes and national centers may National Institutes of Health, the number of national research institutes and national centers may
not exceed a total of 27.” Further information on the ARPA-H proposal is provided below. ~~not exceed a total of 27.” Further information on the ARPA-H proposal is provided below.~~

~~36 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, p. 89-91, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/~~
~~br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf.~~
~~37 The FY2022 NIH budget request shows sequestration of $8.55 million for the $150 million in mandatory~~
~~appropriations for FY2022. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 92 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/~~
~~2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf.~~
~~38 Accounting for the directed NEF transfer, the Buildings and Facilities account has a total FY2021 funding level of~~
~~$425 million.~~
~~39 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, p. 10, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/~~
~~2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf.~~
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~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) in the FY2022 Budget
Request
The budget request includes $6.5 The budget request includes $6.5 ~~billion~~ bil ion for a new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) “to for a new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) “to
build platforms and capabilities to deliverbuild platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’scures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease,disease, diabetes, and other diseases.” diabetes, and other diseases.”
Funding was requested for a period of three years to “Funding was requested for a period of three years to “~~allow~~al ow for both scale-up in FY 2022 and redeployment for both scale-up in FY 2022 and redeployment of of
resourcesresources in the next two years if projectsin the next two years if projects fail to meetfail to meet performance milestones.”performance milestones.” The vast majorityThe vast majority of funding of funding
would support extramural research,would support extramural research, with a with a ~~small~~ smal amount of funding reservedamount of funding reserved for staffing and administrative for staffing and administrative
functions. Unlike extant NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), ARPA-H would not have its own intramural research functions. Unlike extant NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), ARPA-H would not have its own intramural research
program.program.
ARPA-H would be modeledARPA-H would be modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and would have after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and would have
severalseveral “DARPA model” characteristics,“DARPA model” characteristics, including a flat and nimbleincluding a flat and nimble organizational structure, tenure-limited organizational structure, tenure-limited
program managers with a high degree of autonomy to selectprogram managers with a high degree of autonomy to select and fund projects,and fund projects, and a milestone-basedand a milestone-based contract contract
approach. While this organizational structure would be “approach. While this organizational structure would be “~~operationally~~operational y unique” from unique” from NIH ICs, ARPA-H would NIH ICs, ARPA-H would ~~still~~
stil coordinate research and activitiescoordinate research and activities with NIH ICs and other HHS agencies.with NIH ICs and other HHS agencies.
The FY2022 budget request describesThe FY2022 budget request describes four broad project areasfour broad project areas that ARPA-H would fund: that ARPA-H would fund:
 
tackling bold tackling bold ~~challenges~~chal enges requiring large requiring large scale, sustained, cross-sectorscale, sustained, cross-sector coordination; coordination;
 
creating new capabilities (e.g., technologies, creating new capabilities (e.g., technologies, data resources,data resources, disease models); disease models);
 
supporting high-risk exploration that could establish entirely supporting high-risk exploration that could establish entirely new paradigms; andnew paradigms; and
 
overcoming overcoming market failuresmarket failures through critical solutions,through critical solutions, including financial incentives. including financial incentives.
Most ARPA-H awards would be given to industry, universities, Most ARPA-H awards would be given to industry, universities, and nonprofit researchand nonprofit research institutions, and could institutions, and could
involve someinvolve some ~~agreements~~ agreements with other federalwith other federal agencies.agencies. ARPA-H would makeARPA-H would make use of someuse of some of NIH’s flexible hiring of NIH’s flexible hiring
and funding authorities,and funding authorities, such as its Other Transaction Authority mechanisms.40 such as its Other Transaction Authority mechanisms.40
For further informationFor further information and analysis regarding ARPA-H, seeand analysis regarding ARPA-H, see ~~CRS Insight IN11674~~ CRS Report R46901, , Advanced Research Projects
Agency for Health (ARPA-H): ~~Considerations for Congress~~.
~~In July 2020~~Potential Questions for Consideration, by Kavya Sekar and Marcy E. Gal o. In July 2021, the House passed a consolidated appropriations , the House passed a consolidated appropriations ~~bill,~~ bil , H.R. 4502, with proposed H.R. 4502, with proposed
FY2022 funding levels for NIH accounts in Division A (LHHS appropriations) and Division E FY2022 funding levels for NIH accounts in Division A (LHHS appropriations) and Division E
(Interior/Environment appropriations). House-passed appropriations would provide NIH with a (Interior/Environment appropriations). House-passed appropriations would provide NIH with a
FY2022 estimated program level of $49.587 FY2022 estimated program level of $49.587 ~~billion~~bil ion, an increase of $6.503 , an increase of $6.503 ~~billion (+15%) from~~
~~FY2021-enacted levels and a decrease of $2.296 billion (-4%) from the FY2022 budget request.~~
~~The House-proposed FY2022 program level includes the following amounts:41~~
~~ $48.082 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);~~
~~ $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;~~
~~ $83.5 million~~ bil ion (+15%) from 38 Accounting for the directed NEF transfer, the Buildings and Facilities account has a total FY2021 funding level of $425 million. 39 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, p . 10, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf . 40 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, pp. 10-11, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf and HHS, “ FY2022 Budget in Brief,” pp. 59 -60, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2022-budget-in-brief.pdf. Congressional Research Service 19 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 FY2021-enacted levels and a decrease of $2.296 bil ion (-4%) from the FY2022 budget request. The House-proposed FY2022 program level includes the following amounts:41  $48.082 bil ion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);  $1.272 bil ion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;  $83.5 mil ion for the Superfund research program and related activities from for the Superfund research program and related activities from
Interior/Environment appropriations; and Interior/Environment appropriations; and
 $150  $150 ~~million~~ mil ion in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research
program. program.
House-passed appropriations would provide increases to House-passed appropriations would provide increases to ~~all~~ al existing IC accounts compared to existing IC accounts compared to
FY2021 funding levels. Compared to the FY2022 budget request, House-passed appropriations FY2021 funding levels. Compared to the FY2022 budget request, House-passed appropriations
would provide increases to would provide increases to ~~all~~ al existing IC accounts except for the National Institute of Child existing IC accounts except for the National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development (-$252 Health and Human Development (-$252 ~~million~~mil ion) and the National Institute of Arthritis and ) and the National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (-$1 Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (-$1 ~~million~~mil ion). The House also included $3.0 ). The House also included $3.0 ~~billion for ARPA-~~

~~40 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, pp. 10-11, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/~~
~~br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf and HHS, “FY2022 Budget in Brief,” pp. 59-60, at~~
~~https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2022-budget-in-brief.pdf.~~
~~41 H.Rept. 117-96, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies~~
~~Appropriations Bill, 2022, July 19, 2021, pp. 475-477, at https://www.congress.gov/117/crpt/hrpt96/CRPT-~~
~~117hrpt96.pdf.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~H available~~ bil ion for ARPA-H available through September 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.5 bil ion (-54%) compared to the FY2022 budget request, and provided that funding would only be available if legislation specifical y establishing ARPA-H is enacted into law. On October 18, 2021, the chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Senator Patrick Leahy, released drafts of 9 annual appropriations bil s along with draft accompanying explanatory statements. According to the chair, the purpose of this release is to further negotiations toward enacting al 12 annual appropriations bil s prior to when the CR expires on December 3.42 Proposed funding levels for NIH accounts were located in the LHHS and Interior/Environment bil s.43 The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bil would provide NIH with a FY2022 estimated program level of $48.073 bil ion, an increase of $4.99 bil ion (+12%) from FY2021-enacted levels and a decrease of $3.81 bil ion (-7%) from the FY2022 budget request. The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bil FY2022 program level includes the following amounts:44  $46.624 bil ion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);  $1.215 bil ion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer; 41 H.Rept. 117-96, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, July 19, 2021, pp. 475 -477, at https://www.congress.gov/117/crpt/hrpt96/CRPT-117hrpt96.pdf. 42 T he text of the Senate majority draft LHHS bill and accompanying committee report is linked to the press release, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. See also “ Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bills T hreaten FY22 Appropriations Process,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/shelby-democrats-partisan-bills-threaten-fy22-appropriations-process. 43 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations majority staff, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” press release, October 18, 2021, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. 44 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, Summary of Budget Estimates and Committee Recommendations, 117th Cong., October 18, 2021, pp. 348-349 and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, Summary of Bill, 117th Cong., October 18, 2021, p. 228. Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 33 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022  $84.5 mil ion for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and  $150 mil ion in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program. The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bil would provide increases to al existing IC accounts compared to FY2021 funding levels. Compared to the FY2022 budget request, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bil would provide decreases to 16 IC accounts and increases to 9 accounts and the Office of the Director. Notable decreases compared to the budget request include the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (-$263 mil ion), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (-$20 mil ion), and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (-$5 mil ion). Notable increases include the Office of the Director (+$301 mil ion), the National Institute on Aging (+$145 mil ion), and the National Institute of Al ergy and Infectious Diseases (+$97 mil ion). The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bil also included $2.4 bil ion for ARPA-H available through September 30, 2024, a decrease of $through September 30, 2024, a decrease of $~~3.5 billion (-54~~4.1 bil ion (-63%) compared to the %) compared to the
FY2022 budget request, and FY2022 budget request, and ~~specified~~ provided that funding would only be availablethat funding would only be available if legislationif legislation
~~specifically~~ specifical y establishing ARPA-H establishing ARPA-H is enacted is enacted into law. into law.
Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Institutes/Centers
Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Drafte
Final
Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Institute (NCI)
6,560 6,560
6,733 6,733
6,994 6,994

6,772
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
3,665 3,665
3,846 3,846
3,867 3,867

3,842
Dental/Craniofacial Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Research (NIDCR)
485 485
516 516
519 519

516
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney ~~(NIDDK)a~~ (NIDDK)b
2,132 2,132
2,219 2,219
2,239 2,239

2,217
Neurological Neurological Disorders/StrokeDisorders/Stroke (NINDS) (NINDS)
2,513 2,513
2,783 2,783
2,800 2,800

~~Allergy/Infectious Diseases~~ 2,786 Al ergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (NIAID)
6,070 6,070
6,246 6,246
6,558 6,558

6,343
General General Medical SciencesMedical Sciences ~~(NIGMS)b~~ (NIGMS)c
1,720 1,720
1,825 1,825
1,868 1,868

1,853
Child Health/Human Development Child Health/Human Development
1,590 1,590
1,942 1,942
1,690 1,690

1,679
(NICHD) (NICHD)
National Eye Institute (NEI) National Eye Institute (NEI)
836 836
859 859
877 877

858
Environmental Health Sciences ( Environmental Health Sciences (~~NIEHS)c~~NIEHS)d
733 733
854 854
858 858

852
National Institute on Aging (NIA) National Institute on Aging (NIA)
3,899 3,899
4,036 4,036
4,258 4,258

4,181
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases Diseases
634 634
680 680
679 679

675
(NIAMS) (NIAMS)
Deafness/Communication Deafness/Communication Disorders Disorders
498 498
512 512
523 523

511
(NIDCD) (NIDCD)
National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health
2,104 2,104
2,214 2,214
2,223 2,223

2,219
(NIMH) (NIMH)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
1,480 1,480
1,853 1,853
1,860 1,860

1,833
Alcohol Alcohol Abuse/AlcoholismAbuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) (NIAAA)
555 555
570 570
582 582

570
Nursing Research (NINR) Nursing Research (NINR)
175 175
200 200
201 201

~~Human Genome Research Institute~~
~~616~~
~~633~~
~~646~~

~~(NHGRI)~~
~~Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)~~
~~411~~
~~422~~
~~431~~

~~Minority Health/Health Disparities~~
~~391~~
~~652~~
~~662~~

~~(NIMHD)~~
~~Complementary/Integrative Health~~
~~154~~
~~184~~
~~185~~

~~(NCCIH)~~
~~Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)~~
~~855~~
~~879~~
~~898~~

~~Fogarty International Center (FIC)~~
84
96
97

~~National Library of Medicine (NLM)~~
~~464~~
~~475~~
~~487~~

~~Office of Director (OD)d~~
~~2,424~~
~~2,250~~
~~2,680~~

~~Innovation Accounte~~
~~109~~
~~150~~
~~150~~

~~Buildings and Facilities (B&F)f~~
~~200~~
~~250~~
~~250~~

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~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Institutes/Centers~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Final~~
~~Advanced Research Projects Agency for~~
—
~~6,500~~
~~3,000~~

~~Health (ARPA-H)~~
~~Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary~~
~~41,356~~
~~50,378~~
~~48,082~~

~~BA)~~
~~PHS Program Evaluation (provided to~~
~~1,272~~
~~1,272~~
~~1,272~~

~~NIGMS)~~
~~Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)g~~
82
84
84

~~Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF)~~
~~225~~
—
—

~~Transfer (to Buildings and Facilities)h~~
~~Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to~~
~~150~~
~~150j~~
~~150~~

~~NIDDK)i~~
~~NIH Program Level~~
~~43,084~~
~~51,883~~
~~49,587~~

~~Source:~~ ~~U.S. Congress,~~ 200 Congressional Research Service 21 link to page 33 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 25 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 FY2021 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 Institutes/Centers Enacted Request House S. Drafte Final Human Genome Research Institute 616 633 646 635 (NHGRI) Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) 411 422 431 422 Minority Health/Health Disparities 391 652 662 651 (NIMHD) Complementary/Integrative Health 154 184 185 184 (NCCIH) Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) 855 879 898 878 Fogarty International Center (FIC) 84 96 97 96 National Library of Medicine (NLM) 464 475 487 476 Office of Director (OD)e 2,424 2,250 2,680 2,551 Innovation Accountf 109 150 150 150 Buildings and Facilities (B&F)g 200 250 250 275 Advanced Research Projects Agency for — 6,500 3,000 2,400 Health (ARPA-H) Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary 41,356 50,378 48,082 46,624 BA) PHS Program Evaluation (provided to 1,272 1,272 1,272 1,215 NIGMS) Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)h 82 84 84 85 Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF) 225 — — — Transfer (to Buildings and Facilities)i Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to 150 150k 150 150 NIDDK)j NIH Program Level 43,084 51,883 49,587 48,073 Source: FY2021 Enacted, FY2022 Budget Request, and FY2022 House is from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations,House Committee on Appropriations, Report Accompanying ~~Departments~~ Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bil ~~Bill~~, 117th Cong., July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96, 117th Cong., July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96
~~as amended by H.R. 2502 passed~~. The FY2022 House numbers incorporate the budgetary effects of the amendments to H.R. 2502 that were adopted by the House on July 29, 2021. FY2022 Senate Majority is from the majority draft bil s, majority draft explanatory statements, and majority bil summaries for Senate LHHS and Interior/Environment Subcommittees, linked at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-relea ses-rema ining-nine-senate-appropriations-bil s; and Summary of Budget Estimates and Committee Recommendations, 117 th Cong., October 18, 2021, pp. 348-349; except where noted below. ~~by the House on July 29, 2021.~~
Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By
convention, budget tables such aconvention, budget tables such as Table 9 do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from
the agencies’ appropriation. In general,the agencies’ appropriation. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergencyamounts provided to NIH for emergency ~~requirements~~ requirements are excluded are excluded
from these totals (e.g.,from these totals (e.g., ~~FY2020 amount~~ the FY2021 column does not include the amounts provided does not include the amounts provided ~~in the coronavirus supplemental~~
~~appropriations acts).~~
~~a. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note i).~~
~~b. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act).~~
~~c. Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research~~
~~(see note g).~~
~~d. Includes $12.6 million transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as authorized by the~~
~~Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act.~~
~~e. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total~~
~~appropriation to the account ($404 million for the FY2021; $496 million for FY2022). The remaining funds~~
~~for this account are reflected, where applicable, in the totals for other ICs. For FY2022, this includes $194~~
~~to NCI for cancer research and $76 million to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative ($152~~
~~million total).~~
f.
~~FY2021 amount for Buildings and Facilities does not reflect directed nonrecurring expenses fund transfer in~~
~~FY2021 appropriations. See note h.~~
~~g. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for National Institute of~~
~~Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) research activities related to Superfund research.~~
~~h. The nonrecurring expenses fund permits HHS to transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary~~
~~funds from FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. Congress and the President authorized use~~
~~of the funds for capital acquisitions including information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42~~
~~U.S.C. §3514a). Recent LHHS appropriations, including FY2021 appropriations, have directed that specific~~
~~NEF funding amounts be transferred to the NIH Buildings and Facilities account.~~
i.
~~Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Sec. 330B, which was~~
~~most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260,~~
~~Division BB, Title III).~~
j.
~~FY2022 budget request documents show the FY2022 amount for the type I diabetes research program~~
~~($141 million) as lower than enacted funding level for FY2022 ($150 million). According to the budget~~
~~request, the FY2022 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 92 in~~
~~https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 27~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~Department of Energy42~~for COVID response in Division M of P.L. 116-260). a. The LHHS and Interior/Environment appropriations bil s have not been reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, but were released by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House (see the press release, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bil s,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bil s. See also “Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bil s Threaten FY22 Appropriations Process,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/shelby-democrats-partisan-bil s-threaten-fy22-appropriations-process.) Congressional Research Service 22 link to page 29 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 b. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note i). c. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act). d. Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research (see note g). e. Includes $12.6 mil ion transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as authorized by the Gabriel a Mil er Kids First Research Act. f. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total appropriation to the account ($404 mil ion for the FY2021; $496 mil ion for FY2022). The remaining funds for this account are reflected, where applicable, in the totals for other ICs. For FY2022, this includes $194 to NCI for cancer research and $76 mil ion to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative ($152 mil ion total). g. FY2021 amount for Buildings and Facilities does not reflect directed nonrecurring expenses fund tra nsfer in FY2021 appropriations. See note h. h. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) research activities related to Superfund research. i. The nonrecurring expenses fund permits HHS to transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary funds from FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. Congress and the President authorized use of the funds for capital acquisitions including information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). Recent LHHS appropriations, including FY2021 appropriations, have directed that specific NEF funding amounts be transferred to the NIH Buildings and Facilities account. j. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Sec. 330B, which was most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 ( P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III). k. FY2022 budget request documents show the FY2022 amount for the type I diabetes research program ($141 mil ion) as lower than enacted funding level for FY2022 ($150 mil ion). According to the budget request, the FY2022 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 mil ion. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 92 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf. Department of Energy45
The Department of Energy was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization The Department of Energy was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization
Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of agencies, Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of agencies,
particularly defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today, particularly defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today,
DOE conducts basic scientific research in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological DOE conducts basic scientific research in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological
and environmental sciences; basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use; and and environmental sciences; basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use; and
R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department
has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that
together account for about 40% of together account for about 40% of ~~all~~ al DOE expenditures. DOE expenditures.
The Administration’s FY2022 budget request for DOE includes about $20.518 The Administration’s FY2022 budget request for DOE includes about $20.518 ~~billion~~bil ion for R&D for R&D
and related activities, including programs in three broad categories: science, national security, and and related activities, including programs in three broad categories: science, national security, and
energy. This request is about 16.1% more than the comparable enacted FY2021 amount of energy. This request is about 16.1% more than the comparable enacted FY2021 amount of
$17.677 $17.677 ~~billion.~~ bil ion. The House The House ~~bill~~ bil would provide about $19.376 would provide about $19.376 ~~billion.~~ ~~(See~~bil ion. The Senate bil would provide about $19.574 bil ion. (See Table 10 for details.) for details.)
The request for the DOE Office of Science is $7.440 The request for the DOE Office of Science is $7.440 ~~billion~~bil ion, an increase of 5.9% from the , an increase of 5.9% from the
FY2021 appropriation of $7.026 FY2021 appropriation of $7.026 ~~billion~~bil ion. Funding would increase for . Funding would increase for ~~all~~ al six of the office’s major six of the office’s major
research programs. In the largest program, Basic Energy Sciences, requested increases of $109 research programs. In the largest program, Basic Energy Sciences, requested increases of $109
~~million~~ mil ion for research and $30 for research and $30 ~~million~~mil ion for operations and equipment at scientific user facilities for operations and equipment at scientific user facilities
would be would be ~~partially~~partial y offset by a requested decrease of $85 offset by a requested decrease of $85 ~~million~~mil ion for facility construction. In for facility construction. In
~~Biological~~ 45 T his section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resource s, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 23 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Biological and Environmental Research, funding for the Earth and Environmental Systems and Environmental Research, funding for the Earth and Environmental Systems
Sciences subprogram would increase by $71 Sciences subprogram would increase by $71 ~~million~~mil ion (20.3%), with a focus on Earth system (20.3%), with a focus on Earth system
modeling. In Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to construction of the International modeling. In Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to construction of the International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion energy demonstration and research facility Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion energy demonstration and research facility
in France, would be $221 in France, would be $221 ~~million~~mil ion (down from $242 (down from $242 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021). Following a in FY2021). Following a
reorganization of the Office of Science in FY2020, a new program in Isotope R&D and reorganization of the Office of Science in FY2020, a new program in Isotope R&D and
Production ($90 Production ($90 ~~million~~mil ion requested) would support activities previously funded in Nuclear Physics requested) would support activities previously funded in Nuclear Physics
($75 ($75 ~~million~~ mil ion in FY2021), while a new program in Accelerator R&D and Production ($24 in FY2021), while a new program in Accelerator R&D and Production ($24 ~~million~~mil ion
requested) would support activities previously funded in High Energy Physics ($17 requested) would support activities previously funded in High Energy Physics ($17 ~~million~~mil ion in in
FY2021). FY2021).
The House The House ~~bill~~ bil would provide $7.320 would provide $7.320 ~~billion~~ bil ion for the Office of Sciencefor the Office of Science~~. The~~, while the Senate bil would provide $7.490 bil ion. In the House bil , the High Energy Physics High Energy Physics
and Fusion Energy Sciences programs would receive more than requested, while the other major and Fusion Energy Sciences programs would receive more than requested, while the other major
programs would receive lessprograms would receive less~~. All~~ (although al but Nuclear Physics would receive more than in FY2021but Nuclear Physics would receive more than in FY2021). In . In
the Senate bil , al but one of the major programs would receive the requested amount or more, while Fusion Energy Sciences would receive less. Within Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to ITER would be $242 ITER would be $242 ~~million~~mil ion in the House bil and the requested amount in the Senate bil . .
The request for DOE national security R&D is $5.252 The request for DOE national security R&D is $5.252 ~~billion~~bil ion, an increase of 1.5% from $5.175 , an increase of 1.5% from $5.175
~~billion~~ bil ion in FY2021. In the Weapons Activities account, funding for Stockpile Research, in FY2021. In the Weapons Activities account, funding for Stockpile Research,
Technology, and Engineering would decrease by 4.4%. The bulk of this decrease would be for Technology, and Engineering would decrease by 4.4%. The bulk of this decrease would be for
Assessment Science ($690 Assessment Science ($690 ~~million~~mil ion, down from $769 , down from $769 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021) and Inertial in FY2021) and Inertial
Confinement Fusion ($529 Confinement Fusion ($529 ~~million,~~ mil ion, down from $575 down from $575 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021). Funding for Naval in FY2021). Funding for Naval
Reactors would increase by $177 Reactors would increase by $177 ~~million~~mil ion (10.5%), including increases for operations and (10.5%), including increases for operations and
infrastructure (up $63 infrastructure (up $63 ~~million~~mil ion), development (up $73 ), development (up $73 ~~million)~~ mil ion) and construction (up $61 and construction (up $61 ~~million).~~
mil ion). The House The House ~~bill~~ bil would provide $5.398 would provide $5.398 ~~billion~~ bil ion for national security R&Dfor national security R&D, while the Senate bil would provide $5.339 bil ion. In Weapons Activities, . In Weapons Activities,
~~Assessment Science would receive the FY2021 amount, while Inertial Confinement Fusion would~~
~~receive $5 million~~both bil s would provide the FY2021 amount for Assessment Science and $5 mil ion more than the FY2021 amount more than the FY2021 amount for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Naval Reactors would receive $6 mil ion (0.3%) more than the Administration request in the House bil and $20 mil ion (1%) less than the request in the Senate bil ~~. Naval Reactors would receive $6 million~~

~~42 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science,~~
~~and Industry Division.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 28 link to page 28~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~(0.3%) more than the Administration request~~. Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D would . Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D would
receive $43 receive $43 ~~million~~ mil ion (6.3%) more than the (6.3%) more than the ~~request~~ request in the House bil and the requested amount in the Senate bil . .
The request for DOE energy R&D is $7.826 The request for DOE energy R&D is $7.826 ~~billion~~bil ion, an increase of 42.9% from $5.477 , an increase of 42.9% from $5.477 ~~billion~~bil ion in in
FY2021. Funding for energy efficiency and renewable energy R&D would increase by 57.9%, FY2021. Funding for energy efficiency and renewable energy R&D would increase by 57.9%,
with increases in with increases in ~~all~~ al major research areas and a priority on reducing emissions in the near term (in major research areas and a priority on reducing emissions in the near term (in
contrast to Trump Administration budgets, which proposed a focus on early-stage R&D). An contrast to Trump Administration budgets, which proposed a focus on early-stage R&D). An
18.7% increase for the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account (formerly Fossil Energy 18.7% increase for the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account (formerly Fossil Energy
R&D) would be focused on climate-centric activities such as carbon capture, utilization, and R&D) would be focused on climate-centric activities such as carbon capture, utilization, and
storage (up $117 storage (up $117 ~~million~~mil ion, 62.0%) and environmental- and emissions-related natural gas , 62.0%) and environmental- and emissions-related natural gas
technologies (up $73 technologies (up $73 ~~million~~mil ion, 128.1%). Funding for nuclear energy R&D would increase by $343 , 128.1%). Funding for nuclear energy R&D would increase by $343
~~million~~ mil ion (22.7%), including increases of $120 (22.7%), including increases of $120 ~~million~~mil ion (48.1%) for advanced reactor demonstration (48.1%) for advanced reactor demonstration
and $100 and $100 ~~million~~ mil ion (222.2%) for the Versatile Test Reactor project. The Advanced Research (222.2%) for the Versatile Test Reactor project. The Advanced Research
Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), which is intended to advance high-impact energy Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), which is intended to advance high-impact energy
technologies that have too much technical and financial uncertainty to attract near-term private-technologies that have too much technical and financial uncertainty to attract near-term private-
sector investment, would receive $500 sector investment, would receive $500 ~~million~~mil ion (up 17.1%), while a proposed new Advanced (up 17.1%), while a proposed new Advanced
Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C) would receive $200 Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C) would receive $200 ~~million~~mil ion. .
The House The House ~~bill~~ bil would provide $6.658 would provide $6.658 ~~billion~~ bil ion for energy R&Dfor energy R&D~~. Most~~, while the Senate bil would provide $6.745 bil ion. In both bil s, most programs in this category programs in this category
would receive more than in FY2021 but less than the Administration requestwould receive more than in FY2021 but less than the Administration request for FY2022. In Nuclear Energy, . In Nuclear Energy,
~~the bill would not~~neither bil Congressional Research Service 24 link to page 29 link to page 30 link to page 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 would fund the Versatile Test Reactor project. ARPA-E would receive $100 fund the Versatile Test Reactor project. ARPA-E would receive $100 ~~million~~
mil ion (20.0%) more (20.0%) more than the request in the House bil and the requested amount in the Senate bil ~~than the request~~. ARPA-C, however, would not be funded. ARPA-C, however, would not be funded~~, and the~~ in either bil . The House committee committee
report directs DOE to fund the work report directs DOE to fund the work proposed for ARPA-C through ARPA-E. The Senate committee report notes that establishing ARPA-C would require legislation and “encourages ARPA-E to consider proposed activities under ARPA-C that are consistent with ARPA-E’s mission and authorization.”~~proposed for ARPA-C through ARPA-E.~~
Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Enacted Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Cmte.
Enacted
Science
7,026
7,440
7,320
7,490

Basic Energy Sciences Basic Energy Sciences
2,245 2,245
2,300 2,300
2,293 2,293

2,323
High Energy Physics High Energy Physics
1,046 1,046
1,061 1,061
1,078 1,078

1,079
Biological Biological and Environmental Research and Environmental Research
753 753
828 828
805 805

828
Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics
713 713
720 720
665 665

744
Advanced Scientific Computing Research Advanced Scientific Computing Research
1,015 1,015
1,040 1,040
1,025 1,025

1,040
Fusion Energy Sciences Fusion Energy Sciences
672 672
675 675
698 698

660
Isotope R&D and Production Isotope R&D and Production
— —
90 90
82 82

90
Accelerator Accelerator R&D and Production R&D and Production
— —
24 24
18 18

24
Other Other
582 582
702 702
656 656

702
National Security
5,175
5,252
5,398
5,339

Weapons Activities Weapons Activities Stockpile RT&E Stockpile RT&E
2,814 2,814
2,691 2,691
2,788 2,788

2,793
Naval Reactors Naval Reactors
1,684 1,684
1,861 1,861
1,867 1,867

1,841
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R& R&Da
642 642
673 673
715 715

673
Def. Environmental Cleanup Technol. Devel. Def. Environmental Cleanup Technol. Devel.
35 35
28 28
28 28

33
Energy
5,477
7,826
6,658
6,745

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Efficiency and Renewable ~~Energyb~~Energ yb 2,484 3,924 3,188 3,389 Fossil Energy and Carbon Managementc 750 890 816 850 Nuclear Energy 1,508 1,851 1,675 1,591 Electricity 212 327 267 303 Cybersec., En. Secy., and Emerg. Respon. R&D 96 135 112 112
~~2,484~~
~~3,924~~
~~3,188~~

~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~

~~Enacted Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Fossil Energy and Carbon Managementc~~
~~750~~
~~890~~
~~816~~

~~Nuclear Energy~~
~~1,508~~
~~1,851~~
~~1,675~~

~~Electricity~~
~~212~~
~~327~~
~~267~~

~~Cybersec., En. Secy., and Emerg. Respon. R&D~~
96
~~135~~
~~112~~

Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
427 427
500 500
600 600

500
Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate
— —
200 200
0 0

0
DOE, Total
17,677
20,518
19,376
19,574

Source: FY2021 enacted from P.L. 116-260 and explanatory statement, FY2021 enacted from P.L. 116-260 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record,, ~~December~~ December 21, 21,
2020, Book IV. FY2022 request from DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, https://www.energy.gov/2020, Book IV. FY2022 request from DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, https://www.energy.gov/
cfo/articles/fy-2022-budget-justification. FY2022 House from H.R. 4502 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 117-cfo/articles/fy-2022-budget-justification. FY2022 House from H.R. 4502 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 117-
98 (on H.R. 4549). 98 (on H.R. 4549).
FY2022 Senate committee from S. 2605 as reported and S.Rept. 117-36. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed. blank may become available as action is completed.
a. Including National Technical Nuclear Forensicsa. Including National Technical Nuclear Forensics ~~R&D.~~
R&D. Congressional Research Service 25 link to page 32 link to page 8 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 b. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities. b. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities.
c. Fossilc. Fossil Energy R&D in FY2021. Energy R&D in FY2021.
National Aeronautics and Space ~~Administration43~~Administration46
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National
Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities.
NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, heliophysics, astrophysics, and NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, heliophysics, astrophysics, and
aeronautics, as aeronautics, as ~~well~~ wel as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose
space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the
International Space Station (ISS) as a facility for R&D and other purposes. International Space Station (ISS) as a facility for R&D and other purposes.
The Administration has requested about $21.751 The Administration has requested about $21.751 ~~billion~~bil ion for NASA R&D in FY2022. This would for NASA R&D in FY2022. This would
be 7.0% more than the FY2021 level of about $20.324 be 7.0% more than the FY2021 level of about $20.324 ~~billion~~bil ion. The House bil would provide about $21.996 bil ion. The Senate draft bil would provide about $21.789 bil ion. For a breakdown of these amounts, . For a breakdown of these amounts,
~~see~~see Table 11. NASA R&D funding comes through five accounts: Science; Aeronautics; Space R&D funding comes through five accounts: Science; Aeronautics; Space
Technology; Exploration (Technology; Exploration (~~called~~cal ed Deep Space Exploration Systems in the Administration’s budget Deep Space Exploration Systems in the Administration’s budget
request); and the ISS, Commercial Crew, and Commercial Low Earth request); and the ISS, Commercial Crew, and Commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Development Orbit (LEO) Development
portions of Space Operations. portions of Space Operations.
The OMB figures presented The OMB figures presented inin Table 1 indicate a indicate a ~~substantially smaller~~substantial y smal er amount for NASA R&D amount for NASA R&D
than the figures presented in this section. than the figures presented in this section. ~~One reason for this is that OMB treats about half~~To al ow consistent tracking as Congress acts on FY2022 appropriations legislation, this section treats the entirety of the of the
Exploration account as R&D. As systems being developed under that account move from R&D to Exploration account as R&D. As systems being developed under that account move from R&D to
testing and ultimately operations, the share of the account spent on R&D has decreased. testing and ultimately operations, the share of the account spent on R&D has decreased. ~~To allow~~
~~consistent tracking as Congress acts on FY2022 appropriations legislation, this section treats the~~
~~entirety of the Exploration account as~~ OMB considers about half of the Exploration account to be non-R&D. R&D.
The FY2022 request for Science is $7.931 The FY2022 request for Science is $7.931 ~~billion~~bil ion, an increase of 8.6% from FY2021. The request , an increase of 8.6% from FY2021. The request
for Earth Science includes funding for the Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) for Earth Science includes funding for the Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and Ocean Ecosystem (PACE)
and Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder missions and Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder missions
($119 ($119 ~~million~~ mil ion and $19 and $19 ~~million~~mil ion, respectively). It also includes funding to initiate, respectively). It also includes funding to initiate the development of a system of future satel ites~~the development~~

~~43 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science,~~
~~and Industry Division.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

24

~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~of a system of future satellites~~ known as the Earth System Observatory. The request for known as the Earth System Observatory. The request for
Astrophysics includes $502 Astrophysics includes $502 ~~million~~mil ion for the Roman Space Telescope (formerly the Wide Field for the Roman Space Telescope (formerly the Wide Field
Infrared Space Telescope, WFIRST) but no funds for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Infrared Space Telescope, WFIRST) but no funds for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy (SOFIA, $85 Astronomy (SOFIA, $85 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021). PACE, CLARREO in FY2021). PACE, CLARREO Pathfinder, WFIRST, and Pathfinder, WFIRST, and
SOFIA were SOFIA were ~~all~~ al proposed for termination in previous budgets. A requested reduction in funding proposed for termination in previous budgets. A requested reduction in funding
for the James Webb Space Telescope in FY2022 reflects that mission’s planned launch in for the James Webb Space Telescope in FY2022 reflects that mission’s planned launch in
November 2021. The Planetary Science request includes $653 November 2021. The Planetary Science request includes $653 ~~million~~mil ion (up from $246 (up from $246 ~~million~~ mil ion in in
FY2021) for a Mars sample return mission and $472 FY2021) for a Mars sample return mission and $472 ~~million~~ mil ion (up from $435 (up from $435 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021) in FY2021)
for a mission to orbit Jupiter’s moon Europa. The House bil would provide $38 mil ion more than the request for Science, while the draft Senate bil would provide $30 mil ion less. Both bil s would provide the requested funding for PACE, CLARREO Pathfinder, and the Roman Space Telescope. The House bil would fund SOFIA at the FY2021 level; the draft Senate bil does not mention SOFIA. In Planetary Science, the House bil would provide $35 mil ion more than the request for a Mars sample return mission and the requested amount for a Europa mission, with guidance as in past years regarding the 46 T his section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 launch vehicle for the Europa mission. The draft Senate bil would provide the requested amount for Mars sample return and does not mention Europa. The ~~for a mission to orbit Jupiter’s moon Europa.~~
~~The~~ FY2022 request for Aeronautics is $915 FY2022 request for Aeronautics is $915 ~~million~~mil ion, an increase of 10.4% from $829 , an increase of 10.4% from $829 ~~million~~mil ion in in
FY2021. The budget proposes to initiate a Sustainable Flight National Partnership, including the FY2021. The budget proposes to initiate a Sustainable Flight National Partnership, including the
development of a full-scale demonstrator aircraft with an electrified powertrain ($91 development of a full-scale demonstrator aircraft with an electrified powertrain ($91 ~~million in~~
~~FY2022).~~
~~The FY2022 request for Space Technology is $1.425 billion, an increase of 29.5% from $1.100~~
~~billion~~ mil ion in FY2022). The House bil would provide $935 mil ion, including $10 mil ion more than the request for hypersonics technology and $10 mil ion more than the request for the Integrated Aviation Systems Program. The draft Senate bil would provide $940 mil ion, including $7 mil ion more than the request for university-led aeronautics materials research and $32 mil ion for the High-Rate Composite Aircraft Manufacturing (HiCAM) project. The FY2022 request for Space Technology is $1.425 bil ion, an increase of 29.5% from $1.100 bil ion in FY2021. The bulk of the requested increase would be for the Technology Maturation in FY2021. The bulk of the requested increase would be for the Technology Maturation
program ($491 program ($491 ~~million~~mil ion, up from $227 , up from $227 ~~million~~mil ion). No funds are requested for nuclear propulsion, but ). No funds are requested for nuclear propulsion, but
the request for Technology Demonstration includes $34 the request for Technology Demonstration includes $34 ~~million~~mil ion for nuclear surface power for nuclear surface power
systems for the Moon and Mars. The combined RESTORE/SPIDER mission to demonstrate in-systems for the Moon and Mars. The combined RESTORE/SPIDER mission to demonstrate in-
space space ~~satellite~~satel ite servicing and robotic manufacturing servicing and robotic manufacturing (also known as On-orbit Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing 1, or OSAM-1) would receive $227 mil ion ~~would receive $227 million~~, the same as in , the same as in
FY2021. In recent years, appropriations report language has directed NASA to focus Space FY2021. In recent years, appropriations report language has directed NASA to focus Space
Technology on broad technology goals that can serve Technology on broad technology goals that can serve ~~all~~ al of NASA, not just its human exploration of NASA, not just its human exploration
activities. The FY2022 budget justification states, “The Space Technology portfolio is broadening activities. The FY2022 budget justification states, “The Space Technology portfolio is broadening
to develop technologies that can benefit other NASA Directorates, the commercial space sector to develop technologies that can benefit other NASA Directorates, the commercial space sector
and other and other government agencies, as appropriate.” The House bil would provide $1.280 bil ion, while the draft Senate bil would provide $1.250 bil ion. Both bil s would provide $110 mil ion, the FY2021 amount, for nuclear thermal propulsion, and the requested amount for OSAM-1. The House committee report “reaffirms [the committee’s] support for the independence of the Space Technology Mission Directorate” and “directs NASA to preserve the Directorate’s focus across NASA and in support of each of the mission directorates.”~~government agencies, as appropriate.”~~
The FY2022 request for Deep Space Exploration Systems (currently Exploration) is $6.880 The FY2022 request for Deep Space Exploration Systems (currently Exploration) is $6.880
~~billion,~~ bil ion, an increase of 5.6% from $6.517 in FY2021. Within this account, the request for an increase of 5.6% from $6.517 in FY2021. Within this account, the request for
Exploration Systems Development includes $1.407 Exploration Systems Development includes $1.407 ~~billion~~bil ion for the Orion crew capsule (up from for the Orion crew capsule (up from
$1.404 $1.404 ~~billion~~ bil ion in FY2021) and $2.487 in FY2021) and $2.487 ~~billion~~ bil ion for the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket for the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket
(SLS, down from $2.561 (SLS, down from $2.561 ~~billion~~bil ion). The proposed 21.5% increase for Exploration R&D reflects a ). The proposed 21.5% increase for Exploration R&D reflects a
request for $1.195 request for $1.195 ~~billion~~bil ion (up from $928 (up from $928 ~~million~~mil ion) for development of a Human Landing System ) for development of a Human Landing System
(HLS) for lunar exploration. NASA’s decision to award a single HLS contract on the grounds of (HLS) for lunar exploration. NASA’s decision to award a single HLS contract on the grounds of
limited funding was protested by the unselected vendors and remains controversial in Congress. limited funding was protested by the unselected vendors and remains controversial in Congress.
NASA has suggested that additional funds (beyond those requested in the budget) might be NASA has suggested that additional funds (beyond those requested in the budget) might be
needed to enable selection of a second HLS contractor. The House bil would provide $399 mil ion more than the request for Exploration, including increases of $149 mil ion for the Space Launch System, $100 mil ion for Exploration Ground Systems, and $150 mil ion for the HLS. Regarding HLS, the House committee report “urges NASA to bolster competition in lander development and production.” The draft Senate bil would provide $80 mil ion more than the request for Exploration, including increases of $20 mil ion for Orion, $100 mil ion for Exploration Ground Systems, and $100 mil ion for the HLS. At NASA’s request, subsequent to the original budget request, the draft Senate bil would also fund the Human Research Program ($130 mil ion) in the Space Operations account rather than in Exploration. Regarding HLS, the draft Senate report cal s on NASA to “ensure redundancy and competition, including robust support for ... no fewer than two HLS teams.” It also criticizes Congressional Research Service 27 link to page 33 link to page 39 link to page 39 link to page 33 link to page 39 link to page 39 link to page 30 link to page 33 link to page 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 “NASA’s rhetoric of blaming Congress and this Committee for the lack of resources needed to support two HLS teams.”~~needed to enable selection of a second HLS contractor.~~
In the Space Operations account, the request includes $1.328 In the Space Operations account, the request includes $1.328 ~~billion~~bil ion for the ISS in FY2022 (up for the ISS in FY2022 (up
from $1.322 in FY2021); $155 from $1.322 in FY2021); $155 ~~million~~ mil ion for the Commercial Crew program (down from $300 for the Commercial Crew program (down from $300
~~million);~~ mil ion); and $101 and $101 ~~million~~ mil ion for Commercial LEO Development (up from $17 for Commercial LEO Development (up from $17 ~~million~~mil ion). ).
Commercial crew activities are transitioning from development to operations (which is funded Commercial crew activities are transitioning from development to operations (which is funded
separately). SpaceX launched its first post-certification crewed flight to the ISS in November separately). SpaceX launched its first post-certification crewed flight to the ISS in November
2020; certification of Boeing’s competing commercial crew system is anticipated in 2022. The 2020; certification of Boeing’s competing commercial crew system is anticipated in 2022. The
Commercial LEO Development program, intended to stimulate a commercial space economy in Commercial LEO Development program, intended to stimulate a commercial space economy in
low Earth orbit, was initiated in the FY2019 budget. The Trump Administration requested $150 low Earth orbit, was initiated in the FY2019 budget. The Trump Administration requested $150
~~million~~ mil ion for it each year from then through FY2021; Congress has so far appropriated a total of for it each year from then through FY2021; Congress has so far appropriated a total of
$72 $72 ~~million.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

25

~~link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~
mil ion. The House and Senate committee reports do not specify how much of their recommended Space Operations funding should be al ocated to the ISS or Commercial Crew. The House bil would provide $45 mil ion for Commercial LEO Development, while the draft Senate bil would provide the requested $101 mil ion.
Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Op. Plan
Request
~~House~~
~~Senate~~H. Cmte. S. Draft
Enacted
Science
7,301
7,931
7,970 7,901

Earth Science Earth Science
2,000 2,000
2,250 2,250

2,250 2,230
Planetary Science Planetary Science
2,700 2,700
3,200 3,200

3,235 3,161
Astrophysics Astrophysics
1,356 1,356
1,400 1,400

1,446 1,400
James Webb Space Telescope James Webb Space Telescope
415 415
175 175

175 175
Heliophysics Heliophysics
751 751
797 797

773 826
Biological Biological and Physical Sciences and Physical Sciences
79 79
109 109

90 109
Aeronautics
829
915
935 940

Space Technology
1,100
1,425
1,280 1,250

Exploration / Deep Space Expl. Systems
6,517
6,880
7,279 6,960

Exploration Systems Exploration Systems Development Development
4,545 4,545
4,484 4,484

4,733 4,604
Exploration R&D Exploration R&D
1,973 1,973
2,397 2,397

2,547 2,357
Space Operationsa
1,638
1,583
n/s n/s

International Space Station International Space Station
1,322 1,322
1,328 1,328

n/s n/s
Commercial Commercial Crew Crew
300 300
155 155

n/s n/s
Commercial Commercial LEO Development LEO Development
17 17
101 101

45 101
Subtotal R&D
17,385
18,735

18,991 e 18,758e

Non-R&D Non-R&D Pr~~ogramsb~~Programsc
2,521 2,521
2,627 2,627

2,627e 2,615e
Safety, Security, Safety, Security, and Mission Services and Mission Services
2,937 2,937
3,049 3,049

3,030 3,064
Associated ~~wit~~hwith R&D0Dc
2,565
2,674
2,662 2,689

Construction & Environmental C&R Construction & Environmental C&R
429 429
390 390

390 390 —e Associated ~~wit~~hwith R&D0Dc
374
342
343 343 Congressional Research Service 28 link to page 39 link to page 39 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 FY2021 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 Op. Plan Request H. Cmte. S. Draft Enacted

NASA, Total (R&D)
20,324
21,751

21,996 e 21,789e

NASA, Total
23,271
24,801
25,038 24,827

Sources: FY2021 operating plan and FY2022 request from NASA FY2022 congressional FY2021 operating plan and FY2022 request from NASA FY2022 congressional budget justification, budget justification,
http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/. http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/.
FY2022 House committee from H.R. 4505 as reported and H.Rept. 117-97. FY2022 Senate draft from draft bil and report released by the Senate Appropriations Committee on October 18, 2021. Notes: FY2021 operating plan amounts reflect enacted appropriations adjusted for transfers and FY2021 operating plan amounts reflect enacted appropriations adjusted for transfers and
reprogramming.reprogramming. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. n/s = not specified. LEO = Low Earth Orbit. LEO = Low Earth Orbit.
C&R = Compliance and Remediation.C&R = Compliance and Remediation. ~~Figures~~ Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is for the columns currently blank may become available as action is
completed. completed.
a. Excluding non-R&D activities: Space and Flight Support and Space Transportation other than Commercial a. Excluding non-R&D activities: Space and Flight Support and Space Transportation other than Commercial
Crew. Crew.
b. b. Includes CRS estimate of unspecified amounts in Space Operations in order to al ow calculation of a total. c. Non-R&D activities in Space Operations (see note a); STEM Engagement; and Inspector General. Non-R&D activities in Space Operations (see note a); STEM Engagement; and Inspector General.
cd. CRS estimates. CRS estimates ~~the allocation~~ the al ocation between R&D and non-R&D in proportion to the underlying program between R&D and non-R&D in proportion to the underlying program amounts amounts
in order in order ~~to allow~~ to al ow calculation of a total for R&D. calculation of a total for R&D.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

26

~~link to page 34 link to page 34~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~National Science Foundation44~~e. Not shown in table: supplemental $321 mil ion for hurricane repairs provided in P.L. 117-43. National Science Foundation47
The National Science Foundation supports basic research and education in the nonmedical The National Science Foundation supports basic research and education in the nonmedical
sciences and engineering. Congress established the foundation as an independent federal agency sciences and engineering. Congress established the foundation as an independent federal agency
in 1950 to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and in 1950 to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and
welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes.”welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes.”4548 The NSF is a major source of The NSF is a major source of
federal support for U.S. university research, federal support for U.S. university research, ~~especially~~especial y in the social sciences, mathematics, and in the social sciences, mathematics, and
computer science. It is also responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology, computer science. It is also responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education program portfolio and federal STEM student engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education program portfolio and federal STEM student
aid and support. aid and support.
NSF has six appropriations accounts: Research and Related Activities (RRA, the main research NSF has six appropriations accounts: Research and Related Activities (RRA, the main research
account), Education and Human Resources (EHR, the main education account), Major Research account), Education and Human Resources (EHR, the main education account), Major Research
Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC), Agency Operations and Award Management Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC), Agency Operations and Award Management
(AOAM), the National Science Board (NSB), and the Office of Inspector General (OIG). (AOAM), the National Science Board (NSB), and the Office of Inspector General (OIG).
Appropriations are Appropriations are ~~generally~~general y provided at the account level, while program-specific direction may provided at the account level, while program-specific direction may
be included in appropriations acts, or accompanying conference reports or explanatory be included in appropriations acts, or accompanying conference reports or explanatory
statements. statements.
Funding for R&D is included in the RRA, EHR, and MREFC accounts. (The RRA and EHR Funding for R&D is included in the RRA, EHR, and MREFC accounts. (The RRA and EHR
accounts also include non-R&D funding.) Together, these three accounts comprise over 95% of accounts also include non-R&D funding.) Together, these three accounts comprise over 95% of
the total requested funding for NSF. Actual R&D obligations for each account are known after the total requested funding for NSF. Actual R&D obligations for each account are known after
NSF al ocates~~NSF allocates~~ funding appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. funding appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures.4649 The budget The budget
request specifies R&D funding for the conduct of research, including basic and applied research, request specifies R&D funding for the conduct of research, including basic and applied research,
47 T his section was written by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 48 T he National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81 -507). 49 R&D actual (FY2020), estimated (FY2021), and requested (FY2022) amounts are reported in the “Quantitative Data T ables” section of the NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, May 28, 2021, pp. QDT -1 – QDT -7. Congressional Research Service 29 link to page 38 link to page 38 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 and for physical assets, including R&D facilities and major equipment. Funding amounts for and for physical assets, including R&D facilities and major equipment. Funding amounts for
FY2021 enacted (or estimated, for subaccount and R&D amounts as noted) and FY2022 FY2021 enacted (or estimated, for subaccount and R&D amounts as noted) and FY2022
requested levels are reported by account, including amounts for R&D conduct and physical assets requested levels are reported by account, including amounts for R&D conduct and physical assets
where applicable, where applicable, in in Table 12.
Funding for NSF for FY2021 was enacted on December 27, 2020. Funding for NSF for FY2021 was enacted on December 27, 2020.~~47 Additionally~~50 Additional y, NSF received , NSF received
$600 $600 ~~million~~ mil ion in supplemental two-year appropriations in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 in supplemental two-year appropriations in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021
(P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and existing research grants, cooperative agreements, (P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and existing research grants, cooperative agreements,
scholarships, scholarships, ~~fellowships~~fel owships, and apprenticeships, and related administrative expenses to prevent, , and apprenticeships, and related administrative expenses to prevent,
prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.”prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.”4851 Funding details below the account level were not Funding details below the account level were not
availableavailable at the time the FY2022 budget request was prepared. Therefore, at the account level, the at the time the FY2022 budget request was prepared. Therefore, at the account level, the
FY2022 request amounts are compared to the FY2021 enacted amounts in this analysis; below FY2022 request amounts are compared to the FY2021 enacted amounts in this analysis; below
the account level, the FY2022 request amounts are compared to FY2021 estimated amounts for the account level, the FY2022 request amounts are compared to FY2021 estimated amounts for
subaccounts and R&D amounts. FY2021 enacted/estimated and FY2022 requested amounts are subaccounts and R&D amounts. FY2021 enacted/estimated and FY2022 requested amounts are
reported by account and for R&D conduct and facilities and equipment reported by account and for R&D conduct and facilities and equipment ~~in Table 12.~~

~~44 This section was written by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and~~
~~Industry Division.~~
~~45 The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-507).~~
~~46 R&D actual (FY2020), estimated (FY2021), and requested (FY2022) amounts are reported in the “Quantitative Data~~
~~Tables” section of the NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, May 28, 2021, pp. QDT-1–QDT-7.~~
~~47 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and Explanatory Statement, Consolidated~~
~~Appropriations Act, 2021, Division B (Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021),~~
Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book III (December 21, 2021), pp. H7947-H7948.
~~48 These funds are not included in the FY2021 enacted/estimated funding amounts because they are two-year funds that~~
~~will not be fully allocated in FY2021; for further information, see NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, p.~~
~~Performance and Management-12.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

27

~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

in Table 12. Overall. The Administration is requesting $10.2 The Administration is requesting $10.2 ~~billion~~bil ion for the NSF in FY2022, $1.68 for the NSF in FY2022, $1.68 ~~billion~~bil ion
(19.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. The request would increase budget authority in (19.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. The request would increase budget authority in
~~all~~ al three of the R&D accounts relative to the FY2021 enacted level: RRA by $1.23 three of the R&D accounts relative to the FY2021 enacted level: RRA by $1.23 ~~billion~~bil ion
(17.8%), EHR by $319 (17.8%), EHR by $319 ~~million~~ mil ion (33.0%), and MREFC by $8.0 (33.0%), and MREFC by $8.0 ~~million~~mil ion (3.3%). (3.3%). ~~Overall~~Overal , NSF , NSF
estimates that, under the FY2022 request, agency-wide funding rates for competitive awards (i.e., estimates that, under the FY2022 request, agency-wide funding rates for competitive awards (i.e.,
the percentage of submitted proposals that are successfully awarded funding after competitive the percentage of submitted proposals that are successfully awarded funding after competitive
review) would increase slightly from 27% to 29%, with an estimated 13,800 awards. review) would increase slightly from 27% to 29%, with an estimated 13,800 awards.
For FY2022, $8.17 For FY2022, $8.17 ~~billion~~bil ion is requested for R&D activities, a $1.29 is requested for R&D activities, a $1.29 ~~billion~~bil ion increase from FY2021 increase from FY2021
estimated funding for R&D. R&D activities account for approximately 80% of NSF’s total estimated funding for R&D. R&D activities account for approximately 80% of NSF’s total
funding. The total request for R&D activities includes $7.58 funding. The total request for R&D activities includes $7.58 ~~billion~~ bil ion (93%) for the conduct of (93%) for the conduct of
R&D, and $595 R&D, and $595 ~~million~~ mil ion (7%) for R&D facilities and major equipment. Of funding requested for (7%) for R&D facilities and major equipment. Of funding requested for
the conduct of R&D, 86% is requested for basic research, and 14% for applied research. the conduct of R&D, 86% is requested for basic research, and 14% for applied research. ~~Overall~~
Overal funding for R&D facilities and major equipment supports not only the construction and funding for R&D facilities and major equipment supports not only the construction and
acquisition phases, funded through MREFC ($249 acquisition phases, funded through MREFC ($249 ~~million~~mil ion requested), but also planning, design, requested), but also planning, design,
and post-construction operations and maintenance, funded through RRA ($346 and post-construction operations and maintenance, funded through RRA ($346 ~~million~~
~~requested).~~
Research. The Administration seeks $8.14 billion for RRA in FY2022, a $1.23 billion (17.8%)
~~increase compared to the FY2021 enacted funding. Within the RRA account, the FY2022 request~~
~~includes $7.30 billion for R&D, an increase of $1.13 billion (18.3%) compared to the FY2021~~
~~estimated amount. Of this amount, the majority ($6.96 billion, 95%) is requested for the conduct~~
~~of research, including $6.30 billion for basic research and $659 million for applied research.~~
~~Compared to the FY2021 estimated levels, the FY2022 request includes increases for all 11 RRA~~
~~subaccounts.49 This includes a request of $865 million for a proposed new Directorate for~~
~~Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP), meant to support crosscutting programs and~~
~~activities, accelerate the translation of research to market, and catalyze partnerships across~~
~~academia, industry, government, investors, and civil society.50 The FY2022 request also includes~~
~~$240 million for the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) program,~~
~~a $39.6 million (19.8%) increase compared to FY2021 estimated funding.~~
Education. The FY2022 request for the EHR account is $1.29 billion, $319 million (33%) more
~~than the FY2021 enacted amount. By program division, in terms of both dollars and percent, the~~
~~Division of Human Resource Development would receive the largest increase, $92.5 million~~
~~(43%) over the FY2021 estimated level. EHR programs of particular interest to congressional~~
~~policymakers include the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) and National Research~~
~~Traineeship (NRT) programs. The FY2022 request for GRFP is $318 million, an increase of $34.0~~
~~million (12%) from the FY2021 estimated level.51 The FY2022 request for NRT is $58 million,~~
~~equal to the FY2021 estimated level.~~
~~Within EHR, requested funding for R&D is $620 million, which is $154 million (33%) more than~~
~~the FY2021 estimated funding amount and accounts for approximately 7.6% of the agency’s total~~
~~R&D request. Nearly all of the requested funding would support the conduct of R&D, including~~
~~$232 million for basic research and $388 million for applied research.~~

~~49 The RRA funding table in the budget request seems to show a decrease for the IA subaccount. As noted in the IA~~
~~summary funding table, this is because two programs previously in the IA subaccount are moved to other accounts: the~~
~~Graduate Research Fellowship program is consolidated into the EHR account, and the Convergence Accelerator~~
~~(discussed below) is moved to the TIP subaccount; NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, p. IA-1.~~
~~50 For more information on the TIP Directorate, see NSF, FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, pp. TIP-1 – TIP-8,~~
~~https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2022/pdf/52_fy2022.pdf.~~
~~51 The subset of GRFP funds provided through RRA in prior years would be consolidated into EHR in FY2022.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

28

~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

Construction. The MREFC account supports large construction projects and larger mid-scale
~~research infrastructure, with all of the funding supporting R&D facilities. The construction phases~~
~~of such large-scale projects tend to span multiple years; therefore, NSF provides out-year~~
~~estimates of funding for major facilities for the duration of the anticipated timeline, which are~~
~~updated annually. This section of the analysis includes comparisons to FY2021 estimated~~
~~funding, based on these projections. The Administration is seeking $249 million for MREFC in~~
~~FY2022, $8.0 million (3.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount.~~
~~Requested MREFC funding would support continued construction of the Vera C. Rubin~~
~~Observatory ($40.8 million requested, equal to the FY2021 estimate)—previously called the~~
~~Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)—and the Antarctic Infrastructure Recapitalization~~
~~program (AIR, $90.0 million requested, equal to the FY2021 estimate).52 The request includes~~
~~$36.0 million for upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, which would represent~~
~~the third year of a five-year project. Additionally, $76.2 million is requested for Mid-scale~~
~~Research Infrastructure projects (those projects with funding amounts in the $20 million to $100~~
~~million range); this was a new funding line-item in the MREFC account as of FY2020, meant to~~
~~manage support for upgrades to major facilities and stand-alone projects in this range as a~~
~~portfolio.~~
Other Initiatives. The FY2022 NSF budget request includes funding for multiple agency-wide
~~investments, including the Big Ideas and Convergence Accelerator (CA), as well as three~~
~~multiagency initiatives. This funding is included in multiple NSF appropriations accounts, and~~
~~R&D amounts are not separately provided.~~
~~For FY2022, NSF requests funding for eight Big Ideas, including five Research and three~~
~~Enabling Big Ideas. The Big Ideas were first proposed in 2016 as an “endeavor to break down the~~
~~silos of conventional scientific research … to define and push the frontiers of global science and~~
~~engineering leadership and to invest in fundamental research.”53 Requested funding amounts for~~
~~each of the Big Ideas compared to the FY2021 estimated amounts include the following:54~~
~~ Harnessing the Data Revolution for 21st-Century Science and Engineering~~
~~(HDR): $180 million requested, up $5.8 million (3.3%) from FY2021.~~
~~ The Future of Work at the Human Technology Frontier (FW-HTF): $173 million~~
~~requested, up $11 million (6.8%) from FY2021.~~
~~ Navigating the New Arctic (NNA): $37.2 million requested, up $1.0 million~~
~~(2.8%) from FY2021.~~
~~ Understanding the Rules of Life (URoL): Predicting Phenotype: $113 million~~
~~requested, up $30 million (36%) from FY2021.~~
~~ Windows on the Universe (WoU): $66.8 million requested, up $2.6 million~~
~~(4.1%) from FY2021.~~

~~52 The FY2022 funding for AIR is requested as part of re-baselining of the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernization for~~
~~Science (AIMS) program, which encountered significant disruptions and delays due to COVID-19 restrictions as field~~
~~work and on-ice construction work was in the early stages; NSF, FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, pp. MREFC-8 –~~
~~MREFC-13.~~
~~53 NSF, FY2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 202, pp. Overview-9 – Overview-10.~~
~~54 Starting in FY2021, activities of the Quantum Leap Big Idea are to be managed within NSF’s broader Quantum~~
~~Information Science (QIS) portfolio.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

29

~~link to page 35~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~ Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learners of Underrepresented~~
~~Discoverers in Engineering and Science (NSF INCLUDES): $46.5 million~~
~~requested, up $26.5 million (132%) from FY2021.~~
~~ Growing Convergence Research at NSF (GCR): $24.2 million requested, up $8.2~~
~~million (51%) from FY2021.~~
~~ Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure: $126 million requested, up $17.3 million~~
~~(16%) from FY2021.55~~
~~The Convergence Accelerator~~
~~is an organizational framework that stands separately from the NSF research directorates,~~
~~with its own budget, staff, and initiatives. Each CA research track will be a time-limited~~
~~entity focused on specific research topics and themes. Therefore, CA research tracks will~~
~~evolve over time and will be informed by external stakeholder input. The CA will reward~~
~~high-risk, innovative thinking by multidisciplinary teams of researchers who want to~~
~~accelerate discovery and innovation. The CA is a way of achieving rapid lab-to-market or~~
~~research outcomes.56~~
~~While the initial CA research tracks focused on a subset of the Big Ideas, the FY2022 request is~~
~~intended to support new research tracks informed by responses to a Request for Information,~~
~~current national priorities, and other external stakeholder input. NSF has requested $70 million~~
~~for the CA in FY2022, equal to the FY2021 estimated amount.~~
~~The budget request also includes three multi-agency initiatives. The National Nanotechnology~~
~~Initiative would receive $471 million, $29.0 million (6.6%) more than the FY2021 estimate. The~~
~~Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program would receive~~
~~$2.07 billion, an increase of $484 million (31%). The U.S. Global Change Research Program~~
~~would receive $762 million, $241 million (46%) more than the FY2021 estimate.57 These figures~~
~~represent funding within agency budgets for those agencies involved in these interagency~~
~~activities. The coordination offices for these initiatives have much smaller budgets.~~
~~Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding~~
~~(budget authority, in millions of dollars)~~
~~FY2021~~
~~Enacted/~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Account~~
~~Estimateda~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Research and Related~~
~~6,909.8~~
~~8,139.7~~

mil ion requested). As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022, would provide $9.6 bil ion in total discretionary funding for NSF, $535 mil ion (5.3%) below the FY2022 request and $1.1 bil ion (13.5%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $9.5 bil ion in total discretionary funding for NSF, $682 mil ion (6.7%) below the FY2022 request and $1.0 bil ion (11.8%) above the FY2021 enacted amount.52 50 T he Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and Explanatory Statement, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division B (Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021), Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book III (December 21, 2021), pp. H7947-H7948. 51 T hese funds are not included in the FY2021 enacted/estimated funding amounts because they are two -year funds that will not be fully allocated in FY2021; for further information, see NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, p. Performance and Management -12. 52 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (com m ittee print) , 117th Cong., 1st sess., October 18, 2021, p. 162, Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Research. The Administration seeks $8.14 bil ion for RRA in FY2022, a $1.23 bil ion (17.8%) increase compared to the FY2021 enacted funding. Within the RRA account, the FY2022 request includes $7.30 bil ion for R&D, an increase of $1.13 bil ion (18.3%) compared to the FY2021 estimated amount. Of this amount, the majority ($6.96 bil ion, 95%) is requested for the conduct of research, including $6.30 bil ion for basic research and $659 mil ion for applied research. Compared to the FY2021 estimated levels, the FY2022 request includes increases for all 11 RRA subaccounts.53 This includes a request of $865 mil ion for a proposed new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP), meant to support crosscutting programs and activities, accelerate the translation of research to market, and catalyze partnerships across academia, industry, government, investors, and civil society.54 The FY2022 request also includes $240 mil ion for the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) program, a $39.6 mil ion (19.8%) increase compared to FY2021 estimated funding. As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505 would provide $7.7 bil ion for RRA, $444 mil ion (5.5%) below the FY2022 request and $786 mil ion (11.4%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $7.7 bil ion for RRA, $473 mil ion (5.8%) below the FY2022 request and $757 mil ion (11.0%) above the FY2021 enacted amount.55 Education. The FY2022 request for the EHR account is $1.29 bil ion, $319 mil ion (33%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. By program division, in terms of both dollars and percent, the Division of Human Resource Development would receive the largest increase, $92.5 mil ion (43%) over the FY2021 estimated level. EHR programs of particular interest to congressional policymakers include the Graduate Research Fel owship Program (GRFP) and National Research Traineeship (NRT) programs. The FY2022 request for GRFP is $318 mil ion, an increase of $34.0 mil ion (12%) from the FY2021 estimated level.56 The FY2022 request for NRT is $58 mil ion, equal to the FY2021 estimated level. Within EHR, requested funding for R&D is $620 mil ion, which is $154 mil ion (33%) more than the FY2021 estimated funding amount and accounts for approximately 7.6% of the agency’s total R&D request. Nearly al of the requested funding would support the conduct of R&D, including $232 mil ion for basic research and $388 mil ion for applied research. As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505 would provide $1.3 bil ion for EHR, $13.0 mil ion (1.0%) below the FY2022 request and $306 mil ion (31.6%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/cjsrept_final. 53 T he RRA funding table in the budget request seems to show a decrease for the IA subaccount. As noted in the IA summary funding table, this is because two programs previously in the IA subaccount are moved to other accounts: the Graduate Research Fellowship program is consolidated into the EHR account, and the Convergence Accelerator (discussed below) is moved to the T IP subaccount; NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, p. IA-1. 54 For more information on the T IP Directorate, see NSF, FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, pp. T IP-1 – T IP-8, https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2022/pdf/52_fy2022.pdf. 55 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (com m ittee print) , 117th Cong., 1st sess., October 18, 2021, p. 163. 56 T he subset of GRFP funds provided through RRA in prior years would be consolidated into EHR in FY2022. Congressional Research Service 31 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $1.1 bil ion for EHR, $187 mil ion (14.5%) below the FY2022 request and $132 mil ion (13.6%) above the FY2022 enacted amount.57 Construction. The MREFC account supports large construction projects and larger mid-scale research infrastructure, with al of the funding supporting R&D facilities. The construction phases of such large-scale projects tend to span multiple years; therefore, NSF provides out-year estimates of funding for major facilities for the duration of the anticipated timeline, which are updated annual y. This section of the analysis includes comparisons to FY2021 estimated funding, based on these projections. The Administration is seeking $249 mil ion for MREFC in FY2022, $8.0 mil ion (3.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. Requested MREFC funding would support continued construction of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory ($40.8 mil ion requested, equal to the FY2021 estimate)—previously cal ed the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)—and the Antarctic Infrastructure Recapitalization program (AIR, $90.0 mil ion requested, equal to the FY2021 estimate).58 The request includes $36.0 mil ion for upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, which would represent the third year of a five-year project. Additional y, $76.2 mil ion is requested for Mid-scale Research Infrastructure projects (those projects with funding amounts in the $20 mil ion to $100 mil ion range); this was a new funding line-item in the MREFC account as of FY2020, meant to manage support for upgrades to major facilities and stand-alone projects in this range as a portfolio. As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505 would provide $249 mil ion for MREFC, equal to the FY2022 request and $8.0 mil ion (3.3%) below the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would also provide $249 mil ion for MREFC.59 Other Initiatives. The FY2022 NSF budget request includes funding for multiple agency-wide investments, including the Big Ideas and Convergence Accelerator (CA), as wel as three multiagency initiatives. This funding is included in multiple NSF appropriations accounts, and R&D amounts are not separately provided. For FY2022, NSF requests funding for eight Big Ideas, including five Research and three Enabling Big Ideas. The Big Ideas were first proposed in 2016 as an “endeavor to break down the silos of conventional scientific research … to define and push the frontiers of global science and engineering leadership and to invest in fundamental research.”60 Requested funding amounts for each of the Big Ideas compared to the FY2021 estimated amounts include the following:61  Harnessing the Data Revolution for 21st-Century Science and Engineering (HDR): $180 mil ion requested, up $5.8 mil ion (3.3%) from FY2021. 57 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (com m ittee print), 117th Cong., 1st sess., October 18, 2021, p. 170. 58 T he FY2022 funding for AIR is requested as part of re-baselining of the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernization for Science (AIMS) program, which encountered significant disruptions and delays due to COVID-19 restrictions as field work and on-ice construction work was in the early stages; NSF, FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, pp. MREFC-8 – MREFC-13. 59 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (com m ittee print) , 117th Cong., 1st sess., October 18, 2021, p. 169. 60 NSF, FY2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 202, pp. Overview-9 – Overview-10. 61 Starting in FY2021, activities of the Quantum Leap Big Idea are to be managed within NSF’s broader Quantum Information Science (QIS) portfolio. Congressional Research Service 32 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022  The Future of Work at the Human Technology Frontier (FW-HTF): $173 mil ion requested, up $11 mil ion (6.8%) from FY2021.  Navigating the New Arctic (NNA): $37.2 mil ion requested, up $1.0 mil ion (2.8%) from FY2021.  Understanding the Rules of Life (URoL): Predicting Phenotype: $113 mil ion requested, up $30 mil ion (36%) from FY2021.  Windows on the Universe (WoU): $66.8 mil ion requested, up $2.6 mil ion (4.1%) from FY2021.  Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learners of Underrepresented Discoverers in Engineering and Science (NSF INCLUDES): $46.5 mil ion requested, up $26.5 mil ion (132%) from FY2021.  Growing Convergence Research at NSF (GCR): $24.2 mil ion requested, up $8.2 mil ion (51%) from FY2021.  Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure: $126 mil ion requested, up $17.3 mil ion (16%) from FY2021.62 The Convergence Accelerator is an organizational framework that stands separately from the NSF research directorates, with its own budget, staff, and initiatives. Each CA research track will be a time-limited entity focused on specific research topics and themes. Therefore, CA research tracks wil evolve over time and will be informed by external stakeholder input. The CA will reward high-risk, innovative thinking by multidisciplinary teams of researchers who want to accelerate discovery and innovation. The CA is a way of achieving rapid lab -to-market or research outcomes.63 While the initial CA research tracks focused on a subset of the Big Ideas, the FY2022 request is intended to support new research tracks informed by responses to a Request for Information, current national priorities, and other external stakeholder input. NSF has requested $70 mil ion for the CA in FY2022, equal to the FY2021 estimated amount. The budget request also includes three multi-agency initiatives. The National Nanotechnology Initiative would receive $471 mil ion, $29.0 mil ion (6.6%) more than the FY2021 estimate. The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program would receive $2.07 bil ion, an increase of $484 mil ion (31%). The U.S. Global Change Research Program would receive $762 mil ion, $241 mil ion (46%) more than the FY2021 estimate.64 These figures represent funding within agency budgets for those agencies involved in these interagency activities. The coordination offices for these initiatives have much smal er budgets. 62 T his total includes Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-1, funded through RRA, for projects costing $6 million-$20 million, as well as Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-2, funded through MREFC, for projects costing $20 million -$100 million. 63 NSF, FY2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 2020, p. Overview-10. 64 For additional information on these initiatives, see “NSF-Wide Investments.” Congressional Research Service 33 link to page 38 link to page 33 link to page 39 link to page 38 link to page 38 link to page 38 link to page 33 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding (budget authority, in mil ions of dol ars) FY2021 Enacted/ FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 Account Estimateda Request H. Cmte.e S. Drafte Enacted Research and Related 6,909.8 8,139.7 7,695.7 7,667.1 Activities (RRA) R&D, RRA Total 6,174.7 7,304.7 n/a n/a Conduct of R&D 5,882.3 6,958.9 n/a n/a

~~Activities (RRA)~~
~~R&D, RRA Total~~
~~6,174.7~~
~~7,304.7~~

~~Conduct of R&D~~

~~5,882.3~~
~~6,958.9~~

R&D Facilities and Major Equipment
292.4
345.9
n/a n/a

Education and Human
968.0
1,287.3

1,274.3 1,100.0

Resources (EHR)
R&D, EHR Total R&D, EHR Total
465.9 465.9
619.6 619.6

n/a n/a
Conduct of R&D
465.8
619.5
n/a n/a R&D Facilities and Major Equipment 0.1 0.1 n/a n/a Major Research Equipment 241.0 249.0 249.0 249.0 and Facilities Construction (MREFC) R&D, MREFC Total 241.0 249.0 n/a n/a Conduct of R&D 0.0 0.0 n/a n/a R&D Facilities and Major Equipment 241.0 249.0 n/a n/a Agency Operations and 345.6 468.3 390.0 445.6

~~55 This total includes Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-1, funded through RRA, for projects costing $6 million-$20~~
~~million, as well as Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-2, funded through MREFC, for projects costing $20 million-$100~~
~~million.~~
~~56 NSF, FY2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 2020, p. Overview-10.~~
~~57 For additional information on these initiatives, see “NSF-Wide Investments.”~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~FY2021~~
~~Enacted/~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Account~~
~~Estimateda~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~R&D Facilities and Major Equipment~~
~~0.1~~
~~0.1~~

~~Major Research Equipment~~
~~241.0~~
~~249.0~~

~~and Facilities Construction~~
~~(MREFC)~~
~~R&D, MREFC Total~~
~~241.0~~
~~249.0~~

~~Conduct of R&D~~
~~0.0~~
~~0.0~~

~~R&D Facilities and Major Equipment~~
~~241.0~~
~~249.0~~

~~Agency Operations and~~
~~345.6~~
~~468.3~~

Award Management
(AOAM)b
Office of the Inspector
17.9
20.4
20.4 20.4

General (OIG)bb
National Science Board
4.5
4.6
4.6 4.6

(NSBNSB)b
NSF, Total ~~Discretionary~~cDiscretionary0
8,486.8 10,169.3

9,634.0 9,486.8

R&D, NSF Total R&D, NSF Total
6,881.6 6,881.6
8,173.3 8,173.3

n/a n/a
Total, Conduct of R&D
6,348.2
7,578.4
n/a n/a

Total, R&D Facilities & Major
533.4
595.0
n/a n/a

Equipment
Sources: Data in the columns titled “FY2021 Enacted/Estimated” and “FY2022 Request” are fromData in the columns titled “FY2021 Enacted/Estimated” and “FY2022 Request” are from P.L. 116-260 P.L. 116-260
and the NSF and the NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress..
Data in the “FY2022 House” column are from H.Rept. 117-97. Data in the “FY2022 Senate” column are from the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (committee print), 117th Cong., 1st sess., released on October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/cjsrept_final. Notes: Appropriations accounts are in bold. NSF total may differ from the sum of the accounts due to rounding. Appropriations accounts are in bold. NSF total may differ from the sum of the accounts due to rounding.
Nonbold R&D funding amounts are a subset of funding for the specifiedNonbold R&D funding amounts are a subset of funding for the specified accounts. Figuresaccounts. Figures for the columns for the columns
currently blank may becomecurrently blank may become available as action is completed. The termavailable as action is completed. The term “n/a” = not available. “n/a” = not available.
a. FY2021 account funding amounts (bold) are as enacted (P.L. 116-260); FY2021 R&D funding amounts a. FY2021 account funding amounts (bold) are as enacted (P.L. 116-260); FY2021 R&D funding amounts
(nonbold) are as estimated by NSF. These amounts do not include $600 (nonbold) are as estimated by NSF. These amounts do not include $600 ~~million~~ mil ion in two-year appropriations in two-year appropriations
for NSF as enacted in the Americanfor NSF as enacted in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and
existing research grants, cooperativeexisting research grants, cooperative agreements,agreements, scholarships,scholarships, ~~fellowships,~~ fel owships, and apprenticeships, and related and apprenticeships, and related
administrativeadministrative expenses to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.” expenses to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.”
b. The AOAM, b. The AOAM, NSB, and OIG accounts have no reportedNSB, and OIG accounts have no reported R&D funding. Congressional Research Service 34 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ~~R&D funding.~~
c. In addition to discretionary funding, NSF reports mandatory funding from H-1B visa and donation sources, c. In addition to discretionary funding, NSF reports mandatory funding from H-1B visa and donation sources,
which are not included in this total. which are not included in this total.
d. Data are from H.R. 4505, as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, and the accompanying explanatory report, H.Rept. 117-97. e. Data are from the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (committee print), as released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/cjsfy2022_final. Department of Agriculture65~~Department of Agriculture58~~
The U.S. Department of Agriculture was created in 1862 to support agricultural research in an The U.S. Department of Agriculture was created in 1862 to support agricultural research in an
expanding, expanding, ~~agriculturally~~agricultural y dependent country. Today, USDA conducts intramural research at dependent country. Today, USDA conducts intramural research at
federal facilities with federal facilities with ~~federally~~federal y employed scientists, and supports extramural research at employed scientists, and supports extramural research at
universities and other facilities through competitive grants and capacity (formula-based) funding. universities and other facilities through competitive grants and capacity (formula-based) funding.
The breadth of contemporary USDA research spans traditional agricultural production practices, The breadth of contemporary USDA research spans traditional agricultural production practices,
as as ~~well~~ wel as organic and sustainable agriculture, bioenergy, nutritional needs and food composition, as organic and sustainable agriculture, bioenergy, nutritional needs and food composition,

~~58 This section was written by Genevieve K. Croft, Analyst in Agricultural Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and~~
~~Industry Division.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~link to page 41 link to page 41 link to page 41 link to page 41~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

food safety, animal and plant health, pest and disease management, economic decisionmaking, food safety, animal and plant health, pest and disease management, economic decisionmaking,
and other social sciences affecting consumers, farmers, and rural communities. and other social sciences affecting consumers, farmers, and rural communities.
The four agencies of USDA’s Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area carry out The four agencies of USDA’s Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area carry out
the Department’s research and education activities.the Department’s research and education activities.5966 These agencies are the Agricultural These agencies are the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), the principal intramural research agency; the National Institute of Food Research Service (ARS), the principal intramural research agency; the National Institute of Food
and Agriculture (NIFA), the principal extramural research agency; the National Agricultural and Agriculture (NIFA), the principal extramural research agency; the National Agricultural
Statistics Service (NASS), which undertakes a variety of surveys to capture data about agriculture Statistics Service (NASS), which undertakes a variety of surveys to capture data about agriculture
and food production; and the Economic Research Service (ERS), which applies economic and food production; and the Economic Research Service (ERS), which applies economic
analysis to a wide range of topics related to food and agriculture. In addition to the four REE analysis to a wide range of topics related to food and agriculture. In addition to the four REE
agencies, the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), a staff office within the Office of the Under agencies, the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), a staff office within the Office of the Under
Secretary of REE, coordinates science activities across the department. Secretary of REE, coordinates science activities across the department.
~~The House-passed FY2022 appropriations bill (H.R. 4502) would provide a total of $3,699.1~~
~~million~~On August 4, 2021, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022 (S. 2599). This bil would provide $3,659.7 mil ion in discretionary spending for the REE agencies in discretionary spending for the REE agencies in for FY2022, FY2022,~~60 an increase of $332.2~~
~~million (9.9%~~67 an 8.7% increase ($292.8 mil ion) from the FY2021 amount ($3,366.9 ) from the FY2021 amount ($3,366.9 ~~million)~~ mil ion) enacted in P.L. 116-260,68 and 11.5% ($475.4 mil ion) less than the FY2022 amount requested by the Administration ($4,135.1 mil ion). The House-passed FY2022 appropriations bil (H.R. 4502) would provide a total of $3,699.1 mil ion in discretionary spending,69 an increase of 9.9% ($332.2 65 T his section was written by Genevieve K. Croft, Analyst in Agricultural Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 66 For additional information, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues, by Genevieve K. Croft . 67 T he committee report for the Senate-reported FY2022 appropriations bill for agriculture is S.Rept. 117-34. 68 FY2021 enacted appropriations and related congressional directives presented in this report section derive from P.L. 116-260; the accompanying Explanatory Statement, Division A—Agriculture, Rural Developm ent, Food and Drug Adm inistration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021 ; H.Rept. 116-446 (to accompany the House FY2021 agriculture appropriations bill, H.R. 7610, 116th Congress); and the Senate explanatory statement to accompany the Senate FY2021 agriculture appropriations draft ~~enacted in P.L. 116-260.61 Most of~~
~~that difference is attributable to increases for ARS buildings and facilities ($35.7 million provided~~
~~in P.L. 116-260, versus $126.5 million recommended in H.R. 4502) and NIFA research and~~
~~education activities ($992.6 million provided in P.L. 116-260, versus $1,063.3 million~~
~~recommended in H.R. 4502). The House-passed recommendation for FY2022 discretionary~~
~~appropriations and the Administration’s FY2022 request are discussed below for the four research~~
~~agencies and the Office of the Under Secretary of REE. Funding amounts are presented i~~n ~~Table~~
13.
~~Certain appropriations for the REE agencies and OCS are not presented in Table 13, including~~
~~appropriations made in the General Provisions of P.L. 116-260 and H.R. 4502. For FY2021, the~~
~~REE agencies and OCS also received certain funding in addition to those amounts provided~~
~~through P.L. 116-260, Division A, Title I (Agricultural Programs). Funding from these other~~
~~sources is discussed separately in the text, and is not presented in Table 13. Within the~~
~~Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division A, Title VII (General Provisions) provided an~~
~~additional $31.7 million, and Division M (Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental~~
~~Appropriations Act, 2021) provided $140.5 million of supplementary discretionary funding, and~~
~~$20 million of annual mandatory funding, for certain REE programs. Separately, the American~~
~~Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) provided additional appropriations for USDA, some of~~
~~which may be administered through REE, though implemented amounts and specific~~
~~programming are not yet known. In addition to discretionary appropriations, agricultural research~~
~~is funded by certain mandatory funding authorized by the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334P.L. 116-~~
~~260, as well as state matching contributions and private donations or grants.~~

~~59 For additional information, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues, by Genevieve~~
~~K. Croft.~~
~~60 The committee report for the House-passed FY2022 appropriations bill for agriculture (H.R. 4502, Division B) is~~
~~H.Rept. 117-82. This report remains associated with the original bill reported for agriculture (H.R. 4356). The~~
~~committee report associated with H.R. 4502 (H.Rept. 117-96) does not address agriculture.~~
~~61 FY2021 enacted appropriations and related congressional directives presented in this report section derive from P.L.~~
~~116-260; the accompanying~~ ~~Explanatory Statement, Division A – Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug~~
~~Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021; H.Rept. 116-446 (to accompany the House FY2021~~
~~agriculture appropriations bill, H.R. 7610, 116th Congress); and the Senate explanatory statement to accompany the~~
~~Senate agriculture appropriations draft~~ bill, both available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/committee-bill, both available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/committee-
releases-fy21-bills-in-effortreleases-fy21-bills-in-effort -to-advance-process-produce-bipartisan-results. For P.L. 116-260, Division A, -to-advance-process-produce-bipartisan-results. For P.L. 116-260, Division A, ~~Title~~T itle I I
(Agricultural Programs), provides regular(Agricultural Programs), provides regular appropriations for USDA, includingappropriations for USDA, including the REE the REE ~~agencies~~age ncies and OCS. and OCS. In this In this
report section, unless otherwise noted, funds provided outside of this division and title are discussedreport section, unless otherwise noted, funds provided outside of this division and title are discussed separately from separately from
FY2021 discretionary funding totals. FY2021 discretionary funding totals.
69 T he committee report for the House-passed FY2022 appropriations bill for agriculture (H.R. 4502, Division B) is Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

3235

link to page link to page 4145 link to page 45 link to page 45 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 mil ion) above the FY2021 amount. The Senate-reported bil , the House-passed bil , and the Administration’s FY2022 request are discussed below for the REE agencies and the Office of the Under Secretary of REE. Table 13 presents funding amounts. Certain appropriations for the REE agencies and OCS are not presented in Table 13, and are discussed separately below. These include appropriations made in the General Provisions of P.L. 116-260, P.L. 117-2, and appropriations that would be provided in H.R. 4502 and S. 2599. Within the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division A, Title VII (General Provisions) provided an additional $31.7 mil ion, and Division M (Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021) provided $140.5 mil ion of supplementary discretionary funding and $20 mil ion of annual mandatory funding. Separately, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) provided additional appropriations for USDA, some of which may be administered through REE, though implemented amounts and specific programming are not yet known. In addition to discretionary appropriations, agricultural research is funded by certain mandatory funding authorized by the 2018 farm bil (P.L. 115-334P.L. 116-260, as wel as state matching contributions and private donations or grants. ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

Agricultural Research Service
ARS is USDA’s in-house basic and applied research agency, and has major responsibilities for ARS is USDA’s in-house basic and applied research agency, and has major responsibilities for
conducting and leading the national agricultural research effort. ARS operates approximately 90 conducting and leading the national agricultural research effort. ARS operates approximately 90
laboratories, with about 5,000 permanent employees, including approximately 2,000 research laboratories, with about 5,000 permanent employees, including approximately 2,000 research
scientists. ARS laboratories include a focus on efficient and sustainable food and fiber scientists. ARS laboratories include a focus on efficient and sustainable food and fiber
production, development of new products and uses for agricultural commodities, development of production, development of new products and uses for agricultural commodities, development of
effective controls for pest management, and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance effective controls for pest management, and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance
programs. ARS also operates the National Agricultural Library (NAL). NAL is the world’s largest programs. ARS also operates the National Agricultural Library (NAL). NAL is the world’s largest
agricultural research library, and is a primary information repository for food, agriculture, and agricultural research library, and is a primary information repository for food, agriculture, and
natural resource sciences. natural resource sciences.
For FY2022, For FY2022, ~~H.R. 4502~~S. 2599 would provide $1, would provide $1,~~638.0 million~~675.0 mil ion for ARS salaries and expenses, a for ARS salaries and expenses, a ~~9.8~~12.3% %
increase over the FY2021 appropriation ($1,491.8 increase over the FY2021 appropriation ($1,491.8 ~~million~~mil ion), and ), and 119.4% less than the .4% less than the
Administration’s FY2022 request ($1,849.6 Administration’s FY2022 request ($1,849.6 ~~million). The House-passed bill would provide~~
~~$126.5 million for ARS buildings and facilities, a 254.4~~mil ion). For ARS buildings and facilities, the Senate-reported bil would provide $45.4 mil ion, the same amount requested by the Administration for FY2022, and a 27.2% increase from the FY2021 % increase from the FY2021
~~appropriation ($35.7 million) and 178.6% more than the Administration’s FY2022 request ($45.4~~
~~million, Table 13). The House-passed bill includes $46.7 million in community project funding62~~
~~for six ARS facilities as part of the ARS buildings and facilities total.~~
~~Among Administration requests for ARS are (1) $92 million for climate science, (2) $5 million~~
~~for the USDA climate hubs, and (3) $95 million for an agreement with the Department of Energy~~
appropriation ($35.7 mil ion, Table 13). The House-passed bil would provide $126.5 mil ion for ARS buildings and facilities, a total that includes $46.7 mil ion in community project funding70 for six ARS facilities. The Senate-reported bil would provide $39.7 mil ion in congressional y directed spending for a university-based ARS Plant Germplasm Research Facility. Among Administration requests for ARS are (1) $92 mil ion for climate science, (2) $5 mil ion for the USDA climate hubs, and (3) $95 mil ion for an agreement with the Department of Energy for the Administration’s proposed Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C). The for the Administration’s proposed Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C). The
~~House-passed bill includes $50 million to support some of these proposals, including $10 million~~
~~for the climate hubs. In H.Rept. 117-82, the committee “strongly supports the Administration’s~~
~~request” for ARS engagement in climate science research, but the House-passed bill does not~~
Senate-reported bil does not specifical y address the Administration proposals. S. 2599 supports H.Rept. 117-82. T his report remains associated with the original bill reported for agriculture (H.R. 4356). T he committee report associated with H.R. 4502 (H.Rept. 117-96) does not address agriculture. 70 Community project funding, also referred to as earmarks, provides appropriations for specific projects at the request of Members of Congress. T he House Appropriations Committee announced it would accept such appropriations requests for FY2022. For additional information, see House Committee on Appropriations, “DeLauro Announces Community Project Funding in Fiscal Year 2022,” February 26, 2021, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/delauro-announces-community-project -funding-in-fiscal-year-2022. Congressional Research Service 36 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 the USDA climate hubs with $5 mil ion for ARS research teams and $5 mil ion for a fel owship program. It also provides $2.5 mil ion for research on climate change and agricultural pathogens, and $4 mil ion for climate science research at NAL. The House-passed bil includes $50 mil ion to support some of the Administration proposals, including $10 mil ion for the USDA climate hubs. The House-passed bil does not provide ARS funding for ARPA-C because “the budget ~~provide ARS funding for ARPA-C because “the budget~~ request lacks an adequate justification of request lacks an adequate justification of
ARS’s role.”ARS’s role.”63
71 ARS continues to coordinate with the Department of Homeland Security on the new National Bio ARS continues to coordinate with the Department of Homeland Security on the new National Bio
and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), which DHS is constructing to replace the outdated Plum and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), which DHS is constructing to replace the outdated Plum
Island AnimalIsland Animal Disease Center (PIADC).Disease Center (PIADC).6472 In January 2019, USDA and DHS signed a In January 2019, USDA and DHS signed a
Memorandum of Agreement to govern the transition of NBAF from DHS to USDA, with Memorandum of Agreement to govern the transition of NBAF from DHS to USDA, with
ownership to transfer upon its completion and commissioning.ownership to transfer upon its completion and commissioning.6573 USDA projects the transfer of USDA projects the transfer of
operations from PIADC to NBAF operations from PIADC to NBAF ~~will~~ wil be completed by December 2023.be completed by December 2023.~~66 The House-passed bill~~
~~stipulates that when this transfer takes place, it shall occur without reimbursement (H.R. 4502,~~

~~62 Community project funding, also referred to as earmarks, provides appropriations for specific projects at the request~~
~~of Members of Congress. The House Appropriations Committee announced it would accept such appropriations~~
~~requests for FY2022. For additional information, see House Committee on Appropriations, “DeLauro Announces~~
~~Community Project Funding in Fiscal Year 2022,” February 26, 2021, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-~~
~~releases/delauro-announces-community-project-funding-in-fiscal-year-2022.~~
63 USDA, “Agricultural Research Service,” 2022 USDA Budget Explanatory Notes for Committee on Appropriations,
~~2021, p. 16.~~
~~64 For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF11492, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility: Purpose and Status,~~
~~by Genevieve K. Croft.~~
~~65 USDA and DHS,~~ ~~Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. Department of Agriculture Marketing and~~
~~Regulatory Programs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Research, Education, and Economics, and the Department~~
~~of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, June 20, 2019, at https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/~~
~~documents/usda-dhs-moa.pdf.~~
~~66 USDA, “USDA and DHS S&T Revise NBAF Project Timeline,” Press Release, December 15, 2020,~~
~~https://www.usda.gov/nbaf/media/press-releases/2020/usda-dhs-st-revise-nbaf-project-timeline.~~
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~~link to page 41~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~Division B, §730). For NBAF in FY2022, H.R. 4502 would provide $21.3 million in ARS~~
~~salaries and expenses and does not specify funds within the ARS buildings and facilities account.~~
~~The Administration requested a total of $118.7 million in ARS salaries and expenses, and an~~
~~increase of $10.6 million in ARS buildings and facilities funds.~~
~~National Institute of Food and Agriculture~~
~~The National Institute of Food and Agriculture is USDA’s principal extramural research agency.~~
~~It provides federal funding for research, education, and extension projects conducted in~~
~~partnership with land-grant colleges and universities (LGUs), State Agricultural Experiment~~
~~Stations, the Cooperative Extension System, other research and education institutions, private~~
~~organizations, and individuals. NIFA partnerships include the three types of LGUs—1862~~
~~(original) Institutions, 1890 (historically Black) Institutions, and 1994 (tribal) Institutions—as~~
~~well as other higher education institutions.67 Federal funds awarded through NIFA capacity~~
~~(formula-based) and competitive grants enhance research capacity at these institutions.68 While~~
~~NIFA is headquartered in Washington, DC, USDA relocated the majority of NIFA staff positions~~
~~to Kansas City, MO, in 2019.69~~
~~The House-passed bill recommends $1,656.8 million in discretionary spending for NIFA~~
~~activities in FY2022. This is $86.8 million~~ 74 The Administration requests a total of $118.7 mil ion for NBAF in ARS salaries and expenses, and an increase of $10.6 mil ion in ARS buildings and facilities funds. The Senate-reported bil would provide $49.0 mil ion in ARS salaries and expenses, and does not provide buildings and facilities funds for NBAF. National Institute of Food and Agriculture The National Institute of Food and Agriculture is USDA’s principal extramural research agency. It provides federal funding for research, education, and extension projects conducted in partnership with land-grant colleges and universities (LGUs), State Agricultural Experiment Stations, the Cooperative Extension System, other research and education institutions, private organizations, and individuals. NIFA partnerships include the three types of LGUs—1862 (original) Institutions, 1890 (historical y Black) Institutions, and 1994 (tribal) Institutions —as wel as other higher education institutions.75 Federal funds awarded through NIFA capacity (formula-based) and competitive grants enhance research capacity at these institutions.76 While NIFA is headquartered in Washington, DC, USDA relocated the majority of NIFA staff positions to Kansas City, MO, in 2019.77 The Senate-reported bil and the House-passed bil recommend the same total of $1,656.8 mil ion in discretionary spending for NIFA activities in FY2022, albeit with different emphases. This is 71 H.Rept. 117-82, p. 16. 72 For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF11492, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility: Purpose and Status, by Genevieve K. Croft . 73 USDA and DHS, Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. Department of Agriculture Marketing and Regulatory Program s, the U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture Research, Education, and Econom ics, and the Depa rtm ent of Hom eland Security Science and Technology Directorate, June 20, 2019, at https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/usda-dhs-moa.pdf. 74 USDA, “USDA and DHS S&T Revise NBAF Project T imeline,” Press Release, December 15, 2020, https://www.usda.gov/nbaf/media/press-releases/2020/usda-dhs-st-revise-nbaf-project -timeline. 75 1862, 1890, and 1994 refer to the years of enactment of the laws that created these institutional classifications. For more information on LGUs and other NIFA-funded institutions, see CRS Report R45897, The U.S. Land-Grant University System : An Overview, by Genevieve K. Croft , and CRS In Focus IF11847, 1890 Land-Grant Universities: Background and Selected Issues, by Genevieve K. Croft . 76 T he National Agricultural Research, Extension, and T eaching Policy Act of 1977 designated USDA as the lead federal agency for higher education in the food and agricultural sciences. 77 For further information, see CRS In Focus IF11527, Relocation of the USDA Research Agencies: NIFA and ERS , by Genevieve K. Croft . Congressional Research Service 37 link to page 45 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 $86.8 mil ion more (5.5%) than was enacted in FY2021 ($1,570.0 mil ion) and $299.0 mil ion ~~more (5.5%) than was enacted in FY2021 ($1,570.0~~
~~million) and $299.0 million~~ less (-15.3%) than the Administration less (-15.3%) than the Administration ~~request (~~request ($1,955.8 mil ion, Table 13).
The Administration’s FY2022 budget request proposes a change in appropriations language that The Administration’s FY2022 budget request proposes a change in appropriations language that
would combine three separate NIFA funding accounts—for research and education, extension, would combine three separate NIFA funding accounts—for research and education, extension,
and integrated activities—into one agency account that includes and integrated activities—into one agency account that includes ~~all~~ al programs.programs.7078 The The
Administration argues that consolidating the accounts would “mirror the organization as a Administration argues that consolidating the accounts would “mirror the organization as a
National Institute with a unified mission and offer opportunities to streamline administration of National Institute with a unified mission and offer opportunities to streamline administration of
funds.”funds.”7179 The House The House~~-passed bill does~~ and Senate bil s do not comment on or adopt this recommendation. not comment on or adopt this recommendation.
Research and Education. Hatch Act and Evans-Hatch Act and Evans-~~Allen~~Al en Act funds support capacity grants for Act funds support capacity grants for
research and education activities at 1862 and 1890 Institutions, respectively. For Hatch Act research and education activities at 1862 and 1890 Institutions, respectively. For Hatch Act
programs, programs, ~~H.R. 4502~~S. 2599 would provide $ would provide $~~265.0 million, $64.4 million less (-19.6%) than the~~
275.0 mil ion, which is $54.4 mil ion less (-16.5%) than the Administration request ($329.4 Administration request ($329.4 ~~million~~mil ion) and $) and $~~6.0 million~~16.0 mil ion more than the FY2021 enacted amount more than the FY2021 enacted amount.
~~For Evans-Allen programs, H.R. 4502 would provide $92.8 million~~ ($259.0 mil ion). H.R. 4502 would provide $265.0 mil ion. For Evans-Al en programs, S. 2599 would provide $73.0 mil ion, the same as the FY2021 enacted amount and $19.8 mil ion less than both the Administration request and the amount that H.R. 4502 would provide ($92.8 mil ion). ~~, the same as the~~
~~Administration request, and $19.8 million more than the FY2021 amount.~~ The McIntire-Stennis The McIntire-Stennis
program provides capacity funds for forestry research at LGUs and state program provides capacity funds for forestry research at LGUs and state colleges of forestry. For colleges of forestry. For
FY2022, FY2022, ~~H.R. 4502~~S. 2599 would provide $ would provide $~~38.0 million for this program, $2.0 million~~ 40.0 mil ion, $4.0 mil ion more than the more than the
FY2021 enacted amountFY2021 enacted amount~~, and $7.8 million~~ ($36.0 mil ion) and $5.8 mil ion less than the Administration request for FY2022 ($45.8 mil ion). H.R. 4502 would provide $38.0 mil ion for this program. ~~less than the Administration request.~~

~~67 1862, 1890, and 1994 refer to the years of enactment of the laws that created these institutional classifications. For~~
~~more information on LGUs and other NIFA-funded institutions, see CRS Report R45897,~~ ~~The U.S. Land-Grant~~
~~University System: An Overview, by Genevieve K. Croft, and CRS In Focus IF11847,~~ ~~1890 Land-Grant Universities:~~
~~Background and Selected Issues, by Genevieve K. Croft.~~
~~68 The National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 designated USDA as the lead~~
~~federal agency for higher education in the food and agricultural sciences.~~
~~69 For further information, see CRS In Focus IF11527, Relocation of the USDA Research Agencies: NIFA and ERS, by~~
~~Genevieve K. Croft.~~
~~70 Similar consolidations in NIFA were also proposed by the Obama and Trump Administrations, but were not adopted~~
~~by Congress.~~
~~71 USDA, “National Institute of Food and Agriculture,”~~ ~~2022 USDA Budget Explanatory Notes for Committee on~~
~~Appropriations,~~ ~~2021, p. 21-27.~~
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The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) is USDA’s flagship competitive research The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) is USDA’s flagship competitive research
grants program, and currently represents about 28grants program, and currently represents about 28.0% of NIFA’s total discretionary budget. The % of NIFA’s total discretionary budget. The
~~House-passed bill would provide $450.0 million~~ Senate-reported bil would provide $445 mil ion for AFRI. This is $for AFRI. This is $~~15.0 million more (3.4~~10.0 mil ion more (2.3%) %)
than the FY2021 enacted amount. The Administration is requesting $700.0 than the FY2021 enacted amount. The Administration is requesting $700.0 ~~million~~mil ion—the full —the full
amount authorized by the 2018 farm amount authorized by the 2018 farm ~~bill~~bil —a 60.9% increase over FY2021. —a 60.9% increase over FY2021. The House-passed bil would provide $450.0 mil ion for AFRI for FY2022. NIFA also funds the NIFA also funds the
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. For FY2021, P.L. 116-260 Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. For FY2021, P.L. 116-260
provides $40.0 provides $40.0 ~~million~~mil ion for SARE. For FY2022, for SARE. For FY2022, S. 2599 would provide $45.0 mil ion, H.R. 4502 would provide $50.0 H.R. 4502 would provide $50.0 ~~million~~ mil ion, and the and the
Administration requests $60.0 Administration requests $60.0 ~~million.~~
mil ion. Extension. Smith-Lever Act 3(b) and 3(c) programs provide capacity grants to 1862 Institutions Smith-Lever Act 3(b) and 3(c) programs provide capacity grants to 1862 Institutions
to support cooperative extension. The to support cooperative extension. The ~~House-passed bill~~ Senate-reported bil recommends $recommends $~~320.0 million for FY2021,~~
~~$5.0 million (1.5%)~~330.0 mil ion for FY2022, $15.0 mil ion more than both the enacted FY2021 amount and the Administration’s more than both the enacted FY2021 amount and the Administration’s
FY2022 request ($315.0 FY2022 request ($315.0 ~~million)~~mil ion). The House-passed bil recommends $320.0 mil ion. .
Smith-Lever Act 3(d) programs provide competitive grants to LGUs to support cooperative Smith-Lever Act 3(d) programs provide competitive grants to LGUs to support cooperative
extension. These programs include grants for food and nutrition education; new technologies for extension. These programs include grants for food and nutrition education; new technologies for
agricultural extension; agricultural extension; ~~federally~~federal y recognized tribes; children, youth, and families at risk; and farm recognized tribes; children, youth, and families at risk; and farm
safety education. For Smith-Lever 3(d) programs in FY2022, safety education. For Smith-Lever 3(d) programs in FY2022, ~~the House-passed bill recommends~~
~~$88.1 million~~S. 2599 recommends $90.7 mil ion, H.R. 4502 recommends $88.1 mil ion, and the Administration is requesting $89.6 and the Administration is requesting $89.6 ~~million~~mil ion. For . For ~~both~~al three FY2022 proposals, FY2022 proposals,
~~$70.0 million would support the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and~~
~~$3.2 million would support the Federally Recognized Tribes Extension Program (FRTEP).~~
$70.0 mil ion of the Smith-Lever 3(d) funds would support the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). Integrated Activities. Integrated activities are those activities that include some combination of Integrated activities are those activities that include some combination of
teaching, education, and research. For integrated activities in FY2022, teaching, education, and research. For integrated activities in FY2022, ~~the House-passed bill~~
~~proposes $40.0 million, and the Administration requests $39.0 million—the same as the FY2021~~
both S. 2599 and H.R. 78 Similar consolidations in NIFA were also proposed by the Obama and T rump Administrations, but were not adopted by Congress. 79 USDA, “National Institute of Food and Agriculture,” 2022 USDA Budget Explanatory Notes for Committee on Appropriations, 2021, p. 21-27. Congressional Research Service 38 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 4502 propose $40.0 mil ion. The Administration requests $39.0 mil ion—the same as the FY2021 appropriation. appropriation.
Other appropriations. Congress may also provide funding—in addition to those sums discussed Congress may also provide funding—in addition to those sums discussed
above—for certain NIFA programs and activities, in the general provisions of annual above—for certain NIFA programs and activities, in the general provisions of annual
appropriations acts. The President’s budget request for FY2022 includes funding requests for a appropriations acts. The President’s budget request for FY2022 includes funding requests for a
NIFA pilot program to enhance farming and ranching activities for military veterans ($5.0 NIFA pilot program to enhance farming and ranching activities for military veterans ($5.0
~~million~~mil ion), the 1890 Centers of ), the 1890 Centers of ~~Excellence~~Excel ence ($10.0 ($10.0 ~~million~~mil ion), and establishing a business innovation ), and establishing a business innovation
center at an 1890 Institution ($2.0 center at an 1890 Institution ($2.0 ~~million). In H.R. 4502, Division B, Title VII (General~~
~~Provisions)~~ mil ion). The Senate-reported bil would provide the requested funding for the 1890 Centers of Excel ence in NIFA’s research and appropriations account, and the requested funding for the military veterans pilot program through Title VII, General Provisions. The House-passed bil would provide the requested funding for the military veterans pilot program and the would provide the requested funding for the military veterans pilot program and the
~~1890 Centers of Excellence, but not for the business innovation center. They would also~~1890 Centers of Excel ence through Title VII, General Provisions. Neither bil would provide funds for the business innovation center ~~provide~~
~~funding for the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program ($5 million), among other~~
~~NIFA programs and activities~~. .
In addition to P.L. 116-260, other appropriations provide FY2021 funding for NIFA. The In addition to P.L. 116-260, other appropriations provide FY2021 funding for NIFA. The
Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act includes $140.5 Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act includes $140.5 ~~million~~mil ion for for
NIFA programs in FY2021, including $75.0 NIFA programs in FY2021, including $75.0 ~~million~~mil ion for the Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive for the Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive
Program, $37.5 Program, $37.5 ~~million~~mil ion for the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program, and $28.0 for the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program, and $28.0
~~million~~ mil ion for the Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Network. NIFA may also administer some for the Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Network. NIFA may also administer some
portion of the $1.01 portion of the $1.01 ~~billion~~ bil ion provided to USDAprovided to USDA ~~for socially~~ for social y disadvantaged farmers and ranchers disadvantaged farmers and ranchers
through the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2, §1006).through the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2, §1006).72

~~72 As of the submission of this report, USDA has not announced how it plans to spend this funding.~~
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~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~
80 Some community project funding in both the House-passed and Senate-reported agriculture appropriations bil s, as wel as language in proposed infrastructure bil s, would support university research programs and facilities.
National Agricultural Statistics Service
The National Agricultural Statistics Service conducts the quinquennial Census of Agriculture and The National Agricultural Statistics Service conducts the quinquennial Census of Agriculture and
provides official statistics on agricultural production and farm sector indicators. It is one of the 13 provides official statistics on agricultural production and farm sector indicators. It is one of the 13
principal statistical agencies of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. principal statistical agencies of the U.S. Federal Statistical System.
The The ~~House-passed bill recommends $189.2 million for NASS in FY2022, and the Administration~~
~~is requesting $193.7 million. Both proposed amounts include $46.9 million for the Census of~~
~~Agriculture. The House-passed bill~~ Senate-reported bil recommends $191.7 mil ion for NASS for FY2022, $2.5 mil ion more than the House-passed bil ($189.2 mil ion), and $2.0 mil ion less than the Administration’s request ($193.7 mil ion). These proposed amounts compare with an enacted appropriation of $183.9 mil ion for FY2021. Both bil s and the Administration’s request recommend that $46.9 mil ion of the NASS appropriation would support the Census of Agriculture. The Senate-reported bil directs NASS to issue a report within 120 days of enactment on how the agency can improve report accuracy through the use of technology, improved coordination with partners, and other approaches. The House-passed bil directs NASS to plan a study of agritourism in FY2022, and directs NASS to plan a study of agritourism in FY2022, and
to continue stakeholder outreach on how to improve data collection on urban, indoor, and to continue stakeholder outreach on how to improve data collection on urban, indoor, and
emerging emerging agricultural production. agricultural production.
Economic Research Service
The Economic Research Service supports economic and social science analysis about agriculture, The Economic Research Service supports economic and social science analysis about agriculture,
rural development, food, commodity markets, and the environment. It also collects and rural development, food, commodity markets, and the environment. It also collects and
disseminates data concerning USDA programs and policies. Like NASS, ERS is one of the disseminates data concerning USDA programs and policies. Like NASS, ERS is one of the
principal statistical agencies of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. While ERS is headquartered principal statistical agencies of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. While ERS is headquartered
80 As of the submission of this report, USDA has not announced how it plans to spend this funding. Congressional Research Service 39 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 in Washington, DC, USDA relocated the majority of ERS staff positions to Kansas City, MO, in in Washington, DC, USDA relocated the majority of ERS staff positions to Kansas City, MO, in
2019.2019.73
81 For FY2022, For FY2022, ~~H.R. 4502~~S. 2599 recommends $ recommends $~~88.6 million~~90.8 mil ion for ERS, an increase of for ERS, an increase of ~~$3.1 million (3.6%)~~
~~over FY2021, and $2.0 million less (2.2%) than the Administration’s FY2021 request. The~~
~~House-passed bill includes $2.0 million~~ 6.2% ($5.3 mil ion) over FY2021 enacted appropriations ($85.5 mil ion), and 2.5% ($2.2 mil ion) more than H.R. 4502, which would provide $88.6 mil ion. The Administration requests $90.6 mil ion of FY2022. The Senate-passed bil directs ERS to issue a report within one year on “incentive programs for encouraging the voluntary adoption of various agricultural management practices that increase carbon sequestration in soil.”82 The House-passed bil includes $2.0 mil ion for ERS to expand its ~~for ERS to expand its~~ data modeling capabilities with data modeling capabilities with
respect to climate change and its impact on production and the respect to climate change and its impact on production and the farm economy.farm economy.
Office of the REE Under Secretary and Office of the Chief Scientist
Congress created the Office of the Chief Scientist in 2008 when it established the dual role of the Congress created the Office of the Chief Scientist in 2008 when it established the dual role of the
Under Secretary for REE as the USDA Chief Scientist (7 U.S.C. §6971). OCS coordinates Under Secretary for REE as the USDA Chief Scientist (7 U.S.C. §6971). OCS coordinates
research programs and activities across USDA. Administratively, it is a component of the Office research programs and activities across USDA. Administratively, it is a component of the Office
of the Under Secretary of REE. of the Under Secretary of REE.
In recent years, congressional appropriations for the Office of the Under Secretary of REE have In recent years, congressional appropriations for the Office of the Under Secretary of REE have
included funds for the Under Secretary and a partial staff.included funds for the Under Secretary and a partial staff.7483 Congress has not provided direct Congress has not provided direct
appropriations for OCS appropriations for OCS operations since its establishment. As such, OCS has been funded via since its establishment. As such, OCS has been funded via interagency interagency
agreement among the REE agencies. The President’s budget request for FY2021 included for the agreement among the REE agencies. The President’s budget request for FY2021 included for the
first time a separate request for OCS; however FY2021 enacted appropriations first time a separate request for OCS; however FY2021 enacted appropriations did not provide the did not provide the
requested funds. requested funds.
For For ~~the Office of the Under Secretary of REE in FY2022, H.R. 4502 would provide $4.3 million,~~
~~$2.0 million (-31.6%) less than the President’s budget request. Of the amounts proposed for this~~
~~office, the House-passed bill would allocate $2.0 million for OCS, and the President’s budget~~
~~request would allocate $5.0 million.~~
~~In both cases, the OCS funds are not requested to replace USDA interagency funding of the~~
~~office, but rather to support the Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority~~
~~(AGARDA). The 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334, §7132) establishes AGARDA as a pilot project~~

~~73 See CRS In Focus IF11527, Relocation of the USDA Research Agencies: NIFA and ERS, by Genevieve K. Croft.~~
~~74 For example, Table OSEC-5 of USDA’s FY2021 explanatory notes identifies $800,000 and three staff years for the~~
~~Office of the Under Secretary for REE. USDA, “Office of the Secretary,”~~ ~~2021 USDA Budget Explanatory Notes for~~
~~Committee on Appropriations,~~ ~~2020, p. 1-9.~~
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~~link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~within OCS to target long-term and high-risk research and development that private industry~~
~~would be unlikely to undertake. The 2018 farm bill authorized $50 million in annual~~
~~appropriations through FY2023 and required OCS to issue an AGARDA strategic plan by~~
~~December 2019. To date, AGARDA has not received appropriations, USDA has not established~~
~~the pilot program, and USDA has not publicly issued a strategic plan.~~
~~H.R. 4502 would also provide OCS with an additional $400,000~~FY2022, the Administration request, the House-passed bil , and the Senate-reported bil al include funds for the Office of the Under Secretary of REE but do not include funds for OCS operations. The Administration request and the House-passed bil do propose funding for a pilot program within OCS: the Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority (AGARDA). The 2018 farm bil (P.L. 115-334, §7132) establishes AGARDA as a pilot project within OCS to target long-term and high-risk research and development that private industry would be unlikely to undertake. The 2018 farm bil authorized $50 mil ion in annual appropriations through FY2023 and required OCS to issue an AGARDA strategic plan by December 2019. To date, AGARDA has not received appropriations, USDA has not established the pilot program, and USDA has not publicly issued a strategic plan. For FY2022, S. 2599 would provide $1.3 mil ion for the Office of the Under Secretary for REE, and the bil would not provide funds for OCS operations or programs. The House-passed bil would provide $4.3 mil ion for the Office of the Under Secretary of REE, $2.0 mil ion less (-31.6%) than the President’s budget request ($6.3 mil ion). Of the amounts proposed for this office, the House-passed bil would al ocate $2.0 mil ion for OCS, and the President’s budget request would al ocate $5.0 mil ion. In both cases, the OCS funds would be for AGARDA. 81 See CRS In Focus IF11527, Relocation of the USDA Research Agencies: NIFA and ERS , by Genevieve K. Croft . 82 S.Rept. 117-34, p. 16. 83 For example, T able OSEC-5 of USDA’s FY2021 explanatory notes identifies $800,000 and three staff years for the Office of the Under Secretary for REE. USDA, “Office of the Secretary,” 2021 USDA Budget Explanatory Notes for Com m ittee on Appropriations, 2020, p. 1-9. Congressional Research Service 40 link to page 39 link to page 39 link to page 39 link to page 39 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Both S. 2599 and H.R. 4502 would provide OCS with an additional $400,000, through General Provisions, for through General Provisions, for
pollinator research coordinationpollinator research coordination, —the same amount as provided in FY2021 the same amount as provided in FY2021 enacted appropriations. enacted appropriations.
Table 13. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Agency or Major Program
Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Cmte.
Enacted
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

Salaries Salaries and Expenses and Expenses
1,491.8 1,491.8
1,849.6 1,849.6
1,638.0 1,638.0

1,675.0
Buildings and Facilities Buildings and Facilities
35.7 35.7
45.4 45.4
126.5 126.5

45.4
Subtotal, ARS
1,527.5
1,895.0
1,764.6
1,720.4

National Institute of Food and

Agriculture (NIFA)
Research and Education

AFRI (competitive grants) AFRI (competitive grants)
435.0 435.0
700.0 700.0
450.0 450.0

445.0
Hatch Act (1862 Institutions) Hatch Act (1862 Institutions)
259.0 259.0
329.4 329.4
265.0 265.0

275.0
Evans- Evans-~~Allen~~Al en (1890 Institutions) (1890 Institutions)
73.0 73.0
92.8 92.8
92.8 92.8

73.0
McIntire-Stennis (forestry) McIntire-Stennis (forestry)
36.0 36.0
45.8 45.8
38.0 38.0

40.0
Other Other
189.6 189.6
210.4 210.4
~~217.5a~~

217.50 224.4
Subtotal, Research and Education
992.6
1,378.4
1,063.3a0
1,057.4

Extension

Smith-Lever Smith-Lever 3(b) and 3(c) 3(b) and 3(c)
315.0 315.0
315.0 315.0
320.0 320.0

330.0
Smith-Lever Smith-Lever 3(d) 3(d)
90.1 90.1
89.6 89.6
88.1 88.1

90.7
1890 Extension Activities 1890 Extension Activities
62.0 62.0
62.0 62.0
67.0 67.0

62.0
1994 Extension Activities 1994 Extension Activities
8.5 8.5
8.5 8.5
9.5 9.5

10.0
Other Other
62.8 62.8
63.3 63.3
68.9 68.9

66.7
Subtotal, Extension
538.4
538.4
553.5
559.4

Integrated Activities
39.0
39.0
40.0
40.0

Subtotal, NIFA
1,570.0
1,955.8
1,656.8a0
1,656.8

National Agricultural ~~Statistics~~
Statistics 183.9
193.7
189.2
191.7

Service (NASS)
Economic Research Service (ERS)
85.5
90.6
88.6
90.8

Total, USDA Research, Education,
3,366.9
4,135.1
3,699.1a0
3,659.7

and Economics Agencies
Office of the Under Secretary of REE
0.8
6.3
4.3
1.3

Office of the Chief Scientist Office of the Chief Scientist
- -
5.0 5.0
2.0 2.0

-
Sources: CRS, compiledCRS, compiled from P.L.from P.L. 116-260116-260 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, FY2021 Explanatory Statement,
Division A; FY2022 USDA Budget Justification Notes; H.R. 4502; ; H.R. 4502; ~~and H.Rept. 117-82.~~
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37

~~link to page 44~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

H.Rept. 117-82; S. 2599; and S.Rept. 117-34. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. FiguresTotals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the for the ~~columns~~column currently currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed. Amounts do not include appropriations included in General Amounts do not include appropriations included in General
ProvisionsProvisions or mandatory funding. FY2021 enacted amounts do not include $160.5 or mandatory funding. FY2021 enacted amounts do not include $160.5 ~~million~~ mil ion provided through P.L. provided through P.L.
116-260, Division M (Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021), or funds 116-260, Division M (Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021), or funds
provided in Section 1006 of the Americanprovided in Section 1006 of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2). Section 1006 provides $1.01 Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2). Section 1006 provides $1.01
~~billion,~~ Congressional Research Service 41 link to page 48 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 bil ion, of which not less than 5% is intended to supplement agricultural research,of which not less than 5% is intended to supplement agricultural research, education, and extension. As of education, and extension. As of
the writing of this report,the writing of this report, USDA has not announced how it intends to USDA has not announced how it intends to ~~allocate~~al ocate these funds. these funds.
a. This amount is $2 a. This amount is $2 ~~million~~ mil ion higher than in H.Rept. 117-82 due to amendments included in H.R. 4502.higher than in H.Rept. 117-82 due to amendments included in H.R. 4502.
Department of Commerce
Two agencies of the Department of Commerce have major R&D programs: the National Institute Two agencies of the Department of Commerce have major R&D programs: the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). (NOAA).
National Institute of Standards and ~~Technology75~~Technology84
The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is “to promote U.S. innovation The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is “to promote U.S. innovation
and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in
ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.”ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.”7685 NIST research provides NIST research provides
measurement, calibration, and quality assurance methods and techniques that support U.S. measurement, calibration, and quality assurance methods and techniques that support U.S.
commerce, technological progress, product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety. commerce, technological progress, product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety.
NIST’s responsibilities include the development, maintenance, and custodial retention of the NIST’s responsibilities include the development, maintenance, and custodial retention of the
national standards of measurement; providing the means and methods for making measurements national standards of measurement; providing the means and methods for making measurements
consistent with those standards; and ensuring the compatibility of U.S. national measurement consistent with those standards; and ensuring the compatibility of U.S. national measurement
standards with those of other nations.standards with those of other nations.7786
Regular appropriations for NIST are provided through the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, Regular appropriations for NIST are provided through the annual Commerce, Justice, Science,
and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (CJS Act). President Biden is requesting $1,497.2 and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (CJS Act). President Biden is requesting $1,497.2
~~million~~ mil ion for NIST in FY2022, an increase of $462.7 for NIST in FY2022, an increase of $462.7 ~~million~~mil ion (44.7%) from the FY2021 enacted (44.7%) from the FY2021 enacted
appropriation of $1,034.5 appropriation of $1,034.5 ~~million.~~ ~~(See~~mil ion. (See Table 14.) )
NIST discretionary funding is provided through three accounts: Scientific and Technical Research NIST discretionary funding is provided through three accounts: Scientific and Technical Research
and Services (STRS), Industrial Technology Services (ITS), and Construction of Research and Services (STRS), Industrial Technology Services (ITS), and Construction of Research
Facilities (CRF). Facilities (CRF).
The President’s FY2022 request includes $915.6 The President’s FY2022 request includes $915.6 ~~million~~mil ion for laboratory R&D programs, corporate for laboratory R&D programs, corporate
services, and standards coordination and special programs in the STRS account, an increase of services, and standards coordination and special programs in the STRS account, an increase of
$127.6 $127.6 ~~million~~mil ion (16.2%) from the FY2021 enacted level. (16.2%) from the FY2021 enacted level.7887 Program increases include Program increases include
 Climate and Energy Measurements, Tools, and Testbeds, $54.8  Climate and Energy Measurements, Tools, and Testbeds, $54.8 ~~million~~mil ion (up $18.0 (up $18.0
~~million);79~~

~~75 This section was~~ mil ion);88  Quantum Information Science, Engineering, and Metrology, $61.8 mil ion (up $15.0 mil ion);89 84 T his section was written by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialistwritten by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Sciencein Science ~~and Technology~~ and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Policy, CRS Resources,
Science,Science, and Industry Division. and Industry Division.
7685 NIST NIST website,website, “General Information,” http://nist.gov/public_affairs/general_information.cfm. “General Information,” http://nist.gov/public_affairs/general_information.cfm.
7786 15 U.S.C. 15 U.S.C. §272. §272.
7887 CRS CRS analysis of data from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and analysis of data from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and ~~Technology~~T echnology, National , National
Institute of Standards and Institute of Standards and ~~Technology~~T echnology/National Technical Information Service, Fiscal Year 2022 Budget/National Technical Information Service, Fiscal Year 2022 Budget ~~Submission~~ Submission to to
Congress, p. NISTCongress, p. NIST -3, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/-3, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/
fy2022_nist_congressional_budget_justification.pdf. fy2022_nist_congressional_budget_justification.pdf.
7988 Ibid., p. NIST Ibid., p. NIST -64. 89 Ibid., p. NIST -37. ~~-64.~~
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022

  ~~Quantum Information Science, Engineering, and Metrology, $61.8 million (up~~
~~$15.0 million);80~~
 Partnerships, Research, and Standards to Advance Trustworthy Artificial Partnerships, Research, and Standards to Advance Trustworthy Artificial
~~Intelligence, $45.4 million (up $15.0 million);81~~Intel igence, $45.4 mil ion (up $15.0 mil ion);90
 Supporting the American Bioeconomy, $34.3  Supporting the American Bioeconomy, $34.3 ~~million~~mil ion (up $13.8 million); (up $13.8 million);8291
 Advanced Communications Research and Standards, $36.4  Advanced Communications Research and Standards, $36.4 ~~million~~mil ion (up $11.5 (up $11.5
~~million);83~~mil ion);92
 Next-Generation Semiconductor Research and Standards, $34.5  Next-Generation Semiconductor Research and Standards, $34.5 ~~million~~mil ion (up (up
$10.0 $10.0 ~~million);84~~mil ion);93
 Measurements and Data to Enable the Circular Economy, $13.5  Measurements and Data to Enable the Circular Economy, $13.5 ~~million~~mil ion (up $5.0 (up $5.0
~~million);85~~ mil ion);94 and and
 Strengthening Equity and Diversity in the Standards Workforce, $13.6  Strengthening Equity and Diversity in the Standards Workforce, $13.6 ~~million~~mil ion
(up $2.1 (up $2.1 ~~million).86~~mil ion).95
The FY2022 request would provide $441.6 The FY2022 request would provide $441.6 ~~million~~mil ion for the ITS account, up $275.1 for the ITS account, up $275.1 ~~million~~
mil ion (165.2%) from the FY2021 enacted level.(165.2%) from the FY2021 enacted level.8796 Within the ITS account, the request would provide Within the ITS account, the request would provide
$275.0 $275.0 ~~million~~ mil ion for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, an increase of for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, an increase of
$125.0 $125.0 ~~million~~ mil ion (83.3%) from the FY2021 enacted level, and $166.6 (83.3%) from the FY2021 enacted level, and $166.6 ~~million~~mil ion for Manufacturing for Manufacturing
USA, $150.1 USA, $150.1 ~~million~~ mil ion (909.7%) higher than the FY2021 enacted level of $16.5 (909.7%) higher than the FY2021 enacted level of $16.5 ~~million.88~~mil ion.97
According to NIST, the funding requested for MEP would, among other things, strengthen the According to NIST, the funding requested for MEP would, among other things, strengthen the
performance of the existing network, assist growth oriented performance of the existing network, assist growth oriented ~~small~~smal - and medium-sized enterprises’ - and medium-sized enterprises’
abilitiesabilities to respond to critical national needs, and provide additional services to more companies to respond to critical national needs, and provide additional services to more companies
in critical supply chains and workforce development.in critical supply chains and workforce development.8998
Of the funds for Manufacturing USA, $10.0 Of the funds for Manufacturing USA, $10.0 ~~million~~mil ion would support NIST’s first Manufacturing would support NIST’s first Manufacturing
USA institute, the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals USA institute, the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals
(NIIMBL); $150.0 (NIIMBL); $150.0 ~~million~~ mil ion would be for the establishment of two additional institutes; $5.0 would be for the establishment of two additional institutes; $5.0
~~million~~ mil ion would be for support of the Manufacturing USA network; and $1.7 would be for support of the Manufacturing USA network; and $1.7 ~~million~~mil ion would be for would be for
grants to develop industrial technology roadmaps.grants to develop industrial technology roadmaps.9099
The President is requesting $140.0 The President is requesting $140.0 ~~million~~mil ion for the CRF account for FY2022, up $60.0 for the CRF account for FY2022, up $60.0 ~~million~~mil ion
(75.0%) from the FY2021 enacted level. This funding would support repair and revitalization of (75.0%) from the FY2021 enacted level. This funding would support repair and revitalization of
facilities to address NIST’s major utility infrastructure maintenance backlog and to modernize its facilities to address NIST’s major utility infrastructure maintenance backlog and to modernize its
IT networking infrastructure; no funding is requested for construction and major renovations.IT networking infrastructure; no funding is requested for construction and major renovations.91

~~80 Ibid., p. NIST-37.~~
~~81 Ibid., p. NIST-42.~~
~~82 Ibid., p. NIST-52.~~
~~83 Ibid., p. NIST-47.~~
~~84 Ibid., p. NIST-56.~~
~~85 Ibid., p. NIST-61.~~
~~86 Ibid., p. NIST-69.~~
~~87 Ibid., p. NIST-3.~~
~~88 Ibid., p. NIST-105.~~
~~89 Ibid., p. NIST-112.~~
~~90 Ibid., pp. NIST-119-NIST-120.~~
~~91 Ibid., pp. NIST-3, NIST-138, NIST-147, NIST-149.~~
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~~link to page 44~~ ~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

~~Table 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology Funding~~
~~(budget authority, in millions of dollars)~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~Senate~~100 On July 15, 2021, the House Committee on Appropriations reported the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4505). The act would provide NIST with $1.369 bil ion, an increase of $334.6 mil ion (32.3%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $128.1 mil ion (8.6%) below the request. Of the total, the act would provide $937.6 mil ion 90 Ibid., p. NIST -42. 91 Ibid., p. NIST -52. 92 Ibid., p. NIST -47. 93 Ibid., p. NIST -56. 94 Ibid., p. NIST -61. 95 Ibid., p. NIST -69. 96 Ibid., p. NIST -3. 97 Ibid., p. NIST -105. 98 Ibid., p. NIST -112. 99 Ibid., pp. NIST -119 – NIST -120. 100 Ibid., pp. NIST -3, NIST -138, NIST -147, NIST -149. Congressional Research Service 43 link to page 49 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 for the STRS account, $149.6 mil ion (19.0%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $22.0 mil ion (2.4%) above the request; $331.5 mil ion for the ITS account, $165.0 mil ion (99.1%) above the FY2021 level and $110.1 mil ion (24.9%) below the request; and $100 mil ion for the CRF account, $20.0 mil ion (25%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $40.0 mil ion (28.6%) below the request. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022. One of these acts was the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022. The Senate majority draft would provide $1.394 bil ion for NIST, $359.6 mil ion (34.8%) above the FY2021 level, $103.1 mil ion (6.9%) below the request, and $25.1 mil ion (1.8%) above the House-reported bil . Of the total, the act would provide $913.1 mil ion for the STRS account, $125.1 mil ion (15.9%) above the FY2021 enacted level, $2.5 mil ion (0.3%) below the request, and $24.5 mil ion (2.6%) below the House-reported bil ; $213.0 mil ion for the ITS account, $46.5 mil ion (27.9%) above the FY2021 enacted level, $228.6 mil ion (51.8%) below the request, and $118.5 mil ion (35.7%) below the House-reported level; and $268.1 mil ion for the CRF account, $188.1 mil ion (235.1%) above the FY2021 enacted level, $128.1 mil ion (91.5%) above the request, and $168.1 mil ion (168.1%) above the House-reported level. The Senate majority draft bil includes $37.6 mil ion for congressional y-directed external projects and $125.6 mil ion for congressional y-directed extramural construction projects. Table 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology Funding (budget authority, in mil ions of dol ars) FY2021 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 Enacted Request H. Cmte. S. Draft
Enacted

Scientific and Technical Research and Scientific and Technical Research and ~~Services~~
788.0 788.0
915.6 915.6

937.6 913.1 Services Laboratory Programs
687.1
806.0

n/s n/s
Corporate Services
17.5
18.1

n/s n/s
Standards ~~Coordination~~ Coordination and Special Programs
83.4
91.5

~~Industrial~~ n/s n/s Congressional y-directed External Projects 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.6 Industrial Technology Services Technology Services
166.5 166.5
441.6 441.6

331.5 213.0 Manufacturing Extension Partnership
150.0
275.0

275.0 175.0
Manufacturing USA
16.5
166.6

~~Construction~~ 56.5 38.0 Construction of Research Facilities of Research Facilities
80.0 80.0
140.0 100.0 268.1 Construction & Major ~~140.0~~

~~Construction & Major~~ Renovations
6.1
0.0 n/s n/s ~~0.0~~

Safety, Capacity, ~~Maintenance~~ Maintenance and Major Repairs
73.9
140.0 140.0

NIST, Totala
n/s n/s Congressional y-directed Extramural Construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.6 NIST, Totala 1,034.5 1,034.5
1,497.2 1,497.2

1,369.1 1,394.1 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce,U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of National Institute of
Standards and Technology/National Technical Information Service,Standards and Technology/National Technical Information Service, Fiscal Year 2022 Budget SubmissionFiscal Year 2022 Budget Submission to to
Congress,Congress, 2021, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/2021, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/
fy2022_nist_congressional_budget_justification.pdf. fy2022_nist_congressional_budget_justification.pdf.
Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed.
n/s=not specified. Congressional Research Service 44 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 a. The NIST Public Safety Communications Research Fund (not included in the table) was established to help a. The NIST Public Safety Communications Research Fund (not included in the table) was established to help
develop wireless develop wireless technologies for public safety users,technologies for public safety users, as part of the National Wirelessas part of the National Wireless Initiative (WIN) Initiative (WIN)
included in the Middle Class Tax Reliefincluded in the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-96). The act provided and Job Creation Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-96). The act provided
mandatory funds for NIST from spectrum auction proceeds to help industry and public safety organizations mandatory funds for NIST from spectrum auction proceeds to help industry and public safety organizations
conduct research and develop new standards, technologies,conduct research and develop new standards, technologies, and applications to advance public and applications to advance public ~~safety~~safet y
communications in support of the initiative’scommunications in support of the initiative’s efforts to build an interoperableefforts to build an interoperable nationwide broadband nationwide broadband
network for first responders.network for first responders. The NIST FY2022 budget justification notes, “The [NIST Public Safety The NIST FY2022 budget justification notes, “The [NIST Public Safety
Communications Research Fund’s] availability extends through 2022 and began to execute in FY 2015; Communications Research Fund’s] availability extends through 2022 and began to execute in FY 2015;
$92.7 $92.7 ~~million~~ mil ion was transferredwas transferred to NIST in FY 2015, $7.3 to NIST in FY 2015, $7.3 ~~million~~ mil ion was releasedwas released from sequesterfrom sequester in FY 2016, an in FY 2016, an
additional $186.4 additional $186.4 ~~million~~ mil ion was transferredwas transferred in FY 2016, and $13.6 in FY 2016, and $13.6 ~~million~~ mil ion was releasedwas released from sequester in FYfrom sequester in FY
2017. Currently, WIN has $108.7 2017. Currently, WIN has $108.7 ~~million~~ mil ion in total resourcesin total resources with $71.9 with $71.9 ~~million~~ mil ion available for obligation in FY available for obligation in FY
2021 and $36.8 2021 and $36.8 ~~million~~ mil ion to be available in FY 2022. Additional transfersto be available in FY 2022. Additional transfers to NIST fromto NIST from NTIA are possibleNTIA are possible as as
proceeds from the spectrum auctions become available.” proceeds from the spectrum auctions become available.”
National Oceanic and Atmospheric ~~Administration92~~Administration101
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration conducts scientific research in areas such The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration conducts scientific research in areas such
as ecosystems, atmosphere, global climate change, weather, and oceans; collects and provides as ecosystems, atmosphere, global climate change, weather, and oceans; collects and provides
data on the oceans and atmosphere; and manages coastal and marine species and environments. data on the oceans and atmosphere; and manages coastal and marine species and environments.
NOAA was created in 1970 by Reorganization Plan No. 4.NOAA was created in 1970 by Reorganization Plan No. 4.93
102 NOAA’s administrative structure is organized into six line offices: the National Environmental NOAA’s administrative structure is organized into six line offices: the National Environmental
~~Satellite~~Satel ite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); , Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS);
National Ocean Service (NOS); National Weather Service (NWS); Office of Oceanic and National Ocean Service (NOS); National Weather Service (NWS); Office of Oceanic and

~~92 This section was written by Eva Lipiec, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry~~
~~Division.~~
~~93 “Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970,” 35 Federal Register 15627-15630, October 6, 1970.~~
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Atmospheric Research (OAR); and the Office of Marine and Aviation Atmospheric Research (OAR); and the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO). The Operations (OMAO). The
line offices are supported by an additional office, Mission Support, which provides cross-cutting line offices are supported by an additional office, Mission Support, which provides cross-cutting
administrative functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources, administrative functions related to education, planning, information technology, human resources,
and infrastructure. Congress provides most of the discretionary funding for the line offices and and infrastructure. Congress provides most of the discretionary funding for the line offices and
Mission Support through two accounts: (1) Operations, Research, and Facilities, and (2) Mission Support through two accounts: (1) Operations, Research, and Facilities, and (2)
Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction. Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction.
In 2010, NOAA published its In 2010, NOAA published its Next Generation Strategic Plan..94103 The strategic plan is organized The strategic plan is organized
into four categories of long-term goals: (1) climate adaptation and mitigation, (2) a weather-ready into four categories of long-term goals: (1) climate adaptation and mitigation, (2) a weather-ready
nation, (3) healthy oceans, and (4) resilient coastal communities and economies.nation, (3) healthy oceans, and (4) resilient coastal communities and economies.95104 The strategic The strategic
plan also lists three groups of enterprise objectives related to (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) data plan also lists three groups of enterprise objectives related to (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) data
and observations, and (3) integrated environmental modeling.and observations, and (3) integrated environmental modeling.96105 The strategic plan serves as a The strategic plan serves as a
guide for NOAA’s R&D plan. The most recent R&D plan was published in June 2020, and guide for NOAA’s R&D plan. The most recent R&D plan was published in June 2020, and
identifies R&D priorities within three vision areas: (1) reducing societal impacts from hazardous identifies R&D priorities within three vision areas: (1) reducing societal impacts from hazardous
weather and other environmental phenomena, (2) sustainable use and stewardship of ocean and weather and other environmental phenomena, (2) sustainable use and stewardship of ocean and
coastal resources, and (3) a robust and effective research, development, and transition coastal resources, and (3) a robust and effective research, development, and transition
enterprise.enterprise.97
~~For FY2022, President Biden requested $1.512 billion in direct obligations for NOAA R&D~~
~~funding, $486.9 million (47.5%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $1.025 billion.98~~106 101 T his section was written by Eva Lipiec, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 102 “Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970,” 35 Federal Register 15627-15630, October 6, 1970. 103 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA’s Next-Generation Strategic Plan, Silver Spring, MD, December 2010, at https://www.performance.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/NOAA_NGSP.pdf. Hereinafter NOAA, Strategic Plan, 2010. 104 According to NOAA, a weather-ready nation is envisioned as a society that is prepared for and responds to weather-related events. 105 NOAA defines the enterprise objectives as “ cross-cutting requirements for addressing NOAA’s strategic goals as a whole” (NOAA, Strategic Plan, 2010, p. 32). 106 NOAA, NOAA Research and Development Vision Areas: 2020 -2026, June 2020, at https://nrc.noaa.gov/ Congressional Research Service 45 link to page 51 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 For FY2022, President Biden requested $1.512 bil ion in direct obligations for NOAA R&D funding, $486.9 mil ion (47.5%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $1.025 bil ion.107 According According
to Congress, direct obligations include annual appropriations, transfers, and recoveries from to Congress, direct obligations include annual appropriations, transfers, and recoveries from
prior-year obligations.prior-year obligations.99108 The President’s budget request and NOAA’s estimate of R&D funding The President’s budget request and NOAA’s estimate of R&D funding
amounts in the FY2021 appropriations act (P.L. 116-260) include discretionary direct obligations amounts in the FY2021 appropriations act (P.L. 116-260) include discretionary direct obligations
and a relatively and a relatively ~~small~~ smal amount of mandatory and other direct obligations.amount of mandatory and other direct obligations.~~100~~109 Table 15 provides provides
R&D amounts enacted in FY2021 and requested by the Administration for FY2022. R&D amounts enacted in FY2021 and requested by the Administration for FY2022.
The President’s FY2022 request for NOAA R&D was 20.8% of the requested FY2022 NOAA The President’s FY2022 request for NOAA R&D was 20.8% of the requested FY2022 NOAA
total direct obligations of $7.258 total direct obligations of $7.258 ~~billion.101~~bil ion.110 The FY2022 request includes $832.7 The FY2022 request includes $832.7 ~~million~~mil ion for for
research (55.1% of the total requested for NOAA R&D), $198.1 research (55.1% of the total requested for NOAA R&D), $198.1 ~~million~~mil ion for development for development
(13.1%), and $481.0 (13.1%), and $481.0 ~~million~~mil ion (31.8%) for R&D equipment and facilities.111 OAR accounts for the majority of NOAA R&D in most years, including FY2022. The Administration requested $756.7 mil ion for OAR R&D in FY2022, which is $184.1 mil ion (32.2%) above the FY2021 enacted funding level of $572.6 mil ion.112 OAR conducts research in three major areas: (1) weather and air chemistry; (2) climate; and (3) oceans, coasts, and the Great Lakes. A significant portion of these efforts is implemented through OAR’s laboratories and cooperative research institutes. The President requested $231.7 mil ion for OAR labs and cooperative institutes in FY2022, $34.2 mil ion (17.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount of $197.5 mil ion.113 Another OAR program, the National Sea Grant College Program, is composed of 33 university-based state programs and supports scientific research and stakeholder engagement to identify and solve problems faced by coastal communities. The Administration’s FY2022 request would provide $115.7 mil ion to the National Sea Grant College Program, an increase of $40.7 mil ion (54.3%) from the FY2021 enacted amount, and $13.1 mil ion to its related Aquaculture Research program, an increase of $0.1 mil ion (1.0%) from FY2021.114 LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=z4iHSl3P4KY%3d&portalid=0. 107 Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Office, June 9, 2021 and June 22, 2021. 108 For further descriptions of what types of obligations are direct versus reimbursable, see Office of Management and Budget, Circular No. A-11, Preparation, Subm ission ~~(31.8%) for R&D equipment and facilities.102~~

~~94 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA’s Next-Generation Strategic Plan, Silver Spring,~~
~~MD, December 2010, at https://www.performance.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/NOAA_NGSP.pdf. Hereinafter~~
~~NOAA, Strategic Plan, 2010.~~
~~95 According to NOAA, a weather-ready nation is envisioned as a society that is prepared for and responds to weather-~~
~~related events.~~
~~96 NOAA defines the enterprise objectives as “cross-cutting requirements for addressing NOAA’s strategic goals as a~~
~~whole” (NOAA, Strategic Plan, 2010, p. 32).~~
~~97 NOAA, NOAA Research and Development Vision Areas: 2020-2026, June 2020, at https://nrc.noaa.gov/~~
~~LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=z4iHSl3P4KY%3d&portalid=0.~~
~~98 Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Office, June 9, 2021 and June 22, 2021.~~
~~99 For further descriptions of what types of obligations are direct versus reimbursable, see Office of Management and~~
~~Budget, Circular No. A-11,~~ ~~Preparation, Submission~~, and Execution of the Budget, July 2020, p. 3 of Section 83, at , July 2020, p. 3 of Section 83, at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf.
~~100~~109 R&D funding R&D funding amounts are estimated by NOAAamounts are estimated by NOAA ~~because~~ because neither the legislative text nor the explanatory statement neither the legislative text nor the explanatory statement
provide a breakout of R&Dprovide a breakout of R&D funding and only includefunding and only include discretionary direct obligations. discretionary direct obligations. ~~Telephone~~T elephone conversation with conversation with
NOAA BudgetNOAA Budget Office, September 3, 2020. Office, September 3, 2020.
~~101~~110 NOAA, NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022, 2021, at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/, 2021, at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/
NOAA%20FY22%20CJ.pdf, p. Control NOAA%20FY22%20CJ.pdf, p. Control ~~Table~~T able-15. Hereinafter referred to as NOAA, -15. Hereinafter referred to as NOAA, Budget ~~Estimates~~Estim ates Fiscal Year
2022. .
~~102~~111 Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Office, JuneOffice, June ~~9, 2021.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~OAR accounts for the majority of NOAA R&D in most years, including FY2022. The~~
~~Administration requested $756.7 million for OAR R&D in FY2022, which is $184.1 million~~
~~(32.2%) above the FY2021 enacted funding level of $572.6 million.103 OAR conducts research in~~
~~three major areas: (1) weather and air chemistry; (2) climate; and (3) oceans, coasts, and the Great~~
~~Lakes. A significant portion of these efforts is implemented through OAR’s laboratories and~~
~~cooperative research institutes. The President requested $231.7 million for OAR labs and~~
~~cooperative institutes in FY2022, $34.2 million (17.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount~~
~~of $197.5 million.104~~
~~Another OAR program, the National Sea Grant College Program, is composed of 33 university-~~
~~based state programs and supports scientific research and stakeholder engagement to identify and~~
~~solve problems faced by coastal communities. The Administration’s FY2022 request would~~
~~provide $115.7 million to the National Sea Grant College Program, an increase of $40.7 million~~
~~(54.3%) from the FY2021 enacted amount, and $13.1 million to its related Aquaculture Research~~
~~program, an increase of $0.1 million (1.0%) from FY2021.105~~ 9, 2021. 112 Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Office, June 9, 2021, and June 22, 2021. 113 NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022, and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Committee Print on H.R. 133/P.L. 116-260, Legislative Text and Explanatory Statem ent, Book 1 of 2, Divisions A -F, committee print, 117th Cong., 1st sess., March 2021, p. 222. Hereinafter Com m ittee Print on H.R. 133. 114 Committee Print on H.R. 133, p. 222, and NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022. Congressional Research Service 46 link to page 8 link to page 53 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022
Table 15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R&D
(direct obligations, in (direct obligations, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Enacted
Request
House
Senate
Enacted
National Environmental National Environmental ~~Satellite~~Satel ite, ,
28.9 28.9
50.2 50.2

Data, and Information Service Data, and Information Service
(NESDIS)(NESDIS)
National Marine Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service Service
75.8 75.8
75.4 75.4

(NMFS) (NMFS)
National Ocean Service National Ocean Service (NOS) (NOS)
102.9 102.9
138.5 138.5

National Weather Service National Weather Service (NWS) (NWS)
24.2 24.2
36.8 36.8

Office of Marine and Aviation Office of Marine and Aviation
205.6 205.6
416.3 416.3

Operations (OMAO Operations (OMAO)a
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric
572.6 572.6
756.7 756.7

Research (OAR) Research (OAR)
Mission Support Mission Support
15.0 15.0
38.0 38.0

Total R&D
1,024.9
1,511.8

NOAA Total Direct NOAA Total Direct Obligations, Obligations,
5,649.5 5,649.5
7,258.0 7,258.0

Total R&D and Non-R&D Total R&D and Non-R&D
Sources: Line office amounts provided by the NOAA Budget Office via email Line office amounts provided by the NOAA Budget Office via email correspondence on June 9, 2021, correspondence on June 9, 2021,
and June 22, 2021. CRS calculated NOAA, Total R&D and non-R&D using amounts in P.L. 116-260 and NOAA, and June 22, 2021. CRS calculated NOAA, Total R&D and non-R&D using amounts in P.L. 116-260 and NOAA,
Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022, 2021, at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/, 2021, at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/
NOAA%20FY22%20CJ.pdf, p. Control Table-15. NOAA%20FY22%20CJ.pdf, p. Control Table-15.
Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed. Direct obligations include annual appropriations, transfers, Direct obligations include annual appropriations, transfers,
and recoveriesand recoveries ~~from~~ from prior-year obligations. Congressprior-year obligations. Congress and NOAAand NOAA use severaluse several different budgetary terms,different budgetary terms, such as such as
direct obligations, budget authority, and appropriations. For moredirect obligations, budget authority, and appropriations. For more information, seeinformation, see CRS In Focus IF11518, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2021 Budget Request and Appropriations, by Eva Lipiec. NOAA’s estimate of R&D funding in the FY2022 President’s budget request and the FY2021 enacted amount include discretionary direct obligations and a relatively smal amount of mandatory and other direct obligations. a. Al Office of Marine Aviation Operations funding is for equipment related to R&D. Department of Veterans Affairs115 The Department of Veterans Affairs operates and maintains a national health care delivery system to provide eligible ~~CRS In Focus IF11518,~~

~~103 Email correspondence with the NOAA Budget Office, June 9, 2021, and June 22, 2021.~~
~~104 NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022, and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations,~~ ~~Committee~~
~~Print on H.R. 133/P.L. 116-260, Legislative Text and Explanatory Statement, Book 1 of 2, Divisions A-F, committee~~
~~print, 117th Cong., 1st sess., March 2021, p. 222. Hereinafter Committee Print on H.R. 133.~~
~~105 Committee Print on H.R. 133, p. 222, and NOAA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2022.~~
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2021 Budget Request and Appropriations, by Eva Lipiec.
~~NOAA’s estimate of R&D funding in the FY2022 President’s budget request and the FY2021 enacted amount~~
~~include discretionary direct obligations and a relatively small amount of mandatory and other direct obligations.~~
~~a. All Office of Marine Aviation Operations funding is for equipment related to R&D.~~
~~Department of Veterans Affairs106~~
~~The Department of Veterans Affairs operates and maintains a national health care delivery system~~
~~to provide eligible~~ veterans with medical care, benefits, and social support. As part of the veterans with medical care, benefits, and social support. As part of the
agency’s mission, it seeks to advance medical R&D in areas most relevant to the diseases and agency’s mission, it seeks to advance medical R&D in areas most relevant to the diseases and
conditions that affect the health care needs of veterans.conditions that affect the health care needs of veterans.~~107~~116
The President is requesting $1.631 The President is requesting $1.631 ~~billion~~bil ion for VA R&D in FY2022, an increase of $159 for VA R&D in FY2022, an increase of $159 ~~million~~mil ion
(11%) from FY2021 enacted levels. ((11%) from FY2021 enacted levels. (~~See~~See Table 16.) ) According to the President’s request, According to the President’s request,
FY2022 strategic priorities for VA R&D include increasing the access of veterans to clinical FY2022 strategic priorities for VA R&D include increasing the access of veterans to clinical
trials; increasing the transfer and translation of VA R&D; and the effective use of VA data for trials; increasing the transfer and translation of VA R&D; and the effective use of VA data for
~~veterans. Additionally~~ 115 T his section was written by Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 116 Department of Veterans Affairs, FY2018-2024 Strategic Plan, May, 31, 2019, p. 5, https://www.va.gov/oei/docs/VA2018-2024strategicPlan.pdf. Congressional Research Service 47 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 veterans. Additional y, crosscutting priorities for VA R&D include efforts to treat veterans at risk , crosscutting priorities for VA R&D include efforts to treat veterans at risk
of suicide and research to address chronic pain and opioid addiction, posttraumatic stress of suicide and research to address chronic pain and opioid addiction, posttraumatic stress
disorder, traumatic brain injury, precision oncology, and Gulf War disorder, traumatic brain injury, precision oncology, and Gulf War ~~illness~~il ness and military and military
exposures.exposures.~~108~~117
VA VA R&D is funded through two accounts—the Medical and Prosthetic Research account and the R&D is funded through two accounts—the Medical and Prosthetic Research account and the
Medical Care Support account. The Medical Care Support account also includes non-R&D Medical Care Support account. The Medical Care Support account also includes non-R&D
funding, and the amount of funding that funding, and the amount of funding that ~~will be allocated~~wil be al ocated to support R&D through appropriations to support R&D through appropriations
legislationlegislation is unclear unless Congress provides funding at the precise level of the request. In is unclear unless Congress provides funding at the precise level of the request. In
general, R&D funding levels from the Medical Care Support account are known only after the VA general, R&D funding levels from the Medical Care Support account are known only after the VA
~~allocates~~ al ocates its appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. its appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures.
The FY2022 request includes $882 The FY2022 request includes $882 ~~million~~ mil ion for VA’s Medical and Prosthetic Research account, an for VA’s Medical and Prosthetic Research account, an
increase of $87 increase of $87 ~~million~~ mil ion (11%) compared to FY2021 enacted levels. The request includes $750 (11%) compared to FY2021 enacted levels. The request includes $750
~~million~~ mil ion in funding for research supported by the agency’s Medical Care Support account, an in funding for research supported by the agency’s Medical Care Support account, an
increase of $81 increase of $81 ~~million~~ mil ion (12%) compared to FY2021. The Medical Care Support account provides (12%) compared to FY2021. The Medical Care Support account provides
administrative and other support for VA researchers and R&D projects, including infrastructure administrative and other support for VA researchers and R&D projects, including infrastructure
maintenance. maintenance.
The Medical and Prosthetics R&D program is an intramural program managed by the Veterans The Medical and Prosthetics R&D program is an intramural program managed by the Veterans
Health Administration’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) and conducted at VA Health Administration’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) and conducted at VA
Medical Centers and VA-approved sites nationwide. According to ORD, the mission of VAMedical Centers and VA-approved sites nationwide. According to ORD, the mission of VA R&D R&D
includes “improv[ing] Veterans’ health and includes “improv[ing] Veterans’ health and ~~well~~wel -being via basic, translational, clinical, health -being via basic, translational, clinical, health
services, and rehabilitative research and apply[ing] scientific knowledge to develop effective services, and rehabilitative research and apply[ing] scientific knowledge to develop effective
individualizedindividualized care solutions for Veterans.”care solutions for Veterans.”~~109~~118 ORD consists of four main research services, each ORD consists of four main research services, each
headed by a director:  Biomedical ~~headed by a director:~~

~~106 This section was written by Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science,~~
~~and Industry Division.~~
~~107 Department of Veterans Affairs, FY2018-2024 Strategic Plan, May, 31, 2019, p. 5, https://www.va.gov/oei/docs/~~
~~VA2018-2024strategicPlan.pdf.~~
~~108 Department of Veterans Affairs,~~ ~~Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,~~
~~Congressional Submission, FY2022, p. VHA-542.~~
~~109 Department of Veterans Affairs, “Office of Research and Development,” https://www.research.va.gov/about/~~
~~default.cfm.~~
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~~ Biomedical~~ Laboratory R&D conducts preclinical research to understand life Laboratory R&D conducts preclinical research to understand life
processes at the molecular, genomic, and physiological levels. processes at the molecular, genomic, and physiological levels.
 Clinical  Clinical Science R&D supports clinical trials and other human subjects research Science R&D supports clinical trials and other human subjects research
to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of new treatments such as drugs, to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of new treatments such as drugs,
therapies, or devices; compare existing therapies; and improve clinical care and therapies, or devices; compare existing therapies; and improve clinical care and
practice. practice.
 Health Services R&D conducts studies to identify and promote effective and  Health Services R&D conducts studies to identify and promote effective and
efficient strategies to improve the quality and accessibility of the VA efficient strategies to improve the quality and accessibility of the VA health health
system and patient outcomes, and to minimize health care costs. system and patient outcomes, and to minimize health care costs.
 Rehabilitation  Rehabilitation R&D conducts research and develops novel approaches to R&D conducts research and develops novel approaches to
improving the quality of life of impaired and disabled veterans. improving the quality of life of impaired and disabled veterans.
In addition to intramural support, VA researchers are eligible to obtain funding for their research In addition to intramural support, VA researchers are eligible to obtain funding for their research
from extramural sources, including other federal agencies, private foundations and health from extramural sources, including other federal agencies, private foundations and health
organizations, and commercial entities. According to the President’s FY2022 budget request, organizations, and commercial entities. According to the President’s FY2022 budget request,
these additional R&D resources are estimated at $540 these additional R&D resources are estimated at $540 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2022. However, unlike other in FY2022. However, unlike other
federal agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense, VA federal agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense, VA
does not have the authority to support extramural R&D by providing research grants to colleges, does not have the authority to support extramural R&D by providing research grants to colleges,
universities, or other non-VA entities. 117 Department of Veterans Affairs, Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs, Congressional Subm ission, FY2022, p. VHA-542. 118 Department of Veterans Affairs, “Office of Research and Development,” https://www.research.va.gov/about/default.cfm. Congressional Research Service 48 link to page 53 link to page 54 link to page 54 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 link to page 53 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ~~universities, or other non-VA entities.~~
On July 29, 2021, the House passed the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, On July 29, 2021, the House passed the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education,
Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General
Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and
Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502). Division F would Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502). Division F would
provide $902 provide $902 ~~million~~ mil ion for the Medical and Prosthetic Research account. This would represent an for the Medical and Prosthetic Research account. This would represent an
increase of $107 increase of $107 ~~million~~mil ion (13%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $20 (13%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $20 ~~million~~ mil ion (2%) above the (2%) above the
request. On August 4, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee passed the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022 (S. 2604). S. 2604 would provide $882 mil ion for the Medical and Prosthetic Research account. This would represent an increase of $87 mil ion (11%) above the FY2021 enacted level and would be the same as the request. ~~request.~~
Table 16 summarizes R&D program funding for VA in the Medical and Prosthetic Research and summarizes R&D program funding for VA in the Medical and Prosthetic Research and
the Medical Care Support the Medical Care Support ~~account~~saccounts. Table 17 details amounts to be spent in Designated Research details amounts to be spent in Designated Research
Areas (DRAs), which VA describes as “areas of importance to our veteran patient population.”Areas (DRAs), which VA describes as “areas of importance to our veteran patient population.”~~110~~119
Funding for research projects that span multiple areas may be included in several DRAs; thus, the Funding for research projects that span multiple areas may be included in several DRAs; thus, the
amounts amounts inin Table 17 total to more than the appropriation or request for VA R&D. total to more than the appropriation or request for VA R&D.
Table 16. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Account
Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Cmte.
Enacted
Medical and Prosthetic Research Medical and Prosthetic Research
795.0a
882.0 882.0
902.0 902.0

882.0
Veterans Medical Care and Health Fund Veterans Medical Care and Health Fund
9.9.0b
n/a n/a
c c c

Medical Care Support Medical Care Support
668.9 668.9
749.7 749.7
c c c

Veterans Affairs, Total R&D
$$1,473.0
$1,631.7
c c

Source: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs, Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,
Congressional Submission, FY2022, p. VHA-541, https://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/, p. VHA-541, https://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/
fy2022VAbudgetVolumeIImedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. fy2022VAbudgetVolumeIImedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf.

~~110 Department of Veterans Affairs,~~ ~~Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,~~
~~Congressional Submission, FY2022, p. VHA-585.~~
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~~Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022~~

Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. FiguresTotals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed. n/a = not applicable. VA researchersn/a = not applicable. VA researchers also receivealso receive grants from grants from
other federal and nonfederal resources,other federal and nonfederal resources, including the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, including the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense,
and the Centers for Diseaseand the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; these resourcesControl and Prevention; these resources are estimated at $540 are estimated at $540 ~~million~~ mil ion in FY2021 in FY2021
and $540 and $540 ~~million~~ mil ion in FY2022. in FY2022. ~~Additionally,~~ Additional y, the VA estimatesthe VA estimates ~~reimbursements~~ reimbursements associated with agency R&D at $81 associated with agency R&D at $81
~~million~~ mil ion in FY2021 and $61 in FY2021 and $61 ~~million~~ mil ion in FY2022, increasing the total amount of R&D performedin FY2022, increasing the total amount of R&D performed at VA to $2.09 at VA to $2.09
~~billion~~bil ion in FY2021 and $2.23 in FY2021 and $2.23 ~~billion~~ bil ion in the FY2022 request.in the FY2022 request.
a. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-26) included a rescissiona. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-26) included a rescission of $20 of $20 ~~million~~ mil ion from the from the
Medical and Prosthetic Research account; the enacted amount was $815 Medical and Prosthetic Research account; the enacted amount was $815 ~~million.~~
mil ion. b. The American b. The American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2, Section 8002) included $14.482 Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2, Section 8002) included $14.482 ~~billion~~bil ion for medical for medical care and care and
health needs; VA plans to use $9 health needs; VA plans to use $9 ~~million~~ mil ion of the provided funding for researchof the provided funding for research under a new budget account, under a new budget account,
the Veterans Medical Care and Health Fund. the Veterans Medical Care and Health Fund.
c. Cannot be determined, c. Cannot be determined, as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding. as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding.
119 Department of Veterans Affairs, Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs, Congressional Subm ission, FY2022, p. VHA-585. Congressional Research Service 49 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 17. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area
(in (in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
Designated Research Area
Estimate
Request
Acute and Traumatic Injury Acute and Traumatic Injury
26.0 26.0
26.0 26.0
Aging Aging
147.7 147.7
147.7 147.7
Autoimmune, Autoimmune, ~~Allergic,~~ Al ergic, and Hematopoieticand Hematopoietic Disorders Disorders
38.9 38.9
38.9 38.9
Cancer Cancer
64.3 64.3
69.3 69.3
Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Injury and Associated Injury and Associated
107.1 107.1
127.1 127.1
Disorders Disorders
Degenerative Degenerative ~~Diseases~~ Diseases of Bones and Joints of Bones and Joints
41.1 41.1
41.1 41.1
Dementia Dementia and Neuronal Degeneration and Neuronal Degeneration
41.6 41.6
41.6 41.6
Diabetes and Major Complications Diabetes and Major Complications
47.1 47.1
47.1 47.1
Digestive Digestive Diseases Diseases
26.1 26.1
26.1 26.1
Emerging Pathogens/Bio-Terrorism Emerging Pathogens/Bio-Terrorism
3.0 3.0
3.0 3.0
Gulf War Veterans Gulf War Veterans ~~Illness~~Il ness
15.5 15.5
15.5 15.5
Health Systems Health Systems
69.9 69.9
69.9 69.9
Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Health Health
71.6 71.6
71.6 71.6
Infectious Disease Infectious Disease
47.1 47.1
57.1 57.1
Kidney Disorders Kidney Disorders
18.2 18.2
18.2 18.2
Lung Disorders Lung Disorders
27.9 27.9
27.9 27.9
Mental Mental ~~Illness~~Il ness
121.6 121.6
121.6 121.6
Military Occupations and Environmental Exposures Military Occupations and Environmental Exposures
23.4 23.4
30.4 30.4
Other Chronic Diseases Other Chronic Diseases
7.6 7.6
7.6 7.6
Prosthetics Prosthetics
25.5 25.5
25.5 25.5
Sensory Loss Sensory Loss
23.2 23.2
23.2 23.2
Special Populations Special Populations
42.8 42.8
42.8 42.8
Substance Abuse Substance Abuse
29.9 29.9
29.9 29.9
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Source: Department of Veterans Affairs,Department of Veterans Affairs, Volume II: Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,
Congressional Submission, FY2022, pp. VHA-586-VHA-587, https://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/, pp. VHA-586-VHA-587, https://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/
fy2022VAbudgetVolumeIImedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. fy2022VAbudgetVolumeIImedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf.
Notes: Projects that span multiple areas may be included in several Projects that span multiple areas may be included in several Designated Research Areas (DRAs); Designated Research Areas (DRAs);
therefore,therefore, the amounts depicted in this table total to morethe amounts depicted in this table total to more than the FY2021 amount and the FY2022 request for than the FY2021 amount and the FY2022 request for
Medical and Prosthetic Research. Columns for “FY2022 House,” “FY2022 Senate,” and “FY2022 Enacted” are Medical and Prosthetic Research. Columns for “FY2022 House,” “FY2022 Senate,” and “FY2022 Enacted” are
not included in this table as these figures not included in this table as these figures ~~will~~ wil only be available after Congress completesonly be available after Congress completes the appropriations the appropriations
process and VA determinesprocess and VA determines how much of the appropriated funds how much of the appropriated funds ~~will be allocated~~wil be al ocated to each DRA. Congressional Research Service 50 link to page 57 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ~~to each DRA.~~
Department of ~~Transportation111~~Transportation120
The Department of Transportation was established by the Department of Transportation Act (P.L. The Department of Transportation was established by the Department of Transportation Act (P.L.
89-670) on October 15, 1966. The primary purposes of DOT research and development activities 89-670) on October 15, 1966. The primary purposes of DOT research and development activities
as defined by Section 6019 of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (P.L. 114-94) are as defined by Section 6019 of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (P.L. 114-94) are
improving mobility of people and goods; reducing congestion; promoting safety; improving the improving mobility of people and goods; reducing congestion; promoting safety; improving the
durability and extending the life of transportation infrastructure; preserving the environment; and durability and extending the life of transportation infrastructure; preserving the environment; and
preserving the existing transportation system. preserving the existing transportation system.
Funding for DOT R&D is Funding for DOT R&D is ~~generally~~general y included in appropriations line items that also include non- included in appropriations line items that also include non-
R&D activities. The amount of funding provided by appropriations legislation that is R&D activities. The amount of funding provided by appropriations legislation that is ~~allocated to~~
al ocated to R&D is unclear unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In general, R&D R&D is unclear unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In general, R&D
funding levels are known only after DOT agencies funding levels are known only after DOT agencies ~~allocate~~al ocate their final appropriations to specific their final appropriations to specific
activities and report those figures. activities and report those figures.
In FY2022, the Administration is requesting a total of $1.203 In FY2022, the Administration is requesting a total of $1.203 ~~billion~~bil ion for DOT R&D activities and for DOT R&D activities and
facilities at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Federal Highway Administration facilities at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Railroad (FHWA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Railroad
Administration (FRA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Pipeline and Hazardous Administration (FRA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the Office of the Secretary (OST), and the Federal Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the Office of the Secretary (OST), and the Federal
Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) (seMotor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) (see Table 18). . In FY2021, three DOT In FY2021, three DOT
agencies—FAA, FHWA, and NHTSA—accounted for nearly 90% of DOT R&D funding. agencies—FAA, FHWA, and NHTSA—accounted for nearly 90% of DOT R&D funding.
Federal Aviation Administration
The President’s FY2022 request of $547.4 The President’s FY2022 request of $547.4 ~~million~~mil ion for R&D activities and facilities at FAA would for R&D activities and facilities at FAA would
be an increase of $68.8 be an increase of $68.8 ~~million~~mil ion (14.4%) from the FY2021 enacted amount. The request includes (14.4%) from the FY2021 enacted amount. The request includes
$258.5 $258.5 ~~million~~mil ion for the agency’s Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) account, an for the agency’s Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) account, an
increase of $60.5 increase of $60.5 ~~million~~mil ion (30.6%) from FY2021. Funding within the RE&D account seeks to (30.6%) from FY2021. Funding within the RE&D account seeks to
improve aircraft safety through research in fields such as fire safety, advanced materials, improve aircraft safety through research in fields such as fire safety, advanced materials,
propulsion systems, aircraft icing, and continued airworthiness, in addition to safety research propulsion systems, aircraft icing, and continued airworthiness, in addition to safety research
related to unmanned aircraft systems and the integration of commercial space operations into the related to unmanned aircraft systems and the integration of commercial space operations into the
national airspace. The RE&D account also supports research to reduce the environmental impacts national airspace. The RE&D account also supports research to reduce the environmental impacts
of aviation (i.e., noise and emissions). Much of the proposed increase to the RE&D account ($50 of aviation (i.e., noise and emissions). Much of the proposed increase to the RE&D account ($50
~~million)~~ mil ion) would support a Climate Aviationwould support a Climate Aviation Program with the goal of enhancing and accelerating Program with the goal of enhancing and accelerating
research in the areas of sustainable aviation fuels for jet engines; unleaded fuel alternatives for research in the areas of sustainable aviation fuels for jet engines; unleaded fuel alternatives for
piston-engine aircraft; and alternate aircraft technologies, including electric propulsion. piston-engine aircraft; and alternate aircraft technologies, including electric propulsion.

~~111 This section was written by Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science,~~
~~and Industry Division.~~
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Federal Highway Administration
According to the President’s budget request According to the President’s budget request
FHWA’s contributions to researching and implementing transformative innovations and FHWA’s contributions to researching and implementing transformative innovations and
technologiestechnologies are changingare changing the way roads,the way roads, bridges,bridges, and otherand other facilities are planned, facilities are planned,
designed,designed, built,built, ~~managed, and maintained across the country to be~~ managed, and maintained across the country to be more responsivemore responsive to to
current and future needs.current and future needs.~~112~~
~~The President’s request of $420 million~~121 120 T his section was written by Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 121 Department of T ransportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA FY2022 Budget, p. I-4, https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2021-06/fhwa-fy-2022_budget_508.pdf. Congressional Research Service 51 link to page 57 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 The President’s request of $420 mil ion for R&D activities and facilities at FHWA would be an for R&D activities and facilities at FHWA would be an
increase of $43.8 increase of $43.8 ~~million~~mil ion (11.6%) from the FY2021 enacted amount. The request includes $125 (11.6%) from the FY2021 enacted amount. The request includes $125
~~million~~ mil ion for FHWA’s Highway Research and Development program, which seeks to improve for FHWA’s Highway Research and Development program, which seeks to improve
safety, foster innovation, accelerate projects, enhance the design and construction of safety, foster innovation, accelerate projects, enhance the design and construction of
transportation infrastructure, provide data and analysis for decisionmaking, and reduce transportation infrastructure, provide data and analysis for decisionmaking, and reduce
congestion. The request also includes $100 congestion. The request also includes $100 ~~million~~mil ion for the deployment of technology to enhance for the deployment of technology to enhance
the safety, efficiency, and convenience of surface transportation under the agency’s the safety, efficiency, and convenience of surface transportation under the agency’s ~~Intelligent~~
Intel igent Transportation Systems program. Transportation Systems program.
On July 29, 2021, the House passed the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, On July 29, 2021, the House passed the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education,
Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General
Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and
Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502). Division G would Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502). Division G would
provide $260.5 provide $260.5 ~~million~~ mil ion for FAA’s R&D account. This would represent an increase of $62.5 for FAA’s R&D account. This would represent an increase of $62.5
~~million~~ mil ion (32%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $2 (32%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $2 ~~million~~ mil ion (1%) above the request. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022, including draft language for the Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and related agencies. The Senate majority draft bil would provide $258.5 mil ion for FAA’s R&D account. This would represent an increase of $60.5 mil ion (31%) above the FY2021 enacted level and would be the same as the request.122 ~~(1%) above the request.~~
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
The President is requesting $66.0 The President is requesting $66.0 ~~million~~mil ion in R&D and R&D facilities funding in FY2022 for in R&D and R&D facilities funding in FY2022 for
NHTSA, $16.0 NHTSA, $16.0 ~~million~~mil ion (32.1%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. NHTSA R&D focuses on (32.1%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. NHTSA R&D focuses on
automation and the study of human machine interfaces, advanced vehicle safety technology, automation and the study of human machine interfaces, advanced vehicle safety technology,
improving vehicle crashworthiness and crash avoidance, and reducing unsafe driving behaviors. improving vehicle crashworthiness and crash avoidance, and reducing unsafe driving behaviors.
Other DOT Components
R&D activities are also supported by several other DOT components or agencies (R&D activities are also supported by several other DOT components or agencies (~~see~~see Table 18).
The President’s FY2022 request includes DOT R&D activities and facilities funding forThe President’s FY2022 request includes DOT R&D activities and facilities funding for:
 the Federal Railroad Administration, totaling $58.8  the Federal Railroad Administration, totaling $58.8 ~~million~~mil ion, $17.8 , $17.8 ~~million~~mil ion
(43.5%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $41.0 (43.5%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $41.0 ~~million~~mil ion; ;
 the Federal Transit Administration, totaling $30  the Federal Transit Administration, totaling $30 ~~million,~~ mil ion, the same amount as the same amount as
FY2021; FY2021;
 the Pipeline  the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, totaling $24.5 and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, totaling $24.5
~~million, $5.5 million~~mil ion, $5.5 mil ion (29%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $19.0 (29%) above the FY2021 enacted level of $19.0 ~~million~~mil ion; ;
 the Office of the Secretary, totaling $47.4  the Office of the Secretary, totaling $47.4 ~~million~~mil ion, $21.6 , $21.6 ~~million~~ mil ion (83.5%) above (83.5%) above
the FY2021enacted level of $25.8 the FY2021enacted level of $25.8 ~~million~~mil ion; and ; and
 the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, totaling $9.1  the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, totaling $9.1 ~~million,~~ mil ion, the same amount as FY2021. 122 T he draft text and explanatory statement for the Departments of T ransportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and related agencies FY2022 appropriations act can be found at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. Congressional Research Service 52 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 51 ~~the same~~
~~amount as FY2021.~~

~~112 Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA FY2022 Budget, p. I-4,~~
~~https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2021-06/fhwa-fy-2022_budget_508.pdf.~~
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Table 18. Department of Transportation R&D Activities and Facilities
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Draftb
Enacted
Federal Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Administration
478.6 478.6
547.4 547.4
a

0 0
Research, Engineering, and
198.0
258.5
260.5
258.5

Development
Federal Federal Highway Administration Highway Administration
376.2 376.2
420.0 420.0
a

0 0
Highway Research and
111.1
125.0
a0
0

Development
~~Intelligent~~Intel igent Transportation Systems
89.9
100.0
a0
0

National Highway Traffic Safety National Highway Traffic Safety
50.0 50.0
66.0 66.0
a

0 0
Administration Administration
Federal Federal Railroad Administration Railroad Administration
41.0 41.0
58.8 58.8
53.8 53.8

41.0
Federal Federal Transit Administration Transit Administration
30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0
a

0 0
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
19.0 19.0
24.5 24.5
a

0 0
Safety Administration Safety Administration
Office of the Secretary Office of the Secretary
25.8 25.8
47.4 47.4
57.0 57.0

48.4
Federal Federal Motor CarrierMotor Carrier Safety Safety
9.1 9.1
9.1 9.1
a

0 0
Administration Administration
DOT, R&D Total
$1,029.6
$1,203.1
a0
0

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation,U.S. Department of Transportation, Fiscal Year 2022 Budget Estimates, https://www.transportation.gov/, https://www.transportation.gov/
mission/budget/fiscal-year-2022-budget-estimates. mission/budget/fiscal-year-2022-budget-estimates.
Notes: Amounts include R&D and R&D facilities.Amounts include R&D and R&D facilities. Components may not add to total due to rounding. LinesComponents may not add to total due to rounding. Lines in in
italics are components of the agency linesitalics are components of the agency lines above them and are not counted separately in the total. Figuresabove them and are not counted separately in the total. Figures for the for the
columns currently blank may becomecolumns currently blank may become available as action is completed. available as action is completed.
a. Cannot be determined,a. Cannot be determined, as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding.as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding.
~~Department of the Interior113~~ b. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022, including draft language for the Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and related agencies. The draft text and explanatory statement can be found at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-relea ses-rema ining-nine-senate-appropriations-bil s. Department of the Interior123
The Department of the Interior was created to conserve and manage the nation’s natural resources The Department of the Interior was created to conserve and manage the nation’s natural resources
and cultural heritage, to provide scientific and other information about those resources, and to and cultural heritage, to provide scientific and other information about those resources, and to
uphold “the nation’s trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska uphold “the nation’s trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska
Natives, and affiliated island communities to help them prosper.” DOI has a wide range of Natives, and affiliated island communities to help them prosper.” DOI has a wide range of
responsibilities, including, among other things, mapping; geological, hydrological, and biological responsibilities, including, among other things, mapping; geological, hydrological, and biological
science; migratory bird, wildlife, and endangered species conservation; surface-mined lands science; migratory bird, wildlife, and endangered species conservation; surface-mined lands
protection and restoration; and historic preservation.protection and restoration; and historic preservation.~~114~~124 The Administration is requesting $17.4 The Administration is requesting $17.4

~~113 This section was written by Laurie~~ 123 T his section was written by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and Harris, Analyst in Science and ~~Technology~~T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Policy, CRS Resources, Science,Science, and and
Industry Division. Industry Division.
~~114~~124 Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years 2018-2022 and and Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years 2014-
~~2018, available at https://www.doi.gov/performance/strategic-planning.~~
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~~billion~~ bil ion in net discretionary funding for DOI in FY2022.in net discretionary funding for DOI in FY2022.~~115~~125 Of that amount, $1.34 Of that amount, $1.34 ~~billion~~bil ion is is
proposed for R&D, $315 proposed for R&D, $315 ~~million~~mil ion (31%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $1.02 (31%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $1.02 ~~billion.116~~bil ion.126
Funding for DOI R&D is Funding for DOI R&D is ~~generally~~general y included in appropriations line items that also include non- included in appropriations line items that also include non-
R&D activities. How much of the funding provided in appropriations legislation is R&D activities. How much of the funding provided in appropriations legislation is ~~allocated~~al ocated to to
R&D R&D ~~specifically~~specifical y is unclear unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In is unclear unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In
general, R&D funding levels are known only after DOI components general, R&D funding levels are known only after DOI components ~~allocate~~al ocate their appropriations their appropriations
to specific activities and report those figures. to specific activities and report those figures.
As passed by the House on July 29, 2021, the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, As passed by the House on July 29, 2021, the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education,
Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General
Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and
Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502) would provide a total of Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4502) would provide a total of
$15.6 $15.6 ~~billion~~ bil ion in discretionary funding for DOI, $250 in discretionary funding for DOI, $250 ~~million~~mil ion (1.6%) below the FY2022 request (1.6%) below the FY2022 request
and $2.29 and $2.29 ~~billion~~ bil ion (17.1%) above the FY2021 enacted level.(17.1%) above the FY2021 enacted level.~~117 This amount includes~~127 As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, 2022, committee print would provide $15.7 bil ion in discretionary funding for DOI, $558 mil ion (4.1%) below the FY2022 request and $2.0 bil ion (14.6%) above the FY2021 enacted level.128 These amounts include both R&D both R&D
and non-R&D funding. and non-R&D funding.
U.S. Geological Survey
The U.S. Geological Survey accounts for more than two-thirds of The U.S. Geological Survey accounts for more than two-thirds of ~~all~~ al DOI R&D funding. A single DOI R&D funding. A single
appropriations account, Surveys, Investigations, and Research (SIR), provides appropriations account, Surveys, Investigations, and Research (SIR), provides ~~all~~ al USGS funding. USGS funding.
USGS R&D is conducted under seven SIR activity/program areas: Ecosystems; Energy and USGS R&D is conducted under seven SIR activity/program areas: Ecosystems; Energy and
Mineral Resources; Natural Hazards; Water Resources; Core Science Systems; Science Support; Mineral Resources; Natural Hazards; Water Resources; Core Science Systems; Science Support;
and Facilities. and Facilities.
The President’s total FY2022 budget request for USGS is $1.6 The President’s total FY2022 budget request for USGS is $1.6 ~~billion~~bil ion, up $327 , up $327 ~~million~~ mil ion (26%) (26%)
from the FY2021 enacted level.from the FY2021 enacted level.~~118~~129 Of the proposed FY2022 total, $947 Of the proposed FY2022 total, $947 ~~million~~ mil ion would be for would be for
R&D, an increase of $256 R&D, an increase of $256 ~~million~~ mil ion (37%) from the FY2021 estimated level of $691 (37%) from the FY2021 estimated level of $691 ~~million.119~~mil ion.130
As passed by the House, H.R. 4502 would provide $1.6 As passed by the House, H.R. 4502 would provide $1.6 ~~billion~~ bil ion for USGS, equal to the FY2022 for USGS, equal to the FY2022
requested amount. requested amount. ~~This amount includes both R&D and non-R&D funding.120~~
~~Other DOI Components~~
~~The President’s FY2022 request also includes R&D funding for the following DOI~~
~~components:121~~
~~ Bureau of Reclamation (BOR): $122 million for FY2022, down $11 million~~
~~(8.3%) from the FY2021 estimate.~~

~~115~~131 As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, 2022, committee print would provide $1.5 bil ion for USGS, 2018, available at https://www.doi.gov/performance/strategic-planning. 125 Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Fiscal Year 2022: The Interior Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. DH-3. , May 2021, p. DH-3.
~~116~~126 EOP, OMB, EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and
~~Development~~Developm ent, May 28, 2021, p. 178, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/May 28, 2021, p. 178, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/
ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. ap_14_research_fy22.pdf.
~~117~~127 U.S. U.S. Congress, HouseCongress, House Committee on Appropriations, Committee on Appropriations, Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related
Agencies Appropriation Bill, 2022, explanatory report, 117th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept, explanatory report, 117th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept . 117-83 (Washington, DC: GPO, . 117-83 (Washington, DC: GPO,
2021), p. 283, as incorporated by reference in H.R. 4502. 2021), p. 283, as incorporated by reference in H.R. 4502.
~~118~~128 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Departm ent of the Interior, Environm ent, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022 (com mittee print) , 117th Cong., 1st sess., released October 18, 2021, p. 216, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/intrept_final. 129 Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Fiscal Year 2022: The Interior Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. BH-59. , May 2021, p. BH-59.
~~119~~130 Email communications between CRS Email communications between CRS and OMB, May 26, 2021. and OMB, May 26, 2021.
~~120~~131 H.Rept. 117-83, p. 266 H.Rept. 117-83, p. 266.
~~121 Ibid~~. .
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$149 mil ion less than the FY2022 requested amount.132 These amounts include both R&D and non-R&D funding. Other DOI Components The President’s FY2022 request also includes R&D funding for the following DOI components:133  Bureau of Reclamation (BOR): $122 mil ion for FY2022, down $11 mil ion (8.3%) from the FY2021 estimate.  Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM): $112 mil ion ~~ Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM): $112 million~~ for FY2022, up for FY2022, up
$30 $30 ~~million~~ mil ion (37%) from the FY2021 estimate. (37%) from the FY2021 estimate.
 Fish and Wildlife  Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): $57 Service (FWS): $57 ~~million~~mil ion for FY2022, up $24 for FY2022, up $24 ~~million~~ mil ion (73%) (73%)
from the FY2021 estimate. from the FY2021 estimate.
 National Park Service (NPS): $34  National Park Service (NPS): $34 ~~million~~mil ion for FY2022, up $6 for FY2022, up $6 ~~million~~ mil ion (21%) from (21%) from
the FY2021 estimate. the FY2021 estimate.
 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE): $32  Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE): $32 ~~million~~ mil ion for for
FY2022, up $5 FY2022, up $5 ~~million~~ mil ion (19%) from the FY2021 estimate.(19%) from the FY2021 estimate.
 Bureau of Land Management (BLM): $21  Bureau of Land Management (BLM): $21 ~~million~~ mil ion for FY2022, equal to the for FY2022, equal to the
FY2021 estimate. FY2021 estimate.
 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): $5  Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): $5 ~~million~~ mil ion for FY2022, equal to the FY2021 for FY2022, equal to the FY2021
estimate. estimate.
 Wildland  Wildland Fire Management (WFM): $8 Fire Management (WFM): $8 ~~million~~ mil ion for FY2022, up $5 for FY2022, up $5 ~~million~~mil ion
(167%) from the FY2021 estimate. (167%) from the FY2021 estimate.~~122~~134
 Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): $1  Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): $1 ~~million~~mil ion
for FY2022, equal to the FY2021 estimate. for FY2022, equal to the FY2021 estimate.
Table 19 summarizes FY2021 estimated R&D funding and the President’s FY2022 R&D funding summarizes FY2021 estimated R&D funding and the President’s FY2022 R&D funding
request for DOI components. 132 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Department of the Interior, Environm ent, and Related Agencies Approp riations Bill, 2022 (com mittee print), 117th Cong., 1st sess., released October 18, 2021, p. 205, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/intrept_final. 133 Ibid. 134 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 55 link to page 62 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ~~request for DOI components.~~
Table 19. Department of the Interior R&D
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Estimate
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Draft.
Enacted
U.S. Geological U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Survey (USGS)
691 691
947 947
n/s n/s

n/s
Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) (BOR)
133 133
122 122
n/s n/s

n/s
Bureau of Ocean Energy Bureau of Ocean Energy
82 82
112 112
n/s n/s

n/s
Management (BOEM) Management (BOEM)
Fish and Wildlife Fish and Wildlife ~~Service~~ Service (FWS) (FWS)
33 33
57 57
n/s n/s

n/s
National Park Service (NPS) National Park Service (NPS)
28 28
34 34
n/s n/s

n/s
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Bureau of Safety and Environmental
27 27
32 32
n/s n/s

n/s
Enforcement (BSEE) Enforcement (BSEE)
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
21 21
21 21
n/s n/s

n/s
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
5 5
5 5
n/s n/s

n/s
Wildland Fire Wildland Fire Management (WFM) Management (WFM)
3 3
8 8
n/s n/s

n/s
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation Office of Surface Mining Reclamation
1 1
1 1
n/s n/s

n/s
and Enforcement (OSMRE) and Enforcement (OSMRE)
Department of the Interior,
1,024
1,339
n/s
n/s

R&D Total
Source: EOP, OMB, EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and
Development, May 28, 2021, p. 178; and emailMay 28, 2021, p. 178; and email communications between CRS and OMB, May 26, 2021. communications between CRS and OMB, May 26, 2021.

~~122 Ibid.~~
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Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently for the columns currently
blank may become available as action is completed.blank may become available as action is completed. n/s = not specified.n/s = not specified.
Department of Homeland ~~Security123~~Security135
The Department of Homeland Security has identified five core missions: to prevent terrorism and The Department of Homeland Security has identified five core missions: to prevent terrorism and
enhance security, to secure and manage the borders, to enforce and administer immigration laws, enhance security, to secure and manage the borders, to enforce and administer immigration laws,
to safeguard and secure cyberspace, and to ensure resilience to disasters. New technology to safeguard and secure cyberspace, and to ensure resilience to disasters. New technology
resulting from research and development can contribute to achieving resulting from research and development can contribute to achieving ~~all~~ al these goals. The these goals. The
Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) has primary responsibility for establishing, Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) has primary responsibility for establishing,
administering, and coordinating DHS R&D activities. Other components, such as the Countering administering, and coordinating DHS R&D activities. Other components, such as the Countering
Weapons of Mass Destruction OfficeWeapons of Mass Destruction Office~~, the U.S. Coast Guard,~~ and the Transportation Security and the Transportation Security
Administration, conduct Administration, conduct R&D relating to their specific missions. R&D relating to their specific missions.
The President’s FY2022 budget request for DHS includes $618 The President’s FY2022 budget request for DHS includes $618 ~~million~~mil ion for activities identified as for activities identified as
R&D. This would be an increase of 8.4% from $570 R&D. This would be an increase of 8.4% from $570 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021. The total includes in FY2021. The total includes
$503 mil ion ~~$503 million~~ for the R&D account in the S&T Directorate and for the R&D account in the S&T Directorate and ~~smaller~~smal er amounts for five other amounts for five other
DHS components. DHS components. ~~See Table 20.~~
~~The S&T Directorate performs R&D in several laboratories of its own and funds R&D performed~~
~~by the DOE national laboratories, industry, universities, and others. It also conducts testing and~~
The House bil would provide a total of $629 mil ion, including $511 mil ion in the S&T Directorate. The draft Senate bil would provide $651 mil ion, including $530 mil ion in the S&T Directorate. See Table 20. The S&T Directorate performs R&D in several laboratories of its own and funds R&D performed by the DOE national laboratories, industry, universities, and others. It also conducts testing and 135 T his section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 56 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 other technology-related activities in support of acquisitions by other DHS components. The other technology-related activities in support of acquisitions by other DHS components. The
Administration’s FY2022 request of $503 Administration’s FY2022 request of $503 ~~million~~mil ion for the S&T Directorate R&D account would for the S&T Directorate R&D account would
be an increase of 13.4% from $444 be an increase of 13.4% from $444 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021. Within the R&D account, the Research, in FY2021. Within the R&D account, the Research,
Development, and Innovation budget line would increase by $53 Development, and Innovation budget line would increase by $53 ~~million~~mil ion, including increases for , including increases for
Cyber Security/Information Analysis (up $29 Cyber Security/Information Analysis (up $29 ~~million~~mil ion); First Response/Disaster Resilience (up ); First Response/Disaster Resilience (up
$21 $21 ~~million);~~ mil ion); and Counter Terrorist (up $13 and Counter Terrorist (up $13 ~~million~~mil ion); and a decrease for Border Security (down ); and a decrease for Border Security (down
$11 mil ion~~$11 million~~). In the University Programs budget line, the request for university centers of ). In the University Programs budget line, the request for university centers of
~~excellence is $46 million,~~ excel ence is $46 mil ion, up from $39 up from $39 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021. The requested increase for centers of in FY2021. The requested increase for centers of
~~excellence~~excel ence would support increased funding for continuing centers as would support increased funding for continuing centers as ~~well~~ wel as the planned as the planned
selection of two new centers. The House bil would provide $5 mil ion more than the request for Research, Development, and Innovation and $2.5 mil ion more than the request for University Programs. The additional funding for University Programs would be directed to the Minority Serving Institutions program. The draft Senate bil would provide $10 mil ion more than the request for Research, Development, and Innovation and $17 mil ion more than the request for University Programs. The additional funding for University Programs would be directed to an independent assessment of the current state of border security ($10 mil ion) and the development, with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), of “analytic capabilities to assess the impact of DHS and CBP actions and investments on world-wide forced labor levels and how those investments impact U.S. businesses” ($5 mil ion). ~~selection of two new centers.~~
In addition to its R&D account, the S&T Directorate receives funding for laboratory facilities and In addition to its R&D account, the S&T Directorate receives funding for laboratory facilities and
other R&D-related expenses through two other accounts (not shown in the table). The total other R&D-related expenses through two other accounts (not shown in the table). The total
request for the directorate is $823 request for the directorate is $823 ~~million~~mil ion, an increase of 7.5% from $766 , an increase of 7.5% from $766 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021. The in FY2021. The
directorate’s Procurement, Construction, and Improvements account would receive $9 directorate’s Procurement, Construction, and Improvements account would receive $9 ~~million~~
mil ion under the Administration’s request (versus $19 under the Administration’s request (versus $19 ~~million~~mil ion in FY2021) for closure of the Plum Island in FY2021) for closure of the Plum Island
AnimalAnimal Disease Center—which is being replaced by the National Bio and Agro-Defense Disease Center—which is being replaced by the National Bio and Agro-Defense
Facility—and for preparation of Plum Island itself for sale.Facility—and for preparation of Plum Island itself for sale.~~124~~

~~123 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science,~~
~~and Industry Division.~~
~~124 The S&T Directorate is building NBAF using~~ 136 Total funding for the directorate would be $830 mil ion in the House bil and $869 mil ion in the draft Senate bil . The House bil would provide the requested funds for Procurement, Construction, and Improvements; the draft Senate bil would provide an additional $4 mil ion. The draft Senate bil would also provide $15 mil ion more than the request in the directorate’s Operations and Support account to expand and evolve models, developed with CBP, of migrant flow to the Southwest border. 136 T he S&T Directorate is building NBAF using previously appropriated funds and is to transfer the facility to the previously appropriated funds and is to transfer the facility to the
USDAUSDA once it becomes operational. For more information, see CRSonce it becomes operational. For more information, see CRS In FocusIn Focus IF11492, IF11492, National Bio and Agro-Defense
Facility: Purpose and Status, by Genevieve K. Croft, by Genevieve K. Croft . .
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Table 20. Department of Homeland Security R&D Accounts
(budget authority, in (budget authority, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Enacted
Request
~~House~~
~~Senate~~H. Cmte. S. Draft
Enacted
Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Directorate
444 444
503 503

511 530
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction
65 65
66 66

66 66
Office Office
Transportation Security Administration Transportation Security Administration
30 30
36 36

36 36
U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard
10 10
7 7

7 7
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security
9 9
4 4

7 10
Agency Agency
U.S. Secret Service U.S. Secret Service
12 12
2 2

2 2
Total, DHS R&D
570
618
629 651

Sources: FY2021 enacted from FY2021 enacted from P.L. 116-260. FY2022 request fromP.L. 116-260. FY2022 request from DHS congressionalDHS congressional budget justification, budget justification,
https://www.dhs.gov/publication/congressional-budget-justification-fy-2022. https://www.dhs.gov/publication/congressional-budget-justification-fy-2022.
FY2022 House committee from H.R. 4431 as reported and H.Rept. 117-87. FY2022 Senate draft from draft bil and report released by the Senate Appropriations Committee on October 18, 2021. Notes: Table includes accounts titled “Research and Development”Table includes accounts titled “Research and Development” in each DHS component. Somein each DHS component. Some other other
accounts may also fund R&D-related activities.accounts may also fund R&D-related activities. Some amounts may not add to totals due to rounding. FiguresSome amounts may not add to totals due to rounding. Figures for for
the the ~~columns~~column currently blank may become available as action is completed. currently blank may become available as action is completed.
Environmental Protection ~~Agency125~~Agency137
The U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency~~, the federal regulatory agency responsible for~~
~~administering multiple environmental pollution control laws,~~ (EPA) administers multiple environmental pollution control laws, many of which are carried out under a delegated framework with states and tribes (and local governments for certain authorities). To carry out this mission, EPA funds a broad ~~funds a broad~~ range of R&D range of R&D
activities intended to provide scientific tools and knowledge that activities intended to provide scientific tools and knowledge that ~~support~~inform decisions relating to decisions relating to
preventing, regulating, and abating environmental pollution. Since FY2006, Congress has funded preventing, regulating, and abating environmental pollution. Since FY2006, Congress has funded
EPA’s discretionary budget through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies EPA’s discretionary budget through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies annual annual
appropriations acts. appropriations acts.
Appropriations for EPA R&D are Appropriations for EPA R&D are ~~generally~~general y included in included in programs and activities that also include programs and activities that also include
non-R&D functions. Annual appropriations non-R&D functions. Annual appropriations ~~bills~~bil s and the accompanying committee reports do not and the accompanying committee reports do not
identify precisely how much funding is identify precisely how much funding is ~~allocated~~al ocated to EPA R&D alone. EPA determines R&D to EPA R&D alone. EPA determines R&D
funding levelsfunding levels for its operations for its operations ~~through allocating~~by al ocating the agency’s appropriations for authorized the agency’s appropriations for authorized
activities activities and reporting those amounts. and reporting those amounts.
The agency’s Science and Technology (S&T) appropriations The agency’s Science and Technology (S&T) appropriations ~~account126~~account138 funds much of EPA’s funds much of EPA’s
scientific research activities, which include R&D conducted by the agency at its own laboratories scientific research activities, which include R&D conducted by the agency at its own laboratories
~~and facilities, and R&D and related scientific research conducted by universities, foundations,~~

~~125 This section was~~ 137 T his section was written by Jerry H. Yen, Analyst in Environmental Policy, CRS Resources,written by Jerry H. Yen, Analyst in Environmental Policy, CRS Resources, Science,Science, and Industry and Industry
Division. For an overview of Division. For an overview of ~~FY2021 appropriations, President’s FY2021 budget request, and FY2020 enacted~~
~~appropriations for EPA, see CRS In Focus IF11563, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2021 Appropriations, by~~
~~Robert Esworthy and David M. Bearden.~~
~~126 In 1995, Congress established~~ FY2022 appropriations for Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, which includes EPA, see CRS Report R46908, Interior, Environm ent, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2022 Appropriations, by Carol Hardy Vincent . 138 In 1995, Congress established eight statutory accounts for EPA, including the S&Teight statutory accounts for EPA, including the S&T account. account. ~~The~~T he S&T S&T account account
incorporates elements of the former EPA Research and Development account, as well as portions of the former Salaries incorporates elements of the former EPA Research and Development account, as well as portions of the former Salaries
and Expenses and Program Operations accounts, which wereand Expenses and Program Operations accounts, which were in place until FY1996. Currently, in place until FY1996. Currently, ~~including the S&T~~
~~account,~~ discretionary funding is annually appropriated to EPA among 10 statutory discretionary funding is annually appropriated to EPA among 10 statutory ~~accounts~~acco unts established by established by Congress Congress
over time in annual appropriations acts. Becauseover time in annual appropriations acts. Because of the differences in the scope of the activities included in these of the differences in the scope of the activities included in these
accounts, a comparable breakout of accounts, a comparable breakout of ~~funding for these same activities before FY1996 is not readily available.~~
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58 link to page 21 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 and facilities, and R&D and related scientific research conducted by universities, foundations, and other nonfederal entities that receive EPA grants. The S&T account and other nonfederal entities that receive EPA grants. The S&T account general y receives a base receives a base
appropriation and a transfer from the Hazardous Substance Superfund (Superfund) account for appropriation and a transfer from the Hazardous Substance Superfund (Superfund) account for
research on more effective methods for remediating contaminated sites.research on more effective methods for remediating contaminated sites.~~127~~139
EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the primary manager of R&D at EPA EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the primary manager of R&D at EPA
headquarters and laboratories around the country, as headquarters and laboratories around the country, as ~~well~~ wel as EPA-supported R&D external to the as EPA-supported R&D external to the
agency. A large portion of the S&T account funds EPA R&D activities managed by ORD, agency. A large portion of the S&T account funds EPA R&D activities managed by ORD,
including research grants. Programs implemented by other offices within EPA also may have a including research grants. Programs implemented by other offices within EPA also may have a
research component, but the research component is not necessarily the primary focus of the research component, but the research component is not necessarily the primary focus of the
particular program. particular program.
As passed by the House on July 29, 2021, Division E of H.R. 4502 includes the Department of As passed by the House on July 29, 2021, Division E of H.R. 4502 includes the Department of
the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations ~~bill~~ bil for FY2022. Division E of for FY2022. Division E of
H.R. 4502 incorporates H.R. 4372 (H.Rept. 117-83), which was reported by the House H.R. 4502 incorporates H.R. 4372 (H.Rept. 117-83), which was reported by the House
Committee on Appropriations on July 6, 2021. Committee on Appropriations on July 6, 2021. ~~The House-passed bill would provide $842.2~~
~~million for EPA’s S&T account, which includes a $33.0 million~~As part of floor action on H.R. 4502, the House adopted two amendments to EPA’s S&T account. One amendment would increase funding to the account by $2.0 mil ion for research on polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and toxins resulting from harmful algal blooms.140 Another amendment would al ocate $1.0 mil ion of the total funding amount to research on 6PPD-quinone and its potential risks to coho salmon and other fish species in the Pacific Northwest.141 Including these amendments and a $33.0 mil ion transfer from transfer from the Superfund account, the House-passed bil would provide $842.2 mil ion for EPA’s S&T ~~the Superfund~~
account. The House-passed funding level for EPA’s S&T account is a proposed increase of $82.1 account. The House-passed funding level for EPA’s S&T account is a proposed increase of $82.1
~~million~~ mil ion (10.8%) over the enacted FY2021 appropriation of $760.1 (10.8%) over the enacted FY2021 appropriation of $760.1 ~~million~~mil ion, which includes a , which includes a
$30.8 $30.8 ~~million~~ mil ion transfer from the Superfund account.transfer from the Superfund account.~~128~~142 Also, the House-passed funding level for Also, the House-passed funding level for
EPA’s S&T account is $18.7 EPA’s S&T account is $18.7 ~~million~~mil ion (2.2%) less than the President’s request of $861.0 (2.2%) less than the President’s request of $861.0 ~~million~~mil ion, ,
which includes a proposed $31.0 which includes a proposed $31.0 ~~million~~mil ion transfer from the Superfund account. transfer from the Superfund account.~~129~~143 Proposed Proposed
increases in funding for the “Clean Air” and “Research: Air and Energy” program areas combined increases in funding for the “Clean Air” and “Research: Air and Energy” program areas combined
make up 80.8% of the President’s requested increase in funding to EPA’s S&T account compared make up 80.8% of the President’s requested increase in funding to EPA’s S&T account compared
with FY2021 enacted appropriations. funding for these same activities before FY1996 is not readily available. 139 See footnote 29 for more information on Superfund. 140 See “Amendment No. 184” in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules, Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 4502) Making Appropriations or the Departm ents of Labor, Health, and Hum an Services, and Education, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending Septem ber 30, 2022, and for Other Purposes; and for Other Purposes, report to accompany H.Res. 555, 117th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 117-109 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2021), pp. 24 and 57; “Amendments En Bloc No. 5 Offered by Ms. DeLauro of Connecticut,” Congressional Record, vol. 167, no. 131 (July 27, 2021), pp. H4075-H4076; and “ Amendments En Bloc No. 5, as Modified, Offered by Ms. DeLauro of Connecticut,” Congressional Record, vol. 167, no. 133 (July 29, 2021), pp. H4260-H4261. 141 See “Amendment No. 182” in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules, Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 4502) Making Appropriations or the Departm ents of Labor, Health, and Hum an Services, and Education, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending Septem ber 30, 2022, and for Other Purposes; and for Other Purposes , report to accompany H.Res. 555, 117th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 117-109 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2021), pp. 24 and 58; “Amendments En Bloc No. 6 Offered by Ms. DeLauro of Connecticut,” Congressional Record, vol. 167, no. 131 (July 27, 2021), pp. H4079-H4080; and “ Amendments En Bloc No. 6 Offered by Ms. DeLauro of Connectict,” Congressional Record, vol. 167, no. 133 (July 29, 2021), pp. H4261 -H4262. 142 For FY2021 enacted appropriations for program areas and activities funded within the E PA S&T account, see Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book IV (December 21, 2020), pp. H8592 -H8593 (funding tables). 143 EPA, Fiscal Year 2022 Justification of Appropriation Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations, EPA-190-R-21-002, May 2021, https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/fy-2022-justification-appropriation-estimates-committee-appropriations, pp. 3, 7-9, and 459 (pp. 22, 27-29, and 483 of the PDF). Congressional Research Service 59 link to page 64 link to page 64 link to page 65 link to page 65 link to page 65 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 On October 18, 2021, the Senate Committee on Appropriations majority released nine FY2022 appropriations bil s, including the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bil , for consideration.144 The Senate committee majority draft would provide $834.2 mil ion for EPA’s S&T account, including a $31.0 mil ion transfer from the Superfund account.145 The proposed funding level for EPA’s S&T account in the Senate committee majority draft is a proposed increase of $74.1 mil ion (9.7%) over the enacted FY2021 appropriation of $760.1 mil ion, which includes a $30.8 mil ion transfer from the Superfund account.146 Also, the proposed funding level for EPA’s S&T account in the Senate committee majority draft is $26.8 mil ion (3.1%) less than the President’s request of $861.0 mil ion, which includes a proposed $31.0 mil ion transfer from the Superfund account.147 ~~with FY2021 enacted appropriations.~~
Table 21 presents a comparison of the FY2021 enacted appropriations, the President’s FY2022 presents a comparison of the FY2021 enacted appropriations, the President’s FY2022
request, and the FY2022 appropriations proposed in House-passed H.R. 4502request, and the FY2022 appropriations proposed in House-passed H.R. 4502 and the Senate committee majority draft for program areas for program areas
and activities funded within EPA’s S&T account. The program areas and activities listed and activities funded within EPA’s S&T account. The program areas and activities listed inin Table
21 are only those identified in funding tables are only those identified in funding tables presented in explanatory statements accompanying presented in explanatory statements accompanying
annual appropriations annual appropriations ~~bills~~bil s that fund EPA. The explanatory statements include additional that fund EPA. The explanatory statements include additional
breakouts of funding and directive language for certain activities within these broader program breakouts of funding and directive language for certain activities within these broader program
areas. EPA’s annual budget justification also identifies specific amounts of funding for various areas. EPA’s annual budget justification also identifies specific amounts of funding for various
subprogram activities not listed in these explanatory subprogram activities not listed in these explanatory statements. statements.
Table 21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science and Technology Account
(appropriations, in (appropriations, in ~~millions of dollars~~mil ions of dol ars) )
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
S&T Program Areas and Activities
Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~S. Draft
Enacted
Clean ~~Aira~~Aira
118.6 118.6
139.2 139.2
139.2 139.2

139.2
Atmospheric ~~Protection Program~~ Protection Progra mb
7.9
10.0
10.0
10.0

Enforcement Enforcement
14.0 14.0
14.1 14.1
14.1 14.1

14.1
Homeland Security Homeland Security
35.7 35.7
40.4 40.4
40.4 40.4

~~127 See footnote 29 for more information on Superfund.~~
~~128 For FY2021 enacted appropriations for program areas and activities funded within the EPA S&T account, see~~
Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book IV (December 21, 2020), pp. H8592-H8593 (funding tables).
~~129~~ 40.4 Indoor Air and Radiation 5.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 Information Technology/Data Management/Security 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 Operations and Administration 67.5 68.5 68.5 68.5 Pesticide Licensing 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 Research: Air and Energyc 95.3 156.2 125.0 114.5 144 For the Senate committee majority draft appropriations bills and explanatory statements, see U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. 145 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Department of Interior, Environm ent, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022 , accompanying draft committee print released October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/INT Rept_FINAL.PDF. 146 For FY2021 enacted appropriations for program areas and activities funded within the EPA S&T account, see Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book IV (December 21, 2020), pp. H8592 -H8593 (funding tables). 147 EPA, EPA, Fiscal Year 2022 Justification of Appropriation Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations, EPA-190-R-EPA-190-R-
21-002, May 2021, https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/fy-2022-justification-appropriation-estimates-committee-21-002, May 2021, https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/fy-2022-justification-appropriation-estimates-committee-
appropriations, pp. 3, 7-9, and 459 (pp. 22, 27-29, and 483 of the PDF). appropriations, pp. 3, 7-9, and 459 (pp. 22, 27-29, and 483 of the PDF).
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FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
S&T Program Areas and Activities
Enacted
Request
House
~~Senate~~
~~Enacted~~
~~Indoor Air and Radiation~~
~~5.1~~
~~6.7~~
~~6.7~~

~~Information Technology/Data~~

~~3.1~~
~~3.1~~
~~3.1~~

~~Management/Security~~
~~Operations and Administration~~
~~67.5~~
~~68.5~~
~~68.5~~

~~Pesticide Licensing~~
~~5.9~~
~~6.0~~
~~6.0~~

~~Research: Air and Energyc~~
~~95.3~~
~~156.2~~
~~125.0~~

S. Draft Enacted Research: Chemical Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability Safety and Sustainability
127.0 127.0
135.2 135.2
135.2 135.2

137.7
Research: ~~Computational~~ Computational Toxicology
21.4
22.2
22.2
22.2

Research: Endocrine Disruptor
16.3
16.9
16.9
16.9

Research: National Research: National ~~Prioritie~~sdPrioritiesd
7.5 7.5
0.0 0.0
8.5 8.5

12.4
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
112.3 112.3
116.6 116.6
116.6 116.6

116.6
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
133.0 133.0
137.4 137.4
137.4 137.4

137.4
Water: Water: Human Health Protection Human Health Protection
4.4 4.4
6.4 6.4
6.4 6.4

~~Subtotal~~ 6.4 House Floor Amendments n/a n/a 2.0 n/a Subtotal Base S&T Account
729.3
830.0
809.3
803.2

Transfer from Hazardous Substance

Superfund Account to the S&T Account 30.8
31.0
33.0

~~Superfund Account to the S&T Account~~31.0
Total, S&T Account (Net Appropriations)
760.1
861.0
842.2
834.2

Source: Prepared by CRS. Amounts in the table are Prepared by CRS. Amounts in the table are ~~generally~~general y as presented in as presented in P.L. 116-260; the explanatory P.L. 116-260; the explanatory
statement accompanying H.R. 133 (P.L. 116-260) as printed in the statement accompanying H.R. 133 (P.L. 116-260) as printed in the Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book vol. 166, no. 218—Book
IV (DecemberIV (December 21, 2020), pp. H8592-H8593 (funding tables); EPA, 21, 2020), pp. H8592-H8593 (funding tables); EPA, Fiscal Year 2022 Justification of Appropriation
Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations, EPA-190-R-21-002, May 2021, https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/EPA-190-R-21-002, May 2021, https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/
fy-2022-justification-appropriation-estimates-committee-appropriations,fy-2022-justification-appropriation-estimates-committee-appropriations, pp. 3, 7-9, and 459 (pp. 22, 27- 29, and pp. 3, 7-9, and 459 (pp. 22, 27- 29, and
483 of the PDF); H.R. 4502, Division483 of the PDF); H.R. 4502, Division E, Title II; E, Title II; ~~and~~ U.S. Congress, House CommitteeU.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations,on Appropriations,
Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bil ~~Bill~~, 2022, report together with minority, report together with minority
views to accompany H.R. 4372, 117th Cong., 1st sess.,views to accompany H.R. 4372, 117th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 117-83, (Washington, DC: GPO, 2021), pp. 79-85, H.Rept. 117-83, (Washington, DC: GPO, 2021), pp. 79-85,
and 283-and 283-~~284.~~
~~Notes:~~ 284; and “Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, 2022, Bil Text,” pp. 78, 81, and 82, and “Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, 2022, Explanatory Statement,” pp. 78 -82, 93, 217, and 220, at U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bil s,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bil s. Notes: n/a = not applicable. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. FiguresTotals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for columns currently blank for columns currently blank
may becomemay become available as action is completed. available as action is completed.
a. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refersa. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers to this program area as “Clean Air and Climate.”to this program area as “Clean Air and Climate.” Recent EPA Recent EPA
budget justifications have referred budget justifications have referred to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding tables to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding tables
prepared by the House and Senate Committeesprepared by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.on Appropriations.
b. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers b. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers to this program area as “Climate Protection.” Recent EPA budget to this program area as “Climate Protection.” Recent EPA budget
justifications have referred justifications have referred to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding tables prepared by to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding tables prepared by
the House and Senate Committeesthe House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.on Appropriations.
c. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers c. EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers to this program area as “Research: Air,to this program area as “Research: Air, Climate,Climate, and Energy.” and Energy.”
Recent EPA budget justifications have referred Recent EPA budget justifications have referred to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding to this program area in a way that is consistent with funding
tables prepared by the House and Senate Committeestables prepared by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. on Appropriations.
d. d. ~~EPA’s FY2022 budget justification refers to this program area as~~The President’s annual budget request typical y does not include funding for “Research: Congressional “Research: Congressional Priorities.” The House and Senate refer to this program area as “Research: National Priorities” for which the House or Senate al ocates funding for specific research activities~~Priorities.” For~~
~~FY2021, Congress appropriated funding for “National Priorities” to support grants for the same purpose as~~
~~in FY2020: “high-priority water quality and [water] availability research” as specified in S.Rept. 116-123~~. .
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Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
ACF
Administration Administration for Children and Familiesfor Children and Families
AFRI
Agriculture Agriculture and Food Research Initiative and Food Research Initiative
AGARDA
Agriculture Agriculture Advanced Research and DevelopmentAdvanced Research and Development Authority Authority
AHRQ
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
AI
Artificial Artificial ~~Intelligence~~ Intel igence
AIMS
Arctic Infrastructure Modernization for Science Arctic Infrastructure Modernization for Science
AOAM
Agency Operations and Award Management Agency Operations and Award Management
ARPA-C
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Climate Advanced Research Projects Agency-Climate
ARPA-E
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy
ARPA-H
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Health Advanced Research Projects Agency-Health
ARS
Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Research Service
B&F
Buildings and Facilities Buildings and Facilities
BA
Budget Authority Budget Authority
BIA
Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs
BLM
Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Land Management
BOEM
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
BOR
Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation
BSEE
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
CA
Convergence Accelerator Convergence Accelerator
CDC
Centers for Disease Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Control and Prevention
CJS
Commerce, Commerce, Justice, Science,Justice, Science, and Related Agencies and Related Agencies
CLARREO
Climate Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory
CMS
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CR
Continuing Resolution Continuing Resolution
CRF
Construction of Research Facilities Construction of Research Facilities
DARPA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DHP
Defense Health Program Defense Health Program
DHS
Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
DOC
Department of Commerce Department of Commerce
DOD
Department of Defense Department of Defense
DOE
Department of Energy Department of Energy
DOI
Department of the Interior Department of the Interior
DOT
Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
DRA
Designated Research Area Designated Research Area
EFNEP
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program
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Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
EHR
Education and Human Resources Education and Human Resources
EOP
Executive Office of the President Executive Office of the President
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency
EPSCoR
Established Program Established Program to Stimulate Competitiveto Stimulate Competitive Research Research
ERS
Economic Research Service Economic Research Service
FAA
Federal Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Administration
FDA
Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration
FHWA
Federal Federal Highway Administration Highway Administration
FIC
Fogarty International Center Fogarty International Center
FMCSA
Federal Federal Motor CarrierMotor Carrier Safety Administration Safety Administration
FRA
Federal Federal Railroad Administration Railroad Administration
FTA
Federal Federal Transit Administration Transit Administration
FW-HTF
Future of Work Future of Work at the Human Technology Frontier at the Human Technology Frontier
FWS
Fish and Wildlife Fish and Wildlife Service Service
FY
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
GCR
Growing Convergence Research Growing Convergence Research
GCRA
Global Change Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-606) Global Change Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-606)
GDP
Gross Gross ~~Domestic~~ Domestic Product Product
GRFP
Graduate Research Graduate Research ~~Fellowship~~ Fel owship Program Program
GWOT
Global War on Terror Global War on Terror
HBCU
~~Historically Black Colleges~~ Historical y Black Col eges and Universities and Universities
HDR
Harnessing the Data Revolution Harnessing the Data Revolution (for 21st-Century Science and Engineering) (for 21st-Century Science and Engineering)
HHS
Department of Health and Human Services Department of Health and Human Services
HLS
Human Landing System Human Landing System
HRSA
Health Resources Health Resources and Servicesand Services Administration Administration
ICs
Institutes and Centers Institutes and Centers
INCLUDES
Inclusion across the Nation of Communities Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learnersof Learners of Underrepresentedof Underrepresented Discoverers Discoverers
in Engineering and Science in Engineering and Science
ISS
International Space Station International Space Station
IT
Information technology Information technology
ITER
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
ITS
Industrial Technology Services Industrial Technology Services
LEO
Low Earth Orbit Low Earth Orbit
LGUs
Land-Grant Land-Grant ~~Colleges~~ Col eges and Universities and Universities
LHHS
Labor, HHS, and Education Labor, HHS, and Education
LSST
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
MEP
Manufacturing Extension Partnership Manufacturing Extension Partnership
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Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
MREFC
Major Research Equipment and Facilities Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction Construction
MSI
Minority Serving Institutions Minority Serving Institutions
NAL
National Agricultural Library National Agricultural Library
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASS
National Agricultural Statistics Service National Agricultural Statistics Service
NBAF
National Bio and Agro-Defense National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Facility
NCATS
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
NCI
National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
NCO
National Coordinating Office (NITRD) National Coordinating Office (NITRD)
NEF
Nonrecurring Expenses Fund Nonrecurring Expenses Fund
NEI
National Eye Institute National Eye Institute
NESDIS
National Environmental National Environmental ~~Satellite,~~ Satel ite, Data, and Information Service Data, and Information Service
NHGRI
National Human Genome National Human Genome Research Institute Research Institute
NHLBI
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
NHTSA
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NIA
National Institute on Aging National Institute on Aging
NIAAA
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
NIAID
National Institute of National Institute of ~~Allergy~~ Al ergy and Infectious Diseases and Infectious Diseases
NIAMS
National Institute of Arthritis National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletaland Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Skin Diseases
NIBIB
National Institute of Biomedical National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Imaging and Bioengineering
NICHD
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
NIDA
National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIDCD
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
NIDCR
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
NIDDK
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and Kidney Diseases
NIEHS
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIFA
National Institute of Food and Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture
NIGMS
National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences
NIH
National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health
NIIMBL
National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals
NIMH
National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health
NIMHD
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
NINDS
National Institute of Neurological National Institute of Neurological ~~Disorders~~ Disorders and Stroke and Stroke
NINR
National Institute of Nursing Research National Institute of Nursing Research
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology
NITRD
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
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Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
NLM
National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine
NMFS
National Marine Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service Service
NNA
Navigating the New Arctic Navigating the New Arctic
NNI
National Nanotechnology Initiative National Nanotechnology Initiative
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administration
NOS
National Ocean Service National Ocean Service
NPS
National Park Service National Park Service
NRT
National Research Traineeship National Research Traineeship
NSB
National Science Board National Science Board
NSET
Nanoscale Science, Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSTC Subcommittee) Engineering, and Technology (NSTC Subcommittee)
NSF
National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
NSTC
National Science and Technology Council National Science and Technology Council
NWS
National Weather Service National Weather Service
OAR
Oceanic and Atmospheric Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Research
OCO
Overseas Overseas Contingency Operations Contingency Operations
OCS
Office of the Chief Scientist (USDA) Office of the Chief Scientist (USDA)
OD
NIH Office of the Director NIH Office of the Director
OIG
Office of the Inspector General Office of the Inspector General
OMAO
Office of Marine and Aviation Operations Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
OMB
Office of Management and Budget Office of Management and Budget
ORD
Office of Research and Development Office of Research and Development
OSMRE
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
OST
Office of the Secretary of Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation
OSTP
Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy
PACE
Pre-Aerosol, Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and Ocean EcosystemClouds, and Ocean Ecosystem
PE
Program Element Program Element
PHMSA
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
PHSA
Public Health Service Public Health Service Act Act
PIADC
Plum Island Animal Disease Plum Island Animal Disease Center Center
PRIF
Pediatric Research Initiative Fund Pediatric Research Initiative Fund
QIS
Quantum Information Science Quantum Information Science
R&D
Research and Development Research and Development
RDT&E
Research, Development, Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Test, and Evaluation
RE&D
Research, Engineering, and Development Research, Engineering, and Development
REE
Research, Education, and Economics Research, Education, and Economics
RRA
Research and Related Activities Research and Related Activities
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Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
SARE
Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Research and Education
S&T
Science and Technology Science and Technology
SIR
Surveys, Investigations, and Research Surveys, Investigations, and Research
SLS
Space Launch System Space Launch System
SOFIA
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
STRS
Scientific and Technical Research and Services Scientific and Technical Research and Services
TIP
Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (NSF Directorate) Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (NSF Directorate)
TOA
Total Obligational Authority Total Obligational Authority
URoL
Understanding the Rules of Life Understanding the Rules of Life
USDA
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture
USGCRP
U.S. Global Change Research Program U.S. Global Change Research Program
USGS
U.S. Geological U.S. Geological Survey Survey
VA
Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs
WFIRST
Wide Field Wide Field Infrared Space TelescopeInfrared Space Telescope
WFM
Wildland Fire Wildland Fire Management Management
WoU
Windows on the Universe Windows on the Universe

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Appendix B. CRS Contacts for Agency R&D
The following table lists the primary CRS experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in The following table lists the primary CRS experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in
this report. this report.
Agency
CRS Contact
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture
Genevieve Genevieve K. Croft K. Croft
Analyst in Agricultural Policy Analyst in Agricultural Policy

Department of Commerce Department of Commerce

National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology
John F. Sargent Jr. John F. Sargent Jr.
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric ~~Administration~~ Administration Eva Lipiec Eva Lipiec
Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Analyst in Natural Resources Policy

Department of Defense Department of Defense
John F. Sargent Jr. John F. Sargent Jr.
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

Department of Energy Department of Energy
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

Department of Health and Human Services Department of Health and Human Services
Kavya Sekar Kavya Sekar
National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy

Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

Department of the Interior Department of the Interior
Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
Marcy E. Marcy E. ~~Gallo~~Gal o
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs
Marcy E. Marcy E. ~~Gallo~~Gal o
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency
Jerry Yen Jerry Yen
Analyst in Environmental Policy Analyst in Environmental Policy

National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

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Author Information

John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator
Eva Lipiec Eva Lipiec
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Analyst in Natural Resources Policy

Genevieve K. Croft Genevieve K. Croft
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Analyst in Agricultural Policy Analyst in Agricultural Policy
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Specialist in Science and Technology Policy

Marcy E. Gallo Marcy E. Gallo
Kavya Sekar Kavya Sekar
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy

Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris
Jerry H. Yen Jerry H. Yen
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy
Analyst in Environmental Policy Analyst in Environmental Policy

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should ~~not~~n ot be relied upon for purposes other be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material. copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

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