Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations

Changes from September 1, 2021 to June 7, 2022

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Energy and Water Development:
~~September 1, 2021~~June 7, 2022
FY2022 Appropriations
Mark Holt
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill funds civil works The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill funds civil works
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior’s Bureau projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior’s Bureau

of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy
Corrie E. Clark
(DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission
~~Analyst in Energy Policy~~Acting Section Research
(ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the

Manager bill’s funding. Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2022 were enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division D), signed by President Biden on March 15, 2022. Anna E. Normand Analyst in Natural Overall Funding Totals Resources Policy The enacted FY2022 appropriations for energy and water development agencies total $55.576 billion, excluding adjustments. The enacted amount is $103 million (less than 1%) above the President’s request and $6.051 billion (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. The FY2022 energy and water development funding in the Consolidated Appropriations Act was bolstered by $41.921 billion in FY2022 appropriations in the energy and water development titles of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) and the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43). President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021 ~~bill’s funding.~~

~~Overall Funding Totals~~
~~President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021. The budget requests for~~
~~agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill total $55.473 billion, excluding budget~~
~~scorekeeping adjustments. This is $5.948 billion (12%) above the FY2021 enacted Energy and Water Development total of~~
~~$49.525 billion~~. The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill on . The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill on
July 16, 2021, by a 33-24 vote (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98). The bill was combined in a “minibus” with six other July 16, 2021, by a 33-24 vote (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98). The bill was combined in a “minibus” with six other
appropriations bills (H.R. 4502), which passed the House on July 29, 2021, by a vote of 219-208. The Senate Appropriations appropriations bills (H.R. 4502), which passed the House on July 29, 2021, by a vote of 219-208. The Senate Appropriations
Committee approved its FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill on August 4, 2021, by a 25-5 vote (S. 2605, Committee approved its FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill on August 4, 2021, by a 25-5 vote (S. 2605,
~~S.Rept. 117-36). The bills approved by the Senate panel and the House would provide overall funding increases slightly~~
~~above the Administration request.~~
S.Rept. 117-36). Energy and Water Development Appropriations, ~~FY2020~~FY2021 Enacted Through FY2022 ~~Request~~Enacted
Dollars in millions (and % change) Dollars in millions (and % change)
FY2022 Senate
FY2022 Request
FY2022 House
Committee
FY2022 Enacted FY2021
(% Change from
(% Change from
(% Change from
(% Change from Agency
Enacted
FY2021)
FY2021)
FY2021)
FY2021) Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
7,795 7,795
6,793 (-13%) 6,793 (-13%)
8,660 (+11%) 8,660 (+11%)
8,960 (+15%) 8,960 (+15%)
~~Bureau of Reclamation/CUP~~8,343 (+7%) Bureau of
1,691 1,691
1,553 (-8%) 1,553 (-8%)
1,966 (+16%) 1,966 (+16%)
2,007 (+19%) 2,007 (+19%)
1,924 (+14%) Reclamation/CUP Department of Energy Department of Energy
39, 39,~~627~~625
46, 46,~~982 (+19~~646 (+18%) %)
45,458 (+15%) 45,458 (+15%)
45,324 (+14%) 45,324 (+14%)
44,856 (+13%) Independent Agencies Independent Agencies
414 414
481 (+16%) 481 (+16%)
460 (+11%) 460 (+11%)
461 (+11%) 461 (+11%)
~~Rescissions~~
-3
~~-336~~
~~-336~~
~~-336~~454 (+10%)
Total Total
49,525 49,525
55,473 (+12%) 55,473 (+12%)
56,208 (+13%) 56,208 (+13%)
56, 56,~~416 (+14~~866 (+15%) 55,576 (+12%) %)
Source: S.Rept. 117-36, H.Rept. 117-98, H.R. 4502S.Rept. 117-36, H.Rept. 117-98, H.R. 4502, Explanatory Statement of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. .
Notes: Totals exclude budget scorekeeping adjustments.Totals exclude budget scorekeeping adjustments. CUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not CUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not
include emergency supplemental appropriations. include emergency supplemental appropriations.
Major Issues
~~The FY2022 budget request for agencies in the~~Congressional debate and enactment of Energy and Water Development appropriations Energy and Water Development appropriations ~~bill includes~~for FY2022 included several major several major
initiatives and issuesinitiatives and issues ~~that have attracted congressional attention. Some examples~~. Some examples include the following: :
  Congressionally Directed Funding ~~for Water Projects~~. Congressionally directed funding for site-specific . Congressionally directed funding for site-specific
projects (community projects (community project funding) is project funding) is ~~being~~ included in the included in the enacted FY2022 appropriationsFY2022 appropriations ~~process~~, following an , following an
“earmark moratorium” during the 112th to the 116th Congresses. “earmark moratorium” during the 112th to the 116th Congresses.
Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations   Western Drought. As of early . As of early ~~July 2021~~May 2022, 94% of the western United States was experiencing some level of , 94% of the western United States was experiencing some level of
drought. The Administration proposed additional funding for several Reclamation drought response-related drought. The Administration proposed additional funding for several Reclamation drought response-related
activities, and activities, and ~~some in Congress support additional funding for these purposes. The House-passed and~~
~~Senate Committee-recommended~~the enacted appropriations appropriations ~~bills for FY2022 both agreed to these proposals, and~~
~~included other~~for FY2022 included targeted increases to support response to targeted increases to support response to drought conditions.  Increased Funding ~~drought conditions.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

 ~~Increased Funding Request~~ for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. The Biden Administration . The Biden Administration is
~~proposing a~~ proposed a 65% increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 65% increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations account, appropriations account,
following four years of steep reductions proposed by the Trump Administration. The following four years of steep reductions proposed by the Trump Administration. The ~~FY2022 funding bills~~
~~approved by the Senate Appropriations Committee and the House would also provide substantial increases,~~
~~although smaller than requested~~Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $3.200 billion for EERE for FY2022, $1.532 billion (32%) below the request but $338 million (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. This amount was in addition to $8.207 billion appropriated by IIJA for EERE in FY2022.  Establishment of Office of Clean Energy Demonstration. The Administration requested $400 million for this new office to “support a multi-year series of competitive solicitations in collaboration with the private sector to conduct demonstrations.” The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $20 million, which was in addition to $5.127 billion appropriated by IIJA for the new office in FY2022. .

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Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations

Introduction and Overview
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill includes funding The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill includes funding
for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in Title I; the Department for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in Title I; the Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title
II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies, II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies,
including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), in Title IV.(ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the major components of the Energy and Water compares the major components of the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill from FY2021 through FY2022. Development appropriations bill from FY2021 through FY2022.
Figure 1. Funding for Major Components of Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Bill, FY2021 Through FY2022
(excluding emergency supplementals) (excluding emergency supplementals)

Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36;S.Rept. 117-36; H.R. 4502;H.R. 4502; H.Rept. 117-98;H.Rept. 117-98; Administration budget request for FY2022;Administration budget request for FY2022; H.R. 133 H.R. 133
Explanatory Statement;Explanatory Statement; Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft Explanatory Statement for Energy and Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft Explanatory Statement for Energy and
Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Bil , 2021;Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Bil , 2021; H.R. 7617;H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449;H.Rept. 116-449; Explanatory Explanatory
Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress;Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102;S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470;S. 2470; H.R. 2740; FY2021 Budget H.R. 2740; FY2021 Budget
Appendix; and agency budget justifications. Includes some adjustments; see tables 4-7 for details. Appendix; and agency budget justifications. Includes some adjustments; see tables 4-7 for details.
Notes: FY2021 DOE request total does not include asset sales and certain other offsets. Enacted amounts do FY2021 DOE request total does not include asset sales and certain other offsets. Enacted amounts do
not include subsequent emergency supplemental appropriations. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion not include subsequent emergency supplemental appropriations. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion
Account. Account.
President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021. President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021.
The total request for agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill The total request for agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill
iswas $55.473 billion, excluding budget scorekeeping adjustments.1 This is $5.948 billion (12%) $55.473 billion, excluding budget scorekeeping adjustments.1 This is $5.948 billion (12%)
above the FY2021 enacted Energy and Water Development appropriations total of $49.525 above the FY2021 enacted Energy and Water Development appropriations total of $49.525
billion. The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water billion. The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill on July 16, 2021 (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98); the measure was Development appropriations bill on July 16, 2021 (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98); the measure was
included as Division C in a seven-bill “minibus” (H.R. 4502) passed by the House, 219-208, on included as Division C in a seven-bill “minibus” (H.R. 4502) passed by the House, 219-208, on

1 Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget enforcement 1 Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget enforcement
purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues from various sources. purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues from various sources.
Scorekeeping adjustments are separate from emergency appropriations, which are outside of annual budget caps. Scorekeeping adjustments are separate from emergency appropriations, which are outside of annual budget caps.
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Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations

July 29, 2021. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved its FY2022 Energy and Water July 29, 2021. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved its FY2022 Energy and Water
Development funding bill on August 4, 2021, by a 25-5 vote (S. 2605, S.Rept. 117-36). Development funding bill on August 4, 2021, by a 25-5 vote (S. 2605, S.Rept. 117-36).
Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2022 were enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division D), passed by the House on March 9, 2022, and by the Senate March 10, 2022, and signed by President Biden March 15, 2022. The enacted energy and water development funding totals $55.576 billion, excluding adjustments. The enacted amount is $103 million (less than 1%) above the President’s request and $6.051 billion (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount.2 The FY2022 energy and water development funding in the Consolidated Appropriations Act was bolstered by $41.921 billion in FY2022 appropriations in the energy and water development titles of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) and the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43). That funding brought total FY2022 appropriations for energy and water development programs to $97.497 billion. P.L. 117-58 and P.L. 117-43 also provided advance energy and water development appropriations for future fiscal years totaling $53.851 billion. FY2021 Energy and Water Development funding was provided by Division D of the FY2021 Energy and Water Development funding was provided by Division D of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), signed by President Trump on December Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), signed by President Trump on December
27, 2020. The enacted Energy and Water appropriations totaled $1.201 billion (2%) above the 27, 2020. The enacted Energy and Water appropriations totaled $1.201 billion (2%) above the
FY2020 enacted level, including rescissions.FY2020 enacted level, including rescissions.2
Administration Request
DOE would DOE would ~~receive $46.982~~have received $46.646 billion under the Administration’s FY2022 budget request billion under the Administration’s FY2022 budget request
(excluding offsets)—an increase of $7.(excluding offsets)—an increase of $7.~~355~~021 billion ( billion (1918%) from the FY2021 enacted %) from the FY2021 enacted ~~level~~amount. The . The
FY2022 request for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) FY2022 request for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) iswas $4.732 billion, which is $4.732 billion, which is
$1.870 billion (65%) above the FY2021 enacted level. This $1.870 billion (65%) above the FY2021 enacted level. This ~~includes~~included a proposed $300 million a proposed $300 million
Build Back Better Challenge Grant program to encourage new approaches to clean energy Build Back Better Challenge Grant program to encourage new approaches to clean energy
technology deployment. Nuclear Energy would technology deployment. Nuclear Energy would ~~increase~~have increased from $1.508 billion in FY2021 to $1.851 from $1.508 billion in FY2021 to $1.851
billion in FY2022 (23%), and the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account billion in FY2022 (23%), and the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account ((FECM), previously previously
Fossil Energy R&DFossil Energy R&D), would would ~~increase~~have increased by $140 million to $890 million (19%). DOE’s Office of by $140 million to $890 million (19%). DOE’s Office of
Science, which funds a wide range of research, Science, which funds a wide range of research, ~~would~~was to receive $7.440 billion, up $414 million receive $7.440 billion, up $414 million
(6%) from the FY2021 enacted level. Funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency—(6%) from the FY2021 enacted level. Funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency—
Energy (ARPA-E), which received $427 million in FY2021, would Energy (ARPA-E), which received $427 million in FY2021, would behave increased to $500 million increased to $500 million
in FY2022 (up 17%), and a new Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C) in FY2022 (up 17%), and a new Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C) ~~would~~
was to be established with FY2022 funding of $200 million. The budget request be established with FY2022 funding of $200 million. The budget request ~~includes~~included $400 million to $400 million to
establish the Office of Clean Energy establish the Office of Clean Energy ~~Demonstrations, which would work~~Demonstration, which was proposed to accelerate “the to accelerate “the
maturation of near- and mid-term clean energy technologies and systems.”3 Environmental maturation of near- and mid-term clean energy technologies and systems.”3 Environmental
Management (waste management and cleanup) would Management (waste management and cleanup) would ~~increase~~have increased from $7.586 billion in FY2021 to from $7.586 billion in FY2021 to
~~$8.012~~$7.596 billion in FY2022 billion in FY2022~~, excluding offsets (up $426~~ (up $10 million, million, ~~or 6~~about a tenth of 1%). %).
The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the DOE agency responsible for defense- The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the DOE agency responsible for defense-
related nuclear activities, related nuclear activities, ~~would~~was to increase slightly under the Administration request, from $19.732 2 Most figures in this report are taken from the Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Division D, Congressional Record, p. H2184, March 9, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/117/crec/2022/03/09/168/42/CREC-2022-03-09-bk3.pdf. 3 DOE, Budget in Brief, June 2021, p. 90, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. Congressional Research Service 2 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations ~~increase slightly under the Administration request, from $19.732~~
billion in FY2021 to $19.743 billion in FY2022 (up $11 million, or less than 1%). Also proposed billion in FY2021 to $19.743 billion in FY2022 (up $11 million, or less than 1%). Also proposed
for increases for increases ~~are~~were DOE’s Office of Electricity (up $115 million, or 54%) and the Office of DOE’s Office of Electricity (up $115 million, or 54%) and the Office of
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency ResponseCybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER), which , which ~~would~~was to take over responsibility take over responsibility
for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (up $45 million, or 29%). for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (up $45 million, or 29%).
The two water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill The two water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill ~~would~~were to receive receive
funding reductions under the FY2022 budget request. Discretionary appropriations in the Energy funding reductions under the FY2022 budget request. Discretionary appropriations in the Energy
and Water bill for USACE and Water bill for USACE ~~would~~were to decline from $7.795 billion in FY2021 to $6.793 billion in decline from $7.795 billion in FY2021 to $6.793 billion in
FY2022 (down $1.003 billion, or 13%). FY2022 (down $1.003 billion, or 13%). ~~That funding would include~~The requested funding included four new construction four new construction
projects and seven new project studies (these projects and studies are referred to as new starts). projects and seven new project studies (these projects and studies are referred to as new starts).
Reclamation (separately from CUP) Reclamation (separately from CUP) ~~would~~was to be reduced from $1.670 billion in FY2021 to $1.533 be reduced from $1.670 billion in FY2021 to $1.533
billion in FY2022 (down $137 million, or 8%). billion in FY2022 (down $137 million, or 8%).
Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
~~would~~was set to receive an increase in total appropriations from $844 million in FY2021 to $888 million in receive an increase in total appropriations from $844 million in FY2021 to $888 million in
FY2022 (up $43 million, or 5%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which FY2022 (up $43 million, or 5%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which
may vary from year to year; the Administration may vary from year to year; the Administration ~~proposes~~proposed an increase in the agency’s an increase in the agency’s net ~~net~~

~~2 Most figures are taken from the House Appropriations Committee Report on the FY2022 Energy and Water~~
~~Development appropriations bill, H.Rept. 117-98.~~
~~3 DOE, Budget in Brief, June 2021, p. 90, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-~~
~~brief-v4.pdf.~~
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

appropriation from $123 million in FY2021 to $131 million in FY2022 (up $8 million, or 7%). appropriation from $123 million in FY2021 to $131 million in FY2022 (up $8 million, or 7%).
Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would ~~increase~~have increased from $180 million in FY2021 from $180 million in FY2021
to $235 million in FY2022 (up $55 million, or 31%). Requested funding for smaller regional to $235 million in FY2022 (up $55 million, or 31%). Requested funding for smaller regional
authorities in the bill authorities in the bill ~~varies~~varied widely: Denali Commission (up 1%), Delta Regional Authority (no widely: Denali Commission (up 1%), Delta Regional Authority (no
change), Northern Border Regional Commission (up less than 1%), Southeast Crescent Regional change), Northern Border Regional Commission (up less than 1%), Southeast Crescent Regional
Commission (up 150%), and Southwest Border Regional Commission (up 900%). Commission (up 150%), and Southwest Border Regional Commission (up 900%).
House-Passed Bill
The House-passed FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill (Division C of The House-passed FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill (Division C of
H.R. 4502) H.R. 4502) ~~includes~~included total funding of $56.208 billion, which total funding of $56.208 billion, which iswas reduced by $2.982 billion in reduced by $2.982 billion in
budget scorekeeping adjustments to $53.225 billion. The House Appropriations Committee budget scorekeeping adjustments to $53.225 billion. The House Appropriations Committee
approved the measure on July 16, 2021, by a vote of 33-24 (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98). approved the measure on July 16, 2021, by a vote of 33-24 (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98).
DOE would DOE would ~~receive~~have received $45.458 billion in the House-passed bill, which $45.458 billion in the House-passed bill, which iswas $5.830 billion (15%) $5.830 billion (15%)
above the FY2021 enacted above the FY2021 enacted ~~level~~amount and $1.525 billion (3%) below the Administration’s request (all and $1.525 billion (3%) below the Administration’s request (all
figures excluding rescissions). The bill figures excluding rescissions). The bill ~~includes~~included $3.776 billion for Energy Efficiency and $3.776 billion for Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, $914 million (32%) above the enacted FY2021 level and $956 million (20%) Renewable Energy, $914 million (32%) above the enacted FY2021 level and $956 million (20%)
below the Administration request. The Administration’s proposed ARPA-C below the Administration request. The Administration’s proposed ARPA-C ~~would~~was not not be funded funded
byin the House bill; the existing ARPA-E the House bill; the existing ARPA-E ~~would~~was to receive $100 million above the request (for a total receive $100 million above the request (for a total
of $600 million) to fund some of the climate-related technologies proposed for ARPA-C, of $600 million) to fund some of the climate-related technologies proposed for ARPA-C,
according to the Appropriations Committee report. NNSA would according to the Appropriations Committee report. NNSA would ~~receive~~have received $20.155 billion in the $20.155 billion in the
House bill, $423 million (2%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $412 million (2%) above the House bill, $423 million (2%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $412 million (2%) above the
Administration request. Administration request.
The FY2022 House-passed bill would The FY2022 House-passed bill would ~~provide~~have provided substantial increases over the FY2021 enacted substantial increases over the FY2021 enacted
levels for USACE and Reclamation, in contrast to the reductions proposed by the Administration. levels for USACE and Reclamation, in contrast to the reductions proposed by the Administration.
USACE USACE ~~would~~was to receive $8.660 billion, an increase of $ receive $8.660 billion, an increase of $~~864~~865 million (11%) over the FY2021 million (11%) over the FY2021
appropriation and $1.867 billion (27%) above the Administration request. Reclamation and CUP appropriation and $1.867 billion (27%) above the Administration request. Reclamation and CUP
would would ~~receive~~have received $1.966 billion, $275 million (16%) over FY2021 and $413 million (27%) more $1.966 billion, $275 million (16%) over FY2021 and $413 million (27%) more
than sought by the Administration. For the first time since the 111th Congress, the House bill also than sought by the Administration. For the first time since the 111th Congress, the House bill also
~~includes about 100~~included 86 earmarks for USACE and earmarks for USACE and 89 for Reclamation projects. for Reclamation projects.
Congressional Research Service 3 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Senate Appropriations Committee-Reported Bill
The Senate Appropriations Committee’s FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill The Senate Appropriations Committee’s FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill
~~recommends~~recommended a total of $56.416 billion, excluding emergency spending but including rescissions.4 a total of $56.416 billion, excluding emergency spending but including rescissions.4
That total That total iswas further reduced by budget scorekeeping adjustments to $53.625 billion.5 The further reduced by budget scorekeeping adjustments to $53.625 billion.5 The
committee approved the measure on August 4, 2021, by a vote of 25-5 (S. 2605, S.Rept. 117-36). committee approved the measure on August 4, 2021, by a vote of 25-5 (S. 2605, S.Rept. 117-36).
The Senate committee bill would The Senate committee bill would ~~give~~have given DOE $45.324 billion (excluding rescissions), which DOE $45.324 billion (excluding rescissions), which is
was $5.697 billion (14%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $1.659 billion (4%) below the $5.697 billion (14%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $1.659 billion (4%) below the
Administration FY2022 request. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy would Administration FY2022 request. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy would ~~receive~~ have received $3.897 $3.897
billion, $1.035 billion (36%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $835 million (18%) below the billion, $1.035 billion (36%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $835 million (18%) below the
request. request. ~~Like~~As in the House bill, the Senate committee recommended no funding for the proposed the House bill, the Senate committee recommended no funding for the proposed
ARPA-C, but no appropriations above the request for ARPA-E were included for ARPA-C ARPA-C, but no appropriations above the request for ARPA-E were included for ARPA-C
activities. The Senate committee bill activities. The Senate committee bill ~~includes~~included $100 million for the Office of Clean Energy $100 million for the Office of Clean Energy
Demonstration, 25% of the amount requested and half the amount in the House bill. Demonstration, 25% of the amount requested and half the amount in the House bill. NNSA would have received $20.042 billion under the Senate committee bill, 2% above the request and 1% below the House amount. Water agencies were recommended for increases in the Senate committee bill over both the request and the House-passed levels. FY2022 funding for USACE would have totaled $8.960 billion, 32% above the request and 3% above the House-passed amount. Reclamation and CUP would have received $2.007 billion under the Senate committee bill, 29% above the request and 2% above the House level. The Senate committee bill included 126 earmarks for USACE and 12 for Reclamation, as well as more than five dozen for DOE: 3 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for OE, and 6 for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 The enacted FY2022 appropriations for energy and water development agencies in the Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-103) total $55.576 billion, excluding adjustments. The enacted amount is $103 million (less than 1%) above the President’s request, $1.290 billion below the Senate committee level (-2%), $967 million below the House level (-2%), and $6.051 billion (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy was appropriated $3.200 billion, $1.532 billion below the request (-32%) but $338 million (12%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. ARPA-E received $450 million, $50 million below the request (-10%), but $23 million (5%) above the FY2021 level, and the proposed ARPA-C was not funded. The new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration was appropriated $20 million, $380 million below the request (-95%). However, the office had already been appropriated $21.456 billion for FY2022-FY2025 by IIJA. NNSA was appropriated a total of $20.656 billion, $913 million (5%) above the request and about the same increase from the FY2021 enacted level. Water agencies received increases over the FY2022 request. USACE received $8.343 billion, $1.551 billion (23%) above the request and $548 million (7%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. Reclamation was appropriated $1.901 billion, $368 million (24%) above the request and $231 million (14%) above the enacted FY2021 level. In addition, USACE received FY2022 ~~NNSA would~~

4 The “grant total,” including $450 million in emergency spending, is $56.866 billion. Total appropriations, without 4 The “grant total,” including $450 million in emergency spending, is $56.866 billion. Total appropriations, without
$336 million in rescissions, is $56.752 million. Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, pp. 181-182. $336 million in rescissions, is $56.752 million. Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, pp. 181-182.
5 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 4. 5 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 4.
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~~receive $20.042 billion under the Senate committee bill, 2% above the request and 1% below the~~
~~House amount.~~
~~Water agencies would receive increases under the Senate committee bill over both the request and~~
~~the House-passed levels. FY2022 funding for USACE would total $8.960 billion, 32% above the~~
~~request and 3% above the House-passed amount. Reclamation and CUP would receive $2.007~~
~~billion under the Senate committee bill, 29% above the request and 2% above the House level~~supplemental appropriations of $5.711 billion in P.L. 117-43 and FY2022 emergency appropriations of $14.969 billion in P.L. 117-58. Reclamation received an additional $210 million in P.L. 117-43 and $1.660 billion in P.L. 117-58. The Explanatory Statement included 236 earmarks for Energy and Water Development agencies and programs: 156 for USACE, 15 for Reclamation, 2 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for Electricity, and 6 for FECM. .
FY2021 Enacted Funding
Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) provided $39.627 billion Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) provided $39.627 billion
for DOE (excluding offsets), which was $970 million (3%) above the FY2020 enacted level. for DOE (excluding offsets), which was $970 million (3%) above the FY2020 enacted level.
DOE energy programs received $12.445 billion for FY2021, $2.189 billion (15%) below the DOE energy programs received $12.445 billion for FY2021, $2.189 billion (15%) below the
FY2020 enacted level, with the reduction resulting almost entirely from rescissions of unused FY2020 enacted level, with the reduction resulting almost entirely from rescissions of unused
loan and loan guarantee funding. NNSA received $19.732 billion for FY2021, $3.028 billion loan and loan guarantee funding. NNSA received $19.732 billion for FY2021, $3.028 billion
(18%) above the FY2020 enacted level. (18%) above the FY2020 enacted level.
USACE received $7. USACE received $7.~~796~~795 billion for FY2021, $ billion for FY2021, $~~146~~145 million (2%) above the FY2020 million (2%) above the FY2020 enacted amount. amount.
Reclamation received $1.670 billion, $10 million (1%) more than in FY2020. Independent Reclamation received $1.670 billion, $10 million (1%) more than in FY2020. Independent
agencies were appropriated a net total of $414 million for FY2021, an increase of $7 million (2%) agencies were appropriated a net total of $414 million for FY2021, an increase of $7 million (2%)
from FY2020. The Southwest Border Regional Commission received its first funding from FY2020. The Southwest Border Regional Commission received its first funding
($250,000).6 ($250,000).6
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11462, For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11462, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations, ,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carterby Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter,; and CRS Report R46384, and CRS Report R46384, Energy and Water
Development: FY2021 Appropriations, by Mark Holt and Corrie E. Clark. , by Mark Holt and Corrie E. Clark.
FY2022 Budgetary Limits
Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is
affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist
primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual
appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and
allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations
subcommittee. subcommittee.
The House passed a “deeming resolution” (H.Res. 467) on June 14, 2021, to set a FY2022 The House passed a “deeming resolution” (H.Res. 467) on June 14, 2021, to set a FY2022
discretionary appropriations total of $1.506 trillion, which would accommodate the discretionary appropriations total of $1.506 trillion, which would accommodate the
Administration’s $1.5 trillion request. The House Appropriations Committee on July 16, 2021, Administration’s $1.5 trillion request. The House Appropriations Committee on July 16, 2021,
issued a report with suballocations of the FY2022 discretionary total (H.Rept. 117-91), pursuant issued a report with suballocations of the FY2022 discretionary total (H.Rept. 117-91), pursuant
to section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The 302(b) allocation for the Energy to section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The 302(b) allocation for the Energy
and Water Development Subcommittee is $53.226 billion, the amount provided by the House and Water Development Subcommittee is $53.226 billion, the amount provided by the House
Appropriations Committee after budget scorekeeping adjustments. Appropriations Committee after budget scorekeeping adjustments.
The Senate Appropriations Committee approved the Energy and Water Development The Senate Appropriations Committee approved the Energy and Water Development
appropriations bill without discretionary spending allocations, because the Senate had not yet appropriations bill without discretionary spending allocations, because the Senate had not yet
passed an FY2022 budget resolution. The Senate passed the budget resolution on August 11, 2021 passed an FY2022 budget resolution. The Senate passed the budget resolution on August 11, 2021
(S.Con.Res. 14), which “assumes discretionary levels as proposed in President Biden’s budget (S.Con.Res. 14), which “assumes discretionary levels as proposed in President Biden’s budget
request.”7 On August 24, 2021, the House passed H.Res. 601, which included the adoption of
6 For information on this and other regional commissions, see CRS Report R45997, 6 For information on this and other regional commissions, see CRS Report R45997, Federal Regional Commissions
and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by , by ~~Michael H. Cecire.~~
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~~request.”7 On August 24, 2021, the House passed H.Res. 601, which included the adoption of~~
~~S.Con.Res. 14.~~
~~Additional Appropriations in Senate-Passed Infrastructure Bill~~
~~The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684), as passed by the Senate August 10,~~
~~2021, would provide additional, emergency funding in Division J for programs and agencies also~~
~~funded by the FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill. The appropriations~~
~~would be provided for FY2022 and several subsequent fiscal years, mostly through FY2026:~~
~~ $21.456 billion for the new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration;~~
~~ $17.099 billion for USACE;~~
~~ $16.264 billion for EERE programs;~~
~~ $8.300 billion for Reclamation;~~
~~ $8.100 billion for Electricity;~~
~~ $7.497 billion for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management;~~
~~ $1.000 billion for the Appalachian Regional Commission;~~
~~ $550 million for Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response;~~
~~ $500 million for the Power Marketing Administrations;~~
~~ $150 million for the Delta Regional Authority;~~
~~ $150 million for the Northern Border Regional Commission;~~
~~ $75 million for the Denali Commission;~~
~~ $50 million for the Central Utah Project;~~
~~ $5 million for the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission; and~~
~~ $1.25 million for the Southwest Border Regional Commission.~~
~~Funding Issues and Initiatives~~
~~Several issues have drawn~~Julie M. Lawhorn. 7 Senate Budget Committee, Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fiscal Year 2022, S. Prt. 117-16, August 2021, p. 6, Congressional Research Service 5 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations S.Con.Res. 14. House and Senate negotiators reached agreement on the FY2022 discretionary appropriations allocations on February 9, 2022, clearing the way for final drafting and approval of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103).8 The additional FY2022 funding in IIJA and Supplemental Appropriations Act were designated as emergency spending and not subject to the discretionary cap. Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund appropriations are also outside the cap. Funding Issues and Initiatives Several issues drew particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and
Water Development appropriations for FY2022. The issues described in this section—listed Water Development appropriations for FY2022. The issues described in this section—listed
approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development
bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or
decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public
policy considerations. policy considerations.
Congressionally Directed Funding
The 117th Congress The 117th Congress ~~is pursuing inclusion of congressionally directed funding for site-specific~~
~~projects (~~included earmarks for site-specific projects in the FY2022 appropriations process. (These were referred to as “community project funding”referred to as “community project funding”~~) in the FY2022 appropriations process.~~
in the House and “congressionally directed spending” in the Senate.) From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies limited From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies limited ~~congressionally~~
~~directed funding of these projects, which are sometimes referred to as earmarks~~earmarks for such projects. Funding for . Funding for
specific water projects specific water projects constitutes the majority of the annual budget request for USACE and Reclamation; during the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested amounts for categories of work without identifying specific projects. The Explanatory Statement included 236 earmarks for Energy and Water Development agencies and programs: 156 for USACE, 15 for Reclamation, 2 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for Electricity, and 6 for FECM. Higher Funding for Water Projects The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act included funding increases for USACE and Reclamation over the FY2021 enacted levels, although the Administration had sought reductions. For USACE, the enacted increase was $548 million (7%) over the FY2021 level.9 Congress provided 55% of FY2022 USACE annual appropriations through the O&M account, which included an increase of $720 million (19%) in FY2022 compared with FY2021. Reclamation received an increase of $231 million (14%) over the FY2021 level.10 In the Explanatory Statement, Congress provided USACE and Reclamation funds for the President’s requested studies and projects and for geographically specific studies and projects that were requested by Members of Congress (i.e., community project funding/congressionally https://www.budget.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CPRT-117SPRT45298.pdf. 8 House Committee on Appropriations, “DeLauro and Leahy Announce Bipartisan Appropriations Framework,” press release, February 9, 2022, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/delauro-and-leahy-announce-bipartisan-appropriations-framework. 9 The House bill would have increased USACE~~constitutes the majority of the annual budget request for USACE and~~

~~7 Senate Budget Committee, Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fiscal Year 2022, S. Prt. 117-16, August 2021, p. 6,~~
~~https://www.budget.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CPRT-117SPRT45298.pdf.~~
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~~Reclamation; during the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested~~
~~amounts for categories of work without identifying specific projects.~~
~~For FY2022, the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill as passed by the House~~
~~would fund additional geographically specific projects that are not in the budget request~~
~~(earmarks): about 100 for USACE and 8 for Reclamation. The Senate committee bill includes~~
~~about 130 earmarks for USACE and 12 for Reclamation, as well as more than five dozen for~~
~~DOE: 3 for CESER, 54 for EERE, 3 for OE, and 6 for Fossil Energy.~~
~~Higher Funding for Water Projects~~
~~Both the House-passed and Senate committee bills for FY2022 would provide substantial funding~~
~~increases for USACE and Reclamation over the FY2021 enacted levels, while the Administration~~
~~had sought reductions. For USACE, the House bill would increase~~ funding by $864 million funding by $864 million
~~(11%) over the FY2021 level, while~~(11%) and the Senate committee recommended an increase of $1.165 the Senate committee recommended an increase of $1.165
billion (15%)billion (15%). over FY2021 enacted levels. 10 Reclamation would Reclamation would ~~see~~have seen an increase of $276 million (17%) under the House-passed an increase of $276 million (17%) under the House-passed
~~bill~~ bill over FY2021 and $316 million (19%) under the Senate committee recommendationand $316 million (19%) under the Senate committee recommendation~~, both compared to~~
~~FY2021 enacted levels.~~
~~Both bills would provide additional funding~~. Congressional Research Service 6 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations directed spending, CPF/CDS). The Explanatory Statement also included additional funding for selected categories of projects under USACE’s Investigations, Construction, under USACE’s Investigations, Construction,
Mississippi River and Tributaries, and Operation and Maintenance accounts and under Mississippi River and Tributaries, and Operation and Maintenance accounts and under
Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account for the agencies to make additional project-Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account for the agencies to make additional project-
level allocations in work level allocations in work plans to be delivered to Congress after enactment. While previous presidential budgets requested no or limited new starts, the Administration proposed~~plans to be delivered to Congress after enactment.~~
~~The FY2022 budget request lowers the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) threshold used by recent~~
~~Administrations for funding USACE navigation and flood risk reduction construction projects.~~
~~The FY2022 request uses a BCR threshold of greater than 2.0 to 1 (i.e., benefits are at least two~~
~~times project costs), with some exceptions; previous requests often used 2.5 to 1. Under that BCR~~
~~threshold, the Administration is proposing seven new studies and four new construction projects~~
~~(referred to as~~ seven new studies and four new construction projects (new starts) for USACEnew starts) for USACE in FY2022. .
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development The FY2022 Energy and Water Development ~~appropriations bills passed by the House and~~
~~approved by the Senate committee would fund~~enacted measure funded the new starts proposed by the Administration and the new starts proposed by the Administration and
a limited number of additional new starts in the Investigations, Construction, and Mississippi a limited number of additional new starts in the Investigations, Construction, and Mississippi
River and Tributaries accounts.River and Tributaries accounts. ~~Under both bills~~ Under the enacted measure, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund projects , Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund projects ~~would~~
~~receive~~received an estimated $2.05 billion, an increase of $370 million above FY2021 and $424 an estimated $2.05 billion, an increase of $370 million above FY2021 and $424.1 million million
above the request. The above the request. The ~~two bills would provide~~enacted measure provided these funds in accordance with the budgetary these funds in accordance with the budgetary
adjustments made by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) and the Water Resources Development Act adjustments made by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) and the Water Resources Development Act
of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division AA), in which they are not counted against annual discretionary of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division AA), in which they are not counted against annual discretionary
budget caps. budget caps.
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11846, For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11846, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 ~~Budget Request~~Appropriations, ,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carterby Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter,; and CRS In Focus IF11855, and CRS In Focus IF11855, Bureau of Reclamation:
FY2022 Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. , by Charles V. Stern.
Western Drought
As of As of ~~early July 2021~~May 31, 2022, approximately , approximately 9493% of the western United States was experiencing some % of the western United States was experiencing some
level of drought.level of drought.811 The Administration proposed additional funding (compared to recent requests) The Administration proposed additional funding (compared to recent requests)

~~8 U.S. Drought Monitor, Western U.S. Percent Area in Drought as of July 6, 2021, https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/~~
~~DmData/DataGraphs.aspx.~~
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for several of Reclamation’s drought-related programs, such as the Drought Response Program, for several of Reclamation’s drought-related programs, such as the Drought Response Program,
the WaterSMART Water and Energy Conservation Grants Program, and the Title XVI Water the WaterSMART Water and Energy Conservation Grants Program, and the Title XVI Water
Reuse and Recycling Program.Reuse and Recycling Program.912 Demand for these programs, which have the potential to help Demand for these programs, which have the potential to help
conserve water and alleviate water supply shortages, is likely to be pronounced as a result of the conserve water and alleviate water supply shortages, is likely to be pronounced as a result of the
current drought; thus some in Congress support additional funding for them. The drought has also current drought; thus some in Congress support additional funding for them. The drought has also
led some members to argue for more funding for the construction of new water storage projects in led some members to argue for more funding for the construction of new water storage projects in
the West pursuant to Reclamation’s authorities under Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure the West pursuant to Reclamation’s authorities under Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure
Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN ACTImprovements for the Nation Act (WIIN ACT,; P.L. 114-322). P.L. 114-322).1013 The executive branch typically The executive branch typically
requests no such funding in the budget; Congress has added funding for this authority in every requests no such funding in the budget; Congress has added funding for this authority in every
year since FY2017. year since FY2017.
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill passed by the House The FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill passed by the House ~~includes~~included a a
number of targeted drought-related funding increases in addition to the budget request, including number of targeted drought-related funding increases in addition to the budget request, including
$67 million for new western water storage projects under Section 4007 of the WIIN Act and $50 $67 million for new western water storage projects under Section 4007 of the WIIN Act and $50
million for projects to create or conserve Colorado River water pursuant to the Lower Colorado million for projects to create or conserve Colorado River water pursuant to the Lower Colorado
River Drought Contingency Plan. The House bill also River Drought Contingency Plan. The House bill also ~~includes~~included $8.5 million in addition to the $8.5 million in addition to the
Administration request for the Drought Response Program. Administration request for the Drought Response Program.
11 U.S. Drought Monitor, Western U.S. Percent Area in Drought as of May 31, 2022, https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/DmData/DataGraphs.aspx. 12 More information on these programs, see the Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART website at https://www.usbr.gov/watersmart/. 13 For more information on these projects, see CRS In Focus IF10626, Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, by Charles V. Stern. Congressional Research Service 7 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations The Senate Appropriations Committee bill also included ~~The Senate Appropriations Committee bill also would provide~~ funds for western drought relief, funds for western drought relief,
and the committee directed USACE to “prioritize any authorized projects that would alleviate and the committee directed USACE to “prioritize any authorized projects that would alleviate
water supply issues in areas that have been afflicted by severe droughts in the last four fiscal water supply issues in areas that have been afflicted by severe droughts in the last four fiscal
years.”years.”11 14 Other specific funding in the bill Other specific funding in the bill ~~includes~~included $134 million for new western water storage $134 million for new western water storage
projects under Section 4007 of the WIIN Act, $40 million for Lower Colorado River Drought projects under Section 4007 of the WIIN Act, $40 million for Lower Colorado River Drought
Contingency Plan projects, and $8.5 million in addition to the Administration request for the Contingency Plan projects, and $8.5 million in addition to the Administration request for the
Drought Response Program. Drought Response Program.
~~Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Funding Increases~~
~~The Biden Administration is proposing a 65% increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and~~
~~Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations account, from $2.862 billion in FY2021 to $4.732~~
~~billion in FY2022. The sharply higher request follows~~The Consolidated Appropriations Act funded most of these drought-related programs, including $117 million for western water storage projects, $25 million for Drought Contingency Plan projects in the Lower Colorado River Basin, and $20 million for the Drought Response Program. Notably, this funding was additive to $200 million in drought funding that Congress approved in earlier FY2022 appropriations legislation.15 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Funding Increases Following four years of steep reductions proposed by four years of steep reductions proposed by
the Trump Administration (but not the Trump Administration (but not approved by Congress), the Biden Administration proposed a 65% increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations account—from $2.862 billion in FY2021 to $4.732 billion in FY2022~~approved by Congress)~~. Programs with the largest requested . Programs with the largest requested
increases increases ~~are~~were the Federal Energy Management Program ($438 million, up 995%), State Energy the Federal Energy Management Program ($438 million, up 995%), State Energy
Program ($300 million, up 480%), Wind Energy Technologies ($205 million, up 86%), Program ($300 million, up 480%), Wind Energy Technologies ($205 million, up 86%),
Geothermal Technologies ($164 million, up 55%), Vehicle Technologies ($595 million, up 49%), Geothermal Technologies ($164 million, up 55%), Vehicle Technologies ($595 million, up 49%),
Advanced Manufacturing ($551 million, up 39%), and Solar Energy Technologies ($387 million, Advanced Manufacturing ($551 million, up 39%), and Solar Energy Technologies ($387 million,
up 38%). The Administrationup 38%). The Administration ~~is also proposing~~ also proposed a Build Back Better Challenge Grants initiative a Build Back Better Challenge Grants initiative
~~that would~~to award $300 million in competitive block grants to states, territories, and tribes to award $300 million in competitive block grants to states, territories, and tribes to
accelerate clean energy deployment. The request accelerate clean energy deployment. The request ~~includes~~included an unspecified amount of funding for an unspecified amount of funding for
“programmatic infrastructure” to support the Administration’s proposed Energy Efficiency Clean “programmatic infrastructure” to support the Administration’s proposed Energy Efficiency Clean
Electricity Standard, which would require legislative authorization. Electricity Standard, which would require legislative authorization.
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bills passed by the House and approved by The FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bills passed by the House and approved by
the Senate Appropriations Committee also the Senate Appropriations Committee also ~~would provide large~~included increases from FY2021 for increases from FY2021 for
EERE, but only about half the level of increases requested by the Administration. The House bill EERE, but only about half the level of increases requested by the Administration. The House bill
would provide would provide $3.768 billion for EERE, including $100 million for Build Back Better Challenge Grants. The Senate committee recommended $3.897 billion for EERE, including $508 million for low-income household weatherization and intergovernmental assistance. The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $3.200 billion for EERE, $1.532 billion below the request (-32%) but $338 million (12%) above the FY2021 amount. The FY2022 enacted measure included $427 million for weatherization and intergovernmental assistance but no appropriations for the Build Back Better grants. 14 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 28. 15 The Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Division B of the Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, 2021 [P.L. 117-43]), enacted on September 30, 2021, included drought funding for various Reclamation projects and programs. For more information on project-level allocations of this funding, see Bureau of Reclamation, “Distribution of Additional Funding in P.L. 117-43,” at https://www.usbr.gov/budget/2022/FY-2022-Extending-Government-Funding-and-Delivering-Emergency-Assistance-Act-Funding-Allocation-Distribution-List.pdf. Congressional Research Service 8 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act appropriated~~$3.768 billion for EERE, including $100 million for Build Back Better Challenge~~

~~9 More information on these programs, see the Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART website at https://www.usbr.gov/~~
~~watersmart/.~~
~~10 For more information on these projects, see CRS In Focus IF10626,~~ ~~Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section~~
~~4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, by Charles V. Stern.~~
~~11 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 28.~~
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~~Grants. The Senate committee recommended $3.897 billion for EERE, including $508 million for~~
~~low-income household weatherization and intergovernmental assistance.~~
~~The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684, Division J), as passed by the Senate,~~
~~would provide additional, emergency funding of~~ $16.264 billion in FY2022 through $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending ~~FY2026~~ for for
~~EERE programs~~EERE programs, of which $8.207 billion was for FY2022. .
Advanced Reactor Demonstrations
DOE DOE ~~proposes~~proposed to boost funding for its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program by 48% in to boost funding for its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program by 48% in
FY2022, to $370 million. This FY2022, to $370 million. This ~~includes~~included $245 million for two advanced nuclear reactor $245 million for two advanced nuclear reactor
demonstration projects, with a cost-share of at least 50% from nonfederal sources. DOE demonstration projects, with a cost-share of at least 50% from nonfederal sources. DOE
announced awards totaling $160 million for two advanced reactor demonstrations on October 13, announced awards totaling $160 million for two advanced reactor demonstrations on October 13,
2020—a 2020—a ~~molten salt~~sodium-cooled fast reactor and a high-temperature gas reactor. reactor and a high-temperature gas reactor.1216 Another $50 million Another $50 million ~~is being~~
was requested in FY2022 for grants to reduce the technical risk of five additional reactor technologies requested in FY2022 for grants to reduce the technical risk of five additional reactor technologies
for possible future demonstration, with a nonfederal cost-share of at least 20%. for possible future demonstration, with a nonfederal cost-share of at least 20%.
The budget request The budget request ~~includes~~included a 222% funding increase, to $145 million, for preliminary design of a 222% funding increase, to $145 million, for preliminary design of
the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR). The VTR would be a new reactor to provide fast (high energy) the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR). The VTR would be a new reactor to provide fast (high energy)
neutrons for testing advanced reactor fuels and materials. DOE neutrons for testing advanced reactor fuels and materials. DOE ~~estimates~~estimated the project’s total the project’s total
construction cost at between $3 billion and $6 billion, with completion ranging from 2026 to construction cost at between $3 billion and $6 billion, with completion ranging from 2026 to
2030.2030.1317 Congress did not approve a large funding increase requested for the VTR in FY2021, Congress did not approve a large funding increase requested for the VTR in FY2021,
instead instructing DOE to give the Appropriations Committees “a plan for executing the instead instructing DOE to give the Appropriations Committees “a plan for executing the
Versatile Test Reactor project via a public-private partnership with an option for a payment-for-Versatile Test Reactor project via a public-private partnership with an option for a payment-for-
milestones approach.”milestones approach.”14
~~DOE is requesting~~18 DOE requested $33 million in FY2022 for a program authorized by the Energy Act of 2020 $33 million in FY2022 for a program authorized by the Energy Act of 2020
(Division Z of P.L. 116-260) to provide high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) for advanced (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) to provide high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) for advanced
reactors. Many advanced reactor technologies would require fuel made with HALEU, which is reactors. Many advanced reactor technologies would require fuel made with HALEU, which is
uranium enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope uranium-235. According to DOE, uranium enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope uranium-235. According to DOE,
“This subprogram will work to make available small quantities of HALEU from limited DOE “This subprogram will work to make available small quantities of HALEU from limited DOE
uranium inventories and leverage the HALEU enrichment demonstration capability in the short uranium inventories and leverage the HALEU enrichment demonstration capability in the short
term, in coordination with the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and support the term, in coordination with the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and support the
private sector in its building out of commercial HALEU production and supply chain capability in private sector in its building out of commercial HALEU production and supply chain capability in
the U.S. for the long term.”the U.S. for the long term.”1519
The House-passed bill The House-passed bill ~~includes~~included nearly the full request for the two advanced reactor nearly the full request for the two advanced reactor
demonstrations and an additional $25 million for the five possible future demonstrations. The bill demonstrations and an additional $25 million for the five possible future demonstrations. The bill
~~includes~~included $33 million for HALEU availability. The Senate Appropriations Committee $33 million for HALEU availability. The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommended the full request for the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program and $47 million recommended the full request for the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program and $47 million
for HALEU availability. for HALEU availability. ~~However, neither bill includes funds for the VTR.~~The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $60 million for the two advanced reactor demonstrations, $184 million below the request, $115 million for the possible future demonstrations, $65 million above the request, and $72 million for HALEU availability,

1216 DOE, Office of Nuclear Energy, “U.S. Department of Energy Announces $160 Million in First Awards under DOE, Office of Nuclear Energy, “U.S. Department of Energy Announces $160 Million in First Awards under
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-
department-energy-announces-160-million-first-awards-under-advanced-reactor. department-energy-announces-160-million-first-awards-under-advanced-reactor.
1317 Thomas J. O’Connor, VTR Program Director, DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, “Versatile Test Reactor Update,” Thomas J. O’Connor, VTR Program Director, DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, “Versatile Test Reactor Update,”
March 28, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/March 28, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/
VTR%20NEAC%20Rev%202%20%28003%29_1.pdf. VTR%20NEAC%20Rev%202%20%28003%29_1.pdf.
1418 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Committee Print of the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Committee Print of the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of
Representatives, on H.R. 133/P.L. 116-240, Book 1, March 2021, p. 907, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-Representatives, on H.R. 133/P.L. 116-240, Book 1, March 2021, p. 907, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-
117HPRT43749/pdf/CPRT-117HPRT43749.pdf. 117HPRT43749/pdf/CPRT-117HPRT43749.pdf.
1519 DOE, DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 53, https://www.energy.gov/sites/, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 53, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf. default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf.
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~~The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684, Division J), as passed by the Senate,~~
~~would provide additional, emergency funding of~~$39 million above the request. Neither of the House or Senate bills nor the enacted measure included funds for the VTR. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act appropriated $2.477 billion in FY2022 through $2.477 billion in FY2022 through FY2025 in additional, emergency funding ~~FY2025~~ for for
the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. The funding the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. The funding ~~would be~~is provided under the new provided under the new
Office of Clean Energy Demonstration (seOffice of Clean Energy Demonstration (see Table 1).
Proposed Realignment of the Office of Petroleum Reserves ~~Organizational Realignment~~
The Administration The Administration ~~proposes~~proposed realigning the Office of Petroleum Reserves (OPR) to report to the realigning the Office of Petroleum Reserves (OPR) to report to the
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) Assistant Secretary. Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) Assistant Secretary.
Currently, OPR is part of DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy. The OPR includes the Strategic Currently, OPR is part of DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy. The OPR includes the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and its Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR) component, along Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and its Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR) component, along
with the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR—see next section). Programs related to with the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR—see next section). Programs related to
the sale of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale reserves are also within the OPR organization. the sale of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale reserves are also within the OPR organization.
The House-passed bill The House-passed bill ~~supports~~supported the proposed realignment under CESER. The the proposed realignment under CESER. The ~~bill would increase~~
~~funding for the SPR petroleum account, which is used for expenses related to mandated SPR~~
~~sales. The realignment is not addressed in the Senate committee bill or report.~~
realignment was not addressed in the Senate committee bill or report, or in the Consolidated Appropriations Act or Explanatory Statement. Proposed Termination of Funding for the Northeast Home Heating Oil
Reserve and the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve
The Administration The Administration ~~proposes~~proposed to terminate funding for NEHHOR in FY2022. Established in 2000, to terminate funding for NEHHOR in FY2022. Established in 2000,
the reserve holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at commercial storage facilities in New England the reserve holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at commercial storage facilities in New England
to mitigate potential supply disruptions in the region. The Reserve was appropriated $6.5 million to mitigate potential supply disruptions in the region. The Reserve was appropriated $6.5 million
for FY2021. At a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on the DOE FY2022 for FY2021. At a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on the DOE FY2022
budget request, Senator King of Maine noted that his state was the most reliant on heating oil in budget request, Senator King of Maine noted that his state was the most reliant on heating oil in
the nation and that potential supply disruptions were “of grave concern.” Energy Secretary the nation and that potential supply disruptions were “of grave concern.” Energy Secretary
Granholm replied that funding for the heating oil reserve was proposed for elimination because it Granholm replied that funding for the heating oil reserve was proposed for elimination because it
had never been used as intended. However, she said the unexpected shutdown of the Colonial had never been used as intended. However, she said the unexpected shutdown of the Colonial
Pipeline in May, causing fuel disruptions along much of the East Coast, had illustrated the Pipeline in May, causing fuel disruptions along much of the East Coast, had illustrated the
potential need for the reserve. Granholm said the reserve had sufficient funding through mid-2022 potential need for the reserve. Granholm said the reserve had sufficient funding through mid-2022
and promised to work with King in keeping it operational after that.and promised to work with King in keeping it operational after that.1620 Both the FY2022 House- Both the FY2022 House-
passed bill and Senate committee bill passed bill and Senate committee bill ~~would continue funding~~included funding for the heating oil reserve at the the heating oil reserve at the
FY2021 FY2021 ~~level~~level, and the Consolidated Appropriations Act followed suit. .
The Administration’s FY2022 budget proposal The Administration’s FY2022 budget proposal ~~does~~also did not request funding for the Northeast not request funding for the Northeast
Gasoline Supply Reserve. In recent years, carryover funding from previous appropriations has Gasoline Supply Reserve. In recent years, carryover funding from previous appropriations has
been used to pay for NGSR expenses. The FY2022 budget request been used to pay for NGSR expenses. The FY2022 budget request ~~does~~did not indicate whether or not indicate whether or
not adequate carryover funds not adequate carryover funds ~~are~~were available to pay for NGSR expenses during FY2022. The House available to pay for NGSR expenses during FY2022. The House
Appropriations Committee report directed DOE to maintain the NGSR and authorized regional Appropriations Committee report directed DOE to maintain the NGSR and authorized regional
release and sale of refined product from the NGSR based on regional, rather than national, supply release and sale of refined product from the NGSR based on regional, rather than national, supply
interruptions. interruptions.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $22 million for NGSR out of the SPR account.
1620 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Full Committee Hearing to Examine the President’s FY 2022
Budget Request for the Department of Energy, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-
committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy. committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.
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Title XVII Loan Guarantee Subsidy Funding
The Administration’s FY2022 budget request The Administration’s FY2022 budget request ~~includes~~included $150 million to pay for credit subsidy $150 million to pay for credit subsidy
costs for qualifying projects. Subsidy costs for qualifying projects. Subsidy ~~costs~~cost payments, which reflect the budgetary effects of federal credit , which reflect the budgetary effects of federal credit
~~programs, for Title XVII loan guarantees are required~~programs, are required up-front by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990
(FCRA; Section 13201 of P.L. 101-58)(FCRA; Section 13201 of P.L. 101-58) ~~and~~. For Title XVII loan guarantees, subsidy costs can be paid through appropriations, by the borrower, can be paid through appropriations, by the borrower,
or a combination thereof. The Office of Management and Budget provides guidance for or a combination thereof. The Office of Management and Budget provides guidance for
calculating subsidy costs, which are unique to each qualifying project.calculating subsidy costs, which are unique to each qualifying project.17 21 From an overall project From an overall project
portfolio perspective, Title XVII subsidy costs portfolio perspective, Title XVII subsidy costs ~~fall in the range of~~range from 10% to 15% of loan guarantee 10% to 15% of loan guarantee
commitments. commitments.
Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58, as amended at 42 U.S.C. §16511 et Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58, as amended at 42 U.S.C. §16511 et
seq.) authorizes DOE to guarantee loans for projects that meet the following criteria: seq.) authorizes DOE to guarantee loans for projects that meet the following criteria:
~~(1) Avoid~~ avoid, reduce, utilize, or sequester air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions, reduce, utilize, or sequester air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions~~, and~~
~~(2) Employ~~; and  employ new or significantly improved technologies, including projects that new or significantly improved technologies, including projects that employ elements employ elements
of commercial technologies in combination with new or significantly improved technologies. of commercial technologies in combination with new or significantly improved technologies.
To date, the original and ongoing Title XVII authority—referred to as Section 1703—has To date, the original and ongoing Title XVII authority—referred to as Section 1703—has
provided financial support for one project. Most Title XVII loan guarantee commitments were provided financial support for one project. Most Title XVII loan guarantee commitments were
provided under a temporary authority—referred to as Section 1705—that expired in September provided under a temporary authority—referred to as Section 1705—that expired in September
2011.2011.1822
Approximately $23.9 billion of loan guarantee authority is currently available for Section 1703 Approximately $23.9 billion of loan guarantee authority is currently available for Section 1703
projects, not accounting for any conditional commitments. One factor that has resulted in low projects, not accounting for any conditional commitments. One factor that has resulted in low
utilization of Section 1703 authority is the requirement for most borrowers to pay for all or a utilization of Section 1703 authority is the requirement for most borrowers to pay for all or a
portion of a project’s credit subsidy cost. Congress appropriated $170 million in 2011 for Section portion of a project’s credit subsidy cost. Congress appropriated $170 million in 2011 for Section
1703 renewable energy and efficient energy projects. After a rescission and transfer, $161 million 1703 renewable energy and efficient energy projects. After a rescission and transfer, $161 million
is still available and to date these funds have not been used to support Section 1703 loan is still available and to date these funds have not been used to support Section 1703 loan
guarantees. guarantees.
The additional $150 million credit subsidy appropriation would The additional $150 million credit subsidy appropriation would behave been used to support “innovative used to support “innovative
electric vehicle infrastructure, carbon management, and other clean energy projects,” according to electric vehicle infrastructure, carbon management, and other clean energy projects,” according to
the Administration’s request. DOE the Administration’s request. DOE ~~expects~~expected that the appropriation would that the appropriation would ~~increase~~have increased Title XVII loan Title XVII loan
guarantee authority by $1.5 billion, over and above the existing $23.9 billion authority limit.guarantee authority by $1.5 billion, over and above the existing $23.9 billion authority limit.19
23 Combined with Title XVII amendments in the Energy Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division Z), Combined with Title XVII amendments in the Energy Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division Z),
additional credit subsidy appropriations could additional credit subsidy appropriations could ~~make~~have made the program more attractive to certain the program more attractive to certain
borrowers and borrowers and ~~could increase~~increased utilization of Title XVII loan guarantee authority. Neither the utilization of Title XVII loan guarantee authority. Neither the
House-passed billHouse-passed bill ~~nor~~, the Senate committee bill the Senate committee bill ~~includes~~, nor the Consolidated Appropriations Act included the requested $150 million for credit the requested $150 million for credit
subsidy costs and instead subsidy costs and instead ~~would continue~~continued funding for DOE loan guarantee programs at their funding for DOE loan guarantee programs at their
~~FY2021 levels.~~
~~Establishment of Advanced Research Project Agency—Climate~~
~~The Administration proposes to establish ARPA-C as a new agency within DOE, modeled after~~
~~the existing ARPA-E, to “accelerate transformational technological advances in areas that~~

17FY2021 levels. However, the enacted appropriations measure included a provision to allow DOE to issue direct loans in addition to loan guarantees 21 See OMB Circular A-11, Part 5, Section 185, “Federal Credit,” available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/ See OMB Circular A-11, Part 5, Section 185, “Federal Credit,” available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/
uploads/2018/06/s185.pdf. uploads/2018/06/s185.pdf.
1822 For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11432, For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11432, Department of Energy Loan Programs: Title XVII Innovative
Technology Loan Guarantees, by Phillip Brown et al. , by Phillip Brown et al.
1923 DOE, DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 308, https://www.energy.gov/sites/, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 308, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf. default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf.
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under the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program, using previous appropriations for the subsidy costs. Proposal for Advanced Research Project Agency—Climate The Administration proposed to establish ARPA-C as a new agency within DOE, modeled after the existing ARPA-E, to “accelerate transformational technological advances in areas that industry by itself will not support because of technical and financial risk and uncertainty.” But industry by itself will not support because of technical and financial risk and uncertainty.” But
while ARPA-E focuses on innovative energy technologies, ARPA-C would include climate while ARPA-E focuses on innovative energy technologies, ARPA-C would include climate
change-related technologies “that encompass more than energy emissions,” according to the DOE change-related technologies “that encompass more than energy emissions,” according to the DOE
budget justification. Such research areas could include mitigation of budget justification. Such research areas could include mitigation of ~~non-energy~~nonenergy greenhouse gas greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing climate change resiliency and adaptation. The Administration emissions and enhancing climate change resiliency and adaptation. The Administration is
~~requesting~~ requested $200 million in FY2022 to fund as many as six initial climate technology research $200 million in FY2022 to fund as many as six initial climate technology research
programs.programs.2024
~~The~~Funding for the Administration’s proposed ARPA-C Administration’s proposed ARPA-C ~~would not be funded by either~~was not included in the House-passed bill the House-passed bill or,
the Senate Appropriations Committee bill, the Senate Appropriations Committee bill, ~~but the House bill includes $100 million above the~~
~~request (for a total of $600 million) for ARPA-E to fund some of the climate-related technologies~~
~~proposed for ARPA-C. The Senate committee did not recommend an increase for ARPA-E above~~
~~the request, but said in its report, “The Committee encourages ARPA-E to consider proposed~~
~~activities~~or in the Consolidated Appropriations Act. The House and Senate committee reports said ARPA-E could potentially fund some of the research areas proposed for ARPA-C. The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $450 million for ARPA-E ($23 million above the FY2021 level), with the Explanatory Statement directing DOE “to consider activities proposed under ARPA-C that are consistent with ARPA-E’s mission and authorization in addition under ARPA-C that are consistent with ARPA-E’s mission and authorization in addition
to its other current and proposed activities.”to its other current and proposed activities.”21
~~Proposed~~25 Establishment of Office of Clean Energy Demonstration
The Administration The Administration ~~is proposing~~requested $400 million for a new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration $400 million for a new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration (OCED) in in
FY2022. The new office FY2022. The new office ~~would~~was designed to “support a multi-year series of competitive solicitations in “support a multi-year series of competitive solicitations in
collaboration with the private sector to conduct demonstrations,” starting in FY2022 with a collaboration with the private sector to conduct demonstrations,” starting in FY2022 with a
solicitation for commercial-scale energy storage, according to the DOE budget justification.solicitation for commercial-scale energy storage, according to the DOE budget justification.2226 A A
related proposal related proposal ~~would establish~~called for a separate appropriations account for DOE’s Office of a separate appropriations account for DOE’s Office of
Technology Transitions, which facilitates the transfer of DOE-supported technologies toward Technology Transitions, which facilitates the transfer of DOE-supported technologies toward
private-sector commercialization. The program private-sector commercialization. The program ~~would~~was to receive a 10% funding increase in FY2022, receive a 10% funding increase in FY2022,
to $19 millionto $19 million~~. Both~~, which was included in the House-passed the House-passed ~~and~~bill, the Senate committee bill, and the Consolidated Appropriations Act ~~Senate committee bills include the requested amount~~
~~for Technology Transitions~~. For the Office of Clean Energy . For the Office of Clean Energy ~~Demonstrations~~Demonstration, the House bill would , the House bill would
~~provide~~have provided $200 million and the Senate committee bill $100 million $200 million and the Senate committee bill $100 million.
~~The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684) as passed by the Senate would authorize~~
~~the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (see Sec. 41201), and provide~~, while the enacted amount was $20 million. However, before the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act was passed, IIJA authorized the Office of Clean Energy Demonstration (§41201) and provided appropriations for appropriations for
several several authorized programs (Division J, Title III). These appropriations were~~authorized programs and a 3% set-aside for program direction (see Division J, Title III,~~
~~under the heading Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations). These appropriations are~~ designated designated
as emergency funding provided in addition to regular annual appropriations. For FY2022, the as emergency funding provided in addition to regular annual appropriations. For FY2022, the
total for Clean Energy Demonstrations total for Clean Energy Demonstrations ~~would be~~in IIJA is $5.127 billion, including 3% ($154 million) for $5.127 billion, including 3% ($154 million) for
program direction (seprogram direction (see Table 1).

2024 Ibid., pp. 357-361. Ibid., pp. 357-361.
~~21 Senate~~25 Explanatory Statement for Consolidated Appropriations Appropriations ~~Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 117.~~
22Act, 2022, Congressional Record, p. H2254, March 9, 2022. 26 DOE, DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, DOE/CF-0172, vol. 2, p. 319, May 2021, , DOE/CF-0172, vol. 2, p. 319, May 2021,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-2-v3.pdf. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-2-v3.pdf.
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Table 1. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in ~~Senate-~~
~~Passed Infrastructure Bill (H.R. 3684)~~
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) (budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)

Program
FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026
Total
Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
88.8 88.8
— —
355.0 355.0
Grants Program Grants Program
Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
37.5 37.5
— —
150.0 150.0
and Joint Program and Joint Program
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Advanced Reactor Demonstration
677.0 677.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
600.0 600.0
— —
2,477.0 2,477.0
Program Program
Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot
387.0 387.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
150.0 150.0
— —
937.0 937.0
Projects Projects
Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects
937.0 937.0
500.0 500.0
500.0 500.0
600.0 600.0
— —
2,537.0 2,537.0
Industrial Emission Demonstration Industrial Emission Demonstration
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
150.0 150.0
150.0 150.0
— —
500.0 500.0
Projects Projects
Clean Energy Demonstration Program Clean Energy Demonstration Program
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
500.0 500.0
on Current and Former Mine Land on Current and Former Mine Land
Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs
1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0
8,000.0 8,000.0
Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid
1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0
5,000.0 5,000.0
and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency
Energy improvement in rural and remote Energy improvement in rural and remote
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
200.0 200.0
1,000.0 1,000.0
areas areas
Total
5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0
3% set-aside for program administration 3% set-aside for program administration
153.8 153.8
132.8 132.8
134.3 134.3
135.8 135.8
87.0 87.0
643.7 643.7
Source: ~~H.R. 3684~~ P.L. 117-58, Division J, as passed by the Senate. , Division J, as passed by the Senate.
Notes: Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.
No Further Funds for Uranium Reserve
The FY2022 budget request for the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy The FY2022 budget request for the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy ~~does~~did not include further not include further
funding for the DOE Uranium Reserve, following the FY2021 appropriation of $75 million to funding for the DOE Uranium Reserve, following the FY2021 appropriation of $75 million to
establish the Reserve. Additional Uranium Reserve funding also would not be provided by either establish the Reserve. Additional Uranium Reserve funding also would not be provided by either
the House-passed or Senate Appropriations Committee billsthe House-passed or Senate Appropriations Committee bills, nor by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. .
This Trump Administration initiative called for DOE to purchase uranium from domestic uranium This Trump Administration initiative called for DOE to purchase uranium from domestic uranium
producers over 10 years and have it converted to uranium hexafluoride (a necessary step in producers over 10 years and have it converted to uranium hexafluoride (a necessary step in
making nuclear reactor fuel) by a domestic conversion facility. The initial $75 million for the making nuclear reactor fuel) by a domestic conversion facility. The initial $75 million for the
Uranium Reserve was included within the NNSA Weapons Activities account, Uranium Reserve was included within the NNSA Weapons Activities account, ~~where it is zeroed~~
~~out for FY2022. However, the FY2022 budget justification says DOE is “planning to establish a~~
~~uranium reserve by procuring uranium and conversion services for that uranium, storing the~~
~~domestically produced natural uranium hexafluoride (UF6) at commercial facilities in the United~~
~~States, and developing governance processes and criteria for the material’s end use.”23 The~~

~~23 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 1, p. 141, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/~~
~~files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-1-v4.pdf.~~
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~~nuclear industry is urging Congress to appropriate $150 million for the Uranium Reserve in~~
~~FY2022, according to media reports.24~~
and DOE invited public comment on August 11, 2021, about “topics related to establishment of the DOE’s Uranium Reserve program.”27 DOE did not request funding for the Uranium Reserve in its FY2022 budget request, and Congress did not provide any FY2022 appropriations for it. 27 NNSA, “Request for Information Regarding Establishment of the Department of Energy Uranium Reserve Program,” August 11, 2021, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/11/2021-17145/request-for-information- Congressional Research Service 13 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations According to DOE’s FY2021 budget justification, this stockpile of uranium would be available According to DOE’s FY2021 budget justification, this stockpile of uranium would be available
for nuclear power operators in the event of a civilian nuclear fuel market disruption and provide a for nuclear power operators in the event of a civilian nuclear fuel market disruption and provide a
source of U.S.-origin uranium for defense purposes. However, the justification noted that, for the source of U.S.-origin uranium for defense purposes. However, the justification noted that, for the
newly stockpiled uranium, “no immediate national security need has been identified.”newly stockpiled uranium, “no immediate national security need has been identified.”2528 The The
FY2021 budget justification further explained that the proposed government purchases were also FY2021 budget justification further explained that the proposed government purchases were also
intended to address “near-term challenges to the production and conversion of domestic intended to address “near-term challenges to the production and conversion of domestic
uranium,” which were under economic stress as well.uranium,” which were under economic stress as well.2629
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11505, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11505, Uranium Reserve Program Proposal: Policy
Implications, by Lance N. Larson. , by Lance N. Larson.
Nuclear Waste Storage Pilot Program
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development bill approved by the Senate Appropriations The FY2022 Energy and Water Development bill approved by the Senate Appropriations
Committee Committee ~~includes~~included language to establish a DOE pilot program for interim storage of spent language to establish a DOE pilot program for interim storage of spent
nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste (Section 308). Priority nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste (Section 308). Priority ~~would~~was to be given to spent fuel be given to spent fuel
currently stored at closed nuclear plant sites. Any proposed storage facility would require currently stored at closed nuclear plant sites. Any proposed storage facility would require
agreement by the governor of the host state, as well as by units of local government and affected agreement by the governor of the host state, as well as by units of local government and affected
Indian tribes. Funding for the pilot program would Indian tribes. Funding for the pilot program would behave been authorized from the Nuclear Waste Fund, authorized from the Nuclear Waste Fund,
subject to appropriation. Similar language has been included in previous years’ Energy and Water subject to appropriation. Similar language has been included in previous years’ Energy and Water
funding bills by the Senate Appropriations Committee but not enacted. funding bills by the Senate Appropriations Committee but not enacted.
Neither the FY2022 House-passed bill nor the Consolidated Appropriations Act included the provision. Both the House-passed and Senate committee bills Both the House-passed and Senate committee bills ~~include~~included $20 million for nuclear waste interim $20 million for nuclear waste interim
storage planning and $7.5 million from the Nuclear Waste Fund for oversight activities related to storage planning and $7.5 million from the Nuclear Waste Fund for oversight activities related to
the fundthe fund, and the same amounts were provided by the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act. . The House bill also The House bill also ~~includes~~included an unspecified amount of funding within the Nuclear an unspecified amount of funding within the Nuclear
Energy account for spent fuel transportation preparations, as part of an integrated waste Energy account for spent fuel transportation preparations, as part of an integrated waste
management management ~~system.~~
system, and the Explanatory Statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act included similar direction. Overall Level Funding for Weapons Activities
The FY2022 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities The FY2022 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities iswas less than 1% higher than the FY2021 less than 1% higher than the FY2021
enacted level ($15.484 billion vs. $15.345 billion). The FY2021 enacted appropriation for enacted level ($15.484 billion vs. $15.345 billion). The FY2021 enacted appropriation for
Weapons Activities was 23% above the FY2020 level. Weapons Activities programs are carried Weapons Activities was 23% above the FY2020 level. Weapons Activities programs are carried
out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within
DOE. The DOE. The FY2022 bills passed by the House and approved by the Senate committee both bills passed by the House and approved by the Senate committee both ~~include~~included the the
requested amount for Weapons Activitiesrequested amount for Weapons Activities, while the enacted amount was $15.920 billion, an increase of $575 million (4%) over the FY2021 level. .
Under Weapons Activities, the FY2022 budget request included funding for several major nuclear Under Weapons Activities, the FY2022 budget request included funding for several major nuclear
warhead life-extension programs (LEPs): warhead life-extension programs (LEPs):
 NNSA  NNSA ~~is requesting~~requested $772 million for the B61-12 LEP in FY2022, a decrease of $772 million for the B61-12 LEP in FY2022, a decrease of
$44 $44 million (-5%) from the $816 million enacted for FY2021. The B61-12 LEP is million (-5%) from the $816 million enacted for FY2021. The B61-12 LEP is
~~to combine four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. The first production~~

~~24 Jannetta, Andrea, “Industry Seeks $150 Million in FY-22 Appropriations for Uranium Reserve,” Platts Nuclear Fuel,~~
~~June 28, 2021, p. 1.~~
25to regarding-establishment-of-the-department-of-energy-uranium-reserve-program. 28 DOE, Budget in Brief, February 2020, p. 39, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/02/f72/doe-fy2021- DOE, Budget in Brief, February 2020, p. 39, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/02/f72/doe-fy2021-
budget-in-brief_0.pdf. budget-in-brief_0.pdf.
2629 DOE, “Strategy to Restore American Nuclear Energy Leadership,” news release, April 23, 2020, DOE, “Strategy to Restore American Nuclear Energy Leadership,” news release, April 23, 2020,
https://www.energy.gov/strategy-restore-american-nuclear-energy-leadership. https://www.energy.gov/strategy-restore-american-nuclear-energy-leadership.
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combine four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. The first production unit ~~unit~~ (FPU) had been scheduled for FY2020 but was delayed due to an issue with (FPU) had been scheduled for FY2020 but was delayed due to an issue with
capacitors used in six major electrical components. According to NNSA, FPU is capacitors used in six major electrical components. According to NNSA, FPU is
now scheduled for FY2022, and the program is to be completed in FY2026. now scheduled for FY2022, and the program is to be completed in FY2026.
 NNSA  NNSA ~~is seeking~~sought $207 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2022, a reduction of $207 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2022, a reduction of
$50 $50 million (-19%) from the $257 million enacted in FY2020. The program is to million (-19%) from the $257 million enacted in FY2020. The program is to
upgrade the arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the upgrade the arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the
warhead’s conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of warhead’s conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of
the D-5 (Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). NNSA the D-5 (Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). NNSA
expected to provide the FPU of this warhead in 2020, but according to NNSA, expected to provide the FPU of this warhead in 2020, but according to NNSA,
the delivery was delayed due to an issue with capacitors used in three major the delivery was delayed due to an issue with capacitors used in three major
components. According to its budget documents, NNSA now estimatescomponents. According to its budget documents, NNSA now estimates ~~that it~~
~~will provide the FPU in FY2021 and continue~~ full production in FY2022. full production in FY2022.
 NNSA  NNSA ~~requests~~requested $1.08 billion for the W80-4 in FY2022, an increase of $80 $1.08 billion for the W80-4 in FY2022, an increase of $80
million (8%) over the $1.0 billion enacted in million (8%) over the $1.0 billion enacted in ~~FY2010~~FY2021. This is the warhead for a . This is the warhead for a
new long-range cruise missile. The LEP would seek to use common components new long-range cruise missile. The LEP would seek to use common components
from other LEPs and to improve warhead safety and security. The increase in the from other LEPs and to improve warhead safety and security. The increase in the
budget request for FY2022 reflected an increase in the scope of work on the budget request for FY2022 reflected an increase in the scope of work on the
program. The FPU is scheduled for FY2025. program. The FPU is scheduled for FY2025.
 NNSA  NNSA ~~is requesting~~requested $691 million for the W87-1 warhead modification program $691 million for the W87-1 warhead modification program for
~~for~~ FY2022, an increase of $150 million (28%) over the $541 million enacted for FY2022, an increase of $150 million (28%) over the $541 million enacted for
FY2021. The Air Force plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based FY2021. The Air Force plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent
(GBSD). NNSA has indicated that the FPU for the W87-1 is currently planned (GBSD). NNSA has indicated that the FPU for the W87-1 is currently planned
for FY2030. However, the FY2021 budget documents noted that the W87-0 for FY2030. However, the FY2021 budget documents noted that the W87-0
warhead, which is currently deployed on U.S. ICBMs, will also be “qualified and warhead, which is currently deployed on U.S. ICBMs, will also be “qualified and
deployed onto the GBSD.” This would provide the Air Force with an alternative deployed onto the GBSD.” This would provide the Air Force with an alternative
warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed. warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed.
 NNSA  NNSA ~~is requesting~~requested $98 million to begin a program to extend the service life of $98 million to begin a program to extend the service life of
the the B83 bomb for the B-2 bomber.B83 bomb for the B-2 bomber.27
 30 Both the House and the Senate Appropriations Committees questioned funding Both the House and the Senate Appropriations Committees questioned funding
for the W80-4 alteration for the new sea-launched cruise missile and the LEP for for the W80-4 alteration for the new sea-launched cruise missile and the LEP for
the B83 bomb in their reports on the FY2022 appropriations bills. The House the B83 bomb in their reports on the FY2022 appropriations bills. The House
committee (H.Rept. 117-98) eliminated funding for both programs, contending committee (H.Rept. 117-98) eliminated funding for both programs, contending
that funding was premature because the Biden Administration had not yet that funding was premature because the Biden Administration had not yet
completed its planned Nuclear Posture Reviewcompleted its planned Nuclear Posture Review (NPR). The Senate committee, in its . The Senate committee, in its
report (S.Rept. 117-36), mandated that NNSA certify that there were operational report (S.Rept. 117-36), mandated that NNSA certify that there were operational
requirements justifying requirements justifying these programs before it obligated funding. The Consolidated Appropriations Act provided the requested funding, with the Explanatory Statement saying, “NNSA is directed to brief the Congressional Defense Committees on any departures from the fiscal year 2022 budget request in the NPR.” For more information, see CRS Report R44442, Energy and Water Development Appropriations: Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf. 30~~these programs before it obligated funding.~~
~~For more information, see CRS Report R44442,~~ ~~Energy and Water Development Appropriations:~~
~~Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf.~~
~~Integrated Planning for Plutonium Pit Production~~
~~Congress had raised concerns in FY2021 about NNSA’s production plans for plutonium pits~~
~~(cores) for nuclear warheads and mandated that NNSA provide an integrated master schedule for~~
~~“all pit production-related project and program activities” going forward. It also directed NNSA~~

27 DOE, DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 1, pp. 80, 83, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/, vol. 1, pp. 80, 83, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-1-v4.pdf. default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-1-v4.pdf.
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Integrated Planning for Plutonium Pit Production Congress had raised concerns in FY2021 about NNSA’s production plans for plutonium pits (cores) for nuclear warheads and mandated that NNSA provide an integrated master schedule for “all pit production-related project and program activities” going forward. It also directed NNSA to develop “a comprehensive, integrated ten-year research program for pit and plutonium aging to develop “a comprehensive, integrated ten-year research program for pit and plutonium aging
that represents a consensus program among the national laboratories and federal sponsors.” that represents a consensus program among the national laboratories and federal sponsors.”
 In their reports on the FY2022 appropriations bills, both the House and the In their reports on the FY2022 appropriations bills, both the House and the
Senate Appropriations Committees again stressed their concerns about the pit Senate Appropriations Committees again stressed their concerns about the pit
production programs. Both noted that NNSA had not yet submitted the required production programs. Both noted that NNSA had not yet submitted the required
plans and reports. The House committee (H.Rept. 117-98) also repeated its plans and reports. The House committee (H.Rept. 117-98) also repeated its
concerns about contingency planning at NNSA for pit production, noting “the concerns about contingency planning at NNSA for pit production, noting “the
timeline for achieving 80 pits per year will stretch beyond 2030.” The Senate timeline for achieving 80 pits per year will stretch beyond 2030.” The Senate
committee, in its report (S.Rept. 117-36), noted that it “continues to support the committee, in its report (S.Rept. 117-36), noted that it “continues to support the
program of record” for pit production, but suggested that it would be unable to program of record” for pit production, but suggested that it would be unable to
continue this support without the information continue this support without the information in the required plans. The Consolidated Appropriations Act Explanatory Statement directed NNSA to give the House and Senate Appropriations Committees “an update detailing actionable plans based on current pit production timelines and coordinated with the Department of Defense.” ~~in the required plans.~~
For more information, see CRS Report R44442, For more information, see CRS Report R44442, Energy and Water Development Appropriations:
Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf. , by Amy F. Woolf.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding
and Transfers
DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and
waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $7.596 billion request for EM waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $7.596 billion request for EM
activities for FY2022 activities for FY2022 iswas $10 million (about a tenth of 1%) above the FY2021 enacted level. The $10 million (about a tenth of 1%) above the FY2021 enacted level. The
House-passed bill House-passed bill ~~includes~~included $7.757 billion for EM, while the Senate Appropriations Committee $7.757 billion for EM, while the Senate Appropriations Committee
recommended $7.709 billion (both about 2% above FY2021). recommended $7.709 billion (both about 2% above FY2021).
The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $7.904 billion for EM, an increase of $318 million (4%) over the FY2021 enacted level. The budgetary components of the EM program are Defense Environmental Cleanup and Non- The budgetary components of the EM program are Defense Environmental Cleanup and Non-
Defense Environmental Cleanup, both proposed by the Administration for a 6% increase over Defense Environmental Cleanup, both proposed by the Administration for a 6% increase over
their FY2021 enacted levels, and the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and their FY2021 enacted levels, and the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and
Decommissioning FundDecommissioning Fund~~, for which the Administration request includes an offset of $416 million~~
~~(5%).~~ . The Administration proposed an offset of $416 million for the defense contribution to the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund as a transfer from the Defense Environmental Cleanup account. The Consolidated Appropriations Act appropriated $573 million for the defense contribution in a separate Defense Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning account, a $158 million increase above the request that the Administration proposed for the same purpose. The Administration’s proposed reduction of $104 million (-6%) for cleanup of the Hanford The Administration’s proposed reduction of $104 million (-6%) for cleanup of the Hanford
(WA) nuclear site drew criticism from Senator Cantwell at a Senate Energy and Natural (WA) nuclear site drew criticism from Senator Cantwell at a Senate Energy and Natural
Resources Committee hearing on DOE’s FY2022 budget request. She told Energy Secretary Resources Committee hearing on DOE’s FY2022 budget request. She told Energy Secretary
Jennifer Granholm that the DOE budget request for Hanford cleanup was at least $900 million Jennifer Granholm that the DOE budget request for Hanford cleanup was at least $900 million
below the amount needed for DOE to keep its commitments to state and federal environmental below the amount needed for DOE to keep its commitments to state and federal environmental
~~regulators.~~ regulators. Congressional Research Service 16 link to page 22 link to page 23 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Granholm responded that DOE was negotiating within the Administration for Granholm responded that DOE was negotiating within the Administration for
additional funding.additional funding.2831
The FY2022 request The FY2022 request ~~includes~~included a proposal to transfer management of the Formerly Utilized Sites a proposal to transfer management of the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from USACE to the Office of Legacy Management (LM), Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from USACE to the Office of Legacy Management (LM),
the DOE office responsible for long-term stewardship of remediated sites. The transfer had also the DOE office responsible for long-term stewardship of remediated sites. The transfer had also
been proposed for FY2020 and FY2021; it was not approved by Congress. The FY2022 LM been proposed for FY2020 and FY2021; it was not approved by Congress. The FY2022 LM
budget request budget request ~~includes~~included $250 million for FUSRAP, the same as appropriated to USACE for the $250 million for FUSRAP, the same as appropriated to USACE for the
program in FY2020. According to the DOE budget justification, “There would be no change to program in FY2020. According to the DOE budget justification, “There would be no change to
the execution of the work: USACE will continue to conduct cleanup of FUSRAP sites and LM the execution of the work: USACE will continue to conduct cleanup of FUSRAP sites and LM

~~28 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources,~~ ~~Full Committee Hearing to Examine the President’s FY 2022~~
~~Budget Request for the Department of Energy, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-~~
~~committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.~~
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will continue to conduct LTS&M [long-term surveillance and maintenance] after cleanup will continue to conduct LTS&M [long-term surveillance and maintenance] after cleanup
activities are completed.”activities are completed.”2932
Neither the House-passed bill nor the Senate Appropriations Committee bill Neither the House-passed bill nor the Senate Appropriations Committee bill ~~includes~~included the the
proposed FUSRAP transferproposed FUSRAP transfer, nor did the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, which provided $300 million for the program. .
Bill Status and Recent Funding History
Table 2 indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2022 Energy and Water Development indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2022 Energy and Water Development
appropriations. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/appropriations. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/
AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.) AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.)
Table 2. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2022
Subcommittee
Markup

Final Approval

House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Public
House
Senate Comm. Passed Comm. Passed
Report
House
Senate
Law
7/12/21 7/12/21
None None
7/16/21 7/16/21
7/29/21 7/29/21
8/4/21 8/4/21

Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table.
Note: Dates wil be added as action on the bil is taken. The House Energy and Water Development
~~appropriations bil was combined with six others for House passage.~~

Table 3 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for
~~FY2015 through FY2021 and major stages of consideration for FY2022.~~
~~Table 3. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2016-FY2022~~
~~(budget authority in billions of current dollars)~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. Com.~~
~~37.3~~
~~37.~~ 3/9/22 3/10/22 3/15/22 Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table. Note: The House Energy and Water Development appropriations bil was combined with six others for initial House passage. There was no initial Senate passage or conference report. Energy and Water Development appropriations constitute Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103). Table 3 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for FY2015 through FY2021 and major stages of consideration for FY2022. 31 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Full Committee Hearing to Examine the President’s FY 2022 Budget Request for the Department of Energy, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy. 32 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, p. 95, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. Congressional Research Service 17 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 23 link to page 24 link to page 11 link to page 11 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Table 3. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2017-FY2022 (budget authority in billions of current dollars) FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2022 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 Request House S. Com. Enacted 37.4a 4a
43. 43.2b
44.7c 44.7c
48.3d 48.3d
49.5 49.5
55.5e 55.5e
56.2e 56.2e
56. 56.4e 55.6f4e
Source: Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents. Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents.
Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities and reflect rescissions. Figures exclude permanent budget authorities and reflect rescissions.
a. Amount does not include $1.0 bil ion in emergency funding for the USACE (P.L. 114-254). a. Amount does not include $1.0 bil ion in emergency funding for the USACE (P.L. 114-254).
b. Amount does not include $17.4 bil ion in emergency funding for USACE and DOE (P.L. 115-123). b. Amount does not include $17.4 bil ion in emergency funding for USACE and DOE (P.L. 115-123).
c. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-20 ($3.258 bil ion for USACE and c. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-20 ($3.258 bil ion for USACE and
$15.85 mil ion for Reclamation). $15.85 mil ion for Reclamation).
d. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-136. d. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-136.
e. Does not include budget scorekeeping adjustments. e. Does not include budget scorekeeping adjustments.

~~29 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, p. 95, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/~~
~~default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.~~
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f. Does not include appropriations from IIJA (P.L. 117-58), supplemental appropriations from P.L. 117-43, or budget scorekeeping adjustments.
Description of Major Energy and Water Programs
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps
of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central
Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown
iin Table 4. Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they
appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during
the major stages of the FY2021 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables, the major stages of the FY2021 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables,
and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as
indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding
Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by ” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by
contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James , by James
M. Specht and Justin Murray. M. Specht and Justin Murray.
Congressional Research Service 18 link to page 24 link to page 24 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Table 4. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~F2022~~FY2022 F2022 FY2022
FY2022
Title
Approp.
Approp.
~~Request~~
Approp.
Request
House
S. Com. Approp.
Title I: Corps of Title I: Corps of
6,999 6,999
7,650 7,650
~~5,966~~
7,795 7,795
6,793 6,793
8,660 8,660
8,960 8,960
8,343 Engineers Engineers
Title II: CUP and Title II: CUP and
1,565 1,565
1,680 1,680
~~1,138~~
1,691 1,691
1,553 1,553
1,966 1,966
2,007 2,007
1,924 Reclamation Reclamation
Title III: Department Title III: Department
35,709 35,709
38,657 38,657
~~35,732~~
39,625 39,625
46,646 46,646
45,458 45,458
45,324 45,324
44,856 of Energy of Energy
Title IV: Independent Title IV: Independent
390 390
407 407
~~333~~
414 414
481 481
460 460
461 461
454 Agencies Agencies
General provisions General provisions
21 21
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Subtotal Subtotal
44,684 44,684
48,395 48,395
~~43,169~~
49,525 49,525
55,473 55,473
56,208 56,208
56, 56,~~752a~~752a 55,576
Rescissions and Rescissions and
-24 -24
-71 -71
~~-610~~
-73 -73
-1,848 -1,848
-2,982 -2,982
-3,127 -3,127
~~Scorekeeping~~
~~Adjustmentsb~~-2,704 Scorekeeping Adjustmentsb
E&W Total
44,660
48,324
~~42,559~~
49,452
53,625
53,226
53,625
~~Sources:~~52,872 Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; Explanatory S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; Explanatory ~~statement~~
Statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft;for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-
449; President’s Budget FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 449; President’s Budget FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept.
116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258;
andand P.L. 115-31 and P.L. 115-31 and ~~explanatory statement~~Explanatory Statement. Excludes emergency appropriations. Subtotals may include other . Excludes emergency appropriations. Subtotals may include other
adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments. adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments.
a. Senate subtotal including rescission of $336 mil ion but excluding emergency spending and other a. Senate subtotal including rescission of $336 mil ion but excluding emergency spending and other
adjustments is $56.416 bil ion. adjustments is $56.416 bil ion.
b. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget b. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget
enforcement purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues enforcement purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues
from various sources. from various sources.

~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

Agency Budget Justifications
FY2022 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water FY2022 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide
detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the
agencies’ jurisdiction. agencies’ jurisdiction.
 Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, http://www.usace.army.mil/  Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, http://www.usace.army.mil/
Missions/CivilWorks/Budget Missions/CivilWorks/Budget
 Title II  Title II
 Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget/  Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget/
 Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2022- Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2022-~~cupca-~~
cupca-budget-justification.pdf budget-justification.pdf
 Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2022-  Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2022-
budget-justification budget-justification
 Title IV, Independent Agencies  Title IV, Independent Agencies
Congressional Research Service 19 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations  Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget- Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-
performance-and-policy performance-and-policy
 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-  Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/ collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/
 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/  Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/
congressional-budget-requests congressional-budget-requests
 Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/  Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/
plans plans
Army Corps of Engineers
USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian
responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains
water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk
reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.3033
In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and
other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources
Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent
Congresses enacted the following omnibus water resources authorization acts: in June 2014, the Congresses enacted the following omnibus water resources authorization acts: in June 2014, the
Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA, P.L. 113-121); in December Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA, P.L. 113-121); in December
2016, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016 (Title I of P.L. 114-322, the Water 2016, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016 (Title I of P.L. 114-322, the Water
Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act [WIIN Act]); in October 2018, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act [WIIN Act]); in October 2018, the Water
Resources Development Act of 2018 (Title I of P.L. 115-270, America’s Water Infrastructure Act Resources Development Act of 2018 (Title I of P.L. 115-270, America’s Water Infrastructure Act
of 2018 [AWIA 2018]); and in December 2020, the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 of 2018 [AWIA 2018]); and in December 2020, the Water Resources Development Act of 2020
(Division AA of P.L. 116-260, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021). These acts consisted (Division AA of P.L. 116-260, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021). These acts consisted

~~30 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies~~
~~appropriations bill.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

18

~~link to page 24 link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25 link to page 25~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

largely of authorizations for new USACE projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies largely of authorizations for new USACE projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies
and procedures.and procedures.3134
Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE
are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants. are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants.
Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the
construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors. construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors.
Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of site- Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of site-
specific projects (i.e., specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to ). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to
specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-
FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without
identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the
appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for
use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the
studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2) studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2)
the specific projects receiving additional funds. the specific projects receiving additional funds. ~~For FY2022, the House and the Senate~~
~~Appropriations Committees designated funding for specific USACE studies and project in~~
~~appropriations bills and also provided additional funding for USACE to allocate at the project-~~
~~level in a work plan. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11462,~~ ~~Army Corps of~~
~~Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter,~~ 33 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. 34 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 26 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations For FY2022, in addition to providing funds for the President’s requested studies and projects, Congress in the Explanatory Statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act (1) funded geographically specific studies and projects that were requested by Members of Congress (i.e., community project funding/congressionally directed spending, CPF/CDS), and (2) provided funds in broad categories (referred to as additional funding) and directed USACE to develop a work plan for distributing funds to individual studies and projects (as had been the case in the 112th to the 116th Congresses). Congress did not provide the Administration with authority to initiate additional starts with FY2022 work plan appropriations beyond those provided for in the Explanatory Statement. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11846, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter; CRS In Focus IF11462, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter; and CRS Report and CRS Report
R46320, R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual Appropriations Process and Issues for Congress, ,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carterby Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Table 5 shows USACE appropriations accounts from shows USACE appropriations accounts from
FY2019-FY2022. FY2019-FY2022.
Table 5. Army Corps of Engineers
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
~~Program~~
~~Approp.~~FY2022 Program Approp. Approp. Request Approp.
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~Approp.~~
Request
House
S. Com. Approp
Investigations Investigations ~~and~~
125.0 125.0
151.0 151.0
102.6 102.6
153.0 153.0
105.8 105.8
159.0 159.0
153.0 153.0
143.0 and Planning Planning
Construction Construction
2,183.0 2,183.0
2,681.0 2,681.0
2,173. 2,173.2a
2,692.6 2,692.6
1,792.4 1,792.4
2,591.7 2,591.7
3,002.0 3,002.0
2,492.8 Mississippi Mississippi ~~River~~
368.0 368.0
375.0 375.0
209. 209.9a
380.0 380.0
269.7 269.7
370.0 370.0
380.0 380.0
370.0 River and Tributaries and Tributaries
(MR&T) (MR&T)
Operation and Operation and
3,739.5 3,739.5
3,790.0 3,790.0
1,996. 1,996.5a
3,849.7 3,849.7
2,502.9 2,502.9
4,817.0 4,817.0
4,682.8 4,682.8
4,570.0 Maintenance Maintenance
(O&M) (O&M)
Regulatory Regulatory
200.0 200.0
210.0 210.0
200.0 200.0
210.0 210.0
204.4 204.4
212.0 212.0
212 212.0 212.0 .0
General General
193.0 193.0
203.0 203.0
187.0 187.0
206.0 206.0
199.3 199.3
206.0 206.0
216 216.0 208.0 .0
Expenses Expenses
FUSR FUSRAPb
150.0 150.0
200.0 200.0
0 0
250.0 250.0
0 0
250.0 250.0
260.0 260.0
300.0 Flood Control Flood Control
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
77.0 77.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE) Office of the 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Asst. Secretary of the Army WIFIA 14.2 0 14.2 14.2 7.2 Programc Harbor 1,015.0 1,625.9 Maintenance Trust Fund Congressional Research Service 21 link to page 27 ~~and Coastal~~
~~Emergencies~~
~~(FCCE)~~

~~31 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322,~~ ~~Water Resources~~
~~Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185,~~ ~~Army Corps of~~
~~Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

19

Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations

FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
~~Program~~
~~Approp.~~FY2022 Program Approp. Approp. Request Approp. Request House S. Com. Approp Inland 0 52.2
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. Com.~~
~~Office of the~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~5.0~~
~~Asst. Secretary of~~
~~the Army~~
~~WIFIA Programc~~

~~14.2~~
0
~~14.2~~
~~14.2~~
~~Harbor~~

~~1,015.0~~

~~1,625.9~~

~~Maintenance~~
~~Trust Fund~~
~~Inland~~

0

~~52.2~~

Waterways Trust Waterways Trust
Fund Fund
Rescissions Rescissions

-0.5 -0.5

Total Title I
6,998.5
7,650.0
5,966.2
7,795.0
6,792.5
8,659.9
8,960.0
~~Sources:~~ 8,343.0 Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget; Explanatory S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget; Explanatory
statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617, statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617,
H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83;Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 Budget FY2020 Budget
Justification; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and Justification; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and
explanatory statement. FY2020 and FY2021 request numbers can be found at https://www.usace.army.mil/explanatory statement. FY2020 and FY2021 request numbers can be found at https://www.usace.army.mil/
Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
a. In the Administration’s request, some activities that would have previously been funded in these accounts a. In the Administration’s request, some activities that would have previously been funded in these accounts
were proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland were proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland
Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration proposed funding eligible USACE Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration proposed funding eligible USACE
activities directly from the trust funds. This would activities directly from the trust funds. This would ~~replace~~have replaced the current practice of having USACE’s O&M, the current practice of having USACE’s O&M,
Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and IWTF-eligible activities, and for Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and IWTF-eligible activities, and for
these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible
maintenance dredging would no longer maintenance dredging would no longer behave been funded by the O&M account and reimbursed by the HMTF; funded by the O&M account and reimbursed by the HMTF;
instead the dredging would instead the dredging would behave been funded directly from the HMTF account. funded directly from the HMTF account. ~~Similar proposals~~ The proposal was not included in the enacted measure, and similar proposals also were not enacted were not enacted
in FY2019, FY2020, and FY2021. in FY2019, FY2020, and FY2021.
b. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. The Administration’s FY2020, FY2021, and FY2022 b. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. The Administration’s FY2020, FY2021, and FY2022
requests proposed transferring administration and funding of FUSRAP to the DOE Office of Legacy requests proposed transferring administration and funding of FUSRAP to the DOE Office of Legacy
Management. The proposal was not enactedManagement. The proposal was not enacted ~~in FY2020 or FY2021~~. .
c. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for c. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for
the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
(WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). The FY2022 budget request (WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). The FY2022 budget request ~~does~~did not request funding for this account. In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, USACE received supplemental appropriations for FY2022 from the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Division B of the Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, 2021, P.L. 117-43), and IIJA (P.L. 117-58), as shown in Table 6. Table 6. Additional FY2022 Appropriations for USACE Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43, Division B) and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), budget authority in millions of current dollars Program P.L. 117-43 P.L. 117-58 Investigations 100.0 120.0 Construction 3,000.0 11,515.0 Mississippi River and Tributaries 868.0 808.0 Operation and Maintenance 887.0 2,000.0 Regulatory Program 160.0 Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies 826.0 251.0 Expenses 30.0 40.0 Congressional Research Service 22 link to page 29 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Program P.L. 117-43 P.L. 117-58 Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Account 75.0 Totals 5,711.0 14,969.0 Source: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471 ~~not request funding for this~~
~~account~~. .
Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project
Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the
assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While the Corps of Engineers built hundreds of flood assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While the Corps of Engineers built hundreds of flood
control and navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, control and navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies,
primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation
has evolved into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working has evolved into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working
to protect the environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The to protect the environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The
agency’s municipal and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970. agency’s municipal and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970.
Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300 Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300
storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million
acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in
the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation. the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

20

~~link to page 26~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits. Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits.
Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and
wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions. wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions.
As with the Corps of Engineers, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project As with the Corps of Engineers, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project
funding lines, rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark funding lines, rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark
requirements. Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to requirements. Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to
earmark disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional earmark disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional
steering of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022, the rules steering of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022, the rules ~~are~~ again again
~~allowing~~allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects. congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects.
Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s
traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam
safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.3235 Reclamation also typically requests funds in a Reclamation also typically requests funds in a
number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years. number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years.
Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by
a separate office within the Department of the Interior.a separate office within the Department of the Interior.3336
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11855, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11855, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2022
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and , by Charles V. Stern. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and
approved during the major stages of the FY2022 appropriations process are shown iapproved during the major stages of the FY2022 appropriations process are shown in Table 6.
~~Table 6~~7. 35 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern. 36 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For more information, see the CUP website at https://www.cupcao.gov/. Congressional Research Service 23 link to page 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Table 7. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2021~~
FY2022 FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Program
Approp Approp ~~Request~~ Approp Request
House
S. Com. Approp.
Water and Related Water and Related
1,392.0 1,392.0
1,512.2 1,512.2
~~979.0~~
1,521.1 1,521.1
1,379.1 1,379.1
1,793.5 1,793.5
1,832.1 1,832.1
1,747.1 Resources Resources
Policy and Administration Policy and Administration
61.0 61.0
60.0 60.0
60.0 60.0
~~60.0~~
64.4 64.4
62.9 62.9
64.4 64.4
64.4 CVP Restoration Fund CVP Restoration Fund
62.0 62.0
54.8 54.8
55.9 55.9
~~55.9~~
56.5 56.5 56.5
56.5 56.5
56.5 56.5
(CVPRF) (CVPRF)
Calif. Bay-Delta (CALFED) Calif. Bay-Delta (CALFED)
35.0 35.0
33.0 33.0
~~33.0~~
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 33.0
33.0 Gross Current
1,550.0
1,660.0
~~1,127.9~~
1,670.0 1,532.9
1,945.9
1,986.0 1,901.0
Reclamation Authority
Central Utah Project Central Utah Project
15.0 15.0
20.0 20.0
~~10.0~~
21.0 21.0
20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0
21.0 21.0
23.0 (CUP) Completion(CUP) Completion
Total, Reclamation
1,565.0
1,680.0
~~1,137.9~~
1,691.0 1,552.9
1,965.9
2,007.02,007.0 1,924.0
and CUP
Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; Reclamation and CUP FY2022 congressional budget S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; Reclamation and CUP FY2022 congressional budget
justifications, justifications, ~~explanatory statement~~Explanatory Statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee
majority draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of majority draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of
H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102;H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 Budget Justifications; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and Explanatory Statement. Excludes offsets and permanent appropriations. Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project. In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account received FY2022 appropriations of $210 million from the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-43) and $1.660 billion from IIJA. CUP received additional FY2022 appropriations of $10 million from P.L. 117-43 and $50 million from IIJA~~Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020~~

~~32 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and~~
~~distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on~~
~~federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844,~~ ~~The~~
~~Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern.~~
~~33 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the~~
~~Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For~~
~~more information, see the CUP website at https://www.cupcao.gov/.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

21

~~link to page 27 link to page 29~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

~~Budget Justifications; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and~~
~~explanatory statement. Excludes offsets and permanent appropriations.~~
~~Notes:~~ ~~Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project~~. .
Department of Energy
The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since
FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1) FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1)
R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science; Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science;
(5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation (5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation
programs.programs. Table 78 provides the recent funding history for DOE programs, which are briefly provides the recent funding history for DOE programs, which are briefly
described further below. described further below.
Congressional Research Service 24 link to page 32 link to page 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Table 8~~Table 7~~. Department of Energy
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2021~~FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022

Approp.
Approp.
~~Request~~
Approp.
Request
House
S. Com. Approp.
ENERGY

PROGRAMS
Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency and
2,379.0 2,379.0
2, 2,~~777.3~~
~~719.6~~790.0
2,861.8 2,861.8
4,732.0 4,732.0
3,776.0 3,776.0
3,897 3,897.0 3,200.0 .0
Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Electricity Deliver Electricity Deliverya
156.0 156.0
190.0 190.0
~~195.0~~
211.7 211.7
327.0 327.0
267.0 267.0
303.0 303.0
277.0 Cybersecurity, Energy Cybersecurity, Energy
120.0 120.0
156.0 156.0
~~184.6~~
156.0 156.0
201.0 201.0
177.0 177.0
177.0 177.0
185.8 Security, and Security, and
Emergency Responsea Emergency Responsea
Nuclear Nuclear ~~Energyb~~
Energyb 1,326.1 1,326.1
1,493.4 1,493.4
~~1,179.9~~
1,507.6 1,507.6
1,850.5 1,850.5
1,675.0 1,675.0
1,590.8 1,590.8
1,654.8 Fossil Energy and Fossil Energy and
740.0 740.0
750.0 750.0
~~730.6~~
750.0 750.0
890.0 890.0
816.0 816.0
850.0 850.0
~~Carbon Management~~
~~Uranium Reserve~~

~~150.0~~
0c
0
0
0
825.0 Carbon Management Naval Petroleum and Naval Petroleum and
10.0 10.0
14.0 14.0
13.0 13.7 ~~13.0~~
~~13.0~~
13.7 13.7
13.7 13.7
13.7 13.7
Oil Shale Reserves Oil Shale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum Strategic Petroleum
245.0 245.0
205.0 205.0
~~119.1~~
189.0 189.0
204.4 204.4
204.4 204.4
96.4 96.4
~~Reserved~~226.4 Reservec
Northeast Home Northeast Home
10.0 10.0
10.0 10.0
~~-84.~~6.5 0 0
6.5 6.5
0
6.5 6.5
6.5 6.5
Heating Oil Reserve Heating Oil Reserve
Energy Information Energy Information
125.0 125.0
126.8 126.8
~~128.7~~
126.8 126.8 126.8
~~126.8~~ 129.1
129.1 129.1
129.1 129.1
Administration Administration
Non-Defense Non-Defense
310.0 310.0
319.2 319.2
~~275.8~~
319.2 319.2
338.9 338.9
333.9 333.9
338.9 338.9
333.9 Environmental Cleanup Environmental Cleanup
Uranium Enrichment Uranium Enrichment
841.1 841.1
881.0 881.0
~~806.2~~
841.0 841.0
831.3 831.3
831.3 831.3
860.0 860.0
860.0 Decontamination and Decontamination and
Decommissioning Fund Decommissioning Fund
Science Science
6,585.0 6,585.0
7,000.0 7,000.0
~~5,837.8~~
7,026.0 7,026.0
7,440.0 7,440.0
7,320.0 7,320.0
7,490 7,490.0 7,475.0 .0
Office of Technology Office of Technology

~~19.5~~
~~19.5~~
~~19.5~~
~~Transitions~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

22

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

~~FY2019~~
~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2021~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~
~~FY2022~~

~~Approp.~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~Approp.~~
~~Request~~
~~House~~
~~S. Com.~~27,078.2 27,754.7 28,510.3 28,342.2 28,924.3 ACTIVITIES
Southwestern Southwestern
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4 ~~10.4~~
~~10.4~~
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
10.4 10.4
Western Western
89.4 89.4
89.2 89.2
89.4 90.8 ~~89.4~~
~~89.4~~
90.8 90.8
90.8 90.8
90.8 90.8
Falcon and Amistad Falcon and Amistad
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
~~0.2~~
~~0.2~~
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
O&M O&M

TOTAL, PMAs
100.0
99.8
100.0 101.4 ~~100.0~~
~~100.0~~
101.4
101.4
101.4
General provisions General provisions

-12.7 -12.7
- -~~607.0~~
-2.0 2.0

-334.0 -334.0
-334.0 -334.0
-286.1 DOE total
35,708.9 38,657.2
~~35,732.2~~
~~39,627.3~~39,625.0 46,~~982~~646.3 45,~~462~~447.5 45,323.8
44,855.6 appropriations
Offsets and adjustments Offsets and adjustments
-23.6 -23.6
-70.9 -70.9
~~-610.2~~
~~-2.2~~
-336.0 -336.0
-336.0 -336.0
~~-336.0~~
Total, DOE
35,685.3 38,586.3
~~35,122.1~~
39,625.0 46,646.3 45,121.5 44,987.8
~~Sources:~~44,855.6 Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification,
explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; Appropriations Committee majority draft;
H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865,
116th Congress;116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; Congressional Research Service 26 link to page 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929;
S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. AI = Artificial Intelligence. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. AI = Artificial Intelligence.
a. The Office of Electricity Delivery and the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency a. The Office of Electricity Delivery and the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency
Response were created from the former Office of Electric Delivery and Energy Reliability in FY2019. Response were created from the former Office of Electric Delivery and Energy Reliability in FY2019.
b. Includes appropriations under defense budget function. b. Includes appropriations under defense budget function.
c. c. ~~Uranium Reserve funding of $75 mil ion provided under Weapons Activities account.~~
~~d. Includes SPR Petroleum Account.~~
Includes SPR Petroleum Account. In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, DOE received additional FY2022 appropriations from IIJA as shown in Table 9. DOE also received FY2022 supplemental appropriations of $43 million for the SPR from P.L. 117-43. Table 9. Additional FY2022 DOE Funding Under IIJA (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program IIJA Approp. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 8,207.2 Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response 150.0 Electricity 1,660.0 Nuclear Energy 1,200.0 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 1,839.0 Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Account 3.0 Office of Clean Energy Demonstration 5,127.3 Western Area Power Administration 500.0 Total 18,686.5 Source: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and
development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and
manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable
energy. EERE also administers formula grants to states. energy. EERE also administers formula grants to states.
The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency, The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency,
hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several
goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal
combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and
graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks, graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks,
according to the FY2022 DOE budget justification.according to the FY2022 DOE budget justification.3437
Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and
geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-
temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial
processes. In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses processes. In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses
on improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of on improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of
~~energy-related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space~~

3437 DOE, DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 31, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-, May 2021, p. 31, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-
budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
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energy-related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. The conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. The
energy efficiency program provides two types of formula grants to states: weatherization grants energy efficiency program provides two types of formula grants to states: weatherization grants
for improving the energy efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning for improving the energy efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning
grants.grants.3538
For more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, For more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, The Weatherization
Assistance Program Formula, by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham. , by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham.
Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability
The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal
government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—
whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office
conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security
guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency
preparedness and response.preparedness and response.3639
The Office of Electricity (OE) leads DOE efforts “to strengthen, transform, and improve energy The Office of Electricity (OE) leads DOE efforts “to strengthen, transform, and improve energy
infrastructure so that consumers have access to secure and resilient sources of energy.” OE uses a infrastructure so that consumers have access to secure and resilient sources of energy.” OE uses a
model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other energy model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other energy
infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage, infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage,
integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy
issues.issues.3740 The office also includes the DOE power marketing administrations, which are funded The office also includes the DOE power marketing administrations, which are funded
from separate appropriations accounts. from separate appropriations accounts.
Nuclear Energy
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency
and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of
advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. The FY2022 DOE advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. The FY2022 DOE
budget justification calls NE “a key element of the Administration’s plan to put the United States budget justification calls NE “a key element of the Administration’s plan to put the United States
(U.S.) on a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.”(U.S.) on a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.”3841
The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including
advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing
commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors, commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors,
as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified
as generations II and III. To help develop those technologies, NE as generations II and III. To help develop those technologies, NE ~~is developing~~has proposed a Versatile Test a Versatile Test
Reactor that would allow fuels and materials to be tested in a fast neutron environment (in which Reactor that would allow fuels and materials to be tested in a fast neutron environment (in which
neutrons would not be slowed by water, graphite, or other “moderators”). neutrons would not be slowed by water, graphite, or other “moderators”).
The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste
management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of
technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into
stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the
development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycledevelopment of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle
~~options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for~~

3538 Ibid., p. 32. Ibid., p. 32.
3639 Ibid., p. 47. Ibid., p. 47.
3740 Ibid., p. 37. Ibid., p. 37.
3841 Ibid., p. 57. Ibid., p. 57.
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options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU), weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU),
in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential
use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-
shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see
CRS Report R45706, CRS Report R45706, Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues, by , by
Danielle A. Arostegui and Mark Holt. Danielle A. Arostegui and Mark Holt.
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Deployment program (FECM)—formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and Development Deployment program (FECM)—formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and Development
program—supports research related to coal, natural gas, and petroleum.program—supports research related to coal, natural gas, and petroleum.3942 The program also The program also
supports operations at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Major focus areas in recent supports operations at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Major focus areas in recent
years include development of carbon capture technologies; characterization of geologic years include development of carbon capture technologies; characterization of geologic
formations capable of permanently storing carbon dioxide; development of new uses for carbon formations capable of permanently storing carbon dioxide; development of new uses for carbon
dioxide and coal; and developing new power plant technologies to more efficiently use fossil dioxide and coal; and developing new power plant technologies to more efficiently use fossil
fuels to generate electricity. The fuels to generate electricity. The ~~request~~FY2022 budget request for FECM “re-focuses from traditional fossil combustion-centric “re-focuses from traditional fossil combustion-centric
activities” to “climate-centric activities,” such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), activities” to “climate-centric activities,” such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS),
reducing methane leaks from fossil fuels systems, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, and reducing methane leaks from fossil fuels systems, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, and
carbon removal.carbon removal.4043 Some of these activities are continuing from previous years and others were Some of these activities are continuing from previous years and others were
authorized by the Energy Act of 2020authorized by the Energy Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division Z). .
The House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports supported R&D activities related to The House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports supported R&D activities related to
carbon capture, carbon removal, hydrogen, and other technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse carbon capture, carbon removal, hydrogen, and other technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse
gas emissions associated with fossil fuel use. The committee reports identified many of these gas emissions associated with fossil fuel use. The committee reports identified many of these
activities as crosscutting initiatives, and directed FECM to coordinate with EERE, the Office of activities as crosscutting initiatives, and directed FECM to coordinate with EERE, the Office of
Science, and other specified programs. Science, and other specified programs.
~~For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861,~~ ~~Funding for Carbon Capture and Carbon~~
~~Removal at DOE, by Ashley J. Lawson.~~
~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve~~
~~Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42~~
~~U.S.C. §6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic~~
~~impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an~~
~~International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral agreement subject to international law.~~
~~Currently, the SPR consists of a crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana and a smaller refined~~
~~petroleum product reserve in several northeastern states.~~
~~Since the SPR was established, its crude oil stocks have been used on three occasions in response~~
~~to emergency oil supply disruptions. More frequently, SPR authorities have been used to~~
~~exchange crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional~~

39The Consolidated Appropriations Act likewise generally supports the Administration’s proposals. It provides a year-over-year smaller increase for CCUS and Power Systems line items than requested—an increase of $22.2 million rather than $84.7 million. However, IIJA provided $8.5 billion in supplemental appropriations to DOE’s CCUS programs for FY2022-FY2026 plus $3.6 billion for direct air capture, a related technology. Combined, DOE’s funding for CCUS and related activities for FY2022 is roughly 10 times higher than for FY2021. The Explanatory Statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act also establishes a new budget line item in tables in the joint explanatory statement: Resource Technologies and Sustainability. This area appears to encompass budget items called “Natural Gas Technologies” and “Unconventional Fossil Energy Technologies from Petroleum—Oil Technologies” in FY2021 and earlier appropriations acts. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Removal Programs, by Ashley J. Lawson. 42 The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations
process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-
name-also-new-vision. name-also-new-vision.
4043 DOE, DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 51, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-, May 2021, p. 51, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-
budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2629 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Strategic Petroleum Reserve Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42 U.S.C. §6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral agreement subject to international law. Currently, the SPR consists of a crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana and a smaller refined petroleum product reserve in several northeastern states. Since the SPR was established, its crude oil stocks have been used on three occasions in response to emergency oil supply disruptions and are currently being drawn down in response to high oil prices.44 More frequently, SPR authorities have been used to exchange crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

supply disruption events.supply disruption events.4145 The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has
never been utilized. never been utilized.
With limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions, growing U.S. crude oil With limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions, growing U.S. crude oil
production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—one key metric used to determine IEP production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—one key metric used to determine IEP
emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring DOE to draw down and sell SPR emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring DOE to draw down and sell SPR
crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Since 2015, Congress has enacted seven laws crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Since 2015, Congress has enacted seven laws
mandating the sale of 271 million barrels of crude oil. Additionally, Congress has required DOE mandating the sale of 271 million barrels of crude oil. Additionally, Congress has required DOE
to sell approximately $1.5 billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.to sell approximately $1.5 billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.4246
Science
The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific
computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy
sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2022 budget sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2022 budget
justification, the Office of Science “is the nation’s largest Federal supporter of basic research in justification, the Office of Science “is the nation’s largest Federal supporter of basic research in
the physical sciences.”the physical sciences.”4347
DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and
maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied
mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the
DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, which seeks to build a DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, which seeks to build a
computer that can solve scientific problems 1,000 times faster than today’s best machines. DOE computer that can solve scientific problems 1,000 times faster than today’s best machines. DOE
has asserted that the department is on a path to have a capable exascale machine by the early has asserted that the department is on a path to have a capable exascale machine by the early
2020s. 2020s.
44 The White House, “President Biden Announces Release from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve as Part of Ongoing Efforts to Lower Prices and Address Lack of Supply Around the World,” November 23, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/23/president-biden-announces-release-from-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-as-part-of-ongoing-efforts-to-lower-prices-and-address-lack-of-supply-around-the-world. 45 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed November 12, 2020. 46 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by request from the author. 47 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 21, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. Congressional Research Service 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on
understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic,
and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user
facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-
II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as
the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs). the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs).
Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex
biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g., biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g.,
genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems
Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research
supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and
centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science
Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very
high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES

~~41 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed~~
~~November 12, 2020.~~
~~42 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see~~ ~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated~~
~~and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by~~
~~request from the author.~~
~~43 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 21, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-~~
~~budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.~~

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provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental
fusion reactor. fusion reactor.
The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of
matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear
Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their
interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for
Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University. Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University.
Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas: Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas:
quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and
artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react
in ways commonly thought to require intelligence. in ways commonly thought to require intelligence.
For more details, see CRS Report R46869, For more details, see CRS Report R46869, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding:
FY2022, coordinated by John F. Sargent Jr. , coordinated by John F. Sargent Jr.
Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
ARPA-E is a separate DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to ARPA-E is a separate DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to
support transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe support transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe
ARPA-E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development ARPA-E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development
of energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $2.79 billion in of energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $2.79 billion in
R&D funding to 1,190 projects, and 181 projects have raised more than $5.4 billion in private R&D funding to 1,190 projects, and 181 projects have raised more than $5.4 billion in private
sector follow-on funding.sector follow-on funding.4448
Loan Guarantees and Direct Loans
DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees for projects that deploy innovative energy DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees for projects that deploy innovative energy
technologies, as authorized by Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05, P.L. 109-technologies, as authorized by Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05, P.L. 109-
58), direct loans for advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal 58), direct loans for advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal
energy projects. Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy energy projects. Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy
48 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed August 27, 2021, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact. Congressional Research Service 31 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary
program through FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. program through FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Title XVII allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible Title XVII allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible
energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to
cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. Under the loan guarantee agreements, cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. Under the loan guarantee agreements,
the federal government would repay all covered loans if the borrower defaulted. Such guarantees the federal government would repay all covered loans if the borrower defaulted. Such guarantees
would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide financing at below-market interest would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide financing at below-market interest
rates. rates.
DOE currently has more than $40 billion in authority available to make direct loans and loan DOE currently has more than $40 billion in authority available to make direct loans and loan
guarantees in the following categories:guarantees in the following categories:4549
 Advanced Fossil Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $8.5 billion;  Advanced Fossil Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $8.5 billion;
 Advanced Nuclear Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $10.9 billion;  Advanced Nuclear Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $10.9 billion;
 Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, up to $4.5  Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, up to $4.5
billion; billion;

~~44 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed August 27, 2021, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact.~~
~~45 DOE, “Products and Services,” as of April 23, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/title-xvii/products-~~
~~services#innovativeenergy.~~
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 Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, $17.7 billion in  Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, $17.7 billion in
direct loan authority; and direct loan authority; and
 Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program, up to $2 billion in partial loan guarantee  Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program, up to $2 billion in partial loan guarantee
and direct loan authority. authority.
To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 have been to the consortium building two To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 have been to the consortium building two
new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion.new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion.4650 Another nuclear Another nuclear
loan guarantee is being sought by NuScale Power to build a small modular reactor in Idaho.loan guarantee is being sought by NuScale Power to build a small modular reactor in Idaho.4751
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration was established within DOE as the lead federal The U.S. Energy Information Administration was established within DOE as the lead federal
agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply and agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply and
consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to
consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some
(e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). The explanatory statement for (e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). The explanatory statement for
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, directed DOE to submit a report to the House and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, directed DOE to submit a report to the House and
Senate Appropriations Committees on improving EIA’s energy modeling capabilities “to be able Senate Appropriations Committees on improving EIA’s energy modeling capabilities “to be able
to simulate deep decarbonization scenarios, including economy-wide net-zero emissions to simulate deep decarbonization scenarios, including economy-wide net-zero emissions
policies.” policies.” IIJA directed EIA to make additional changes to its energy data collection, especially for electricity, building energy consumption, and international energy production and use. For ~~For~~ more details, see CRS Report R46524, more details, see CRS Report R46524, The U.S. Energy Information
Administration, coordinated , coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson. 49 DOE, “Products and Services,” as of April 23, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/title-xvii/products-services#innovativeenergy. 50 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle. 51 NuScale Power, “NuScale Power, LLC Submits Part II of DOE Loan Guarantee Application,” news release, September 6, 2017, http://newsroom.nuscalepower.com/press-release/nuscale-power-llc-submits-part-ii-doe-loan-guarantee-application. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office. Congressional Research Service 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations ~~by Ashley J. Lawson.~~
Nuclear Weapons Activities
In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science- In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science-
based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile.
Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the
nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear
weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE
established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title
XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by
the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget. the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget.
Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of
three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas
City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12 City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12
National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada
Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA
operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and
recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV
of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill. of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill.

~~46 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced~~
~~Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-~~
~~financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle.~~
~~47 NuScale Power, “NuScale Power, LLC Submits Part II of DOE Loan Guarantee Application,” news release,~~
~~September 6, 2017, http://newsroom.nuscalepower.com/press-release/nuscale-power-llc-submits-part-ii-doe-loan-~~
~~guarantee-application. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs Office website,~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office.~~
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NNSA reorganized and renamed its program areas in its FY2021 budget request. The four main NNSA reorganized and renamed its program areas in its FY2021 budget request. The four main
programs, each with funding of over $2 billion for FY2021, include the following: programs, each with funding of over $2 billion for FY2021, include the following:
  Stockpile Management, which contains many of the projects included in Directed , which contains many of the projects included in Directed
Stockpile Work from previous years, supports work directly on nuclear weapons. Stockpile Work from previous years, supports work directly on nuclear weapons.
These include life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and These include life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and
other activities. other activities.
  Stockpile Production programs focus on maintaining and expanding the programs focus on maintaining and expanding the
production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to
weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned
subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components. subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components.
  Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering replaces the Research, replaces the Research,
Development, Test, and Evaluation program area. These programs provide the Development, Test, and Evaluation program area. These programs provide the
scientific foundation for science-based stockpile decisions. scientific foundation for science-based stockpile decisions.
  Infrastructure and Operations maintains, operates, and modernizes the NNSA maintains, operates, and modernizes the NNSA
infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred
maintenance in older facilities. maintenance in older facilities.
Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following: Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following:
  Secure Transportation Asset, providing for safe and secure transport of nuclear providing for safe and secure transport of nuclear
weapons, components, and materials; weapons, components, and materials;
  Defense Nuclear Security, providing operations, maintenance, and construction providing operations, maintenance, and construction
funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and
related activities; and related activities; and
  Information Technology and Cybersecurity, whose elements include whose elements include
cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information
Technology. Technology.
Congressional Research Service 33 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations For more information, see CRS Report R44442, For more information, see CRS Report R44442, Energy and Water Development Appropriations:
Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf, by Amy F. Woolf,; and CRS Report R45306, and CRS Report R45306, The U.S. Nuclear
Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites, by Amy F. Woolf and James D. , by Amy F. Woolf and James D.
Werner. Werner.
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support
U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These
programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN). programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN).
The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to minimize and, The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to minimize and,
where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material around the world. Major where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material around the world. Major
activities include conversion of reactors that use highly enriched uranium (useable for weapons) activities include conversion of reactors that use highly enriched uranium (useable for weapons)
to low-enriched uranium, removal and consolidation of nuclear material stockpiles, and to low-enriched uranium, removal and consolidation of nuclear material stockpiles, and
disposition of excess nuclear materials. disposition of excess nuclear materials.
Global Materials Security has three major program elements. International Nuclear Security Global Materials Security has three major program elements. International Nuclear Security
focuses on increasing the security of vulnerable stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries. focuses on increasing the security of vulnerable stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries.
Radiological Security promotes the worldwide reduction and security of radioactive sources Radiological Security promotes the worldwide reduction and security of radioactive sources
(typically used in medical and industrial devices), including the removal of surplus sources and (typically used in medical and industrial devices), including the removal of surplus sources and
substitution of technologies that do not use radioactive materials. Nuclear Smuggling Detection substitution of technologies that do not use radioactive materials. Nuclear Smuggling Detection
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~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

and Deterrence works to improve the capability of other countries to halt illicit trafficking of and Deterrence works to improve the capability of other countries to halt illicit trafficking of
nuclear materials. nuclear materials.
Nonproliferation and Arms Control works to “strengthen the nonproliferation and arms control Nonproliferation and Arms Control works to “strengthen the nonproliferation and arms control
regimes through innovative policy development and implementation to prevent proliferation, regimes through innovative policy development and implementation to prevent proliferation,
ensure peaceful nuclear uses, and enable verifiable nuclear reductions,” according to the FY2022 ensure peaceful nuclear uses, and enable verifiable nuclear reductions,” according to the FY2022
DOE justification.DOE justification.4852 This program conducts reviews of nuclear export applications and This program conducts reviews of nuclear export applications and
technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation
policies and proposals. policies and proposals.
For more information, see CRS Report R44413, For more information, see CRS Report R44413, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief, by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. , by Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites
The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan
~~Project49~~Project53 during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that
continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental
contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office
52 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. vol. 1, p. 73, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf. 53 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website, https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm. Congressional Research Service 34 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations of Environmental Management (EM) primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of Environmental Management (EM) primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup
of former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.of former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.5054
DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved
in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.5155
Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are
in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management and other in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management and other
offices within DOE.offices within DOE.5256 Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible were Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible were
transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program. Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it is transferred back to Action Program. Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it is transferred back to
LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense Activities. LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense Activities.
EM is funded by three appropriations accounts. The Defense Environmental Cleanup account is EM is funded by three appropriations accounts. The Defense Environmental Cleanup account is
the largest in terms of funding, and it finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production the largest in terms of funding, and it finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production
sites. The Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account funds the cleanup of federal nuclear sites. The Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account funds the cleanup of federal nuclear
energy research sites. Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) established the energy research sites. Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) established the
Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund to pay for the cleanup of Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund to pay for the cleanup of

~~48 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. vol. 1, p. 73, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-~~
~~fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.~~
~~49 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret~~
~~national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable~~
~~atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in~~
~~numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now~~
~~the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website,~~
~~https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm.~~
~~50 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the~~
~~Office of Environmental Management.~~
~~51 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at~~
~~http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites.~~
~~52 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing~~
~~mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that~~
~~administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship.~~
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~~link to page 38~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

~~three federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposes.53~~three federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposes.57 Those Those
facilities are located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN. facilities are located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN.
DOE declared the demolition of buildings at the Oak Ridge enrichment site complete on October DOE declared the demolition of buildings at the Oak Ridge enrichment site complete on October
13, 2020.13, 2020.5458 However, the Senate Appropriations Committee report noted that some cleanup However, the Senate Appropriations Committee report noted that some cleanup
activities are expected to continue until 2027.activities are expected to continue until 2027.5559 Title X of P.L. 102-486 authorized the Title X of P.L. 102-486 authorized the
reimbursement of uranium and thorium producers for their costs of cleaning up contamination reimbursement of uranium and thorium producers for their costs of cleaning up contamination
attributable to uranium and thorium sold to the federal government.attributable to uranium and thorium sold to the federal government.5660
The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup
milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are
enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the
completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites. completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites.
Power Marketing Administrations
DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations were established to sell the power generated by DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations were established to sell the power generated by
various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily of various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily of
transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission
lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program
expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the
54 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the Office of Environmental Management. 55 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites. 56 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship. 57 42 U.S.C. §2297g. 58 DOE, Office of Environmental Management, “Workers Achieve Historic Cleanup of Uranium Enrichment Complex,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/workers-achieve-historic-cleanup-uranium-enrichment-complex. 59 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 109. 60 42 U.S.C. §2296a. Congressional Research Service 35 link to page 41 link to page 42 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for
spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending
authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and
Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress. Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress.
For more information, see CRS Report R45548, For more information, see CRS Report R45548, The Power Marketing Administrations:
Background and Current Issues, by Richard J. Campbell. , by Richard J. Campbell.
Independent Agencies
Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill
include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of the (ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of the
independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the
description of NRC below, about description of NRC below, about 9085% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net % of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net
appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in
more detail below. The recent appropriations history for all the Title IV agencies is shown in more detail below. The recent appropriations history for all the Title IV agencies is shown in
Table 810. Additional FY2022 appropriations totaling $581.3 million were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional commissions and authorities as shown i n Table 11. Table 10.

~~53 42 U.S.C. §2297g.~~
~~54 DOE, Office of Environmental Management, “Workers Achieve Historic Cleanup of Uranium Enrichment~~
~~Complex,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/workers-achieve-historic-cleanup-~~
~~uranium-enrichment-complex.~~
~~55 Senate Appropriations Committee, S.Rept. 117-36, p. 109.~~
~~56 42 U.S.C. §2296a.~~
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~~Table 8~~. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development
Appropriations
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2021~~FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Program
Approp.
~~Request~~
Approp.
Request
House
S. Com. Approp.
Appalachian Regional Commission Appalachian Regional Commission
175.0 175.0
~~165.0~~
180.0 180.0
235.0 235.0
210.0 210.0
210 210.0 195.0 .0
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Nuclear Regulatory Commission
855.6
~~863.4~~
~~844.4~~
844.4 887.7 887.7
887.7
887.7
(Revenues) (Revenues)
-728.1
~~-740.4~~
~~-721.4~~
-721.4 -756.7 -756.7
-756.7
-756.7
Net NRC (including Inspector General) Net NRC (including Inspector General)
127.5 127.5
123.0 131.0 ~~123.0~~
~~123.0~~
131.0 131.0
131.0 131.0
131.0 131.0
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board
31.0 31.0
~~28.8~~
31.0 31.0
31.0 31.0
31.0 31.0
31.0 31.0
36.0 Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board
3.6 3.6
~~3.6~~
~~3.6~~
3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8
3.8 3.8
3.8 3.8
Denali Commission Denali Commission
15.0 15.0
~~7.3~~
15.0 15.0
15.1 15.1
15.0 15.0
15.1 15.1
15.1 Delta Regional Authority Delta Regional Authority
30.0 30.0
~~2.5~~
30.0 30.0
30.1 30.1
30.0 30.0
30.1 30.1
30.1 Northern Border Regional Commission Northern Border Regional Commission
25.0 25.0
~~0.9~~
30.0 30.0
30.1 30.1
34.0 34.0
35.0 35.0
35.0 Southeast Crescent Regional Commission Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
0.3 0.3
0
1.0 1.0
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
5.0 Southwest Border Regional Commission Southwest Border Regional Commission

0.3 0.3
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 Total
407.3
~~333.1~~
413.9
481.1
459.8
461.0
~~Sources:~~453.5 Sources: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement
for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft;for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-
449; FY2021 President’s Request; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 449; FY2021 President’s Request; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept.
116-102; S. 2470;116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258;
S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230;S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; P.L. 115-31 and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Congressional Research Service 36 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Table 11. Additional Appropriations in IIJA for Regional Commissions and Authorities (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Regional Commission or Authority IIJA FY2022 Approp. Appalachian Regional Commission 200.0 Delta Regional Authority (DRA) 150.0 Denali Commission 75.0 Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC) 150.0 Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) 5.0 Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC) 1.3 Total 581.3 Source: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471. Notes: Funding for the federal regional commissions and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability. Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting in FY2022 through FY2026. Appropriations for the DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC are available until expended~~explanatory statement.~~
~~Note:~~ ~~Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding~~. .
Appalachian Regional Commission
Established in 1965, Established in 1965,5761 the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a regional economic the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a regional economic
development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit
organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical
infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in
the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West
Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million
people currently live in the region as defined. people currently live in the region as defined.
ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s
most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband
communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported
development of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile development of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile
system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC, system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC,
91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”5862
Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for
ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic

~~57 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4.~~
~~58 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

33

~~link to page 39~~ ~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

~~Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. The~~
~~POWER~~ Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In FY2022, Congress directed ARC to allocate $65 million to the POWER Initiative. The POWER Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects
to stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities. to stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities.
For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS Report For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS Report
R45997, R45997, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by , by
~~Michael H. Cecire,~~ 61 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4. 62 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov. Congressional Research Service 37 link to page 43 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Julie M. Lawhorn; and CRS In Focus IF11140, and CRS In Focus IF11140, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities:
Overview of Structure and Activities, by , by ~~Michael H. Cecire~~Julie M. Lawhorn. .
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC is an independent agency that establishes and enforces safety and security standards for NRC is an independent agency that establishes and enforces safety and security standards for
nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major appropriations categories for NRC are nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major appropriations categories for NRC are
shown in Table 912. Nuclear Reactor Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for uclear Reactor Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for
licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is
also responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed also responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed
underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV (for which no funding was underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV (for which no funding was
requested or provided for requested or provided for ~~FY2021~~FY2022). ).
NRC is required by law to offset its total budget, excluding specified items, through fees charged NRC is required by law to offset its total budget, excluding specified items, through fees charged
to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. Budget items excluded from fee to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. Budget items excluded from fee
recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international
activities, and activities, and ~~non-site~~nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation -specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation ~~request~~
~~for~~ for FY2022 is about 15% of the agency’s total budget. FY2022 is about 15% of the agency’s total budget.
Table 912. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories
(budget authority in millions of current dollars) (budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
~~FY2021~~FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
FY2022
Funding Category
Approp. Approp. ~~Request~~ Approp. Request
House
S. Com. Approp.
Nuclear Reactor Safety Nuclear Reactor Safety
469.8 469.8
433.4 433.4
452. 452.9
~~452.8~~8 477.4
477.4 477.4
477.4 477.4
477.4 477.4
Nuclear Materials and Nuclear Materials and
108.6 108.6
103.2 103.2
102.9 102.9
~~102.9~~107.3
107.3 107.3
107.3 107.3
107.3 107.3
Waste Safety Waste Safety
Decommissioning and Decommissioning and
25.4 25.4
21.4 21.4
22.8 22.8
22. 22.89
22.9 22.9
22.9 22.9
22.9 22.9
Low-Level Waste Low-Level Waste
Corporate Support Corporate Support
299.6 299.6
289,1 289,1
271.4 271.4
~~271.4~~266.3
266.3 266.3
266.3 266.3
266.3 266.3
Integrated University Integrated University
15.0 15.0
2.5 2.5
16.0 0 16.0
~~16.0~~
0 0
16.0 16.0
16.0 16.0
Program Program
Prior-Year Balances Prior-Year Balances
-20 -20
-38.4 -38.4

-35.0 -35.0
0 0
-16.0 -16.0
-16.0 -16.0
-16.0 Inspector General Inspector General
12.6 12.6
12.1 12.1
13.5 13.5
13. 13.58
13.8 13.8
13.8 13.8
13.8 13.8
Total
911.0
823.1
~~863~~844.4
~~844.4~~887.7
887.7
887.7
887.7
Source: Explanatory Statement for H.R. 2471; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; S.Rept. 117-36; H.Rept. 117-98; H.R. 4502; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; ~~explanatory~~
~~statement~~Explanatory Statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.R. 7617;
H.Rept. 116-449; NRC FY2021 Budget Justification; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th H.Rept. 116-449; NRC FY2021 Budget Justification; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress;Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; H.Rept. 116-83;S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929,H.Rept. 115-929, NRC FY2020 Budget Justification; NRC FY2020 Budget Justification;
H.Rept. 115-697; S.Rept. 115-258. H.Rept. 115-697; S.Rept. 115-258.
Note: Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded. Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

34

~~Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations~~

Congressional Hearings
The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2022 budget request. Testimony and House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2022 budget request. Testimony and
opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with
webcasts in many cases. webcasts in many cases.
Congressional Research Service 38 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations House
  Department of Energy, May 6, 2021, https://appropriations.house.gov/events/, May 6, 2021, https://appropriations.house.gov/events/
hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy. hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.
  Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, May 24, 2021, , May 24, 2021,
https://appropriations.house.gov/events/hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the- https://appropriations.house.gov/events/hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-
us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-bureau-of-reclamation. us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-bureau-of-reclamation.
Senate
  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation, June 9, 2021, , June 9, 2021,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year- https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2022-budget-submission-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-2022-budget-submission-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-
reclamation. reclamation.
  Department of Energy, June 23, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/, June 23, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/
hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2022-budget-submission-for-the-us- hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2022-budget-submission-for-the-us-
department-of-energy-including-the-national-nuclear-security-administration. department-of-energy-including-the-national-nuclear-security-administration.

Author Information

Mark Holt Mark Holt
~~Corrie E. Clark~~Anna E. Normand
Specialist in Energy Policy Specialist in Energy Policy
Analyst in Analyst in ~~Energy~~Natural Resources Policy Policy

Corrie E. Clark Acting Section Research Manager
Acknowledgments
Former CRS Research Assistant Danielle A. Arostegui developed the spreadsheet used for appropriations Former CRS Research Assistant Danielle A. Arostegui developed the spreadsheet used for appropriations
analysis in this report. analysis in this report.
Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
General (Coordinator) General (Coordinator)
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Anna Normand Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers
Anna Normand Anna Normand
Nicole Carter Nicole Carter
Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Renewable energy Renewable energy
Corrie E. Clark Corrie E. Clark
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency
Corrie E. Clark Corrie E. Clark Fossil energy research Ashley Lawson Strategic Petroleum Reserve Phil ip Brown
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations

~~Fossil energy research~~
~~Ashley Lawson~~
~~Strategic Petroleum Reserve~~
~~Phil ip Brown~~
Nuclear energy Nuclear energy
Mark Holt Mark Holt
Science and ARPA-E Science and ARPA-E
Daniel Morgan Daniel Morgan
Quantum Information Science Quantum Information Science
Patricia Moloney Figliola Patricia Moloney Figliola
Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence
Laurie A. Harris Laurie A. Harris Loan programs Phil ip Brown
Nuclear weapons stewardship Nuclear weapons stewardship
~~Amy Woolf~~Mary Beth Nikitin
Nonproliferation Nonproliferation
Mary Beth Nikitin Mary Beth Nikitin
DOE Environmental Management DOE Environmental Management
David Bearden David Bearden
Lance Larson Lance Larson
Power Marketing Administrations Power Marketing Administrations
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Bonneville Power Administration Bonneville Power Administration
Charles V. Stern Charles V. Stern
Federal regional authorities and Federal regional authorities and
~~Michael H. Cecire~~
~~commissions~~
~~Alyssa R. Casey~~
Julie Lawhorn commissions Appropriations legislative procedures Appropriations legislative procedures
James V. Saturno James V. Saturno
Bil Heniff Bil Heniff
Megan Lynch Megan Lynch

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