Federal Support for School Safety and Security

Changes from August 10, 2021 to May 27, 2022

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

Federal Support for School Safety and Security ~~August 10, 2021~~May 27, 2022
In the United States, more than 70 In the United States, more than 70 ~~mil ion~~million students are enrolled in public elementary and students are enrolled in public elementary and
secondary (K-12) schools or degree-granting postsecondary institutions. School and secondary (K-12) schools or degree-granting postsecondary institutions. School and
campus Kyrie E. Dragoo,
~~campus~~ safety and security for these students encompasses many issues, including safety and security for these students encompasses many issues, including
violence prevention Coordinator
~~violence prevention~~ and response, school climate, and the physical and mental health of and response, school climate, and the physical and mental health of
the school community. Analyst in Education Policy Analyst in Education Policy
~~the school community.~~ Students’ safety and security while in school is Students’ safety and security while in school is ~~a paramount~~

an area of concern concern offor the federal government and the federal government and state and local governments, as state and local governments, as ~~wel~~ well as school as school
~~Nathan James~~
districts, institutions of higher education, students’ districts, institutions of higher education, students’ Nathan James families, and Members of Congress. families, and Members of Congress.
Analyst in Crime Policy Analyst in Crime Policy

Congress has responded to school safety and security concerns with hearings and Congress has responded to school safety and security concerns with hearings and
~~Johnathan H. Duff~~
~~legislation~~ legislation creating new programs and mandating data collection efforts and reports. Thecreating new programs and mandating data collection efforts and reports. The ~~Analyst in Health Policy~~
~~focus of~~ focus of Johnathan H. Duff congressional efforts to support school safety has expanded over the years, fromcongressional efforts to support school safety has expanded over the years, from
tracking and tracking and Analyst in Health Policy responding to individualresponding to individual incidents to promoting safe, positive school incidents to promoting safe, positive school
~~Shawn Reese~~
learning environments and learning environments and providing students and school personnel the tools and providing students and school personnel the tools and
~~Analyst in Emergency~~
resources to respond to crises when they resources to respond to crises when they ~~arise.~~
~~Management and~~
~~Homeland Security Policy~~ Shawn Reese arise. Analyst in Emergency Management and
State and local governments oversee K-12 education in public schools. Colleges and State and local governments oversee K-12 education in public schools. Colleges and

~~universities~~ universities Homeland Security Policy are a mix of public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit entities with are a mix of public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit entities with
~~Alexandra Hegji~~
varying governance varying governance structures. The federal government’s main avenue for supporting structures. The federal government’s main avenue for supporting
~~Analyst in Social Policy~~
schools in general and school schools in general and school Alexandra Hegji and campus safety and campus safety ~~specifical y~~specifically is through grant programs. is through grant programs.

This report provides an overview of This report provides an overview of Analyst in Social Policy grant programs at the U.S. Department of Education grant programs at the U.S. Department of Education
(ED), U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), (ED), U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS),U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS),
and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that provide direct or indirect funding for school and and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that provide direct or indirect funding for school and
campus safety and security campus safety and security initiatives. The report also provides an overview of programs and initiatives initiatives. The report also provides an overview of programs and initiatives
administered by these departments that support school safety and security efforts in other ways, such as through administered by these departments that support school safety and security efforts in other ways, such as through
data collection and reporting and technical assistance. data collection and reporting and technical assistance.
Several federal grant programs provide funding to directly support school safety and security programs, including Several federal grant programs provide funding to directly support school safety and security programs, including
the following examples. DOJ’s Matching Grant Program for School Security provides grants to support evidence-the following examples. DOJ’s Matching Grant Program for School Security provides grants to support evidence-
based programs to improve security at schools and on school grounds. ED’s National Activities for School Safety based programs to improve security at schools and on school grounds. ED’s National Activities for School Safety
authorizes the Secretary of Education to carry out activities to improve students’ safety and authorizes the Secretary of Education to carry out activities to improve students’ safety and ~~wel~~ well-being, during and -being, during and
after the school day. HHS’s Project AWAREafter the school day. HHS’s Project AWARE Educational Agency grants provide funding to support training Educational Agency grants provide funding to support training
teachers and school personnel on mental health awareness, and to connect youth with behavioral health issues to teachers and school personnel on mental health awareness, and to connect youth with behavioral health issues to
needed services. needed services.
Most federal funding that is available Most federal funding that is available for school safety and security programs is not explicitly required to be used for school safety and security programs is not explicitly required to be used
for school safety activities. For example, DOJ’s Community Oriented Policing Services Hiring for school safety activities. For example, DOJ’s Community Oriented Policing Services Hiring ~~program~~Program provides provides
grants to state, local, and tribal governments for hiring police officers to engage in community policing activities. grants to state, local, and tribal governments for hiring police officers to engage in community policing activities.
Among other purposes, funds can be used to hire School Resource Officers. DHS’s Preparedness Grants provide Among other purposes, funds can be used to hire School Resource Officers. DHS’s Preparedness Grants provide
funds to enhance the capacity of “state and local emergency responders to prevent, respond to, and recover from a funds to enhance the capacity of “state and local emergency responders to prevent, respond to, and recover from a
terrorism incident.” Funding may be used for public school safety and security, if grant recipients determine it to terrorism incident.” Funding may be used for public school safety and security, if grant recipients determine it to
be a priority. Because there are other uses of the grant funds for these programs, it is difficult to track exactly how be a priority. Because there are other uses of the grant funds for these programs, it is difficult to track exactly how
much funding under these programs has been awarded much funding under these programs has been awarded ~~specifical y~~specifically for school safety and security. for school safety and security.
In addition, the federal government operates initiatives that support the efforts of state and local governments to In addition, the federal government operates initiatives that support the efforts of state and local governments to
secure schools. For example, the Federal Commission on School Safety was formed in 2018 to make policy secure schools. For example, the Federal Commission on School Safety was formed in 2018 to make policy
recommendations on a range of school safety and security issues. As another example, the Homeland Security recommendations on a range of school safety and security issues. As another example, the Homeland Security
Academic Advisory Council provides advice and recommendations to the DHS Secretary and departmental senior Academic Advisory Council provides advice and recommendations to the DHS Secretary and departmental senior
leadership on matters related to homeland security and the academic community. leadership on matters related to homeland security and the academic community.
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Introduction
In the United States, more than 50 In the United States, more than 50 ~~mil ion~~million students are enrolled in public elementary and students are enrolled in public elementary and
secondary schools that educate children from pre-kindergarten through 12th gradesecondary schools that educate children from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade ~~and~~; nearly 20 nearly 20
~~mil ion~~ million more students attend degree-granting postsecondary institutions.1 Students’ safety and more students attend degree-granting postsecondary institutions.1 Students’ safety and
security is a paramount concern of federal, state, and local governments, as security is a paramount concern of federal, state, and local governments, as ~~wel~~ well as for school as for school
districts, institutions of higher education (IHEs), students’ families, and Members of Congress. districts, institutions of higher education (IHEs), students’ families, and Members of Congress.
Through the mid-20th century, most of the school safety Through the mid-20th century, most of the school safety ~~bil s~~bills and resolutions that Congress and resolutions that Congress
considered concerned children’s safety traveling to and from school, in the form of legislation on considered concerned children’s safety traveling to and from school, in the form of legislation on
school bus safety and in support of school safety patrols.2 In the 1970s, Americans grew school bus safety and in support of school safety patrols.2 In the 1970s, Americans grew
increasingly concerned with incidents of crime, violence, and vandalism on school grounds, and increasingly concerned with incidents of crime, violence, and vandalism on school grounds, and
Congress began considering Congress began considering ~~bil s~~bills proposing federal support to track, study, and address violence, proposing federal support to track, study, and address violence,
vandalism, and other school safety issues.3 In the decades since, research on the effects of trauma, vandalism, and other school safety issues.3 In the decades since, research on the effects of trauma,
crises, and school climate on the learning environment, student health, and the ability of students crises, and school climate on the learning environment, student health, and the ability of students
to engage in education increased. In response, the variety of initiatives considered at the federal to engage in education increased. In response, the variety of initiatives considered at the federal
level to provide students with safe and secure learning environments increased as level to provide students with safe and secure learning environments increased as ~~wel~~ well. .
When thinking about school safety and security, the public often focuses on violence prevention When thinking about school safety and security, the public often focuses on violence prevention
and incident response. and incident response. ~~However, school~~School safety and security also includes issues related to safety and security also includes issues related to
bullying, harassment, childhood trauma, student mental health, substance abuse, school climate, bullying, harassment, childhood trauma, student mental health, substance abuse, school climate,
and student discipline. Many types of crises and incidents that disrupt the school learning and student discipline. Many types of crises and incidents that disrupt the school learning
environment may be considered school safety issuesenvironment may be considered school safety issues ~~too~~. For example, when COVID-19 . For example, when COVID-19
disrupted the 2019-2020 school year, Congress, through Project School Emergency Response to disrupted the 2019-2020 school year, Congress, through Project School Emergency Response to
Violence (Project SERV), a program Violence (Project SERV), a program ~~original y~~originally designed to bring resources to schools quickly in designed to bring resources to schools quickly in
the event of a school shooting or other violent crisis, provided $100 the event of a school shooting or other violent crisis, provided $100 ~~mil ion~~ million in funding for in funding for
elementary, secondary, and postsecondary schools to clean and disinfect affected facilities and elementary, secondary, and postsecondary schools to clean and disinfect affected facilities and
provide counseling and distance learning programs.4 Similarly, Project Advancing provide counseling and distance learning programs.4 Similarly, Project Advancing ~~Wel ness~~Wellness and and
Resilience in Education (Project AWARE) was Resilience in Education (Project AWARE) was ~~original y~~originally part of a cross-agency effort to reduce part of a cross-agency effort to reduce
gun violence. Now, Project AWARE’s school safety focus has expanded to support several grant gun violence. Now, Project AWARE’s school safety focus has expanded to support several grant
programs designed to increase mental health awareness among school-aged youth and school programs designed to increase mental health awareness among school-aged youth and school

~~1 U.S.~~ 1 U.S. Department of Education (ED), National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), Digest Department of Education (ED), National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), Digest
of Education Statistics; of Education Statistics; ~~T able~~Table 105.20. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree 105.20. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree -granting postsecondary -granting postsecondary
institutions, by level and control of institution, enrollment level, and attendance status and sex of student: Selected institutions, by level and control of institution, enrollment level, and attendance status and sex of student: Selected
years, fall 1990 through fall 2029, Washington, DC, 2019, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/years, fall 1990 through fall 2029, Washington, DC, 2019, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/
dt19_105.20.asp?current=yes.” dt19_105.20.asp?current=yes.”
2 For example, see S.J.Res.2 For example, see S.J.Res. 130 in the 89th Congress, Joint Resolution 130 in the 89th Congress, Joint Resolution ~~T o~~To provide for the designation of the week of provide for the designation of the week of
May 8 to May 14, 1966, as “May 8 to May 14, 1966, as “ National School Safety Patrol Week.” National School Safety Patrol Week.”
3 According to archived CRS 3 According to archived CRS Memo DL771616, Memo DL771616, School Violence and Vandalism , CRS Education and Public Welfare , CRS Education and Public Welfare
Division, JuneDivision, June 30, 1977, the first bill proposing federal financial assistance to local educational agencies specifically to 30, 1977, the first bill proposing federal financial assistance to local educational agencies specifically to
help them respond to crime and safety concerns washelp them respond to crime and safety concerns was entitled the Safe Schools Act and wasentitled the Safe Schools Act and was introduced in the 92nd introduced in the 92nd
CongressCongress as H.R. 3101 (February 1, 1971). as H.R. 3101 (February 1, 1971).
4 4 ~~T he~~The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) provided $100 million for Act; P.L. 116-136) provided $100 million for
Project SERVProject SERV to supplement existing fundsto supplement existing funds to prevent, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19 domestically or to prevent, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19 domestically or
internationally and specifically stated that CARES Act Project SERVinternationally and specifically stated that CARES Act Project SERV ~~funds can be used~~ funds can be used by schools and IHEs for by schools and IHEs for
counseling, for distance learning, or to clean and disinfect school buildings.counseling, for distance learning, or to clean and disinfect school buildings. ~~See~~ See the the “ Project School Emergency
Response to Violence (Project SERV)” section of this report for more information. section of this report for more information.
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personnel and connect school-aged youth with mental health issues and their families to needed personnel and connect school-aged youth with mental health issues and their families to needed
services.5services.5
State and local governments oversee K-12 education in public schools. Colleges and universities State and local governments oversee K-12 education in public schools. Colleges and universities
are a mix of public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit entities with varying governance are a mix of public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit entities with varying governance
structures. The federal government supports schools in general and school and campus safety structures. The federal government supports schools in general and school and campus safety
~~specifical y~~specifically through grant programs, research, data collection, reporting requirements, guidance, through grant programs, research, data collection, reporting requirements, guidance,
and technical assistance. This report identifies select federal programs that support school safety and technical assistance. This report identifies select federal programs that support school safety
and security in elementary, secondary, and postsecondary educational institutions.6 and security in elementary, secondary, and postsecondary educational institutions.6 ~~Specifical y,~~
Specifically, the report describes programs, resources, and initiatives administered by the U.S. Department of the report describes programs, resources, and initiatives administered by the U.S. Department of
Education (ED), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), U.S. Department of Education (ED), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), U.S. Department of
Justice (DOJ), and U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Justice (DOJ), and U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
School safety and security programs and activities can be divided into three broad, and often School safety and security programs and activities can be divided into three broad, and often
overlapping, categories: overlapping, categories:
 Prevention: any efforts—such as anti-bullying campaigns or infrastructure  Prevention: any efforts—such as anti-bullying campaigns or infrastructure
improvements—that aim to make school and IHE settings safer and more secure improvements—that aim to make school and IHE settings safer and more secure
for students, teachers, faculty, and staff. for students, teachers, faculty, and staff.
 Mitigation and Response: initiatives  Mitigation and Response: initiatives that attempt to reduce school and IHE that attempt to reduce school and IHE
violence and prepare institutions to respond to incidents that jeopardize safety violence and prepare institutions to respond to incidents that jeopardize safety
and security.7and security.7
 Recovery: programs that aim to help students and communities recover from  Recovery: programs that aim to help students and communities recover from
traumatic events, such as an act of violence that has occurred within the school traumatic events, such as an act of violence that has occurred within the school
community. community.
The ED, HHS, DOJ, and DHS programs discussed in this report encompass prevention, The ED, HHS, DOJ, and DHS programs discussed in this report encompass prevention,
mitigation and response, or recovery efforts that provide direct or indirect funding for school and mitigation and response, or recovery efforts that provide direct or indirect funding for school and
campus safety and security initiatives. The program summaries in this report are not campus safety and security initiatives. The program summaries in this report are not
comprehensive. In many cases, other Congressional Research Service (CRS) products are comprehensive. In many cases, other Congressional Research Service (CRS) products are
referenced as sources for more detailed information about individualreferenced as sources for more detailed information about individual programs. This report also programs. This report also
provides an overview of federal programs and initiatives that support school safety and security provides an overview of federal programs and initiatives that support school safety and security
efforts in other ways, such as data collection and technical assistance.efforts in other ways, such as data collection and technical assistance.
Report Organization
This report organizes select federal programs related to school safety and security based on This report organizes select federal programs related to school safety and security based on
whether the program directly addresses an aspect of school safety and security, or whether the whether the program directly addresses an aspect of school safety and security, or whether the
program’s primary purpose is something other than school safety but, in certain circumstances, it program’s primary purpose is something other than school safety but, in certain circumstances, it
can support school safety initiatives or activities that contribute to students’ health and safety. can support school safety initiatives or activities that contribute to students’ health and safety.
~~Specifical y~~Specifically, the report is organized into two broad categories, each of which comprises a primary , the report is organized into two broad categories, each of which comprises a primary
section of it.8 section of it.8

~~5 See the~~ “ 5 See the “Project Advancing Wellness and Resilience in Education (Project AWARE)”)” section for more information. section for more information.
6 Although authorizations for the federal programs described6 Although authorizations for the federal programs described in this report exist, it does not mean that these programs in this report exist, it does not mean that these programs
are currently funded in the most recent appropriations. are currently funded in the most recent appropriations.
7 For example, many schools employ School Resource 7 For example, many schools employ School Resource Officers (SROs)Officers (SROs) in hopes that their presence may deter crime in hopes that their presence may deter crime
and violence within the school and also to have someone ready to respond quicklyand violence within the school and also to have someone ready to respond quickly to incidents of crime or violence to incidents of crime or violence
when needed.when needed. For more information on SROs, see CRSFor more information on SROs, see CRS Report R45251, Report R45251, School Resource Officers: Issues for Congress. .
8 Categories were determined by CRS8 Categories were determined by CRS for the sake of organizing this report. Executive agencies do not necessarily for the sake of organizing this report. Executive agencies do not necessarily
conceptualize their programming in the same manner. conceptualize their programming in the same manner.
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  “Programs with an Explicit School Safety or Security Purpose” ” describes describes
programs that have school safety or security included as an explicit purpose in programs that have school safety or security included as an explicit purpose in
one or more of the following: (1) the program’s authorizing legislation, (2) one or more of the following: (1) the program’s authorizing legislation, (2)
congressional appropriations report language, or (3) agency documents (e.g., congressional appropriations report language, or (3) agency documents (e.g.,
program program ~~webpage~~web page or an agency’s Congressional Budget Justification). These or an agency’s Congressional Budget Justification). These
programs may have an exclusive focus on school safety or may address school programs may have an exclusive focus on school safety or may address school
safety along with other issue areas. This section of the report first discusses grant safety along with other issue areas. This section of the report first discusses grant
programs, followed by other programs and initiatives such as federal programs, followed by other programs and initiatives such as federal
commissions and councils on school safety. commissions and councils on school safety.
  “Programs That May Support School Safety Initiatives”” describes programs for describes programs for
which school safety or security is not specified as a program purpose, but these which school safety or security is not specified as a program purpose, but these
programs permit using funds to support school safety and security initiatives. programs permit using funds to support school safety and security initiatives.
This section of the report first discusses grant programs, followed by other This section of the report first discusses grant programs, followed by other
programs and initiatives such as preparedness training and outreach programs. programs and initiatives such as preparedness training and outreach programs.
Programs listed in this section were selected for inclusion if the activities they Programs listed in this section were selected for inclusion if the activities they
supported were the same, or similar to, activities supported by programs with an supported were the same, or similar to, activities supported by programs with an
explicit school safety or security purpose, or if explicit school safety or security purpose, or if ~~al owable~~allowable uses of funds were uses of funds were
broad enough to encompass these types of activities. broad enough to encompass these types of activities.
In In ~~addition,~~addition, Table A-1 iin Appendix A provides a concise list of provides a concise list of al all of the grant programs in this of the grant programs in this
report by administering agency and provides information on each program, including the report by administering agency and provides information on each program, including the
authorizing legislation, the U.S. Code citation, federal eligibility,authorizing legislation, the U.S. Code citation, federal eligibility, and a brief description of and a brief description of
relevant uses of fundsrelevant uses of funds.. Appendix B provides examples of other federal school safety and security provides examples of other federal school safety and security
resources, including research reports, technical assistance centers, and websites. resources, including research reports, technical assistance centers, and websites.
The funding and appropriations figures included in this report do not include supplemental The funding and appropriations figures included in this report do not include supplemental
appropriations provided by Congress in response to COVID-19 through the Coronavirus Aid, appropriations provided by Congress in response to COVID-19 through the Coronavirus Aid,
Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136);9 the Coronavirus Response and Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136);9 the Coronavirus Response and
Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021 (CRRSAA; Division M of the Consolidated Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021 (CRRSAA; Division M of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260)); and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260)); and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA;
P.L. 117-2), unless otherwise specified. P.L. 117-2), unless otherwise specified.
Programs with an Explicit School Safety or Security
Purpose
This section of the report provides an overview of programs that have an explicit school safety or This section of the report provides an overview of programs that have an explicit school safety or
security purpose and include specific school safety or security activities in the security purpose and include specific school safety or security activities in the ~~al owable~~allowable or or
required uses of funds. Programs listed in this section provide funding to eligiblerequired uses of funds. Programs listed in this section provide funding to eligible entities (e.g., entities (e.g.,
state or local governments or local educational agencies [LEAs]) state or local governments or local educational agencies [LEAs]) ~~specifical y~~specifically for the purpose of for the purpose of
implementingimplementing initiatives that promote school safety or security. The programs initiatives that promote school safety or security. The programs ~~fal~~ fall into two into two
categories: (1) categories: (1) “Grant Programs,” including formula grants and competitive grants; and (2),” including formula grants and competitive grants; and (2) “Non-
grant Programs and Initiatives,” ” which include councils, commissions, or task forces which include councils, commissions, or task forces ~~specifical y~~specifically
targeting school safety and security. Within the subsections, programs are ordered from largest to targeting school safety and security. Within the subsections, programs are ordered from largest to
~~smal est~~smallest by their most recent available appropriations levels. by their most recent available appropriations levels.

9 For more information about the Education Stabilization Fund9 For more information about the Education Stabilization Fund under the CARESunder the CARES Act, as enacted, see CRSAct, as enacted, see CRS Report Report
R46378, R46378, CARES Act Education Stabilization Fund: Background and Analysis. .
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Federal Support for School Safety and Security

Some of the grant programs described in this section are solely intended to support school safety Some of the grant programs described in this section are solely intended to support school safety
and security purposes; others explicitly list school safety or security activities as a purpose of the and security purposes; others explicitly list school safety or security activities as a purpose of the
program or among other possible uses of funds. program or among other possible uses of funds.
Grant Programs
Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) ED, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ED, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education
$1. $1.23 bil ion bil ion
(OESE), Office of Safe and Healthy Students (OSHS) (OESE), Office of Safe and Healthy Students (OSHS)
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
Authorizing Legislation
LEAs receiving LEAs receiving an SSAE grant ≥$30,000 must provide an SSAE grant ≥$30,000 must provide
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
assurances that they wil use ≥20% of their grant funds assurances that they wil use ≥20% of their grant funds
(P.L. 114-95), Title IV-A, §§4104, 4108 (P.L. 114-95), Title IV-A, §§4104, 4108
for activities to support “safe and healthy students.” for activities to support “safe and healthy students.”
The exact amount used for school safety and security The exact amount used for school safety and security
activities is unknown. activities is unknown.
The SSAE grants program is a block grant program authorized under Title IV-A of the The SSAE grants program is a block grant program authorized under Title IV-A of the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the Every Student Succeeds
Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95). The purpose of SSAE grants is to improve students’ academic Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95). The purpose of SSAE grants is to improve students’ academic
achievement by increasing the capacity of states, LEAs, schools, and local communities to (1) achievement by increasing the capacity of states, LEAs, schools, and local communities to (1)
provide provide al all students with access to a students with access to a ~~wel~~ well-rounded education, (2) improve school conditions for -rounded education, (2) improve school conditions for
student learning, and (3) improve the use of technology in order to improve the academic student learning, and (3) improve the use of technology in order to improve the academic
achievement and digitalachievement and digital learning of learning of al all students.10students.10
SSAE grant funds are SSAE grant funds are ~~al ocated~~allocated by formula to each state in proportion to the state’s prior-year by formula to each state in proportion to the state’s prior-year
~~al ocation~~allocation under Title I-A of the ESEA.11 The state must then reserve at least 95% of the under Title I-A of the ESEA.11 The state must then reserve at least 95% of the ~~al otment~~
allotment it receives to make it receives to make ~~al ocations~~allocations to LEAs via a similar formula. LEAs that receive a grant of to LEAs via a similar formula. LEAs that receive a grant of
$30,000 or more must provide assurances that they $30,000 or more must provide assurances that they ~~wil~~ will use funds toward each of three broad use funds toward each of three broad
categories of activities: (1) activities to support categories of activities: (1) activities to support ~~wel~~ well-rounded educational opportunities, (2) -rounded educational opportunities, (2)
activities to support safe and healthy students (they must use at least 20% of their funds for this activities to support safe and healthy students (they must use at least 20% of their funds for this
purpose), and (3) activities to support the effective use of technology.12 Regardless of the size of purpose), and (3) activities to support the effective use of technology.12 Regardless of the size of
an LEA’s SSAE grant, it may choose to spend the funds it reserves for supporting safe and an LEA’s SSAE grant, it may choose to spend the funds it reserves for supporting safe and
healthy students on programs or initiatives focused on school safety only (e.g., programs focused healthy students on programs or initiatives focused on school safety only (e.g., programs focused
on preventing violence, bullying, or harassment), on promoting student health only (e.g., on preventing violence, bullying, or harassment), on promoting student health only (e.g.,
programs focused on nutrition, exercise, or first aid training), or on both student health and school programs focused on nutrition, exercise, or first aid training), or on both student health and school
safety.13 For example, many programs that support student mental health relate to school safety safety.13 For example, many programs that support student mental health relate to school safety
because they aim to improve school climate, help prevent dangerous behaviors or activities (e.g., because they aim to improve school climate, help prevent dangerous behaviors or activities (e.g.,
bullying, harassment, substance abuse), or help students respond to and recover from school bullying, harassment, substance abuse), or help students respond to and recover from school
violence (e.g., counseling, support groups). SSAE grants are flexible enough to violence (e.g., counseling, support groups). SSAE grants are flexible enough to ~~al ow~~allow LEAs to LEAs to
use the majority (and in some cases the entirety)14 of their SSAE grant funds toward school safety use the majority (and in some cases the entirety)14 of their SSAE grant funds toward school safety

~~10 20 U.S.C.~~ 10 20 U.S.C. §7111; P.L. 114-95, §§4101 et al. §7111; P.L. 114-95, §§4101 et al.
11 Ibid. 11 Ibid.
12 20 U.S.C.12 20 U.S.C. §7116; P.L. 114-95, §4106(e)(2). §7116; P.L. 114-95, §4106(e)(2).
13 Implementing both school safety and student health initiatives could mean (1) implementing two separate programs 13 Implementing both school safety and student health initiatives could mean (1) implementing two separate programs
or (2) implementing a program that could be consideredor (2) implementing a program that could be considered as falling under both categories, suchas falling under both categories, such as suicideas suicide prevention or prevention or
schoolwideschoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) programs.positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) programs.
14 For example, in the case of an LEA receiving a SSAE14 For example, in the case of an LEA receiving a SSAE grant of lessgrant of less than $30,000, that LEA wouldthan $30,000, that LEA would only need to only need to
provide assuranceprovide assurance that it would usethat it would use its funds to support one of the three activities listed in the previous sentence, its funds to support one of the three activities listed in the previous sentence,
meaning the LEA couldmeaning the LEA could choose to use choose to use ~~anywh ere~~anywhere between 0% and 100% of its funds between 0% and 100% of its funds ~~towards~~ towards school safety activities.school safety activities.
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and security programs or to use them for activities completely unrelated to school safety (e.g., a and security programs or to use them for activities completely unrelated to school safety (e.g., a
program on healthy eating and nutrition or Advanced Placement courses). program on healthy eating and nutrition or Advanced Placement courses).
The programs and activities an LEA selects to support in the category of Safe and Healthy The programs and activities an LEA selects to support in the category of Safe and Healthy
Students (Section 4108) must, among other requirements, be used to develop, implement, and Students (Section 4108) must, among other requirements, be used to develop, implement, and
evaluate comprehensive programs and activities that foster safe, healthy, supportive, and drug-evaluate comprehensive programs and activities that foster safe, healthy, supportive, and drug-
free environments that support student academic achievement. Examples of free environments that support student academic achievement. Examples of ~~al owable~~allowable activities in activities in
this category related to school safety and security include programs and activities for elementary this category related to school safety and security include programs and activities for elementary
and secondary students, and professional development and training for teachers and other school and secondary students, and professional development and training for teachers and other school
personnel, in the following areas: personnel, in the following areas:
 drug and violence prevention;  drug and violence prevention;
 suicide prevention;  suicide prevention;
 bullying and harassment prevention;  bullying and harassment prevention;
 re-entry/transition programs for justice-involved youth;  re-entry/transition programs for justice-involved youth;
 mentoring and school counseling;  mentoring and school counseling;
 recognition and prevention of coercion, violence, or abuse, including dating  recognition and prevention of coercion, violence, or abuse, including dating
violence, stalking, and sexual violence and harassment; violence, stalking, and sexual violence and harassment;
 school-based mental health services, including early identification of mental  school-based mental health services, including early identification of mental
health symptoms, drug use, and violence; health symptoms, drug use, and violence;
 schoolwide multitiered behavioral frameworks, such as positive behavioral  schoolwide multitiered behavioral frameworks, such as positive behavioral
interventions and supports (PBIS) programs; and interventions and supports (PBIS) programs; and
 trauma-informed practices in classroom management, crisis management, and  trauma-informed practices in classroom management, crisis management, and
conflict resolution techniques. conflict resolution techniques.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10910, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10910, Student Support and Academic Enrichment
(SSAE) Grants.
~~Matching Grant Program for School Security~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~DOJ, Office of Justice Programs (OJP), Bureau of~~
~~For BJA: $79.0 mil ion~~
~~Justice Assistance (BJA); and DOJ, Community~~
~~For COPS: $53.0 mil ion~~
~~Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Al grants are awarded to state, local, and tribal~~
~~The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act~~
~~governments for programs to address school violence~~
~~of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), §1108(b)~~
~~and enhance school security.~~
~~Under the Matching Grant Program for School Security, BJA is authorized to award competitive~~
~~grants to state, tribal, and local governments15 for~~
~~ training school personnel and students to prevent student violence against others~~
~~and themselves;~~
~~ developing and operating anonymous reporting systems for threats of school~~
~~violence, including mobile telephone applications, hotlines, and websites;~~

~~15 Per 34 U.S.C. Section 10554(1), for the purposes of this program, a local government is “ a county, municipality,~~
~~town, township, village, parish, borough, or other unit of general gov ernment below the State level.”~~
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~~link to page 17 link to page 17~~ ~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~ developing and operating school threat assessment and intervention teams, which~~
~~may include coordination with law enforcement agencies and school personnel~~
~~and specialized training for school officials in responding to mental health crises;~~
~~and~~
~~ implementing any other measure that the BJA Director determines may provide a~~
~~significant improvement in training, school threat assessments and reporting, and~~
~~school violence prevention.~~
~~The COPS Office is authorized to make grants to state, tribal, and local governments16 for~~
~~ coordination between schools and local law enforcement to improve security on~~
~~school grounds;~~
~~ training local law enforcement officers to prevent student violence against others~~
~~and themselves;~~
~~ placing and using metal detectors, locks, lighting, and other deterrent measures in~~
~~schools;~~
~~ acquiring and instal ing technology for expedited notification of local law~~
~~enforcement during an emergency; and~~
~~ implementing any other measure that the COPS Office Director determines may~~
~~provide a significant improvement in security.~~
~~State, local, and tribal governments can use grant awards for contracts or subgrants to LEAs,~~
~~nonprofit organizations, and other units of local government or tribal organizations. Grantees~~
~~under this program are required to provide a 25% match.~~
~~National Activities for School Safety (selected by the U.S. Secretary of~~
~~Education)~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~ED, OESE, OSHS~~
~~School Climate Transformation Grants ($57.2 mil ion),~~
~~Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Grants ($12.3 mil ion),~~
~~National Activities for School Safety, ESEA,~~
~~Project Prevent ($11.6 mil ion),~~
~~Title IV-F, §§4601, 4631~~
~~School-Based Mental Health Services Grants ($8.0~~
~~mil ion),~~
~~Grants to States for Emergency Management ($6.0~~
~~mil ion)~~

~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~Al funds support grants, contracts, or cooperative~~
~~agreements selected by the Secretary of Education to~~
~~carry out activities to improve students’ safety and~~
~~wel~~ (SSAE) Grants. Project Advancing Wellness and Resilience in Education (Project AWARE) Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Project AWARE State Grants ($107.5 mil ion), Administration (SAMHSA) Mental Health Awareness Training ($25 mil ion), ReCAST ($12.5 mil ion) Authorizing Legislation Public Health Service Act (PHSA), §520A Priority Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives Mental Health Needs of Regional and National Project AWARE grants support youth mental health Significance (Mental Health PRNS) awareness and community treatment, often in K-12 public schools. Project AWARE consists of competitive grants supporting activities that identify children and youth in need of mental health services, increase access to mental health treatment, and promote mental health literacy among teachers and school personnel.15 Project AWARE consists of three components: (1) Project AWARE State Educational Agency grants (known as Project AWARE 15 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2020, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Support for School Safety and Security State or SEA grants), (2) Mental Health Awareness Training (MHAT) grants,16 and (3) Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma (ReCAST) grants. Project AWARE originated as part of the Obama Administration’s 2013 Now Is the Time initiative.17 Launched in the wake of the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT, in 2012, this plan introduced a number of activities aimed at protecting children and communities by reducing gun violence.18 Project AWARE builds upon strategies used in the Clinton Administration’s 1999 Safe Schools/Healthy Students initiative for creating safe and secure schools and promoting students’ mental health in communities across the country.19 Project AWARE State Grants The purpose of the Project AWARE State grants is to build or expand the capacity of SEAs, in partnership with State Mental Health Agencies, to: (1) increase awareness of mental health issues among school-aged youth; (2) provide training for school personnel and other adults to detect mental health issues; and (3) connect school-aged youth with mental health issues and their families to needed services.20 Project AWARE SEA grantees use funds to train teachers and other school personnel on mental health awareness and how to connect school-aged youth to needed services. Other activities may include school-based mental health and wellness programs, increased mental health services for school-aged youth, and implementation of evidence-based mental health interventions, among others. Project AWARE is authorized through SAMHSA’s Mental Health PRNS authorities.21 In FY2020, SAMHSA awarded 15 new Project AWARE State grants and supported the continuation of 30 State grants. In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded 10 new State grants and supported the continuation of 39 State grants.22 The program has also supported technical assistance to develop school-based mental health models.23 Mental Health Awareness Training (MHAT) The MHAT program provides training to school personnel and individuals working with youth on how to recognize a mental illness, provide initial help in a mental health crisis, and connect students to appropriate care.24 The MHAT training program—known as Mental Health First 16 Previously known as “Mental Health First Aid” or MHFA grants. 17 The White House (Obama Administration), Now Is the Time: The President’s Plan to Protect Our Children and Our Communities by Reducing Gun Violence, January 16, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf. 18 The White House (Obama Administration), Now Is the Time to Do Something About Gun Violence, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/preventing-gun-violence. 19 HHS, SAMHSA, The Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative: A Legacy of Success, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4798, 2013, https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma13-4798.pdf. The Safe Schools/Healthy Students initiative was instituted partially in response to a series of school shootings, including the incident at Columbine High School in April 1999. 20 HHS, SAMHSA, Project AWARE (Advancing Wellness and Resiliency in Education) State Education Agency Grants, Funding Opportunity Announcement, October 24, 2018, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/sm-19-003. 21 42 U.S.C. §290bb-32. HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 22 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2023, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 23 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 24 In 2016, the 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255) created a new MHAT authority in the Public Health Service Act Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Aid—is structured similarly to standard first aid training: an eight-hour course that instructs participants in how to identify, understand, and respond to the signs of a crisis mental illness and substance use disorders.25 Through Project AWARE, SAMHSA and its partners have been providing grants for Mental Health First Aid since 2013. SAMHSA partners with the National Council for Mental Wellbeing26 to administer the MHAT grants. In FY2020, SAMHSA awarded 16 new MHAT grants and supported the continuation of 156 MHAT grants.27 In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded 145 new MHAT grants and supported the continuation of the 33 existing grants.28 Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma (ReCAST) Grants The ReCAST program, within Project AWARE, consists of competitive grants for communities that have recently faced civil unrest or trauma. The purpose of the ReCAST program is to assist high-risk youth and families by promoting resilience through implementation of evidence-based violence prevention and youth engagement programs, as well as through linkages to trauma-informed behavioral health services. In FY2016, SAMHSA awarded the first eight ReCAST grants.29 SAMHSA awarded two new ReCAST grants in each of FY2017 and FY2018 while supporting the continuation of eight existing grants.30 In FY2019, SAMHSA supported the continuation of 11 ReCAST grants. No new ReCAST grants were awarded in FY2020. In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded nine new ReCAST grants with COVID Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act funding.31 In FY2021, SAMHSA supported three ReCAST continuation grants. (§520J; 42 U.S.C. §290bb-41) which codified the Mental Health First Aid training grant component of Project AWARE. The new authority applies to a more general population. As such, the MHAT program provides training grants to a variety of entities, such as law enforcement agencies, fire departments, emergency first responders, and others. 25 HHS, SAMHSA, Mental Health First Aid Offers Behavioral Health Training, March 15, 2017, https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/mental-health-first-aid-training. 26 The National Council for Mental Wellbeing (formerly the National Council for Behavioral Health) is a membership and advocacy organization focusing on behavioral health and behavioral health providers. Members include health care organizations and management entities that offer treatment for behavioral health issues. The National Council for Behavioral Health frequently partners with HHS and SAMHSA to carry out certain activities. More information can be found at https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/. 27 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2022, http://www.hhs.gov/budget 28 MHAT grants are typically in the amount of $125,000. 29 HHS, SAMHSA, ReCAST (Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma) Grants, Grants Archive, FY2016, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2016/SM-16-012. 30 HHS, SAMHSA, ReCAST (Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma) Grants, Grants Archive, FY2018, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2018/SM-17-009; and HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 31 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2023, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. Congressional Research Service 7 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Matching Grant Program for School Security Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) DOJ, Office of Justice Programs (OJP), Bureau of For BJA: $82.0 mil ion Justice Assistance (BJA); and DOJ, Community For COPS: $53.0 mil ion Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives Authorizing Legislation All grants are awarded to state, local, and tribal The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act governments for programs to address school violence of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), §1108(b) and enhance school security. Under the Matching Grant Program for School Security, BJA is authorized to award competitive grants to state, tribal, and local governments32 for  training school personnel and students to prevent student violence against others and themselves;  developing and operating anonymous reporting systems for threats of school violence, including mobile telephone applications, hotlines, and websites;  developing and operating school threat assessment and intervention teams, which may include coordination with law enforcement agencies and school personnel and specialized training for school officials in responding to mental health crises; and  implementing any other measure that the BJA Director determines may provide a significant improvement in training, school threat assessments and reporting, and school violence prevention. BJA awards the funding it receives pursuant to the authorization for the Matching Grant Program for School Security under its STOP School Violence program. In addition, for FY2022, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) opened a grant solicitation under an Enhancing School Capacity to Address Youth Violence program, which OJJDP indicates is authorized under the Matching Grant Program for School Security. The COPS Office is authorized to make grants to state, tribal, and local governments33 for  coordination between schools and local law enforcement to improve security on school grounds;  training local law enforcement officers to prevent student violence against others and themselves;  placing and using metal detectors, locks, lighting, and other deterrent measures in schools;  acquiring and installing technology for expedited notification of local law enforcement during an emergency; and  implementing any other measure that the COPS Office Director determines may provide a significant improvement in security. 32 Per 34 U.S.C. Section 10554(1), for the purposes of this program, a local government is “a county, municipality, town, township, village, parish, borough, or other unit of general government below the State level.” 33 Per 34 U.S.C. Section 10554(1), for the purposes of this program, a local government is “a county, municipality, town, township, village, parish, borough, or other unit of general government below the State level.” Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 17 link to page 17 Federal Support for School Safety and Security The COPS Office awards the funding it receives pursuant to the authorization for the Matching Grant Program for School Security under its School Violence Prevention program. State, local, and tribal governments can use grant awards for contracts or subgrants to LEAs, nonprofit organizations, and other units of local government or tribal organizations. Grantees under this program are required to provide a 25% match. National Activities for School Safety (selected by the U.S. Secretary of Education) Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) ED, OESE, OSHS School Climate Transformation Grants ($56.9 mil ion), Project Prevent ($14.6 mil ion), Authorizing Legislation Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration National Activities for School Safety, ESEA, Grants ($12.2 mil ion), Title IV-F, §§4601, 4631 School-Based Mental Health Services Grants ($11.0 mil ion), Grants to States for Emergency Management ($4.8 mil ion) Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives All funds support grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements selected by the Secretary of Education to carry out activities to improve students’ safety and well-being. -being.
Title IV-F of the ESEA provides two authorizations for National Activities for School Safety Title IV-F of the ESEA provides two authorizations for National Activities for School Safety
programs. The firstprograms. The first,, Project School Emergency Response to Violence (Project SERV),34 is ~~Project School Emergency Response to Violence (Project SERV),17 is~~

~~16 Per 34 U.S.C. Section 10554(1), for the purposes of this program, a local government is “ a county, municipality,~~
~~town, township, village, parish, borough, or other unit of general government below the State level .”~~
~~17 20 U.S.C. §7281(a)(1)(A). See the “ Project School Emergency Response to Violence (Project SERV)” section of this~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

discussed separately later in this report. The second authorizes the Secretary of Education to use a discussed separately later in this report. The second authorizes the Secretary of Education to use a
portion of funds reserved for National Activities for School Safety to carry out activities to portion of funds reserved for National Activities for School Safety to carry out activities to
improve students’ safety and improve students’ safety and ~~wel~~ well-being, during and after the school day, with public or private -being, during and after the school day, with public or private
entities, individuals, or other federal agencies.entities, individuals, or other federal agencies.1835 This section of the report discusses five current This section of the report discusses five current
National Activities for School Safety programs created by the Secretary of Education under this National Activities for School Safety programs created by the Secretary of Education under this
second authorization. second authorization.
Since 2017, there have been new competitions under three of these programs that first awarded Since 2017, there have been new competitions under three of these programs that first awarded
grants in 2014—Project Prevent, School Climate Transformation Grants, and Grants to States for grants in 2014—Project Prevent, School Climate Transformation Grants, and Grants to States for
Emergency Management. In addition, during the Trump Administration, U.S. Secretary of Emergency Management. In addition, during the Trump Administration, U.S. Secretary of
Education Betsy DeVos created two new competitive grant programs—School-Based Mental Education Betsy DeVos created two new competitive grant programs—School-Based Mental
Health Services Grants and Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grants. Health Services Grants and Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grants.
Descriptions of each of the five programs follow and are ordered by Descriptions of each of the five programs follow and are ordered by ~~FY2021~~FY2022 appropriation appropriation
amount from largest to amount from largest to ~~smal est.~~
~~School Climate Transformation Grants~~
~~During the Obama and Trump~~smallest. School Climate Transformation Grants During the last three Administrations, the Secretary of Education Administrations, the Secretary of Education has used a portion of used a portion of
National Activities for School Safety funds to award School Climate Transformation Grants National Activities for School Safety funds to award School Climate Transformation Grants
(SCTGs) to both state educational agencies (SEAs) and LEAs, known as SCTG-SEA and SCTG-(SCTGs) to both state educational agencies (SEAs) and LEAs, known as SCTG-SEA and SCTG-
LEA grants, respectively. The Secretary competitively awarded the first cohort of SCTG-SEA and LEA grants, respectively. The Secretary competitively awarded the first cohort of SCTG-SEA and
~~SCTG-LEA~~ SCTG-LEA 34 20 U.S.C. §7281(a)(1)(A). See the “Project School Emergency Response to Violence (Project SERV)” section of this report. 35 20 U.S.C. §7281(a)(1)(B). Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Support for School Safety and Security grants in FY2014 to SEAs and LEAs that were developing, implementing, or grants in FY2014 to SEAs and LEAs that were developing, implementing, or
expanding multitiered systems of support for improving school climate, fostering safety, and/or expanding multitiered systems of support for improving school climate, fostering safety, and/or
promoting supportive environments for students in public elementary and secondary schools. promoting supportive environments for students in public elementary and secondary schools.
Among the most researched and widely implemented multitiered systems of support for Among the most researched and widely implemented multitiered systems of support for
improving school climate are multitiered behavioral frameworks, such as PBIS programs.improving school climate are multitiered behavioral frameworks, such as PBIS programs.1936
Multitiered behavioral frameworks provide differing levels of behavioral support and intervention Multitiered behavioral frameworks provide differing levels of behavioral support and intervention
to students based on their needs. The broadest level of support in a multitiered behavioral to students based on their needs. The broadest level of support in a multitiered behavioral
framework involves the whole school (e.g., consistent rules, consequences, and reinforcement of framework involves the whole school (e.g., consistent rules, consequences, and reinforcement of
appropriate behavior). Subsequent tiers in the framework provide more intensive levels of support appropriate behavior). Subsequent tiers in the framework provide more intensive levels of support
to groups of students exhibiting at-risk behaviors, and individualizedto groups of students exhibiting at-risk behaviors, and individualized services to students who services to students who
continue to exhibit problem behavior.continue to exhibit problem behavior.2037
An FY2018 SCTG-SEA competition awarded new grants totaling approximately $9.0 An FY2018 SCTG-SEA competition awarded new grants totaling approximately $9.0 ~~mil ion~~ million to to
14 SEAs. In FY2019, the SCTG-LEA competition awarded grants of $200,000 to $750,000 per 14 SEAs. In FY2019, the SCTG-LEA competition awarded grants of $200,000 to $750,000 per
year for up to five years to 69 LEAs in 25 states, totaling nearly $42.4 year for up to five years to 69 LEAs in 25 states, totaling nearly $42.4 ~~mil ion~~ million in grants in its first in grants in its first
year.year.2138 Both the FY2018 SCTG-SEA and the FY2019 SCTG-LEA competitions included a Both the FY2018 SCTG-SEA and the FY2019 SCTG-LEA competitions included a
competitive preference priority for programs with plans to support communities impacted by the competitive preference priority for programs with plans to support communities impacted by the
opioid crisis by incorporating opioid abuse mitigation and prevention strategies into the opioid crisis by incorporating opioid abuse mitigation and prevention strategies into the

~~report.~~
~~18 20 U.S.C. §7281(a)(1)(B).~~
~~19 ED supports a technical assistance center on PBIS and SCT Gs. See the PBIS website for additional information,~~
~~available at https://www.pbis.org/.~~
~~20 U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, “Applications for New Awards;~~
~~School Climate T ransformation Grant Program -State Educational Agency Grants,” 83 Federal Register 35466, July 26,~~
~~2018.~~
~~21 T he total amount of SCT G-LEA grants awarded in the first year of the 2019 grant competition was $4 2,385,286~~
~~according to ED, OESE, “ School Climate T ransformation Grant - Local Educational Agency Grants, 2019 Grant~~
~~Awards,” https://www2.ed.gov/programs/schoolclimatelea/2019awards.html, October 21, 2019.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~multitiered systems of support for improving school climate described in their applications.22~~multitiered systems of support for improving school climate described in their applications.39
SCTG-SEA grant recipients are eligibleSCTG-SEA grant recipients are eligible for continuation awards through FY2022 and SCTG-LEA for continuation awards through FY2022 and SCTG-LEA
grant recipients are eligiblegrant recipients are eligible for continuation funding through FY2023. Project Prevent ~~for continuation funding through FY2023.~~
~~Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grants~~
~~In FY2019, ED awarded the first cohort of Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration~~
~~Grants. In the only competition for this program to date, ED granted up to $500,000 to 3 SEAs~~
~~and 24 LEAs in 17 states to support partnerships that are to train school-based mental health~~
~~service providers to serve in schools located in high-need LEAs.23 The program’s purpose is to~~
~~“expand the pipeline of high-quality, trained professionals to address shortages of mental health~~
~~services in high-need schools[24] and to provide supports that encompass social and emotional~~
~~learning, mental wel ness, resilience, and positive connections between students and adults.”25~~
~~Project Prevent~~
Project Prevent grants are intended to increase the capacity of LEAs to assist schools in providing Project Prevent grants are intended to increase the capacity of LEAs to assist schools in providing
students who have been directly or indirectly exposed to violence with a variety of support students who have been directly or indirectly exposed to violence with a variety of support
services and school-based violence prevention strategies in order to help break the cycle of services and school-based violence prevention strategies in order to help break the cycle of
violence in their communities. Project Prevent grantees must provide counseling, school-based violence in their communities. Project Prevent grantees must provide counseling, school-based
social emotional and behavioral supports, and other assistance to schools to help them identify, social emotional and behavioral supports, and other assistance to schools to help them identify,
assess, and serve students exposed to violence. In addition, in the most recent Project Prevent assess, and serve students exposed to violence. In addition, in the most recent Project Prevent
grant competition in FY2019, grantees were encouraged to demonstrate how they would grant competition in FY2019, grantees were encouraged to demonstrate how they would
collaborate with a local mental health agency in their applications.collaborate with a local mental health agency in their applications.2640 In 2019, ED awarded Project 36 ED supports a technical assistance center on PBIS and SCTGs. See the PBIS website for additional information, available at https://www.pbis.org/. 37 U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, “Applications for New Awards; School Climate Transformation Grant Program-State Educational Agency Grants,” 83 Federal Register 35466, July 26, 2018. 38 The total amount of SCTG-LEA grants awarded in the first year of the 2019 grant competition was $42,385,286 according to ED, OESE, “School Climate Transformation Grant - Local Educational Agency Grants, 2019 Grant Awards,” https://www2.ed.gov/programs/schoolclimatelea/2019awards.html, October 21, 2019. 39 See ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; School Climate Transformation Grant Program ~~In 2019, ED awarded Project~~
~~Prevent grants to 15 LEAs in 14 states, totaling approximately $11.4 mil ion, to support initiatives~~
~~offering students social and emotional supports to cope with trauma or anxiety due to violence in~~

~~22 See ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; School Climate T ransformation Grant Program~~ -State Educational -State Educational
Agency Grants,” 83Agency Grants,” 83 Federal Register 35465-35469, July 26, 2018; ED, “Applications for New Awards; 35465-35469, July 26, 2018; ED, “Applications for New Awards; School School
Climate Climate ~~T ransformation~~Transformation Grant Program-Local Educational Agency Grants,” 84 Grant Program-Local Educational Agency Grants,” 84 Federal Register 26829-26835, June 26829-26835, June
10, 2019; and ED, 10, 2019; and ED, ~~Perform ance Sum m ary~~Performance Summary Report Fiscal Year 2019: In Support of the National Drug Control Strategy , ,
Washington, DC, March 13, 2020, https://oese.ed.gov/files/2020/09/FY-2019-ONDCPWashington, DC, March 13, 2020, https://oese.ed.gov/files/2020/09/FY-2019-ONDCP ~~-Performance-Summary-~~
~~Final.pdf.~~
~~23 High-need local educational agency (LEA) is defined in the Federal Register based on factors such as the number~~
~~and percentage of low-income families living in the LEA, rural status, and teachers with emergency, provisional, or~~
~~temporary certification or licensure. For the full definition, see ED, OESE, “~~ -Performance-Summary-Final.pdf. 40 The FY2019 Project Prevent grant competition included a Competitive Preference Priority (which could result in up to eight additional points on the application score) for projects that showed they had an agreement with a local mental health agency to provide resources and/or administer services to support their program. See ED, OESE, “Applications Applications for New Awards; Project Prevent~~for New Awar ds; Mental~~
~~Health Service Professional Demonstration~~ Grant Program,” 84 Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register ~~29180-29186~~26082, June , June 215, 2019. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Prevent grants to 15 LEAs in 14 states, totaling approximately $11.4 million, to support initiatives offering students social and emotional supports to cope with trauma or anxiety due to violence in their communities and implementing conflict resolution and other school-based strategies to prevent future violence.41 In FY2022, ED awarded $11.6 million in Project Prevent grant continuation awards, and an additional $3 million in new grant awards.42 Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grants In FY2019, ED awarded the first cohort of Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grants. In the only competition for this program to date, ED granted up to $500,000 to 3 SEAs and 24 LEAs in 17 states to support partnerships that are to train school-based mental health service providers to serve in schools located in high-need LEAs.43 The program’s purpose is to “expand the pipeline of high-quality, trained professionals to address shortages of mental health services in high-need schools[44] and to provide supports that encompass social and emotional learning, mental wellness, resilience, and positive connections between students and adults.”45 School-Based Mental Health Services Grants ~~, 2019,~~
~~https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-13289/p-68.~~
~~24 High-need school is defined in the Federal Register based on each LEA’s ranking of each school by percentage of~~
~~students from low-income families enrolled in the LEA’s schools, as determined by the LEA based on one of several~~
~~measures of poverty. For more information, see ED, OESE, “ Applications for New Awards; Mental Health Service~~
~~Professional Demonstration Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 29180-29186, June 21, 2019,~~
~~https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-13289/p-75.~~
~~25 ED, “U.S. Department of Education Announces New Grant Awards to Address School Safety and Improve Access to~~
~~Mental Health Services,” press release, October 8, 2019, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-~~
~~education-announces-new-grant -awards-address-school-safety-and-improve-access-mental-health-services.~~
~~26 T he FY2019 Project Prevent grant competition included a Competitive Preference Priority (which could result in up~~
~~to eight additional points on the application score) for projects that showed they had an agreement with a local mental~~
~~health agency to provide resources and/or administer services to support their program. See ED, OESE, “ Applications~~
~~for New Awards; Project Prevent Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 26082, June 5, 2019.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~their communities and implementing conflict resolution and other school-based strategies to~~
~~prevent future violence.27~~
~~School-Based Mental Health Services Grants~~
In summer 2020, as the country was confronting the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 In summer 2020, as the country was confronting the mental health impacts of the COVID-19
pandemic on children and youth, ED solicited applications for the first School-Based Mental pandemic on children and youth, ED solicited applications for the first School-Based Mental
Health Services Grants competition. In FY2020, Congress increased ED’s funding for the Health Services Grants competition. In FY2020, Congress increased ED’s funding for the ~~overal~~
overall School Safety National Activities program and included instructions in the Explanatory Statement School Safety National Activities program and included instructions in the Explanatory Statement
that a grant program should be created with the purpose of increasing the number of counselors, that a grant program should be created with the purpose of increasing the number of counselors,
social workers, psychologists, or other service providers who deliver school-based mental health social workers, psychologists, or other service providers who deliver school-based mental health
services to K-12 students. School-Based Mental Health Services Grants were awarded to six services to K-12 students. School-Based Mental Health Services Grants were awarded to six
~~SEAs28~~SEAs46 to increase the number of mental health professionals (e.g., counselors, social workers, to increase the number of mental health professionals (e.g., counselors, social workers,
psychologists) who provide school-based mental health services to students in high-need LEAs. psychologists) who provide school-based mental health services to students in high-need LEAs.
SEAs awarded School-Based Mental Health Services Grants must abide by supplement-not-SEAs awarded School-Based Mental Health Services Grants must abide by supplement-not-
supplant provisions and supplant provisions and ~~wil be~~are required to provide matching funds of at least 25% of their grant required to provide matching funds of at least 25% of their grant
~~amounts.~~
~~Grants to States for Emergency Management~~
~~In FY2018, ED awarded 10 SEAs and the Public School System of the Northern Mariana Islands~~
~~five-year grants of up to $750,000 under the Grants to States for Emergency Management~~
~~(GSEM) program.29 The GSEM program is intended to build the capacity of states to provide~~
~~LEAs training and technical assistance in the development and implementation of high-quality~~
~~school emergency operations plans to address both natural and man-made threats. To be~~
~~considered high-quality under the terms of the grant, school emergency operations plans~~
~~developed with GSEM grant funding must address five mission areas: (1) prevention, (2)~~
~~protection, (3) mitigation, (4) response, and (5) recovery.30~~
~~Project Advancing Wellness and Resilience in Education (Project AWARE)~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services~~
~~Project AWARE State Grants ($94.5 mil ion),~~
~~Administration (SAMHSA)~~
~~Mental Health Awareness Training ($24 mil ion),~~
~~ReCAST ($12.5 mil ion)~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Public Health Service Act (PHSA), §520A Priority~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~Mental Health Needs of Regional and National~~
~~Project AWARE grants support youth mental health~~
~~Significance (Mental Health PRNS)~~
~~awareness and community treatment, often in K-12~~
~~public schools.~~
~~Project AWARE consists of competitive grants supporting activities that identify children and~~
~~youth in need of mental health services, increase access to mental health treatment, and promote~~

27amounts. 41 ED, ED, Project Prevent Grant Program , November 6, 2019, https://oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-formula-grants/safe-, November 6, 2019, https://oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-formula-grants/safe-
supportive-schools/project-prevent-grant-program/. supportive-schools/project-prevent-grant-program/.
~~28 T he six SEAs were in Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Wisconsin.~~
~~29 T he 10 SEAs were in Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South~~
~~Carolina, and T ennessee. GSEM grants were awarded one previous time (in 2014).~~
~~30 ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; Grants to States for School Emergency Management Program,” 83~~
~~Federal Register~~ ~~37797, August 2, 2018.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~mental health literacy among teachers and school personnel.31 Project AWARE consists of three~~
~~components: (1) Project AWARE State Educational Agency grants (known as Project AWARE~~
State or SEA grants), (2) Mental Health Awareness Training (MHAT) grants,32 and (3) Resiliency
~~in Communities After Stress and Trauma (ReCAST) grants.~~
Project AWARE originated as part of the Obama Administration’s 2013 Now Is the Time
~~initiative.33 Launched in the wake of the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in~~
~~Newtown, CT, in 2012, this plan introduced a number of activities aimed at protecting c hildren~~
~~and communities by reducing gun violence.34 Project AWARE builds upon strategies used in the~~
~~Clinton Administration’s 1999 Safe Schools/Healthy Students initiative for creating safe and~~
~~secure schools and promoting students’ mental health in communities across the country.35~~
~~Project AWARE State Grants~~
~~The purpose of the Project AWARE State grants is to build or expand the capacity of SEAs, in~~
~~partnership with State Mental Health Agencies, to: (1) increase awareness of mental health issues~~
~~among school-aged youth; (2) provide training for school personnel and other adults to detect~~
~~mental health issues; and (3) connect school-aged youth with mental health issues and their~~
~~families to needed services.36 Project AWARE SEA grantees use funds to train teachers and other~~
~~school personnel on mental health awareness and how to connect school-aged youth to needed~~
~~services. Other activities may include school-based mental health and wel ness programs,~~
~~increased mental health services for school-aged youth, and implementation of evidence-based~~
~~mental health interventions, among others. Project AWARE is authorized through SAMHSA’s~~
~~Mental Health PRNS authorities.37~~
~~In FY2018, SAMHSA awarded 24 new Project AWARE State grants and supported the~~
~~continuation of 8 State grants. In FY2019, SAMHSA awarded 6 new State grants and supported~~
~~the continuation of 24 State grants. The program also supported technical assistance to develop~~
~~school-based mental health models.38~~

~~31 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services~~
~~Administration (SAMHSA), Justification of Estim ates for Appropriations Com m ittees for FY2020,~~
~~http://www.hhs.gov/budget.~~
~~32 Previously known as “Mental Health First Aid” or MHFA grants.~~
~~33 T he White House (Obama Administration),~~ ~~Now Is the Time: The President’s Plan to Protect Our Children and Our~~
~~Com m unities by Reducing Gun Violence, January 16, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/~~
~~docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf.~~
~~34 T he White House (Obama Administration), Now Is the Time to Do Something About Gun Violence, 2013,~~
~~https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/preventing-gun-violence.~~
~~35 HHS, SAMHSA, The Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative: A Legacy of Success, HHS Publication No. (SMA)~~
~~13-4798, 2013, https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma13-4798.pdf. T he Safe Schools/Healthy Students~~
~~initiative was instituted partially in response to a series of school shootings, including the incident at Columbine High~~
~~School in April 1999.~~
~~36 HHS, SAMHSA,~~ ~~Project AWARE (Advancing Wellness and Resiliency in Education) State Education Agency~~
~~Grants, Funding Opportunity Announcement, October 24, 2018, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant -announcements/~~
~~sm-19-003.~~
~~37 42 U.S.C. §290bb-32. HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021,~~
~~http://www.hhs.gov/budget.~~
~~38 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~Mental Health Awareness Training (MHAT)~~
~~The MHAT program provides training to school personnel and individuals working with youth on~~
~~how to recognize a mental il ness, provide initial help in a mental health crisis, and connect~~
~~students to appropriate care.39 The MHAT training program—known as Mental Health First~~
~~Aid—is structured similarly to standard first aid training: an eight-hour course that instructs~~
~~participants in how to identify, understand, and respond to the signs of a crisis mental il ness and~~
~~substance use disorders.40 Through Project AWARE, SAMHSA and its partners have been~~
~~providing grants for Mental Health First Aid since 2013. SAMHSA partners with the National~~
~~Council for Mental Wel being41 to administer the MHAT grants. In FY2018, SAMHSA awarded~~
~~138 new MHAT grants. In FY2019, SAMHSA awarded 18 new MHAT grants and supported the~~
~~continuation of the 138 existing grants.42~~
~~Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma (ReCAST) Grants~~
~~The ReCAST program, within Project AWARE, consists of competitive grants for communities~~
~~that have recently faced civil unrest or trauma. The purpose of the ReCAST program is to assist~~
~~high-risk youth and families by promoting resilience through implementation of evidence-based~~
~~violence prevention and youth engagement programs, as wel as through linkages to trauma-~~
~~informed behavioral health services.~~
~~In FY2016, SAMHSA awarded the first eight ReCAST grants.43 SAMHSA awarded two new~~
~~ReCAST grants in each of FY2017 and FY2018 while supporting the continuation of eight~~
~~existing grants.44 In FY2019, SAMHSA supported the continuation of 11 ReCAST grants.~~
~~Healthy Transitions Program~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~HHS, SAMHSA~~
~~$29.5 mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~PHSA, §520A Mental Health PRNS~~
~~The Healthy Transitions program supports services~~
~~addressing serious mental disorders among youth and~~
~~young adults aged 16 to 25.~~

~~39 In 2016, the 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255) created a new MHAT authority in the Public Health Service Act~~
~~(§520J; 42 U.S.C. §290bb-41) which codified the Mental Health First Aid training grant component o f Project~~
~~AWARE. T he new authority applies to a more general population. As such, the MHAT program provides training~~
~~grants to a variety of entities, such as law enforcement agencies, fire departments, emergency first responders, and~~
~~others.~~
~~40 HHS, SAMHSA, Mental Health First Aid Offers Behavioral Health Training , March 15, 2017,~~
~~https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/mental-health-first-aid-training.~~
~~41 T he National Council for Mental Wellbeing (formerly the National Council for Behavioral Health) is a membership~~
~~and advocacy organization focusing on behavioral health and behavioral health providers. Members include healthcare~~
~~organizations and management entities that offer treatment for behavioral health issues. T he National Council for~~
~~Behavioral Health frequently partners with HHS and SAMHSA to carry out certain activities. More information can be~~
~~found at https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/.~~
~~42 MHAT grants are typically in the amount of $125,000.~~
~~43 HHS, SAMHSA, ReCAST (Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma) Grants, Grants Archive, FY2016,~~
~~https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2016/SM-16-012.~~
~~44 HHS, SAMHSA, ReCAST (Resiliency in Communities After Stress and Trauma) Grants, Grants Archive, FY2018,~~
~~https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2018/SM-17-009; and HHS, SAMHSA,~~ ~~Justification of Estim ates for~~
~~Appropriations Com m ittees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget.~~
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~~link to page 8~~ ~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

42 U.S. Department of Education, Department of Education Safe Schools and Citizenship Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, Washington, DC, p. 14, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/justifications/d-ssce.pdf. 43 High-need local educational agency (LEA) is defined in the Federal Register based on factors such as the number and percentage of low-income families living in the LEA, rural status, and teachers with emergency, provisional, or temporary certification or licensure. For the full definition, see ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 29180-29186, June 21, 2019, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-13289/p-68. 44 High-need school is defined in the Federal Register based on each LEA’s ranking of each school by percentage of students from low-income families enrolled in the LEA’s schools, as determined by the LEA based on one of several measures of poverty. For more information, see ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; Mental Health Service Professional Demonstration Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 29180-29186, June 21, 2019, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-13289/p-75. 45 ED, “U.S. Department of Education Announces New Grant Awards to Address School Safety and Improve Access to Mental Health Services,” press release, October 8, 2019, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-announces-new-grant-awards-address-school-safety-and-improve-access-mental-health-services. 46 The six SEAs were in Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Congressional Research Service 11 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Grants to States for Emergency Management In FY2018, ED awarded 10 SEAs and the Public School System of the Northern Mariana Islands five-year grants of up to $750,000 under the Grants to States for Emergency Management (GSEM) program.47 The GSEM program is intended to build the capacity of states to provide LEAs training and technical assistance in the development and implementation of high-quality school emergency operations plans to address both natural and man-made threats. To be considered high-quality under the terms of the grant, school emergency operations plans developed with GSEM grant funding must address five mission areas: (1) prevention, (2) protection, (3) mitigation, (4) response, and (5) recovery.48 Healthy Transitions Program Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) HHS, SAMHSA $29.5 mil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives PHSA, §520A Mental Health PRNS The Healthy Transitions program supports services addressing serious mental disorders among youth and young adults aged 16 to 25. The Healthy Transitions program supports services for youth and young adults aged 16 to 25 who The Healthy Transitions program supports services for youth and young adults aged 16 to 25 who
either have, or are at risk of developing, a serious mental health condition. According to either have, or are at risk of developing, a serious mental health condition. According to
SAMHSA, youth and young adults with mental SAMHSA, youth and young adults with mental ~~il ness~~illness and substance use disorders are more and substance use disorders are more
likelylikely than their peers to face a more difficult transition to adulthood.than their peers to face a more difficult transition to adulthood.4549 Healthy Transitions grants Healthy Transitions grants
support screening and detection, outreach and engagement, referrals to treatment, coordination of support screening and detection, outreach and engagement, referrals to treatment, coordination of
care, and evidence-based treatment interventions for this population. Grant-supported activities care, and evidence-based treatment interventions for this population. Grant-supported activities
emphasize outreach and engagement to facilitate access to effective behavioral health emphasize outreach and engagement to facilitate access to effective behavioral health
interventions. Grantees include the state, tribal, or territorial agencies responsible for delivery of interventions. Grantees include the state, tribal, or territorial agencies responsible for delivery of
mental health services to youth and young adults. mental health services to youth and young adults.
The Healthy Transitions program originated in the Obama Administration’s 2013 The Healthy Transitions program originated in the Obama Administration’s 2013 Now Is the Time
initiative.initiative.46 50 In its FY2020 Congressional Budget Justification, SAMHSA stated that this In its FY2020 Congressional Budget Justification, SAMHSA stated that this
program—in addition to Project AWARE—isprogram—in addition to Project AWARE—is “in support of the Federal Commission on School “in support of the Federal Commission on School
Safety which is aimed at reducing the incidences of school violence across the country and Safety which is aimed at reducing the incidences of school violence across the country and
increasing school-based mental health services.”increasing school-based mental health services.”4751 In 2019, In 2019, The Healthy Transitions: Improving
Life Trajectories for Youth and Young Adults with Serious Mental Disorders Program grants grants
~~specifical y~~specifically supported services addressing serious mental disorders among youth and young supported services addressing serious mental disorders among youth and young
adults aged 16 to 25.adults aged 16 to 25.
~~Trauma Recovery Demonstration Grants~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~ED, OESE, OSHS~~
~~$6.7 mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~ESEA, Title IV-A, §4103(a)(3)~~
~~Al funds support demonstration grants to help~~
~~students from low-income families who have~~
~~experienced trauma access trauma-specific mental~~
~~health services.~~
In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded one new grant and supported the continuation of 27 grants. 47 The 10 SEAs were in Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee. GSEM grants were awarded one previous time (in 2014). 48 ED, OESE, “Applications for New Awards; Grants to States for School Emergency Management Program,” 83 Federal Register 37797, August 2, 2018. 49 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 50 HHS, SAMHSA, “Now is the Time” Healthy Transitions (HT): Improving Life Trajectories for Youth and Young Adults with, or at Risk for, Serious Mental Health Conditions, Funding Opportunity Announcement, April 11, 2014, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/sm-14-017. 51 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2020, p. 4, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. Congressional Research Service 12 link to page 8 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Trauma Recovery Demonstration Grants Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) ED, OESE, OSHS $6.6 million Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives ESEA, Title IV-A, §4103(a)(3) All funds support demonstration grants to help students from low-income families who have experienced trauma access trauma-specific mental health services. In FY2019, ED established Trauma Recovery Demonstration grants to SEAs to fund model In FY2019, ED established Trauma Recovery Demonstration grants to SEAs to fund model
programs supporting students from low-income families who have experienced trauma that programs supporting students from low-income families who have experienced trauma that
negatively affects their educational experience. negatively affects their educational experience. ~~Specifical y~~Specifically, these grants are intended to help , these grants are intended to help
such students and their families access trauma-specific mental health services.such students and their families access trauma-specific mental health services.4852 To establish this To establish this
grant program, ED used funds from the 2% reservation under Section 4103(a)(3) of the ESEA, grant program, ED used funds from the 2% reservation under Section 4103(a)(3) of the ESEA,
which provides for technical assistance and capacity building to support the SSAE grants which provides for technical assistance and capacity building to support the SSAE grants
program.program.4953 The competition included a competitive preference priority for SEAs that partnered The competition included a competitive preference priority for SEAs that partnered
with one or more nonprofit organizations, IHEs, or state or local mental health agencies.with one or more nonprofit organizations, IHEs, or state or local mental health agencies.5054 SEAs awarded a Trauma Recovery Demonstration grant are required to provide students who access ~~SEAs~~
~~awarded a Trauma Recovery Demonstration grant are required to provide students who access~~

~~45 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2021, http://www.hhs.gov/budget.~~
~~46 HHS, SAMHSA,~~ ~~“Now is the Time” Healthy Transitions (HT): Improving Life Trajectories for Youth and Yo ung~~
~~Adults with, or at Risk for, Serious Mental Health Conditions, Funding Opportunity Announcement, April 11, 2014,~~
~~https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant -announcements/sm-14-017.~~
~~47 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2020, p. 4, http://www.hhs.gov/~~
~~budget.~~
~~48 ED, “U.S. Department of Education Announces New Grant Awards to Address School Safety and Imp rove Access to~~
~~Mental Health Services,” press release, October 8, 2019, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-~~
~~education-announces-new-grant -awards-address-school-safety-and-improve-access-mental-health-services.~~
~~49 For more information, see the “ Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants” section of this report,~~
~~and CRS In Focus IF10910, Student Support and Academ ic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants.~~
~~50 ED, “Applications for New Awards; T rauma Recovery Demonstration Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 32128,~~
~~July 5, 2019.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

mental health services through the program with a choice of providers to best meet their needs. mental health services through the program with a choice of providers to best meet their needs.
ED awarded the first five Trauma Recovery Demonstration grants to SEAs in Alaska, Delaware, ED awarded the first five Trauma Recovery Demonstration grants to SEAs in Alaska, Delaware,
~~Hawai~~ Hawaii, Louisiana, and Nevada. , Louisiana, and Nevada.
Project School Emergency Response to Violence (Project SERV)
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) ED, OESE, OSHS ED, OESE, OSHS
$ $~~4.3~~5.0 mil ion mil ion
Authorizing Legislation
~~FY2021~~FY2022 Awards (as of ~~June 4, 2021)~~
May 26, 2022) National Activities National Activities for School Safety, for School Safety,
$ $~~1.9 mil ion~~115,314
ESEA, Title IV-F, §§4601, 4631 ESEA, Title IV-F, §§4601, 4631
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
100% of Project SERV grants support schools 100% of Project SERV grants support schools
recoveringrecovering from crisesfrom crises or traumatic events. The or traumatic events. The
number of grants provided to K-12 schools recovering number of grants provided to K-12 schools recovering
from school violencefrom school violence varies each year. IHEs and schools varies each year. IHEs and schools
recoveringrecovering from natural disasters also may receive from natural disasters also may receive
Project SERV grants.Project SERV grants.
Section 4601 of the ESEA requires the Secretary of Education to reserve $5 Section 4601 of the ESEA requires the Secretary of Education to reserve $5 ~~mil ion~~million of the of the
National Activities appropriation, under the Title IV, 21st Century Schools program, for National National Activities appropriation, under the Title IV, 21st Century Schools program, for National
Activities for School Safety. The only National Activities for School Safety program that the Activities for School Safety. The only National Activities for School Safety program that the
Secretary of Education is required to use a portion of this reservation for is Project SERV. ED Secretary of Education is required to use a portion of this reservation for is Project SERV. ED
awarded Project SERV grants to LEAs and IHEs totaling over $8.8 awarded Project SERV grants to LEAs and IHEs totaling over $8.8 ~~mil ion in FY2019, $2.8~~
~~mil ion in FY2020, and $1.9 mil ion in the first six months of FY2021. In FY2020, Project SERV~~
~~was provided an additional $100 mil ion through the CARES Act to supplement existing funds to~~
~~prevent, prepare for, and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, including cleaning and disinfecting~~
~~affected schools and assisting with costs related to counseling and distance learning.~~
million in FY2019, $2.8 52 ED, “U.S. Department of Education Announces New Grant Awards to Address School Safety and Improve Access to Mental Health Services,” press release, October 8, 2019, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-announces-new-grant-awards-address-school-safety-and-improve-access-mental-health-services. 53 For more information, see the “Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants” section of this report, and CRS In Focus IF10910, Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants. 54 ED, “Applications for New Awards; Trauma Recovery Demonstration Grant Program,” 84 Federal Register 32128, July 5, 2019. Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Support for School Safety and Security million in FY2020, and $2.7 million in FY2021. Appropriations for Project SERV not used in the fiscal year in which they are appropriated remain Appropriations for Project SERV not used in the fiscal year in which they are appropriated remain
~~available~~ available for awards in subsequent years. for awards in subsequent years.
Project SERV was first proposed in October 1998 as a program that would Project SERV was first proposed in October 1998 as a program that would ~~al ow~~allow ED to help ED to help
schools quickly in the wake of a school shooting.schools quickly in the wake of a school shooting.5155 It was conceived of as a way for ED to It was conceived of as a way for ED to
respond to school based crises in the way the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) respond to school based crises in the way the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
supports communities struck by natural disasters.supports communities struck by natural disasters.5256 Congress first funded Project SERV in Congress first funded Project SERV in
FY2000 after the 1999 mass shooting at Columbine High School in Columbine, CO. In its first FY2000 after the 1999 mass shooting at Columbine High School in Columbine, CO. In its first
year, Project SERV provided support to two school communities after school shootings. When the year, Project SERV provided support to two school communities after school shootings. When the
September 11th terrorist attacks occurred in 2001, Congress recognized that Project SERV was a September 11th terrorist attacks occurred in 2001, Congress recognized that Project SERV was a
program that could support school communities through a wide variety of crises and expanded the program that could support school communities through a wide variety of crises and expanded the
list of crises affecting LEAs and IHEs that could qualify for Project SERV grants.list of crises affecting LEAs and IHEs that could qualify for Project SERV grants.53
57 Currently, LEAs and IHEs are eligible Currently, LEAs and IHEs are eligible to apply for a Project SERV grant if they experience a to apply for a Project SERV grant if they experience a
violent or traumatic crisis, which disrupts the learning environment, and can: violent or traumatic crisis, which disrupts the learning environment, and can:
1) Demonstrate the traumatic effect on the learning environment including how the event 1) Demonstrate the traumatic effect on the learning environment including how the event
has disrupted teaching and learning; and has disrupted teaching and learning; and

~~51 Jessica Portner, “President Seeks T o Boost Federal Role in School Safety,” Education Week, Vol. 18, Issue 8,~~
~~October 18, 1998, pp. 6-7.~~
~~52 Joetta L. Sack, “Project SERV Funds Directed T o Attacked Areas,” Education Week, October 3, 2001.~~
~~53 Ibid.~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~2) Demonstrate that the needed~~ 2) Demonstrate that the needed services cannot beservices cannot be adequately provided withadequately provided with existing existing
resources in a comprehensive and timely manner, and that the provision of services and resources in a comprehensive and timely manner, and that the provision of services and
assistance will result in an undue financial hardship on the LEA or IHE.assistance will result in an undue financial hardship on the LEA or IHE.5458
LEAs and IHEs may apply for a Project SERV grant for a variety of reasons, including but not LEAs and IHEs may apply for a Project SERV grant for a variety of reasons, including but not
limited to limited to
 school shootings;  school shootings;
 suicide clusters;  suicide clusters;
 terrorism (e.g., September 11th attacks, DC sniper shootings);  terrorism (e.g., September 11th attacks, DC sniper shootings);
 major natural disasters or pandemics (e.g., Hurricanes Harvey and Maria,  major natural disasters or pandemics (e.g., Hurricanes Harvey and Maria,
COVID-19); COVID-19);
 bus accidents;  bus accidents;
 homicides of students, teachers, or school personnel (committed off school  homicides of students, teachers, or school personnel (committed off school
grounds); and grounds); and
 hate crimes committed against students, faculty members, and/or staff.  hate crimes committed against students, faculty members, and/or staff.55
~~Two types of Project SERV grants are awarded: (1) Immediate Services grants, which provide~~
~~short-term support following a traumatic event; and (2) Extended Services grants, which address~~
~~long-term recovery efforts following a traumatic event.~~ 59 Project SERV funds may be used for a Project SERV funds may be used for a
wide variety of activities, including mental health assessments, referrals, and services for wide variety of activities, including mental health assessments, referrals, and services for
students, faculty, other school personnel, and members of their immediate families; temporary students, faculty, other school personnel, and members of their immediate families; temporary
security measures; technical assistance in developing an appropriate recovery plan for addressing security measures; technical assistance in developing an appropriate recovery plan for addressing
student needs; and training for teachers and staff in student needs; and training for teachers and staff in implementing the LEA’s recovery plan. Project SERV funds are managed by different offices within ED, depending on the type of event that has disrupted the learning environment in the school(s) receiving Project SERV funds. 55 Jessica Portner, “President Seeks To Boost Federal Role in School Safety,” Education Week, Vol. 18, Issue 8, October 18, 1998, pp. 6-7. 56 Joetta L. Sack, “Project SERV Funds Directed To Attacked Areas,” Education Week, October 3, 2001. 57 Ibid. 58 ED, “Project School Emergency Response to Violence (SERV): Eligibility,” website, accessed June 2021, https://oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-formula-grants/safe-supportive-schools/project-serv-school-emergency-response-to-violence/eligibility-project-serv-school-emergency-response-to-violence/. 59 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Project SERV funds for schools that have experienced violent or traumatic events are managed by ED’s Office of Safe and Supportive Schools; Project SERV funds provided in response to a major natural disaster are managed by the ED’s Disaster Recovery Unit. ~~implementing the LEA’s recovery plan.~~
Student Safety and Campus Emergency Management Grants
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021~~ (FY2022)
ED ED
$0 $0
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
Higher Education Act (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended) Higher Education Act (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended)
Al All program funds are used to make grants to IHEs or program funds are used to make grants to IHEs or
Title VIII-L, §821 Title VIII-L, §821
consortia of IHEs to carry out a range of activities to consortia of IHEs to carry out a range of activities to
improveimprove safety and emergencysafety and emergency communications at IHEs. communications at IHEs.
Grantees must provide nonfederal matching funds equal Grantees must provide nonfederal matching funds equal
to 100% of the amount of the federal grant.to 100% of the amount of the federal grant.
HEA HEA Section 821 authorizes the Student Safety and Campus Emergency Management grant Section 821 authorizes the Student Safety and Campus Emergency Management grant
program. Under the program, ED is authorized to award grants, on a competitive basis, to IHEs or program. Under the program, ED is authorized to award grants, on a competitive basis, to IHEs or
consortia of IHEs to pay for the federal share of costs to carry out a range of activities to improve consortia of IHEs to pay for the federal share of costs to carry out a range of activities to improve
safety and emergency communications at IHEs. Grant recipients must provide nonfederal safety and emergency communications at IHEs. Grant recipients must provide nonfederal
matching funds equal to 100% of the amount of the federal grant. matching funds equal to 100% of the amount of the federal grant.
Recipients may use funds for a variety of activities, including (1) developing and implementing Recipients may use funds for a variety of activities, including (1) developing and implementing
an emergency communications system to notify students of a significant emergency or dangerous an emergency communications system to notify students of a significant emergency or dangerous
situation; (2) supporting measures to improve safety at the grantee IHE campuses, such as situation; (2) supporting measures to improve safety at the grantee IHE campuses, such as
security assessments, personnel security training, and acquisition of security technologies and security assessments, personnel security training, and acquisition of security technologies and

~~54 ED, “Project School Emergency Response to Violence (SERV): Eligibility,” website, accessed June 2021,~~
~~https://oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-formula-grants/safe-supportive-schools/project -serv-school-emergency-response-~~
~~to-violence/eligibility-project-serv-school-emergency-response-to-violence/.~~
~~55 Ibid.~~
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~~systems (e.g., video surveil ance~~systems (e.g., video surveillance); and (3) coordinating with local entities for the provision of ); and (3) coordinating with local entities for the provision of
mental health services for students and staff affected by a campus or community emergency. mental health services for students and staff affected by a campus or community emergency.
The program was first authorized under the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 (P.L. 110- The program was first authorized under the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-
315). Appropriations were authorized for FY2009 through FY2014 at “such sums as may be 315). Appropriations were authorized for FY2009 through FY2014 at “such sums as may be
necessary.”necessary.”5660 The program has never received an appropriation and, thus, has never been The program has never received an appropriation and, thus, has never been
implemented. implemented.
Non-grant Programs and ~~Initiatives57~~Initiatives61
DHS Outreach and Capacity Building
Following the February 2018 mass shooting at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Following the February 2018 mass shooting at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in
Parkland, FL, DHS began focusing departmental resources on school security. Some of the Parkland, FL, DHS began focusing departmental resources on school security. Some of the
resources include a school safety after-action report and downloadable school safety and security resources include a school safety after-action report and downloadable school safety and security
guides.guides.5862 Other DHS outreach and capacity-building programs Other DHS outreach and capacity-building programs ~~specifical y~~specifically focus on school focus on school
security and include guidance, training, and support to assist LEAs with identifying and security and include guidance, training, and support to assist LEAs with identifying and
addressing vulnerabilities, and evaluating and building capabilities,addressing vulnerabilities, and evaluating and building capabilities, as described below.as described below.
~~Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model~~
60 Section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act automatically extended the authorization of appropriation for the program for an additional year (through FY2015). 61 Programs and initiatives are listed alphabetically. 62 U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.cisa.gov/school-safety-and-security. Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model The U.S. Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) developed and published an The U.S. Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) developed and published an
operational guide that outlines steps schools can take to enhance their security.operational guide that outlines steps schools can take to enhance their security.5963
Active Shooter Preparedness: School Security and Resilience Training
DHS developed and published an active shooter preparedness training for educators, SROs, and DHS developed and published an active shooter preparedness training for educators, SROs, and
school administrators.school administrators.6064 The training is provided remotely through videos. The training is provided remotely through videos.
School ~~Transportation~~ Transportation Security Outreach
DHS provides guidelines and other materials to LEAs and their transportation providers on DHS provides guidelines and other materials to LEAs and their transportation providers on
school bus security. Publications include the “Employee Guide to School Bus Security”school bus security. Publications include the “Employee Guide to School Bus Security”6165 issued issued
by DHS’s Transportation Security Administration (TSA).by DHS’s Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
Campus Resilience Program (CRP)
The Campus Resilience Program (CRP) in DHS’s Office of Academic Engagement supports The Campus Resilience Program (CRP) in DHS’s Office of Academic Engagement supports
IHEs in developing and testing emergency preparedness and resilience. Through this program, IHEs in developing and testing emergency preparedness and resilience. Through this program,
DHS assists IHEs in building, sustaining, and promoting resilience by helping them identify DHS assists IHEs in building, sustaining, and promoting resilience by helping them identify
vulnerabilities,vulnerabilities, providing best practice guides and templates, and supporting opportunities for ~~providing best practice guides and templates, and supporting opportunities for~~

~~56 Section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act automatically extended the authorization of appropriation for~~
~~the program for an additional year (through FY2015).~~
~~57 Programs and initiatives are listed alphabetically.~~
~~58 U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021,~~
~~https://www.cisa.gov/school-safety-and-security.~~
~~59 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.cisa.gov/publication/enhancing-~~
~~school-safety-using-threat-assessment -model-operational-guide-preventing.~~
~~60 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.cisa.gov/school-safety-and-security.~~
~~61 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=770767.~~
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IHEs to evaluate their preparedness, response, and recovery capabilities. CRP has a resource IHEs to evaluate their preparedness, response, and recovery capabilities. CRP has a resource
library for the academic community, including templates to address a range of vulnerabilities and library for the academic community, including templates to address a range of vulnerabilities and
risks. It includes a variety of capacity-building resources and tools to empower practitioners and risks. It includes a variety of capacity-building resources and tools to empower practitioners and
campus leaders to better prepare for, respond to, and recover from various threats and hazards campus leaders to better prepare for, respond to, and recover from various threats and hazards
posing a risk to the academic community,posing a risk to the academic community,6266 including guides and best practices on school and including guides and best practices on school and
workplace violence.workplace violence.6367
Federal Commission on School Safety
In the wake of the February 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in In the wake of the February 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in
Parkland, FL, the Trump Administration formed the Federal Commission on School Safety to Parkland, FL, the Trump Administration formed the Federal Commission on School Safety to
make policy recommendations on a range of school safety and security issues. Chaired by then-make policy recommendations on a range of school safety and security issues. Chaired by then-
Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, the commission also included the leaders of DHS, DOJ, and Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, the commission also included the leaders of DHS, DOJ, and
HHS. Throughout the spring and summer of 2018, the commission conducted a series of HHS. Throughout the spring and summer of 2018, the commission conducted a series of
meetings, field visits, and listening sessions culminating in the meetings, field visits, and listening sessions culminating in the Final Report of the Federal
Commission on School Safety Presented to the President of the United States, which was released , which was released
in December 2018. The report provided recommendations to the federal government and state and in December 2018. The report provided recommendations to the federal government and state and
local communities on 19 school safety-related issues organized under three main topic areas: local communities on 19 school safety-related issues organized under three main topic areas:
1. Prevent—preventing school violence, 1. Prevent—preventing school violence,
63 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.cisa.gov/publication/enhancing-school-safety-using-threat-assessment-model-operational-guide-preventing. 64 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.cisa.gov/school-safety-and-security. 65 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=770767. 66 For more information on the CRP, see https://www.dhs.gov/academicresilience. 67 DHS, “School and Workplace Violence,” website, https://www.dhs.gov/school-and-workplace-violence. Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Support for School Safety and Security 2. Protect and Mitigate—protecting students and teachers and mitigating the effects 2. Protect and Mitigate—protecting students and teachers and mitigating the effects
of violence, and of violence, and
3. Respond and Recover—responding to and recovering from attacks. 3. Respond and Recover—responding to and recovering from attacks.6468
SchoolSafety.gov
The The Final Report of the Federal Commission on School Safety Presented to the President of the
United States provided the recommendation that “the federal government should develop a provided the recommendation that “the federal government should develop a
clearinghouse to assess, identify, and share best practices related to school security measures, clearinghouse to assess, identify, and share best practices related to school security measures,
technologies, and innovations.”technologies, and innovations.”6569 DHS administers SchoolSafety.gov, which provides a central DHS administers SchoolSafety.gov, which provides a central
location for school safety and security materials provided by ED, DHS, HHS, and DOJ and serves location for school safety and security materials provided by ED, DHS, HHS, and DOJ and serves
as the clearinghouse recommended by the commission. SchoolSafety.gov provides schools and as the clearinghouse recommended by the commission. SchoolSafety.gov provides schools and
school districts with actionable recommendations and school safety resources to help create safe school districts with actionable recommendations and school safety resources to help create safe
and supportive learning environments. SchoolSafety.gov’s resources are presented along a and supportive learning environments. SchoolSafety.gov’s resources are presented along a
preparedness continuum, beginning with prevention and progressing through protection, preparedness continuum, beginning with prevention and progressing through protection,
mitigation, response, and recovery. Topics covered include bullying, mental health, school mitigation, response, and recovery. Topics covered include bullying, mental health, school
climate, physical security, security personnel, emergency planning, threat assessment and climate, physical security, security personnel, emergency planning, threat assessment and
reporting, and recovery. reporting, and recovery.
Homeland Security Academic Advisory Council (HSAAC)
DHS, in partnership with ED, chairs the Homeland Security Academic Advisory Council DHS, in partnership with ED, chairs the Homeland Security Academic Advisory Council
(HSAAC), which works with and advises state and local schools, including colleges and (HSAAC), which works with and advises state and local schools, including colleges and

~~62 For more information on the CRP, see https://www.dhs.gov/academicresilience.~~
~~63 DHS, “School and Workplace Violence,” website, https://www.dhs.gov/school-and-workplace-violence.~~
~~64 Federal Commission on School Safety,~~ ~~Final Report of the Federal Commission on School Safety Presented to the~~
~~President of the United States, ED, DOJ, DHS, and HHS, Washington, DC, December 18, 2018, p. 13,~~
~~https://www2.ed.gov/documents/school-safety/school-safety-report.pdf.~~
~~65 Ibid., p. 126.~~
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universities, on security issues. The HSAAC is currently comprised of 19 members in addition to universities, on security issues. The HSAAC is currently comprised of 19 members in addition to
the DHS Chair: 16 members are administrators of IHEs or leaders of higher education the DHS Chair: 16 members are administrators of IHEs or leaders of higher education
consortiums or associations, and 3 are ex-officio members from DOJ, ED, and the U.S. consortiums or associations, and 3 are ex-officio members from DOJ, ED, and the U.S.
Department of State. The HSAAC also provides advice and recommendations to the DHS Department of State. The HSAAC also provides advice and recommendations to the DHS
Secretary and departmental senior leadership on matters related to homeland security and the Secretary and departmental senior leadership on matters related to homeland security and the
academic community, including student and recent student graduate recruitment, international academic community, including student and recent student graduate recruitment, international
students, academic research, campus resilience, homeland security academic programs, and students, academic research, campus resilience, homeland security academic programs, and
cybersecurity.cybersecurity.6670
Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime
Statistics Act
HEA HEA Section 485(f), referred to as the Clery Act, requires domestic IHEs that participate in the Section 485(f), referred to as the Clery Act, requires domestic IHEs that participate in the
HEAHEA Title IV federal student financial aid programs to (1) report campus crime statistics to Title IV federal student financial aid programs to (1) report campus crime statistics to ~~ED67~~ED71
and (2) establish and disseminate campus safety and security policies. Both the campus crime and (2) establish and disseminate campus safety and security policies. Both the campus crime
statistics and campus safety and security policies must be compiled and disseminated to current statistics and campus safety and security policies must be compiled and disseminated to current
and prospective students and employees in an IHE’s annual security report (ASR). and prospective students and employees in an IHE’s annual security report (ASR).
68 Federal Commission on School Safety, Final Report of the Federal Commission on School Safety Presented to the President of the United States, ED, DOJ, DHS, and HHS, Washington, DC, December 18, 2018, p. 13, https://www2.ed.gov/documents/school-safety/school-safety-report.pdf. 69 Ibid., p. 126. 70 DHS, Homeland Security Academic Advisory Council (HSAAC), https://www.dhs.gov/homeland-security-academic-advisory-council-hsaac#. 71 For additional information, see ED, “Campus Safety,” https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/campus.html, accessed May 14, 2021. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Campus crime statistics that IHEs are required to report to ED and include in their ASRs include Campus crime statistics that IHEs are required to report to ED and include in their ASRs include
data on the on data on the on ~~campus68~~campus72 occurrence of a range of offenses specified in statute, including murder, occurrence of a range of offenses specified in statute, including murder,
burglary, robbery, domestic violence, rape, and other forms of sexual violence. burglary, robbery, domestic violence, rape, and other forms of sexual violence.
ASRs must also include statements of campus safety and security policies regarding, for example, ASRs must also include statements of campus safety and security policies regarding, for example,
 procedures and facilities for students and others to report criminal actions or  procedures and facilities for students and others to report criminal actions or
other emergencies occurring on campus and an IHE’s response to such reports; other emergencies occurring on campus and an IHE’s response to such reports;
 facilities’ security and access;  facilities’ security and access;
 campus law enforcement, including the law enforcement authority of campus  campus law enforcement, including the law enforcement authority of campus
security personnel; security personnel;
 programs designed to inform students and employees about the prevention of  programs designed to inform students and employees about the prevention of
crimes; and crimes; and
 current campus policies regarding immediate emergency response and evacuation  current campus policies regarding immediate emergency response and evacuation
procedures. procedures.
Model Emergency Response Policies, Procedures, and Practices
HEA HEA Section 822 requires the Secretary of Education, in consultation with the Attorney General Section 822 requires the Secretary of Education, in consultation with the Attorney General
and the Secretary of Homeland Security, to continue to (1) advise IHEs on model emergency and the Secretary of Homeland Security, to continue to (1) advise IHEs on model emergency
response and preparedness policies and procedures and (2) disseminate information about those response and preparedness policies and procedures and (2) disseminate information about those
policies and procedures. Following Section 822’s enactment, ED and several other agencies policies and procedures. Following Section 822’s enactment, ED and several other agencies
(including DHS and DOJ) published the (including DHS and DOJ) published the Guide for Developing High-Quality Emergency

~~66 DHS, Homeland Security Academic Advisory Council (HSAAC), https://www.dhs.gov/homeland-security-academic-~~
~~advisory-council-hsaac#.~~
~~67 For additional information, see ED, “Campus Safety,” https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/campus.html,~~
~~accessed May 14, 2021.~~
~~68 For purposes of the Clery Act, campus includes campus areas, noncampus areas, and public property, if certain~~
~~criteria are met. HEA §485(f)(6)(A)(ii).~~
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~~link to page 33~~ ~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~Operations Plans for Institutions of Higher Education~~69Operations Plans for Institutions of Higher Education73 to aid IHEs in creating emergency to aid IHEs in creating emergency
operations plans, which may meet Section 822’s mandate. operations plans, which may meet Section 822’s mandate.
Youth Preparedness Council
DHS, through FEMA, created the Youth Preparedness Council in 2012 to engage young leaders DHS, through FEMA, created the Youth Preparedness Council in 2012 to engage young leaders
interested in supporting emergency preparedness in their communities and schools. According to interested in supporting emergency preparedness in their communities and schools. According to
DHS, the members meet with FEMA staff throughout the school year to provide input on DHS, the members meet with FEMA staff throughout the school year to provide input on
strategies, initiatives, and projects, which may include school safety initiatives. strategies, initiatives, and projects, which may include school safety initiatives. ~~Additional y,~~
Additionally, according to DHS, members attend FEMA’s annual council summit in Washington, DC.according to DHS, members attend FEMA’s annual council summit in Washington, DC.7074
Programs That May Support School Safety
Initiatives
This section of the report presents federal programs that do not This section of the report presents federal programs that do not ~~specifical y~~specifically cite school safety and cite school safety and
security as a primary purpose but may support related activities. These programs permit using security as a primary purpose but may support related activities. These programs permit using
funds to support school safety and security initiatives but do not require funds to be used in this funds to support school safety and security initiatives but do not require funds to be used in this
way. School safety efforts may or may not be explicitly cited as a permitted use of funds in way. School safety efforts may or may not be explicitly cited as a permitted use of funds in
authorizing legislation, appropriations report language, or other agency documents (such as the authorizing legislation, appropriations report language, or other agency documents (such as the
~~program webpage~~ 72 For purposes of the Clery Act, campus includes campus areas, noncampus areas, and public property, if certain criteria are met. HEA §485(f)(6)(A)(ii). 73 ED et al., Guide for Developing High-Quality Emergency Operations Plans for Institutions of Higher Education, June 2013, https://rems.ed.gov/docs/rems_ihe_guide_508.pdf. 74 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.ready.gov/youth-preparedness-council. Congressional Research Service 18 link to page 35 Federal Support for School Safety and Security program web page or agency Congressional Budget Justifications). For example, programs that or agency Congressional Budget Justifications). For example, programs that
are primarily focused on students’ academic achievement but are primarily focused on students’ academic achievement but ~~al ow~~allow a portion of funds to be used a portion of funds to be used
toward a variety of school-based programs—including school safety activities—are included in toward a variety of school-based programs—including school safety activities—are included in
this section, as are children’s mental health programs implemented in schools.this section, as are children’s mental health programs implemented in schools.7175 Activities for Activities for
some programs included in this section may not appear to be related to school safety, but may some programs included in this section may not appear to be related to school safety, but may
affect school safety-related outcomes. affect school safety-related outcomes.
Programs listed in this section are predominantly grant programs, including block grants, formula Programs listed in this section are predominantly grant programs, including block grants, formula
grants, or competitive grants. Thegrants, or competitive grants. The “Non-grant Programs and Initiatives” ” subsection describes subsection describes
several DHS security infrastructure programs and one Centers for Disease Control and Prevention several DHS security infrastructure programs and one Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
~~(CDC) surveil ance~~(CDC) surveillance and support initiative. and support initiative.
Grant Programs
Education for the Disadvantaged: Grants to LEAs (Title I-A)
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) ED, OESE, Office of State Support (OSS) ED, OESE, Office of State Support (OSS)
$ $ ~~16.5 bil ion~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~Title I-A schoolwide programs and targeted assistance~~

~~69 ED et al., Guide for Developing High-Quality Emergency Operations Plans for Institutions of Higher Education ,~~
~~June 2013, https://rems.ed.gov/docs/rems_ihe_guide_508.pdf.~~
~~70 DHS, “School Safety and Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.ready.gov/youth-preparedness-~~
~~council.~~
~~71 While research suggests that individuals with mental health issues are not necessarily more likely to commit violent~~
~~acts than other individuals, mental health services (including a variety of social-emotional and behavioral health~~
~~interventions) are often included as part of prevention, intermediation, and recovery activities pertaining to scho ol~~
~~safety. T herefore, programs that include school-based mental health services but may not explicitly mention “ school~~
~~safety and security” are included in this section. Most federally supported mental health programs that are administered~~
~~in community-based settings—and do not explicitly address school safety and security —are not included in this report.~~
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~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~programs primarily provide academic support to~~
~~ESEA, Title I-A, §§1114, 1115~~
17.5 bil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives ESEA, Title I-A, §§1114, 1115 Title I-A schoolwide programs and targeted assistance programs primarily provide academic support to disadvantaged children, but may be used, in certain disadvantaged children, but may be used, in certain
circumstances,circumstances, to provide school-based mental health to provide school-based mental health
servicesservices or other social services.or other social services. The exact amount The exact amount
used for school safety and security activities is used for school safety and security activities is
unknown. unknown.
Title I-A of the ESEA authorizes federal aid to LEAs for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I-A of the ESEA authorizes federal aid to LEAs for the education of disadvantaged children.
Title I-A grants provide supplementary educational and related services to lowTitle I-A grants provide supplementary educational and related services to low -achieving and -achieving and
other students attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of other students attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of
students from low-income families. LEAs students from low-income families. LEAs ~~al ocate~~allocate Title I-A funds to the school level. Public Title I-A funds to the school level. Public
schools operate either schoolwide schools operate either schoolwide ~~programs72~~programs76 or targeted assistance programs (TAP). or targeted assistance programs (TAP).7377
Schoolwide programs are authorized if the percentage of low-income students served by a school Schoolwide programs are authorized if the percentage of low-income students served by a school
is 40% or higher.is 40% or higher.7478 In schoolwide programs, Title I-A funds may be used to improve the In schoolwide programs, Title I-A funds may be used to improve the
performance of performance of al all students in a school. Under TAP, Title I-A services are students in a school. Under TAP, Title I-A services are ~~general y~~generally limited to the limited to the
lowest-achieving students in the school. lowest-achieving students in the school.
While Title I-A does not include a specific list of required or While Title I-A does not include a specific list of required or ~~al owable~~allowable uses of funds, statutory uses of funds, statutory
language does language does ~~specifical y~~specifically mention the use of Title I-A funds for activities related to school mention the use of Title I-A funds for activities related to school
safety. Under schoolwide programs, statutory provisions require a school’s schoolwide plan to safety. Under schoolwide programs, statutory provisions require a school’s schoolwide plan to
include a description of the strategies the school include a description of the strategies the school ~~wil~~ will implement to address school needs, implement to address school needs,
including addressing the needs of including addressing the needs of al all students through activities that may include counseling, 75 While research suggests that individuals with mental health issues are not necessarily more likely to commit violent acts than other individuals, mental health services (including a variety of social-emotional and behavioral health interventions) are often included as part of prevention, intermediation, and recovery activities pertaining to school safety. Therefore, programs that include school-based mental health services but may not explicitly mention “school safety and security” are included in this section. Most federally supported mental health programs that are administered in community-based settings—and do not explicitly address school safety and security—are not included in this report. 76 Schoolwide programs are authorized under ESEA, Section 1114. 77 Targeted assistance programs are authorized under ESEA, Section 1115. 78 A Title I-A school in which less than 40% of the children are from low-income families may request a waiver from the SEA to operate a schoolwide program. Congressional Research Service 19 Federal Support for School Safety and Security ~~students through activities that may include counseling,~~
school-based mental health programs, mentoring services, and a schoolwide tiered model to school-based mental health programs, mentoring services, and a schoolwide tiered model to
prevent and address problem behavior. Under TAP, each school must use methods and prevent and address problem behavior. Under TAP, each school must use methods and
instructional strategies to strengthen the school’s academic program through activities that may instructional strategies to strengthen the school’s academic program through activities that may
include mental health services, other social services, or a schoolwide system of interventions and include mental health services, other social services, or a schoolwide system of interventions and
supports to prevent and address problem behavior. It may be possible for schools to use Title I-A supports to prevent and address problem behavior. It may be possible for schools to use Title I-A
funds for other school safety-related purposes if they are related to improving student academic funds for other school safety-related purposes if they are related to improving student academic
achievement. Both schoolwide programs and TAP may support programs developed in achievement. Both schoolwide programs and TAP may support programs developed in
coordination with, as coordination with, as ~~wel~~ well as integration with, other federal, state, and local services, resources, as integration with, other federal, state, and local services, resources,
and programs, including violence prevention programs. and programs, including violence prevention programs.
For more information, see CRS Report R45977, For more information, see CRS Report R45977, The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): A Primer. .
Supporting Effective Instruction
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) ED, OESE, OSS ED, OESE, OSS
$2. $2.12 bil ion bil ion
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
ESEA, Title II-A, §2103 ESEA, Title II-A, §2103
At the discretion At the discretion of the state or LEA, funds may be of the state or LEA, funds may be
used to train educators and other personnel in used to train educators and other personnel in
children’schildren’s mental health and school safety. The exact mental health and school safety. The exact
amount used for school safety and security activities is amount used for school safety and security activities is
unknown. unknown.

~~72 Schoolwide programs are authorized under ESEA, Section 1114.~~
~~73 T argeted assistance programs are authorized under ESEA, Section 1115.~~
~~74 A T itle I-A school in which less than 40% of the children are from low-income families may request a waiver from~~
~~the SEA to operate a schoolwide program.~~
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Supporting Effective Instruction grants provide funds to states and LEAs to support programs Supporting Effective Instruction grants provide funds to states and LEAs to support programs
aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of teachers, principals, and other school leaders, aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of teachers, principals, and other school leaders,
with the goal of increasing student achievement. Among numerous possible uses of funds, these with the goal of increasing student achievement. Among numerous possible uses of funds, these
grants may be used to develop programs or provide in-service training for educators and other grants may be used to develop programs or provide in-service training for educators and other
school personnel onschool personnel on
 recognizing and preventing child sexual abuse;  recognizing and preventing child sexual abuse;
 using multitier systems of support such as PBIS;  using multitier systems of support such as PBIS;
 understanding when and how to refer students affected by trauma and children  understanding when and how to refer students affected by trauma and children
with, or at risk of, mental with, or at risk of, mental ~~il ness~~illness to appropriate treatment and intervention to appropriate treatment and intervention
services in the school and in the community; services in the school and in the community;
 forming partnerships between school-based mental health programs and public or  forming partnerships between school-based mental health programs and public or
private mental health organizations; and private mental health organizations; and
 addressing issues related to school conditions for student learning, such as safety,  addressing issues related to school conditions for student learning, such as safety,
peer interaction, drug and alcohol abuse, and chronic absenteeism. peer interaction, drug and alcohol abuse, and chronic absenteeism.75
~~Historical y~~79 Historically, LEAs have used the majority of their ESEA Title II-A , LEAs have used the majority of their ESEA Title II-A ~~funds76~~funds80 to support class size to support class size
reduction and teachers’ professional development.reduction and teachers’ professional development.77
~~Preparedness Grants~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriations (FY2021)~~
~~DHS~~
~~State Homeland Security Grant Program ($415 mil ion),~~
~~Urban Area Security Initiative ($705 mil ion),~~
~~Authorizing~~ 81 79 20 U.S.C. §6613, P.L. 114-95 §2103. 80 Reauthorization of the ESEA as the Every Student Succeeds Act (P.L. 114-95), in December 2015, revised Title II-A and changed the name of the program to Supporting Effective Instruction, but its general purpose remained the same. 81 ED, Findings From the 2014–15 Survey on the Use of Funds under Title II, Part A, Washington, DC, July 2015, https://www2.ed.gov/programs/teacherqual/learport.pdf. Congressional Research Service 20 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Preparedness Grants Federal Agency Appropriations (FY2022) DHS Urban Area Security Initiative ($615 mil ion), State Homeland Security Grant Program ($425 mil ion), Authorizing Legislation
Emergency Management Performance Grant Program Emergency Management Performance Grant Program
Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296), §§2003-2004 Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296), §§2003-2004
($355 mil ion) ($355 mil ion)
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
As determinedAs determined by state, territorial,by state, territorial, and tribal and tribal
governments.governments. The exact amount used for school safety The exact amount used for school safety
and security activitiesand security activities is unknown. is unknown.
FEMA administers a number of grants that “provide state and local governments with FEMA administers a number of grants that “provide state and local governments with
preparedness program funding in the form of non-disaster grants to enhance the capacity of state preparedness program funding in the form of non-disaster grants to enhance the capacity of state
and local emergency responders to prevent, respond to, and recover from a weapons of mass and local emergency responders to prevent, respond to, and recover from a weapons of mass
destruction terrorism incident involving chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive destruction terrorism incident involving chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive
devices, and cyber-attacks.”devices, and cyber-attacks.”7882 Three of these programs may be used for public school safety and Three of these programs may be used for public school safety and
security if the state, territory, or tribal government awarded the grant determines that public security if the state, territory, or tribal government awarded the grant determines that public
school safety and security is a homeland security priority. These programs include the school safety and security is a homeland security priority. These programs include the ~~State~~
~~Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSGP), the Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI), and the~~
Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI), the State Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSGP), and the Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG). Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) The UASI helps high-threat, high-density urban areas to build and sustain the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks, which may include public school security activities. UASI recipients are determined annually by DHS and are based on the top 100 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) as determined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Annually, a limited number of high-risk and high-threat MSAs receive funding. Federal UASI investments are based on UASI recipients’ THIRAs. State Homeland ~~Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG).~~

~~75 20 U.S.C. §6613, P.L. 114-95 §2103.~~
~~76 Reauthorization of the ESEA as the Every Student Succeeds Act (P.L. 114-95), in December 2015, revised T itle II-A~~
~~and changed the name of the program to Supporting Effective Instruction, but its general purpose remained the same.~~
~~77 ED, Findings From the 2014–15 Survey on the Use of Funds under Title II, Part A, Washington, DC, July 2015,~~
~~https://www2.ed.gov/programs/teacherqual/learport.pdf.~~
~~78 See DHS, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), https://www.fema.gov/preparedness-non-disaster-~~
~~grants.~~
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~~State Homeland~~ Security Grant Program
The SHSGP assists state, territorial, tribal, and local governments with addressing high-priority The SHSGP assists state, territorial, tribal, and local governments with addressing high-priority
preparedness gaps related to potential acts of terrorism.preparedness gaps related to potential acts of terrorism.7983 Communities develop capabilities to Communities develop capabilities to
prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from threats and hazards that pose the prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from threats and hazards that pose the
greatest terrorism risk, and this may include threats to schools.greatest terrorism risk, and this may include threats to schools.~~80 Al~~ 84 All SHSGP grants are based on SHSGP grants are based on
preparedness capability gaps identified during DHS’s Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk preparedness capability gaps identified during DHS’s Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment (THIRA) process and assessed in the Stakeholder Preparedness Review (SPR).Assessment (THIRA) process and assessed in the Stakeholder Preparedness Review (SPR).8185
THIRA is a three-step risk assessment process that assists individuals, businesses, faith-based THIRA is a three-step risk assessment process that assists individuals, businesses, faith-based
organizations, nonprofit groups, schools and academia, and organizations, nonprofit groups, schools and academia, and al all levels of government in levels of government in
understanding their threats and hazards, and the capabilities required to manage their risk.understanding their threats and hazards, and the capabilities required to manage their risk.~~82 SPR~~
~~is a self-assessment of a jurisdiction’s current capability levels evaluated against the capability~~
~~targets established in its THIRA.83~~
~~Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI)~~
~~The UASI helps high-threat, high-density urban areas to build and sustain the capabilities~~
~~necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks,~~
~~which may include public school security activities. UASI recipients are determined annual y by~~
~~DHS and are based on the top 100 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) as determined by the~~
~~U.S. Census Bureau. Annual y, a limited number of high-risk and high-threat MSAs receive~~
~~funding. Federal UASI investments are based on UASI recipients’ THIRAs.~~
~~Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG)~~
86 SPR 82 See DHS, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), https://www.fema.gov/preparedness-non-disaster-grants. 83 For more information on national preparedness and response, see CRS Report R46696, National Preparedness: A Summary and Select Issues. 84 DHS, “National Preparedness Goal,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-goal. 85 Ibid. See also https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/risk-capability-assessment. 86 DHS, FEMA, “Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment,” website, accessed June 2021, Congressional Research Service 21 Federal Support for School Safety and Security is a self-assessment of a jurisdiction’s current capability levels evaluated against the capability targets established in its THIRA.87 Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG) The EMPG program provides federal funds to states to assist state, local, territorial, and tribal The EMPG program provides federal funds to states to assist state, local, territorial, and tribal
governments in preparing for governments in preparing for al all hazards, including human-caused disasters. These funds support hazards, including human-caused disasters. These funds support
the development of an emergency preparedness system for the protection of life and property in the development of an emergency preparedness system for the protection of life and property in
the United States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the United States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in
the federal government, states, and their political subdivisions.the federal government, states, and their political subdivisions.8488 School security is part of School security is part of
protection of life and property. protection of life and property.
Community Mental Health Services Block Grant (MHBG)
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) HHS, SAMHSA HHS, SAMHSA
$ $~~757.6 mil ion~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~The MHBG supports community mental health services~~

~~79 For more information on national preparedness and response, see CRS Report R46696,~~ ~~National Preparedness: A~~
~~Sum m ary and Select Issues~~.
~~80 DHS, “National Preparedness Goal,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-~~
~~goal.~~
~~81 Ibid. See also https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/risk-capability-assessment.~~
~~82 DHS, FEMA, “T hreat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment,” website, accessed June 2021,~~
~~http://www.fema.gov/threat -and-hazard-identification-and-risk-assessment .~~
~~83 DHS, FEMA, “Risk Capability Assessment,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-~~
~~managers/risk-management/risk-capability-assessment .~~
~~84 DHS, FEMA, “Emergency Management Performance Grants Program,” website, accessed June 2021,~~
~~https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/emergency-management -performance.~~
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~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~for adults with serious mental il ness and children with~~
~~PHSA, Title XIX-B, Subpart I~~
~~serious emotional disturbance. States have flexibility~~ 857.6 mil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives PHSA, Title XIX-B, Subpart I The MHBG supports community mental health services for adults with serious mental il ness and children with serious emotional disturbance. States have flexibility in in
the use of MHBG funds within the frameworkthe use of MHBG funds within the framework of the of the
state plan and federal requirements.state plan and federal requirements. Most servicesMost services are are
community-based, though schools may be a service community-based, though schools may be a service
location. location.
The MHBG The MHBG supports community mental health services for adults with serious mental supports community mental health services for adults with serious mental ~~il ness~~illness
(SMI) and children with serious emotional disturbance (SED). SAMHSA distributes MHBG (SMI) and children with serious emotional disturbance (SED). SAMHSA distributes MHBG
funds to states (including the District of Columbia and specified funds to states (including the District of Columbia and specified ~~territories85~~territories89) according to a ) according to a
formula specified in statute. Each state may distribute MHBG funds to local government entities formula specified in statute. Each state may distribute MHBG funds to local government entities
and nongovernmental organizations to provide community mental health services for adults with and nongovernmental organizations to provide community mental health services for adults with
SMI and children with SED in accordance with the state’s plan. States have flexibility in the use SMI and children with SED in accordance with the state’s plan. States have flexibility in the use
of MHBGof MHBG funds within the framework of the state plan and federal requirements. While use of funds within the framework of the state plan and federal requirements. While use of
funds is funds is ~~general y~~generally determined by the states, each state must expend at least 10% of its block grant determined by the states, each state must expend at least 10% of its block grant
funds each fiscal year (or at least 20% by the end of the succeeding fiscal year) to support funds each fiscal year (or at least 20% by the end of the succeeding fiscal year) to support
evidence-based programs to address early SMI. Most services are community-based, though evidence-based programs to address early SMI. Most services are community-based, though
schools may be a service location.schools may be a service location.8690 http://www.fema.gov/threat-and-hazard-identification-and-risk-assessment. 87 DHS, FEMA, “Risk Capability Assessment,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/risk-capability-assessment. 88 DHS, FEMA, “Emergency Management Performance Grants Program,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/emergency-management-performance. 89 Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia. See 42 C.F.R. §300x-64(b)(3). 90 For more information on the MHBG, see CRS Report R46426, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Overview of the Agency and Major Programs. Congressional Research Service 22 Federal Support for School Safety and Security
The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) DOJ, OJP, BJA DOJ, OJP, BJA
$ $~~360.1~~381.9 mil ion mil ion
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
The Violence Against Women and Department of The Violence Against Women and Department of
JAG grant recipients JAG grant recipients may use their funding for school may use their funding for school
Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-162), Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-162),
safety initiatives, safety initiatives, but they are not required to do so. but they are not required to do so.
§1111 §1111
The exact amount used for school safety and security The exact amount used for school safety and security
activities is unknown. activities is unknown.
JAG is a formula grant program that provides funding to state, local, and tribal governments for a JAG is a formula grant program that provides funding to state, local, and tribal governments for a
variety of criminal justice initiatives. Grant recipients can use their JAG funds for technical variety of criminal justice initiatives. Grant recipients can use their JAG funds for technical
assistance, training, personnel, equipment, supplies, contractual support, and criminal justice assistance, training, personnel, equipment, supplies, contractual support, and criminal justice
information systems related to JAG’s program purpose areas.information systems related to JAG’s program purpose areas.8791
JAG’s broad program purpose areas are intended to give grantees flexibility in using grant funds JAG’s broad program purpose areas are intended to give grantees flexibility in using grant funds
to address local needs. As such, grant recipients may use their funding for school safety to address local needs. As such, grant recipients may use their funding for school safety
initiatives, but they are not required to do so. According to BJA, states can subaward JAG funds initiatives, but they are not required to do so. According to BJA, states can subaward JAG funds
to public or private schools as long as their intended program to public or private schools as long as their intended program ~~fal s~~falls within one of JAG’s program within one of JAG’s program
purpose areas.purpose areas.8892
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10691, For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10691, The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice
Assistance Grant (JAG) Program.

~~85 Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, the Marshall~~
~~Islands, and Micronesia. See 42 C.F.R. §300x -64(b)(3).~~
~~86 For more information on the MHBG, see CRS Report R46426,~~ ~~Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services~~
~~Adm inistration (SAMHSA): Overview of the Agency and Major Program s~~.
~~87 JAG’s program areas are enumerated at 34 U.S.C. §10152(a)(1).~~
~~88 DOJ, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance,~~ ~~Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant~~
~~(JAG) Program~~ Assistance Grant (JAG) Program. Community Support for School Success Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) ED, OESE Promise Neighborhoods: $85.0 mil ion Ful -Service Community Schools: $75.0 mil ion Authorizing Legislation ESEA, Title IV-F-2, §§4624, 4625 Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives As determined by grantees (states, LEAs, IHEs, Indian tribes, tribal organizations, and nonprofit organizations) who must provide pipeline services, which may include mental health services and supports. The exact amount used for school safety and security activities is unknown. The Community Support for School Success subpart (Title IV-F-2 of the ESEA) authorizes both the Promise Neighborhoods and the Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS) programs. Both programs are designed to provide pipeline services, defined as “a continuum of coordinated supports, services, and opportunities for children from birth through entry into and success in postsecondary education, and career attainment.”93 Pipeline services are designed to address the needs of children and youth in the communities served, and may include services such as family and community engagement and support, workforce readiness activities, and mental health services and supports. 91 JAG’s program areas are enumerated at 34 U.S.C. §10152(a)(1). 92 DOJ, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), updated May 2021, p. 6, https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/, updated May 2021, p. 6, https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/
xyckuh186/files/media/document/jag-faqs.pdfxyckuh186/files/media/document/jag-faqs.pdf. 93 20 U.S.C. §7272(3), P.L. 114-95 §4622(3). .
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Federal Support for School Safety and Security Promise Neighborhoods The Promise Neighborhoods program is designed to provide pipeline services in neighborhoods with high concentrations of low-income individuals and multiple signs of distress (e.g., high rates of poverty, academic failure, and juvenile delinquency), and in schools implementing comprehensive or targeted support and improvement activities under Title I-A. Among other requirements, pipeline services must include strategies to address, through services or programs, mental health services and supports. Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS) The FSCS program provides grants to public elementary and secondary schools to participate in a community-based effort to coordinate and integrate educational, developmental, family, health, and other comprehensive services through community-based organizations and public and private partnerships. Access to such services is provided in schools to students, families, and the community. Similar to Promise Neighborhoods, FSCS must also provide pipeline services, which must include strategies to address mental health services and supports. Each FSCS must have a plan that describes a needs assessment that identifies academic, physical, nonacademic, health, mental health, and other needs of students, families, and community members. Each FSCS must also have a full-time coordinator to coordinate the delivery of pipeline services. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11196, ESEA: The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-Service Community Schools Programs. ~~for School Safety and Security~~

Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Hiring Program
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) DOJ, COPS DOJ, COPS
$156.5 mil ion $156.5 mil ion
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
Authorizing Legislation
COPS hiring grants may be used to hire law COPS hiring grants may be used to hire law
Violent Crime Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of Control and Law Enforcement Act of
enforcement officers enforcement officers to serveto serve as SROs. The exact as SROs. The exact
1994 (P.L. 103-322), as amended, Title I, §10003 1994 (P.L. 103-322), as amended, Title I, §10003
amount used for school safety and security activities is amount used for school safety and security activities is
unknown. unknown.
The COPS hiring program provides grants to state, local, and tribal governments with primary The COPS hiring program provides grants to state, local, and tribal governments with primary
law enforcement responsibilities to hire new or former law enforcement officers for entry-level law enforcement responsibilities to hire new or former law enforcement officers for entry-level
positions (e.g., patrol officers, sheriff’s deputies).positions (e.g., patrol officers, sheriff’s deputies).8994 COPS hiring grants can be used to hire law COPS hiring grants can be used to hire law
enforcement officers to serve as SROs (though there is no data on how frequently COPS grants enforcement officers to serve as SROs (though there is no data on how frequently COPS grants
are used for this purpose). Applicants who want to hire SROs are required to submit a are used for this purpose). Applicants who want to hire SROs are required to submit a
memorandum of understanding between the law enforcement agency and the partner school that memorandum of understanding between the law enforcement agency and the partner school that
outlines the outlines the ~~SRO program’s purpose, partner roles and responsibilities, requirements for~~
~~information sharing, and how the SRO wil be supervised.90~~“roles, responsibilities, and expectations of the individuals and partners involved including SROs, school officials, law enforcement, education departments, students, and parents.”95 The COPS Office also requires SROs The COPS Office also requires SROs
hired with grant funds to hired with grant funds to ~~attend a regional training program.91~~
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10922, Community Oriented Policing Services
complete a 40-hour SRO basic training course from a list of providers approved by the COPS Office.96 94 For more information on the COPS program, see CRS In Focus IF10922, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program. 95 DOJ, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office, School Resource Officer Memorandum of Understanding, p. 1, https://cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/2022ProgramDocs/chp/FY22_SRO_MOU_v1_508.pdf. 96 DOJ, COPS Office, Pre-Award Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for FY 2022 COPS Hiring Program (CHP), p. 7, https://cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/2022ProgramDocs/chp/faq.pdf. Congressional Research Service 24 Federal Support for School Safety and Security For more information, see CRS In Focus IF10922, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program. .
Children’s Mental Health Initiative (CMHI)
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) HHS, SAMHSA HHS, SAMHSA
$125 mil ion $125 mil ion
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
PHSA, §§561-565. PHSA, §§561-565.
CMHI grants support a wide variety of activities, CMHI grants support a wide variety of activities,
including caregiverincluding caregiver and family support, legal advocacy, and family support, legal advocacy,
tutoring and mentoring,tutoring and mentoring, vocational skil svocational skil s training, case training, case
management, medicalmanagement, medical care, diagnostic and therapeutic care, diagnostic and therapeutic
services,services, individual and family therapy, diversionindividual and family therapy, diversion and and
prevention services,prevention services, and special education classes, and special education classes,
among others.among others. Most servicesMost services are community-based, are community-based,
though schools are a common servicethough schools are a common service location. The location. The
SystemsSystems of Care portion of CMHI focuses exclusively of Care portion of CMHI focuses exclusively
on children’son children’s mental health. mental health.
Created in 1992, SAMHSA’s Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children Created in 1992, SAMHSA’s Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children
with Serious Emotional Disturbances Program—known as the Children’s Mental Health Initiative with Serious Emotional Disturbances Program—known as the Children’s Mental Health Initiative
(CMHI)—serves children with SED.(CMHI)—serves children with SED.9297 The program does this by supporting Systems of Care for ~~The program does this by supporting Systems of Care for~~

~~89 For more information on the COPS program, see CRS In Focus IF10922,~~ ~~Community Oriented Policing Services~~
~~(COPS) Program~~ .
~~90 DOJ, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office, Memorandum of Understanding Fact Sheet,~~
~~https://cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/2017AwardDocs/chp/MOU_Fact_Sheet.pdf.~~
~~91 DOJ, COPS Office, 2017 COPS Hiring Program , fact sheet, p. 2, https://cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/2017AwardDocs/chp/~~
~~Pre_Award_Fact_Sheet.pdf.~~
~~92 Children with serious emotional disturbance are defined as “persons [f]rom birth up to age 18, [w]ho currently or at~~
~~any time during the past year, [h]ave had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration~~
~~to meet diagnostic criteria ... [t]hat resulted in functional impairment which substantially interferes with or limits the~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

children with emotional disturbances and their families. Systems of Care is a strategic approach children with emotional disturbances and their families. Systems of Care is a strategic approach
to the delivery of services that incorporates family-driven, strengths-based, and to the delivery of services that incorporates family-driven, strengths-based, and ~~cultural y~~culturally
competent care to meet the physical, competent care to meet the physical, ~~intel ectual~~intellectual, emotional, cultural, and social needs of children , emotional, cultural, and social needs of children
and youth. Systems of Care is designed to promote partnerships across child-serving agencies that and youth. Systems of Care is designed to promote partnerships across child-serving agencies that
care for children with SED. The care for children with SED. The Systems of Care Expansion and Sustainability grants assist states, grants assist states,
local governments, tribes, and territories in their efforts to deliver or facilitate access to local governments, tribes, and territories in their efforts to deliver or facilitate access to
community-based or school-based mental health services. Most services are community-based, community-based or school-based mental health services. Most services are community-based,
though schools are a common location for services.though schools are a common location for services.9398 Since 2018, there has been a 10% set-aside Since 2018, there has been a 10% set-aside
~~for efforts to address youth at high clinical risk for psychosis (known as the prodrome phase).~~
~~Community Support for School Success~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~ED, OESE~~
~~Promise Neighborhoods: $81.0 mil ion~~
~~Ful -Service Community Schools: $30.0 mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~ESEA, Title IV-F-2, §§4624, 4625~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~As determined by grantees (states, LEAs, IHEs, Indian~~
~~tribes, tribal organizations, and nonprofit organizations)~~
~~who must provide pipeline services, which may include~~
~~mental health services and supports. The exact amount~~
~~used for school safety and security activities is~~
~~unknown.~~
~~The Community Support for School Success subpart (Title IV-F-2 of the ESEA) authorizes both~~
~~the Promise Neighborhoods and the Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS) programs. Both~~
~~programs are designed to provide pipeline services, defined as “a continuum of coordinated~~
~~supports, services, and opportunities for children from birth through entry into and success in~~
~~postsecondary education, and career attainment.”94 Pipeline services are designed to address the~~
~~needs of children and youth in the communities served, and may include services such as family~~
~~and community engagement and support, workforce readiness activities, and mental health~~
~~services and supports.~~
~~Promise Neighborhoods~~
~~The Promise Neighborhoods program is designed to provide pipeline services in neighborhoods~~
~~with high concentrations of low-income individuals and multiple signs of distress (e.g., high rates~~
~~of poverty, academic failure, and juvenile delinquency), and in schools implementing~~
~~comprehensive or targeted support and improvement activities under Title I-A. Among other~~
~~requirements, pipeline services must include strategies to address, through services or programs,~~
~~mental health services and supports.~~
~~Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS)~~
~~The FSCS program provides grants to public elementary and secondary schools to participate in a~~
~~community-based effort to coordinate and integrate educational, developmental, family, health,~~

~~child’s role or functioning in family, school, or community activities” according to 58 Federal Register 29422, May 20,~~
~~1993.~~
~~93 HHS, SAMHSA, Center for Mental Health Services,~~ ~~The Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for~~
~~Children with Serious Em otional Disturbances Program~~ ~~, Report to Congress 2016, PEP18-CMHI2016, 2016,~~
~~https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep18-cmhi2016.pdf.~~
~~94 20 U.S.C. §7272(3), P.L. 114-95 §4622(3).~~
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~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~and other comprehensive services through community-based organizations and public and private~~
~~partnerships. Access to such services is provided in schools to students, families, and the~~
~~community. Similar to Promise Neighborhoods, FSCS must also provide pipeline services, which~~
~~must include strategies to address mental health services and supports. FSCS must have a plan~~
~~that describes a needs assessment that identifies academic, physical, nonacademic, health, mental~~
~~health, and other needs of students, families, and community members. Each FSCS must also~~
~~have a full-time coordinator to coordinate the delivery of pipeline services.~~
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11196, ESEA: The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-
Service Community Schools Programs.
~~National Child Traumatic Stress Initiative (NCTSI)~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~HHS, SAMHSA~~
~~$71.9 mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~PHSA, §582~~
~~The NCTSI supports a network of members in~~
~~developing and promoting effective community~~
~~practices for children and adolescents exposed to a~~
~~wide array of traumatic events. Most of the service~~
~~providers are community-based, though many grantees~~
~~partner with local schools and LEAs to train educators~~
~~and staff. Some community treatment grantees also~~
~~provide services in school settings. The exact amount~~
~~used for school-related activities is unknown.~~
for efforts to address youth at high clinical risk for psychosis (known as the prodrome phase). In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded 12 new grants and supported 63 continuation grants and a technical assistance center.99 97 Children with serious emotional disturbance are defined as “persons [f]rom birth up to age 18, [w]ho currently or at any time during the past year, [h]ave had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria ... [t]hat resulted in functional impairment which substantially interferes with or limits the child’s role or functioning in family, school, or community activities” according to 58 Federal Register 29422, May 20, 1993. 98 HHS, SAMHSA, Center for Mental Health Services, The Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbances Program, Report to Congress 2016, PEP18-CMHI2016, 2016, https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep18-cmhi2016.pdf. 99 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2023, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. Congressional Research Service 25 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Education of Homeless Children and Youth Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) ED, OESE, OSHS $114.0 mil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, Title VII-B Title VII-B requires SEAs to provide competitive subgrants to LEAs to facilitate school enrol ment, attendance, and success for homeless children and youth. In certain circumstances, these funds may be used to provide school-based mental health services, violence prevention counseling, or other social services. The exact amount used for school safety and security activities is unknown. Title VII-B of the McKinney-Vento Act authorizes the Education for Homeless Children and Youth program, which is administered by ED and provides funds to SEAs to ensure all homeless children and youth have equal access to public education. Grants made by SEAs to LEAs under this program must be used to facilitate the enrollment, attendance, transportation to school, and success in school of homeless youth. Funds may be used for services such as tutoring; supplemental instruction; specialized instructional support services (including violence prevention counseling); health services and referrals for medical, dental, mental, and other health services; and activities to address the particular needs of homeless children and youth that may arise from domestic violence and parental mental health or substance abuse problems. During school year 2016-2017, more than 1.3 million homeless children and youth were eligible for services. This included more than 118,000 unaccompanied youth. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11152, Federal Support for Runaway and Homeless Youth. National Child Traumatic Stress Initiative (NCTSI) Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) HHS, SAMHSA $81.9 mil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives PHSA, §582 The NCTSI supports a network of members in developing and promoting effective community practices for children and adolescents exposed to a wide array of traumatic events. Most of the service providers are community-based, though many grantees partner with local schools and LEAs to train educators and staff. Some community treatment grantees also provide services in school settings. The exact amount used for school-related activities is unknown. Established in 2000, the NCTSI aims to improve behavioral health services and interventions for Established in 2000, the NCTSI aims to improve behavioral health services and interventions for
children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Through the NCTSI, SAMHSA provides children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Through the NCTSI, SAMHSA provides
grants, education and training, technical support, data collection, evaluation services, and grants, education and training, technical support, data collection, evaluation services, and
information on evidence-based interventions for trauma care for use in mental health clinics, information on evidence-based interventions for trauma care for use in mental health clinics,
schools, or child welfare or juvenile justice settings. schools, or child welfare or juvenile justice settings.
SAMHSA SAMHSA provides funding for a national network of grantees knowns as the National Child provides funding for a national network of grantees knowns as the National Child
Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). Funding supports the NCTSN members in developing and Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). Funding supports the NCTSN members in developing and
promoting effective community practices for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic promoting effective community practices for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic
Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Support for School Safety and Security events. A component of this work has been the development of resources and delivery of training events. A component of this work has been the development of resources and delivery of training
and consultation to support the development of trauma-informed child-serving systems. and consultation to support the development of trauma-informed child-serving systems.
While most of the service providers are community-based, many service center grantees partner While most of the service providers are community-based, many service center grantees partner
with local schools and school systems to provide training to educators and school staff. with local schools and school systems to provide training to educators and school staff.
~~Additional y,~~ Additionally, some community treatment grantees provide services in school settings such as some community treatment grantees provide services in school settings such as
~~school-based mental health programs.95~~

~~95 For a list of grantees and a brief description of grant -funded programs and activities, see HHS, SAMHSA,~~
~~“Individual Grant Awards,” 2016, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2016/SM-16-005.~~
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~~Education of Homeless Children and Youth~~
~~Federal Agency~~
~~Appropriation (FY2021)~~
~~ED, OESE, OSHS~~
~~$106.5 mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives~~
~~McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, Title VII-B~~
~~Title VII-B requires SEAs to provide competitive~~
~~subgrants to LEAs to facilitate school enrol ment,~~
~~attendance, and success for homeless children and~~
~~youth. In certain circumstances, these funds may be~~
~~used to provide school-based mental health services,~~
~~violence prevention counseling, or other social services.~~
~~The exact amount used for school safety and security~~
~~activities is unknown.~~
~~Title VII-B of the McKinney-Vento Act authorizes the Education for Homeless Children and~~
~~Youth program, which is administered by ED and provides funds to SEAs to ensure al homeless~~
~~children and youth have equal access to public education. Grants made by SEAs to LEAs under~~
~~this program must be used to facilitate the enrollment, attendance, transportation to school, and~~
~~success in school of homeless youth. Funds may be used for services such as tutoring;~~
~~supplemental instruction; specialized instructional support services (including violence~~
~~prevention counseling); health services and referrals for medical, dental, mental, and other health~~
~~services; and activities to address the particular needs of homeless children and youth that may~~
~~arise from domestic violence and parental mental health or substance abuse problems. During~~
~~school year 2016-2017, more than 1.3 mil ion homeless children and youth were eligible for~~
~~services. This included more than 118,000 unaccompanied youth.~~
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11152, Federal Support for Runaway and Homeless
Youth.
school-based mental health programs.100 In FY2021, SAMHSA awarded a new cohort of 106 grants (including seven new grants from the COVID Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act and two grants from the American Rescue Plan Act). SAMHSA also supported 34 continuation grants in FY2021.101 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, Part B, State Formula Grants
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) DOJ, OJP, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency DOJ, OJP, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
$ $~~66.5~~70 mil ion mil ion
Prevention (OJJDP) Prevention (OJJDP)
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
Authorizing Legislation
States are authorized to use funding for a variety of States are authorized to use funding for a variety of
The Juvenile Justice The Juvenile Justice ~~and Delinquency Prevention Act~~Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385)
juvenile justice juvenile justice related purposes, somerelated purposes, some of which might of which might
~~(P.L. 93-415), as amended, §§220-223~~
promote school safety and security. The exact amount promote school safety and security. The exact amount
used for school safety and security activities is used for school safety and security activities is
unknown. unknown.
Under this program, the OJJDP makes grants to states that can be used to fund the planning, Under this program, the OJJDP makes grants to states that can be used to fund the planning,
establishment, operation, coordination, and evaluation of juvenile delinquency programs and to establishment, operation, coordination, and evaluation of juvenile delinquency programs and to
improve juvenileimprove juvenile justice systems. State formula grant funds are justice systems. State formula grant funds are ~~al ocated annual y~~allocated annually based on each based on each
~~eligible~~ eligible state’s proportion of people under age 18.102~~state’s proportion of people under age 18.96~~

~~96 T here are four core mandates with which, except for specified exceptions, states must generally comply: states must~~
~~keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilit ies, states cannot detain or confine~~
~~juveniles in facilities in which they would have contact with adult inmates, juveniles cannot be detained or confined in~~
~~any jail or lockup for adults, and states must show that they are working to address racial and et hnic disparities within~~
~~their juvenile justice systems.~~
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Under the program, 75% of the funding a state receives must be used for juvenile justice-related Under the program, 75% of the funding a state receives must be used for juvenile justice-related
programs, which could include school safety and security, such as programs, which could include school safety and security, such as
 comprehensive juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs that meet  comprehensive juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs that meet
the needs of youth through the collaboration of the many local systems before the needs of youth through the collaboration of the many local systems before
which a youth may appear, including schools, courts, law enforcement agencies, which a youth may appear, including schools, courts, law enforcement agencies,
child protection agencies, mental health agencies, welfare services, health care child protection agencies, mental health agencies, welfare services, health care
agencies, and private nonprofit agencies offering youth services; agencies, and private nonprofit agencies offering youth services;
 education programs or supportive services in traditional public schools and  education programs or supportive services in traditional public schools and
detention/corrections education settings to encourage youth to remain in school, detention/corrections education settings to encourage youth to remain in school,
or alternative learning programs; or alternative learning programs;
 mental health services for youth in custody who are in need of such services;  mental health services for youth in custody who are in need of such services;
 programs that assist delinquent and at-risk youth in obtaining a sense of safety  programs that assist delinquent and at-risk youth in obtaining a sense of safety
and structure, belonging and membership, self-worth and social contribution, and structure, belonging and membership, self-worth and social contribution,
100 For a list of grantees and a brief description of grant-funded programs and activities, see HHS, SAMHSA, “Individual Grant Awards,” 2016, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/awards/2016/SM-16-005. 101 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2023, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. 102 There are four core mandates with which, except for specified exceptions, states must generally comply: states must keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilities, states cannot detain or confine juveniles in facilities in which they would have contact with adult inmates, juveniles cannot be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults, and states must show that they are working to address racial and ethnic disparities within their juvenile justice systems. Congressional Research Service 27 Federal Support for School Safety and Security independence and control over one’s life, and closeness in interpersonal independence and control over one’s life, and closeness in interpersonal
relationships; relationships;
 programs, research, or other initiatives primarily to address issues related to  programs, research, or other initiatives primarily to address issues related to
youth gang activity; and youth gang activity; and
 mentoring programs for at-risk youth, youth who have offended, or youth with a  mentoring programs for at-risk youth, youth who have offended, or youth with a
parent or legal guardian who is or was incarcerated. parent or legal guardian who is or was incarcerated.
For more information, see CRS Report R44879, For more information, see CRS Report R44879, Juvenile Justice Funding Trends. .
Prevention and Intervention Programs for Children and Youth Who Are
Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) ED, OESE ED, OESE
$ $ 48.2 mil ion 48.2 mil ion
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
ESEA, Title I-D, §1424 ESEA, Title I-D, §1424
LEAs may use funds for the coordination of health and LEAs may use funds for the coordination of health and
social servicessocial services for eligiblefor eligible youth, if there is a likelihood youth, if there is a likelihood
that the provision of such servicesthat the provision of such services ~~wil increase~~ wil increase the the
probability that they wilprobability that they wil ~~complete~~ complete their education. The their education. The
exact amount used for school safety and security exact amount used for school safety and security
activities is unknown. activities is unknown.
Title I-D of the ESEA authorizes a pair of programs intended to improve education for students Title I-D of the ESEA authorizes a pair of programs intended to improve education for students
who are neglected, delinquent, or at risk of dropping out of school. Subpart 1 authorizes grants who are neglected, delinquent, or at risk of dropping out of school. Subpart 1 authorizes grants
for the education of children and youth in state institutions for the neglected or delinquent, for the education of children and youth in state institutions for the neglected or delinquent,
including community day programs and adult correctional institutions. Under Subpart 2, grants including community day programs and adult correctional institutions. Under Subpart 2, grants
are provided to LEAs with high numbers or percentages of children and youth in are provided to LEAs with high numbers or percentages of children and youth in ~~local y~~locally operated operated
correctional facilities for children and youth, including public and private institutions and correctional facilities for children and youth, including public and private institutions and
community day programs or schools that serve delinquent children and youth. These children and community day programs or schools that serve delinquent children and youth. These children and
youth are then served in accordance with Title I-D provisions, which may include using Title I-D youth are then served in accordance with Title I-D provisions, which may include using Title I-D
funds for the coordination of health and social services, including mental health services, if there funds for the coordination of health and social services, including mental health services, if there
is a likelihoodis a likelihood that the provision of such services that the provision of such services ~~wil~~ will increase the probability that children and increase the probability that children and
youth served youth served ~~wil~~ will complete their education. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Youth Violence~~complete their education.~~
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~~Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, Title V, Incentive Grants for~~
~~Local Delinquency~~ Prevention
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
~~DOJ, OJP, OJJDP~~
~~$15.5~~ (FY2022) HHS, CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and $15.1 mil ion Control, Division of Violence Prevention ~~mil ion~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
Funds for School Safety/Security ~~Initiatives~~
~~Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention~~
~~Grants awarded by states to eligible entities can be~~
~~Programs Act (P.L. 102-586), §5~~
~~used for juvenile justice-related programs that might~~
~~promote school safety and security. The~~ Initiatives Authorizing Legislation CDC Youth Violence Prevention initiatives include Several authorities in PHSA Title III, including §301, grants and cooperative agreements to schools, §391, §392, §393. community organizations, and local health departments to implement youth violence prevention strategies. The exact amount exact amount
used for school safety and security activities is used for school safety and security activities is
~~unknown.~~
~~Under this program, OJJDP is authorized to make grants to states, which are then transmitted to~~
~~units of local government or nonprofits in partnership with units of local government, to support~~
~~delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with, or are at risk for~~
~~contact with, the juvenile justice system. Grants under this program can be used to support,~~
~~among other things, child and adolescent health and mental health services, youth mentoring~~
~~programs, and after-school programs.~~
For more information, see CRS Report R44879, Juvenile Justice Funding Trends.unknown. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, provides research, information, and strategies for Congressional Research Service 28 Federal Support for School Safety and Security preventing bullying and school violence on its Youth Violence website.103 It also supports youth violence prevention related initiatives through cooperative agreements with universities, community organizations, and local health departments implementing youth violence prevention strategies in local communities. Current initiatives include the following:  Preventing Violence Affecting Young Lives (PREVAYL),104  STRYVE: Striving To Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere,105 and  National Centers of Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention (YVPCs).106
Garrett Lee Smith (GLS) Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) HHS, SAMHSA HHS, SAMHSA
$6.5 mil ion $6.5 mil ion
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
PHSA, §520E-2 PHSA, §520E-2
The GLS Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants The GLS Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants
program provides funding to IHEs to prevent suicide. program provides funding to IHEs to prevent suicide.
Grantees can use funds for a variety of activities related Grantees can use funds for a variety of activities related
to suicide prevention, including enhancing behavioral to suicide prevention, including enhancing behavioral
health serviceshealth services on campus. on campus.
The GLS Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants program—authorized by the Garrett Lee The GLS Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants program—authorized by the Garrett Lee
Smith Memorial Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-355)—provides grants to IHEs, including tribal colleges Smith Memorial Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-355)—provides grants to IHEs, including tribal colleges
and universities, to prevent suicide and suicide attempts. The purpose of the program is to and universities, to prevent suicide and suicide attempts. The purpose of the program is to
support comprehensive, collaborative, and evidence-based approaches to (1) enhancing mental support comprehensive, collaborative, and evidence-based approaches to (1) enhancing mental
health services for health services for al all college students, including those at risk for suicide, SMI/SED, and/or college students, including those at risk for suicide, SMI/SED, and/or
substance use disorders; (2) prevent mental and substance use disorders; (3) promote help-seeking substance use disorders; (2) prevent mental and substance use disorders; (3) promote help-seeking
behavior; and (4) improve the identification and treatment of at-risk college students.behavior; and (4) improve the identification and treatment of at-risk college students.~~97 The~~107 As of 2020, the GLS GLS
Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants program has awarded 293 grants to 265 IHEs.Youth Suicide Prevention Campus Grants program has awarded 293 grants to 265 IHEs.98108 In FY2021 In
~~FY2019~~, SAMHSA, SAMHSA awarded awarded 2225 new GLS Campus Grants and supported the new GLS Campus Grants and supported the ~~continuation of~~
41continuation of 38 GLS Campus Grants. GLS Campus Grants.109 103 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, “Youth Violence,” April 14, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/index.html. 104 CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, “Preventing Violence Affecting Young Lives (PREVAYL),” August 19, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevayl.html. 105 CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, “STRYVE: Striving To Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere,” February 25, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/stryve/index.html. 106 CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, “National Centers of Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention (YVPCs),” November 6, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/yvpc/index.html. 107 HHS, SAMHSA,

~~97 HHS, SAMHSA,~~ GLS Campus Suicide Prevention Grant, Funding, Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), December 7, Opportunity Announcement (FOA), December 7,
2020, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant2020, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant -announcements/SM-21-003. -announcements/SM-21-003.
98 108 HHS, HHS, SAMHSA,SAMHSA, FY2021 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/, https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/
default/files/about_us/budget/fy-2021-samhsa-cj.pdfdefault/files/about_us/budget/fy-2021-samhsa-cj.pdf. 109 HHS, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees for FY2023, http://www.hhs.gov/budget. .
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Federal Support for School Safety and Security Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, Title V, Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Federal Agency Appropriation (FY2022) DOJ, OJP, OJJDP $1.5 mil ion Authorizing Legislation Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives The Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385) Grants awarded by states to eligible entities can be used for juvenile justice-related programs that might promote school safety and security. The exact amount used for school safety and security activities is unknown. Under this program, OJJDP is authorized to make grants to states, which are then transmitted to units of local government or nonprofits in partnership with units of local government, to support delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with, or are at risk for contact with, the juvenile justice system. Grants under this program can be used to support, among other things, child and adolescent health and mental health services, youth mentoring programs, and after-school programs. For more information, see CRS Report R44879, Juvenile Justice Funding Trends. ~~for School Safety and Security~~

Alcohol and Drug Abuse ~~Pr evention~~Prevention Grants
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021~~ (FY2022)
ED ED
This program has never received This program has never received an appropriation. an appropriation.
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
HEA, Title I-B, §120(e) HEA, Title I-B, §120(e)
Al All program funds would be used to make grants to program funds would be used to make grants to
IHEs or consortia of IHEs, and enter into contracts IHEs or consortia of IHEs, and enter into contracts
with IHEs, consortia of IHEs, and other organizations to with IHEs, consortia of IHEs, and other organizations to
carry out a range of activities to reduce and eliminate carry out a range of activities to reduce and eliminate
the il egalthe il egal use of drugs and alcohol and the violence use of drugs and alcohol and the violence
associated with such use. associated with such use.
HEA HEA Section 120(e) authorizes the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Grants program. Under Section 120(e) authorizes the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Grants program. Under
the program, ED is authorized to award grants, on a competitive basis, to IHEs or consortia of the program, ED is authorized to award grants, on a competitive basis, to IHEs or consortia of
IHEs, and to enter into contracts with IHEs, consortia of IHEs, or other organizations to “develop, IHEs, and to enter into contracts with IHEs, consortia of IHEs, or other organizations to “develop,
implement, operate, improve, and disseminate programs of prevention and education (including implement, operate, improve, and disseminate programs of prevention and education (including
treatment-referral) to reduce and eliminate the treatment-referral) to reduce and eliminate the ~~il egal~~ illegal use of drugs and alcohol and the violence use of drugs and alcohol and the violence
associated with such use.”associated with such use.”99110 Grants or contracts may also be used to support a higher education Grants or contracts may also be used to support a higher education
center for drug and alcohol abuse prevention to provide training, technical assistance, and other center for drug and alcohol abuse prevention to provide training, technical assistance, and other
services to the higher education community. services to the higher education community.
Appropriations for the program were authorized for FY2009 through FY2014 at “such sums as Appropriations for the program were authorized for FY2009 through FY2014 at “such sums as
may be necessary.”may be necessary.”~~100~~111 The program has never received an appropriation and, thus, has never been The program has never received an appropriation and, thus, has never been
~~implemented.~~
~~Non-grant Programs and Initiatives~~
~~Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)~~implemented. 110 HEA §120(e)(1). 111 Section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act automatically extended the authorization of appropriation for the program for an additional year (through FY2015). Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Non-grant Programs and Initiatives CDC Surveillance and Support
CDC’s Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH) conducts public health CDC’s Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH) conducts public health ~~surveil ance~~surveillance of of
school-aged children through their school-based school-aged children through their school-based ~~surveil ance~~surveillance branch. DASH works with branch. DASH works with
education agencies and youth-serving organizations to promote environments where youth can education agencies and youth-serving organizations to promote environments where youth can
gain fundamental health knowledge and gain fundamental health knowledge and ~~skil s~~skills and establish healthy behaviors. While DASH and establish healthy behaviors. While DASH
focuses on physical health, such as focuses on physical health, such as ~~sexual y~~sexually transmitted infection and HIV prevention, it also transmitted infection and HIV prevention, it also
identifies goals such as “establish[ing] safe environments where students feel connected to school identifies goals such as “establish[ing] safe environments where students feel connected to school
and supportive adults.”and supportive adults.”~~101~~112
DHS Infrastructure Security
Federal Agency
Appropriation ~~(FY2021)~~
(FY2022) DHS, Cybersecurity DHS, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and Infrastructure Security Agency
Activities Activities funded through multiplefunded through multiple DHS entities with no DHS entities with no
(CISA) (CISA)
specific budget line item. specific budget line item.
Authorizing Legislation
Funds for School Safety/Security Initiatives
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act
Activities Activities are funded through multipleare funded through multiple DHS entities DHS entities
of 2018 (P.L. 115-278) of 2018 (P.L. 115-278)
with no specific budget line item. with no specific budget line item. The exact amount used for school safety and security activities is unknown. ~~The exact amount~~

~~99 HEA §120(e)(1).~~
~~100 Section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act automatically extended the authorization of appropriation for~~
~~the program for an additional year (through FY2015).~~
~~101 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), About the Division of Adolescent and School Health,~~
~~CDC/DASH Home, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/about/index.htm.~~
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~~used for school safety and security activities is~~
~~unknown.~~

Critical infrastructure describes the vital physical and cyber systems and assets for which describes the vital physical and cyber systems and assets for which
incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on U.S. physical security, economic incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on U.S. physical security, economic
security, public health, or public safety. DHS qualifies public schools as critical infrastructure by security, public health, or public safety. DHS qualifies public schools as critical infrastructure by
this definition. On November 16, 2018, Congress enacted the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure this definition. On November 16, 2018, Congress enacted the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure
Security Agency Act of 2018, which established CISA. CISA coordinates security and resilience Security Agency Act of 2018, which established CISA. CISA coordinates security and resilience
efforts using partnerships across the private and public sectors, and delivers technical assistance efforts using partnerships across the private and public sectors, and delivers technical assistance
and assessments to federal stakeholders, as and assessments to federal stakeholders, as ~~wel~~ well as to critical infrastructure owners and operators as to critical infrastructure owners and operators
nationwide. Three CISA programs and activities that may assist with public nationwide. Three CISA programs and activities that may assist with public ~~sc hool~~school safety and safety and
security are (1) the Hometown Security Program, (2) Active Shooter Preparedness, and (3) DHS security are (1) the Hometown Security Program, (2) Active Shooter Preparedness, and (3) DHS
Protective Security Advisors.Protective Security Advisors.~~102~~
113 Hometown Security Program
Through the Hometown Security Program, DHS utilizes outreach activities to develop Through the Hometown Security Program, DHS utilizes outreach activities to develop
partnerships between the private and public sectors to mitigate risks and enhance the security and partnerships between the private and public sectors to mitigate risks and enhance the security and
resilience of public sites and events. DHS provides counsel and recommendations about resilience of public sites and events. DHS provides counsel and recommendations about
protective measures that the private and public sectors can implement to protect venues and protective measures that the private and public sectors can implement to protect venues and
facilities, such as public schools.facilities, such as public schools.~~103~~
~~Active Shooter Preparedness~~
114 112 CDC, About the Division of Adolescent and School Health, CDC/DASH Home, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/about/index.htm. 113 DHS, “Critical Infrastructure Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/topic/critical-infrastructure-security. 114 DHS, “Hometown Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/hometown-security. Congressional Research Service 31 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Active Shooter Preparedness Through the Active Shooter Preparedness program, DHS provides products, tools, training, and Through the Active Shooter Preparedness program, DHS provides products, tools, training, and
resources to assist communities to prepare for and respond to an active shooter incident. resources to assist communities to prepare for and respond to an active shooter incident.
Resources are tailored to first responders, human resource or security professionals, private Resources are tailored to first responders, human resource or security professionals, private
citizens, and training participants.citizens, and training participants.~~104~~
115 DHS Protective Security Advisors
DHS’s Office of Infrastructure Protection operates the Protective Security Advisor (PSA) DHS’s Office of Infrastructure Protection operates the Protective Security Advisor (PSA)
program. PSAs are critical infrastructure and vulnerability subject matter experts who coordinate program. PSAs are critical infrastructure and vulnerability subject matter experts who coordinate
and facilitate local activities to advise state, local, and private sector officials. The PSA program’s and facilitate local activities to advise state, local, and private sector officials. The PSA program’s
primary mission is to plan, coordinate, and conduct security risk assessments of primary mission is to plan, coordinate, and conduct security risk assessments of ~~national y~~
nationally significant critical infrastructure. PSAs also provide planning and outreach activities to significant critical infrastructure. PSAs also provide planning and outreach activities to
communities and community services, such as public schools.communities and community services, such as public schools.~~105~~116
Guidance on Mental Health Disclosures for Students
HEA HEA Section 825 requires the Secretary of Education to provide guidance that clarifies the role of Section 825 requires the Secretary of Education to provide guidance that clarifies the role of
IHEs regarding disclosure of education records. This includes the disclosure of education records IHEs regarding disclosure of education records. This includes the disclosure of education records

~~102 DHS, “Critical Infrastructure Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/topic/critical-~~
~~infrastructure-security.~~
~~103 DHS, “Hometown Security,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/hometown-security.~~
~~104 DHS,~~ to a parent or legal guardian of a dependent student “in the event that such student poses a significant risk of harm to himself or herself or to others, including a significant risk of suicide, homicide, or assault.” 115 DHS, “Active Shooter Preparedness,” website, accessed“Active Shooter Preparedness,” website, accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/active-shooter-June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/active-shooter-
preparedness. preparedness.
~~105~~ 116 DHS, DHS, “ “Protective Security Advisors,” website,Protective Security Advisors,” website, ~~accessed~~ accessed June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/protective-security-June 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/protective-security-
advisors. advisors.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

30

~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~to a parent or legal guardian of a dependent student “in the event that such student poses a~~
~~significant risk of harm to himself or herself or to others, including a significant risk of suicide,~~
~~homicide, or assault.”~~

~~Congressional Research Service~~

3132

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Appendix A. Federal School Safety and Security Programs
Table A-1. Federal Grant Programs that Support Safety and Security for Students in K-12 Public Schools and IHEs
(Listed in alphabetical order by agency) (Listed in alphabetical order by agency)
Brief Description of
Program
Authorizing Legislation
U.S. Code
Relevant Uses of Funds
Eligibility
Programs Administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED)
Alcohol Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse
Higher Education Act (HEA), Higher Education Act (HEA),
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §1011i(e) §1011i(e)
Grants and contracts may be Grants and contracts may be
Competitive Competitive grants to grants to
Prevention Grants Prevention Grants
Title I-B, §120(e) Title I-B, §120(e)
used to develop and implement used to develop and implement
institutions of higher education institutions of higher education
programs to reduce and programs to reduce and
(IHEs) and consortia of IHEs (IHEs) and consortia of IHEs
eliminate eliminate il egalil egal drug and drug and
and competitive and competitive contracts to contracts to
alcohol use and the violence alcohol use and the violence
IHEs, consortia of IHEs, and IHEs, consortia of IHEs, and
associated with such use. associated with such use.
other organizations. other organizations.
Community Support for School Community Support for School
Elementary and Secondary Elementary and Secondary
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §§7273-7275 §§7273-7275
Grantees must use funds to Grantees must use funds to
FSCS program: consortiums FSCS program: consortiums of of
Success Success
Education Act (ESEA), Title IV- Education Act (ESEA), Title IV-
provide provide pipeline services, ,
(1) one or more (1) one or more local local
 
F-2, §§4624, 4625 F-2, §§4624, 4625
meaning a continuum of meaning a continuum of
educational agencies (LEAs) or educational agencies (LEAs) or

Ful -Service Ful -Service Community Community
Schools (FSCS) program Schools (FSCS) program
coordinated supports, services, coordinated supports, services,
the Bureau of Indian Education the Bureau of Indian Education
and opportunities for children and opportunities for children
(BIE) and (2) one or more (BIE) and (2) one or more
 
Promise Promise Neighborhoods Neighborhoods
to prepare them for to prepare them for
community-based community-based
program program
postsecondary education or postsecondary education or
organizations, nonprofit organizations, nonprofit
employment. employment. ~~Pipeline~~ Pipeline services services
organizations, or other public organizations, or other public
may include mental health may include mental health
or private entities. or private entities.
services services and supports, and and supports, and
Promise Promise Neighborhoods: IHEs, Neighborhoods: IHEs,
must facilitate the coordination must facilitate the coordination
Indian tribes and tribal Indian tribes and tribal
of the provision of social, of the provision of social,
organizations, or a nonprofit organizations, or a nonprofit
health, and mental health health, and mental health
organization partnered with an organization partnered with an
services services and supports for and supports for
Indian tribe, school district, Indian tribe, school district, or or
children, their families, children, their families, and and
another nonprofit. another nonprofit.
community members. community members.
Education for the Education for the
ESEA, Title I-A, §§1114, 1115 ESEA, Title I-A, §§1114, 1115
20 U.S.C 20 U.S.C . §§6314-6315 §§6314-6315
Title I-A funds can be used by Title I-A funds can be used by
LEAs with relatively LEAs with relatively high high
Disadvantaged: Grants to Local Disadvantaged: Grants to Local
schools operating schoolwide schools operating schoolwide
concentrations of students concentrations of students
Educational Agencies Educational Agencies (Title I-A) (Title I-A)
~~programsa~~ programsa for counseling, for counseling,
from low-income from low-income families. families.
school-based mental health school-based mental health
services,services, and other strategies and other strategies
among numerous possibleamong numerous possible uses uses
CRS- CRS-3233

link to page link to page 4446
Brief Description of
Program
Authorizing Legislation
U.S. Code
Relevant Uses of Funds
Eligibility
of funds. Schools operating of funds. Schools operating
targeted assistance targeted assistance ~~program~~sbprogramsb
may also be able to use funds may also be able to use funds
for health and other social for health and other social
servicesservices if they are not if they are not
otherwiseotherwise available. available.
National Activities National Activities for School for School
ESEA, Title IV-F ESEA, Title IV-F-3, §§4601, , §§4601, ~~4631~~
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §7281(a) §7281(a)
The Secretary of Education can The Secretary of Education can
Eligibility Eligibility varies by individual varies by individual
Safety Safety
4631 use funds for grants, contracts, use funds for grants, contracts,
grant program, but often grant program, but often
 
~~Grants to States for~~
or cooperative agreements or cooperative agreements to to
includes state educational includes state educational
Grants to States for Emergency Management Emergency Management
carry out activities carry out activities to improve to improve
agencies (SEAs), LEAs, agencies (SEAs), LEAs, IHEs, IHEs,
students’ safety and students’ safety and ~~wel~~ well-being. -being.
federal agencies, nonprofit federal agencies, nonprofit
 
Mental Health Service Mental Health Service
organizations, and community- organizations, and community-
Professional Professional
based organizations. based organizations.
Demonstration Demonstration Grants Grants
 
Project Prevent Project Prevent
 
School-Based Mental School-Based Mental
Health ServicesHealth Services Grants Grants
 
School Climate School Climate
Transformation Grants Transformation Grants
Prevention and Intervention Prevention and Intervention
ESEA, Title I-D, §1424 ESEA, Title I-D, §1424
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §§6454, 6302(d) §§6454, 6302(d)
Funds provided to LEAs Funds provided to LEAs may be LEAs with high numbers or may be LEAs with high numbers or
Programs Programs for Children and for Children and
used for the coordination of used for the coordination of
percentages of children and percentages of children and
Youth Who Are Neglected, Youth Who Are Neglected,
health and social services, health and social services,
youth residing youth residing ~~in local y~~ in locally
Delinquent, or At-Risk Delinquent, or At-Risk
including mental health including mental health
operated correctional operated correctional facilities facilities
services, services, if there is a likelihood if there is a likelihood
for children and youth. for children and youth.
that the provision of such that the provision of such
servicesservices ~~wil~~ wil increase the increase the
probability that individuals probability that individuals
served wilserved wil ~~complete~~ complete their their
education. education.
Project School Emergency Project School Emergency
ESEA, Title IV-F ESEA, Title IV-F-3, §§4601, , §§4601, ~~4631~~
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §7281(b) §7281(b)
Project SERV grants are Project SERV grants are
~~States~~LEAs and and ~~LEAs~~IHEs that have that have
Response to Violence (Project Response to Violence (Project
4631 awarded to awarded to ~~states, schools, and~~LEAs and IHEs that
experienced a violent or experienced a violent or
SERV) SERV)
~~LEAs that~~ have experienced a have experienced a
violent or traumatic crisis. traumatic crisis.
~~violent or~~ traumatic crisistraumatic crisis to to
initiate or strengthen violence initiate or strengthen violence
prevention programs and other prevention programs and other
activities CRS-34 ~~CRS-33~~

Brief Description of
Program
Authorizing Legislation
U.S. Code
Relevant Uses of Funds
Eligibility
~~activities~~ designed to restore designed to restore
learning environments learning environments
disrupted by the disrupted by the ~~crisis or~~
crisis or traumatic event. Examples of traumatic event. Examples of
~~al owable services~~ allowable services and activities and activities
related to mental health that related to mental health that
schools and LEAs may use schools and LEAs may use
Project SERV funds toward Project SERV funds toward
include mental health include mental health
assessments,assessments, referrals,referrals, and and
servicesservices related to the related to the
traumatic event for students, traumatic event for students,
faculty, other school personnel, faculty, other school personnel,
and membersand members of their of their
immediateimmediate families;families; and and
overtimeovertime for teachers, for teachers,
counselors,counselors, and other staff. and other staff.
Student Support and Academic Student Support and Academic
ESEA, Title IV-A, §§4104, 4108 ESEA, Title IV-A, §§4104, 4108
20 U.S.C 20 U.S.C . §§7111-7122 §§7111-7122
States may use funds reserved States may use funds reserved
Formula Formula grants to SEAs grants to SEAs ~~and~~are
Enrichment Grants (SSAE) Enrichment Grants (SSAE)
for state activities to support for state activities to support
~~LEAs that qualify for Title I-A~~based on their share of prior
LEAs in implementing LEAs in implementing ~~mental~~
~~funds for serving elementary~~ mental year ESEA Title I-A grants
health awareness training health awareness training
~~and secondary schools with~~provided to SEAs. SEAs make
programs and expanding access programs and expanding access
~~relatively high concentrations~~subgrants to LEAs based on
to or coordinating resources to or coordinating resources
~~of students from low-income~~their share of prior year ESEA
for school-based counseling for school-based counseling
~~families.~~Title I-A grants to LEAs in the
and mental health programs, and mental health programs,
state. among other possible uses of among other possible uses of
funds. LEAs may use the funds funds. LEAs may use the funds
for school-based mental health for school-based mental health
services,services, school-based mental school-based mental
health serviceshealth services partnership partnership
programs,programs, and school and school
counseling, among other counseling, among other
possiblepossible uses of funds. CRS-35 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility ~~uses of funds.~~
Student Safety and Campus Student Safety and Campus
HEA, Title VIII-L, §821 HEA, Title VIII-L, §821
20 U.S.C. 20 U.S.C. §1161l §1161l
Grants may be used to pay for Grants may be used to pay for
Competitive Competitive grants to IHEs and grants to IHEs and
Emergency Management Grants Emergency Management Grants
the federal share of costs for the federal share of costs for
consortia of IHEs. consortia of IHEs.
activities to improve activities to improve safety and emergency ~~safety and~~
~~CRS-34~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
~~emergency~~ communications at communications at
IHEs. IHEs.
Supporting Effective Instruction Supporting Effective Instruction
ESEA, Title II-A, §2103 ESEA, Title II-A, §2103
20 U.S.C 20 U.S.C . §§6611-6614; and §§6611-6614; and
Funds can be used by LEAs to Funds can be used by LEAs to
LEAs LEAs~~, particularly those with~~
§6603(a) §6603(a)
provide in-service provide in-service training for school personnel in forming partnerships between school-based mental health programs and public or private mental health organizations, among other possible uses of funds. ~~training for~~
~~high numbers of low-income~~
~~school personnel in forming~~
~~schools, implementing school~~
~~partnerships between school-~~
~~personnel-related initiatives,~~
~~based mental health programs~~
~~including teacher recruitment,~~
~~and public or private mental~~
~~hiring, and retention; reducing~~
~~health organizations, among~~
~~class sizes; and providing~~
~~other possible uses of funds.~~
~~professional development.~~
Trauma Recovery Trauma Recovery
ESEA, Title IV-A, §4103(a)(3) ESEA, Title IV-A, §4103(a)(3)
20 U.S.C 20 U.S.C . §§7113-7114 §§7113-7114
Grants must support students Grants must support students
Competitive Competitive grants to SEAs, or grants to SEAs, or
Demonstration Demonstration Grants Grants
from low-income from low-income ~~families~~ families who who
SEAs in partnership with SEAs in partnership with
have experienced trauma that have experienced trauma that
nonprofit organizations; IHEs; nonprofit organizations; IHEs;
negatively affects their negatively affects their
or state or local mental health or state or local mental health
educational experience in educational experience in
agencies. agencies.
accessing trauma-specific accessing trauma-specific
mental health services. mental health services.
Programs Administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Emergency Management Emergency Management
The Homeland Security Act The Homeland Security Act
6 U.S.C. §762; 42 U.S.C. §5121; 6 U.S.C. §762; 42 U.S.C. §5121;
Grants can be used to assist in Grants can be used to assist in
Grants are awarded to state, Grants are awarded to state,
Performance Performance Grant Program Grant Program
(P.L. 107-296), as amended; the 42 U. (P.L. 107-296), as amended; the 42 U.~~SC.~~ S.C. §§7701 et seq.; and §§7701 et seq.; and 42 preparing for preparing for al all hazards by hazards by
local, territorial, local, territorial, and tribal and tribal
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Robert T. Stafford Disaster
42 U.S.C.U.S.C. §§4001 et seq. §§4001 et seq.
supporting the development of supporting the development of
governments. governments.
Relief and Emergency Relief and Emergency
emergency emergency preparedness preparedness
Assistance Assistance Act (P.L. 93-288), as Act (P.L. 93-288), as
systems. systems.
amended; the Earthquake amended; the Earthquake
Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 Hazards Reduction Act of 1977
(P.L. 95-124), as amended; and (P.L. 95-124), as amended; and
the National Flood Insurance the National Flood Insurance
Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448), as Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448), as
amended. amended.
CRS-36 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility State Homeland Security Grant State Homeland Security Grant
The Homeland Security Act The Homeland Security Act
6 U.S.C. §605 6 U.S.C. §605
Grants can be used to assist Grants can be used to assist
Grants are awarded to states. Grants are awarded to states.
Program Program
(P.L. 107-296), as amended, (P.L. 107-296), as amended,
state, local, and tribal state, local, and tribal
§2004. §2004.
governments in preparing for, governments in preparing for,
protecting against, and protecting against, and
responding to acts of responding to acts of
terrorism. terrorism.
~~CRS-35~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
Urban Area Security Initiative Urban Area Security Initiative
The Homeland Security Act The Homeland Security Act
6 U.S.C. §604 6 U.S.C. §604
Grants can be used to assist Grants can be used to assist
Grants are awarded to high- Grants are awarded to high-
(P.L. 107-296), as amended, (P.L. 107-296), as amended,
high-risk urban areas in high-risk urban areas in
risk risk urban areas. urban areas.
§2003. §2003.
preventing, preparing for, preventing, preparing for,
protecting against, and protecting against, and
responding to acts of responding to acts of
terrorism. terrorism.

Programs Administered by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
Community Oriented Policing Community Oriented Policing
The Violent Crime The Violent Crime Control and 34 U.S.C.Control and 34 U.S.C. §§10381-10389 and §§10381-10389 and
Grants can be used to hire Grants can be used to hire
Grants can be awarded to Grants can be awarded to
Services Services (COPS) Hiring (COPS) Hiring
Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Law Enforcement Act of 1994
§10261(a)(11) §10261(a)(11)
entry-level entry-level career law career law
state, local, and tribal state, local, and tribal
Program Program
(P.L. 103-322), as amended, (P.L. 103-322), as amended,
enforcement officers enforcement officers to to
governments with primary governments with primary law law
§10003. §10003.
increase increase community policing community policing
enforcement authority. enforcement authority.
capacities and support crime capacities and support crime
prevention efforts. prevention efforts.
Edward Byrne Memorial Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Justice
The Violence Against Women The Violence Against Women
34 U.S.C. 34 U.S.C. §§10151-10158 §§10151-10158
Grants can be used for state Grants can be used for state
Grants are awarded to state, Grants are awarded to state,
Assistance Assistance Grant (JAG) Grant (JAG)
and Department of Justice and Department of Justice
and local initiatives, and local initiatives, technical technical
local, and tribal governments. local, and tribal governments.
Program Program
Reauthorization Act of 2005 Reauthorization Act of 2005
assistance, training, personnel, assistance, training, personnel,
(P.L. 109-162), §1111. (P.L. 109-162), §1111.
equipment, supplies, equipment, supplies,
contractual support, and contractual support, and
criminalcriminal justice information justice information
systemssystems in one or morein one or more of of
eight program purpose areas: eight program purpose areas:
(1) law enforcement programs; (1) law enforcement programs;
(2) prosecution and court (2) prosecution and court
programs; (3) prevention and programs; (3) prevention and
education programs; (4) education programs; (4)
correctionscorrections and community and community
correctionscorrections programs; (5) drug programs; (5) drug
treatment and enforcement treatment and enforcement
CRS-37 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility programs; (6) planning, programs; (6) planning,
evaluation, and technology evaluation, and technology
improvementimprovement programs; (7) programs; (7)
crimecrime victim and witness victim and witness
programs (other than victim programs (other than victim
compensation); and (8) mental compensation); and (8) mental
~~CRS-36~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
health programs and related health programs and related
law enforcementlaw enforcement and and
correctionscorrections programs,programs, including including
behavioral programs and crisis behavioral programs and crisis
intervention teams. intervention teams.
Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Justice and
The Juvenile Justice and The Juvenile Justice and
34 U.S.C. 34 U.S.C. §§11131-11133 and §§11131-11133 and
Grants can be used to fund the Grants can be used to fund the
Grants are awarded to states. Grants are awarded to states.
Delinquency Prevention Act, Delinquency Prevention Act,
Delinquency Prevention Act Delinquency Prevention Act
§11181(a) §11181(a)
planning, establishment, planning, establishment,
Part B, State Formula Grants Part B, State Formula Grants
(P.L. 93-415), as amended, (P.L. 93-415), as amended,
operation, coordination, and operation, coordination, and
§§220-223. §§220-223.
evaluation of projects evaluation of projects that that
improveimprove juvenile delinquency juvenile delinquency
programs and states’ juvenile programs and states’ juvenile
justice systems. justice systems.
Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Justice and
The Juvenile Justice and The Juvenile Justice and
34 U.S.C. 34 U.S.C. §§11311-11313 §§11311-11313
Grants can be used to support Grants can be used to support
Grants are awarded to states, Grants are awarded to states,
Delinquency Prevention Act, Delinquency Prevention Act,
Delinquency Prevention Act Delinquency Prevention Act
delinquency prevention delinquency prevention
and are then and are then ~~al ocated~~allocated to units to units
Title V, Incentive Grants for Title V, Incentive Grants for
(P.L. 93-415), as amended, (P.L. 93-415), as amended,
programs for juveniles programs for juveniles who who
of local government or of local government or
Local Delinquency Prevention Local Delinquency Prevention
§§501-506. §§501-506.
have come into contact with, have come into contact with,
nonprofits in partnership with nonprofits in partnership with
or are at risk or are at risk for contact with, for contact with,
units of local government. units of local government.
the juvenile justice system. the juvenile justice system.
Matching Grant Program for Matching Grant Program for
The Victims of Trafficking and The Victims of Trafficking and
34 U.S.C. 34 U.S.C. §§10551-10556 §§10551-10556
Under this program, the Under this program, the
Grants can be awarded to Grants can be awarded to
School Security School Security
Violence Protection Act of Violence Protection Act of
Bureau of Justice Assistance Bureau of Justice Assistance
state, local, and tribal state, local, and tribal
2000 (P.L. 106-368), §1108(b). 2000 (P.L. 106-368), §1108(b).
(BJA) is authorized to award (BJA) is authorized to award
governments. governments. Grants can be Grants can be
grants for (1) training school grants for (1) training school
subwarded to LEAs, subwarded to LEAs, nonprofit nonprofit
personnel and students to personnel and students to
organizations, or units of local organizations, or units of local
prevent student violence prevent student violence
government or tribal government or tribal
against others and themselves, against others and themselves,
organizations. organizations.
(2) developing and operating (2) developing and operating
anonymous reporting systems anonymous reporting systems
for threats of school violence, for threats of school violence,
(3) developing and operating (3) developing and operating
school threat assessmentschool threat assessment ~~and~~
and CRS-38 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility intervention teams and intervention teams and
specialized training for school specialized training for school
officials in responding to mental officials in responding to mental
health crises; and (4) any other health crises; and (4) any other
measuremeasure that BJA determines that BJA determines
may provide a significant may provide a significant
~~CRS-37~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
~~improvement~~ improvement in training, threat in training, threat
assessmentsassessments and reporting, and and reporting, and
violenceviolence prevention in schools. prevention in schools.
The COPS Office is authorized The COPS Office is authorized
to award grants to state, local, to award grants to state, local,
and tribal governments for: (1) and tribal governments for: (1)
coordination with local law coordination with local law
enforcement; (2) training for enforcement; (2) training for
local law enforcementlocal law enforcement officers officers
to prevent student violence to prevent student violence
against others and themselves; against others and themselves;
(3) metal detectors,(3) metal detectors, locks, locks,
lighting, and other deterrent lighting, and other deterrent
measures;measures; (4) acquiring and (4) acquiring and
~~instal ing~~installing technology for technology for
expedited notification of local expedited notification of local
law enforcementlaw enforcement during an during an
emergency; and (5) any other emergency; and (5) any other
measuremeasure that the COPS Office that the COPS Office
determinesdetermines may provide a may provide a
significant improvementsignificant improvement in in
school security. school security.
Programs Administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Children’s Children’s Mental Health Mental Health
Public Health Service Public Health Service Act Act
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §290ff §290ff
Comprehensive Comprehensive Community Community
Grants are awarded to states, Grants are awarded to states,
Initiative (CMHI) Initiative (CMHI)
(PHSA), §§561-565 (PHSA), §§561-565
Mental Health Services Mental Health Services for for
local governments, local governments, tribes, and tribes, and
Children with Serious Children with Serious
territories territories to assist in their to assist in their
Emotional Disturbance Emotional Disturbance
efforts to deliver efforts to deliver or facilitate or facilitate
(Systems of Care Expansion (Systems of Care Expansion
access to community-based or access to community-based or
and Sustainability Grants) and Sustainability Grants)
school-based mental health school-based mental health
grants support systems of care grants support systems of care
services services to support systemsto support systems of of
for children with serious for children with serious
~~care for children with serious~~
~~emotional disturbances. Funds~~
~~emotional disturbances.~~
~~are used to create~~
CRS-39 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility emotional disturbances. Funds care for children with serious are used to create emotional disturbances. infrastructure and facilitate infrastructure and facilitate
access to community-based or access to community-based or
school-based mental health school-based mental health
services.services. Educational professionals ~~Educational~~
~~CRS-38~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
~~professionals~~ also coordinate also coordinate
with CMHI-funded systems of with CMHI-funded systems of
care for referrals,care for referrals, service service
planning meetings,planning meetings, and and
evaluation of outcomes. evaluation of outcomes.
Community Mental Health Community Mental Health
PHSA, Title XIX-B, Subpart I PHSA, Title XIX-B, Subpart I
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §300x §300x
The MHBG supports The MHBG supports
MHBG funds are distributed to MHBG funds are distributed to
Services Services ~~Block~~ Block Grant (MHBG) Grant (MHBG)
community mental health community mental health
states (including the District states (including the District of of
services services for adults with serious for adults with serious
Columbia and specified Columbia and specified
mental il ness mental il ness and children with and children with
territories) territories) according to a according to a
serious serious ~~emotional~~ emotional disturbance. disturbance.
formula specified in statute. formula specified in statute.
States have flexibility States have flexibility in the use in the use
of MHBG funds within the of MHBG funds within the
frameworkframework of the state plan of the state plan
and federal requirements.and federal requirements. Most Most
servicesservices are community-based, are community-based,
though schools may be a though schools may be a
serviceservice location. location.
Garrett Lee Smith (GLS) Garrett Lee Smith (GLS)
PHSA, §520E-2 PHSA, §520E-2
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §§290bb-36b §§290bb-36b
The GLS Campus Suicide The GLS Campus Suicide
IHEs, including state IHEs, including state
Campus Suicide Prevention Campus Suicide Prevention
Prevention Grant Program Prevention Grant Program
universities, universities, private four-year private four-year
Grants Grants
provides funding to IHEs to provides funding to IHEs to
col eges col eges and universities and universities
prevent suicide. prevent suicide. Grantees can Grantees can
(including those with religious (including those with religious
use funds for a variety of use funds for a variety of
affiliations), community affiliations), community
activities related to suicide activities related to suicide
col eges, col eges, and minority-serving and minority-serving
prevention, including enhancing prevention, including enhancing
institutions. institutions.
behavioral health services behavioral health services on on
campus. campus.
National Child Traumatic National Child Traumatic
PHSA, §582 PHSA, §582
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §290hh-1 §290hh-1
Through the NCTSI, the Through the NCTSI, the
Grants can be awarded to Grants can be awarded to
Stress Stress Initiative (NCTSI) Initiative (NCTSI)
Substance Abuse and Mental Substance Abuse and Mental
public and nonprofit private public and nonprofit private
Health Services Health Services Administration Administration
entities, entities, ~~as wel~~ as well as to Indian as to Indian
(SAMHSA) provides grants, (SAMHSA) provides grants,
tribes and tribal organizations. tribes and tribal organizations.
CRS-40 Brief Description of Program Authorizing Legislation U.S. Code Relevant Uses of Funds Eligibility education and training, education and training,
Priority Priority is given to universities, is given to universities,
technical support, data technical support, data
hospitals, mental health hospitals, mental health
col ection, col ection, evaluation services, evaluation services,
agencies, and other programs agencies, and other programs
and information on evidence- and information on evidence-
that have established clinical that have established clinical
based interventions for trauma based interventions for trauma
expertise expertise and research and research
care for use in child mental care for use in child mental
experience in the field of experience in the field of
~~CRS-39~~

~~Brief Description of~~
~~Program~~
~~Authorizing Legislation~~
~~U.S. Code~~
~~Relevant Uses of Funds~~
~~Eligibility~~
~~health clinics,~~ health clinics, schools, child schools, child
trauma-related mental trauma-related mental
welfare, welfare, or juvenile justice or juvenile justice
disorders. disorders.
settings. settings.
Project Advancing Project Advancing ~~Wel ness~~Wellness
PHSA, §520A PHSA, §520A
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §290bb-32 §290bb-32
Project AWARE is part of Project AWARE is part of
The HHS Secretary may carry The HHS Secretary may carry
and Resiliency and Resiliency in Education in Education
SAMHSA’s SAMHSA’s ~~Priority~~ Priority Mental Mental
out Mental Health PRNS out Mental Health PRNS
(AWARE) (AWARE)
Health Needs of Regional and Health Needs of Regional and
activities, activities, including including al all Project Project
 
National Significance (Mental National Significance (Mental
AWARE programs, AWARE programs, directly or directly or

Project AWARE State Project AWARE State
Grants Grants
Health PRNS). Project AWARE Health PRNS). Project AWARE
through grants, contracts, or through grants, contracts, or
grants fund activities to identify grants fund activities to identify
cooperative agreements cooperative agreements with with
 
Mental Health Awareness Mental Health Awareness
children and youth in need of children and youth in need of
states, political subdivisions of states, political subdivisions of
Training Training
mental health services, mental health services, ~~increase~~
increase states, Indian tribes or tribal states, Indian tribes or tribal
 
Resiliency Resiliency in Communities in Communities
access to mental health access to mental health
organizations, health facilities, organizations, health facilities,
After Stress After Stress and Trauma and Trauma
treatment, and promote treatment, and promote ~~mental~~
mental or programs operated by or in or programs operated by or in
(ReCAST) (ReCAST)
health literacy among teachers health literacy among teachers
accordance with a contract or accordance with a contract or
and school personnel. and school personnel.
grant with the Indian Health grant with the Indian Health
Service,Service, or other public or or other public or
private nonprofit entities. private nonprofit entities.
Youth Prevention and Youth Prevention and
PHSA, §514 (as amended by PHSA, §514 (as amended by
42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. §290bb-7a(c) §290bb-7a(c)
This grant program supports This grant program supports
Grants can be awarded Grants can be awarded
Recovery Recovery
P.L. 115-271 enacted October P.L. 115-271 enacted October
evidence-based substance use evidence-based substance use
competitively competitively to LEAs,to LEAs, SEAs, SEAs,
24, 2018) 24, 2018)
disorder disorder prevention, treatment,prevention, treatment,
IHEs or consortia of IHEs, local IHEs or consortia of IHEs, local
and recoveryand recovery ~~programs~~ programs for for
boards or one-stop operators, boards or one-stop operators,
children, adolescents, children, adolescents, and and
nonprofit organizations, states, nonprofit organizations, states,
young adults. For this program, young adults. For this program,
a political subdivision of a state, a political subdivision of a state,
the HHS Secretary, in the HHS Secretary, in
Indian tribes or tribal Indian tribes or tribal
consultation with ED, is to consultation with ED, is to
organizations, or a high school organizations, or a high school
award competitive award competitive three-year three-year
or dormitory or dormitory serving high serving high
grants to specified eligible grants to specified eligible
school students that receives school students that receives
educational or community- educational or community-
funding from the BIE. funding from the BIE.
based entities. based entities.
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Table prepared by the Congressional Research ServiceResearch Service (CRS) using relevant legislation(CRS) using relevant legislation and materialsand materials prepared by ED, DHS,prepared by ED, DHS, DOJ, and HHS. DOJ, and HHS.
CRS-41 a. Schoolwide programsa. Schoolwide programs ~~are general y~~ are generally authorized under Title I-A if the percentage of low-income students served by a school is 40% or higher. In schools operating authorized under Title I-A if the percentage of low-income students served by a school is 40% or higher. In schools operating
schoolwide schoolwide programs,programs, Title I-A funds may be used to improveTitle I-A funds may be used to improve the academic achievement of the academic achievement of al all students in the school.students in the school.
b. Schools operating targeted assistance programs b. Schools operating targeted assistance programs use Title I-A funds to provide supplemental educational servicesuse Title I-A funds to provide supplemental educational services to students with the greatest academic needs.to students with the greatest academic needs.
CRS- CRS-4042

Federal Support for School Safety and Security

Appendix B. Other Resources on Federal School
Safety and Security
Research and Statistics
Indicators of School Crime and Safety is an annual report produced jointly by the National Center is an annual report produced jointly by the National Center
for Education Statistics (NCES) in the U.S. Department of Education (ED) and the Bureau of for Education Statistics (NCES) in the U.S. Department of Education (ED) and the Bureau of
Justice Statistics (BJS) in the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). This report presents federal data Justice Statistics (BJS) in the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). This report presents federal data
on school crime and student safety based on information drawn from a variety of data sources, on school crime and student safety based on information drawn from a variety of data sources,
including national surveys of students, teachers, and principals conducted by ED, DOJ, and the including national surveys of students, teachers, and principals conducted by ED, DOJ, and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). Topics covered in the report include student and teacher victimization, bullying Services (HHS). Topics covered in the report include student and teacher victimization, bullying
and cyberbullying, school conditions, fights, weapons, student use of drugs and alcohol, student and cyberbullying, school conditions, fights, weapons, student use of drugs and alcohol, student
perceptions of personal safety at school, and safety and security measures implemented by public perceptions of personal safety at school, and safety and security measures implemented by public
schools. schools.
  Indicators of School Crime and Safety (BJS/DOJ and NCES/ED) (BJS/DOJ and NCES/ED)
(https://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/) (https://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/)

Data sources for the report: Data sources for the report:
 School-Associated Violent Deaths  School-Associated Violent Deaths ~~Surveil ance~~Surveillance System (SAVD-SS) System (SAVD-SS)
 National Vital National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) Statistics System (NVSS)
 National Crime Victimization National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Survey (NCVS)
 School Crime Supplement (SCS)  School Crime Supplement (SCS)
 Youth Risk Behavior  Youth Risk Behavior ~~Surveil ance~~Surveillance System (YRBSS) System (YRBSS)
 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS)  Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS)
 National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS)  National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS)
 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS)  School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS)
 Fast Response Survey System (FRSS)  Fast Response Survey System (FRSS)
 Campus Safety and Security Survey  Campus Safety and Security Survey
 EDFacts  EDFacts
 Monitoring the Future Survey  Monitoring the Future Survey
 Studies of Active Shooter Incidents  Studies of Active Shooter Incidents
 School-Associated Violent Deaths  School-Associated Violent Deaths ~~Surveil ance~~Surveillance System (SAVD-SS; CDC/HHS) System (SAVD-SS; CDC/HHS)
(https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/schoolviolence/ (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/schoolviolence/
SAVD.html) SAVD.html)
 Civil  Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC; includes data on school related arrests, Rights Data Collection (CRDC; includes data on school related arrests,
referrals to law enforcement, and bullying and harassment) referrals to law enforcement, and bullying and harassment)
(https://ocrdata.ed.gov)(https://ocrdata.ed.gov)
 National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) Research and Publications  National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) Research and Publications
(https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ntac/research/#section-2) (https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ntac/research/#section-2)
 Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings From  Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings From
the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2017-18 (https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/ the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2017-18 (https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/
2015051.pdf)2015051.pdf)
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Federal Support for School Safety and Security The CDC provides research, information, and strategies for preventing bullying and school violence on their Youth Violence website:  Youth Violence (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/index.html) CDC youth violence related research and materials include the following:  School-Associated Violent Death Study (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/schoolviolence/SAVD.html)  Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/Bullying-Definitions-FINAL-a.pdf) ~~for School Safety and Security~~

Technical Assistance
Technical assistance (TA) centers help state and local agencies, schools, and institutions of higher Technical assistance (TA) centers help state and local agencies, schools, and institutions of higher
education (IHEs) to implement school safety and security programs and practices. TA centers are education (IHEs) to implement school safety and security programs and practices. TA centers are
~~typical y~~typically competitively awarded grants that operate at a regional or national competitively awarded grants that operate at a regional or national level. TA centers may level. TA centers may
also provide information and resources to the general public through their websites.also provide information and resources to the general public through their websites.
Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety (SEL
Center )
The SEL Center provides technical assistance to state educational agencies (SEAs) and local The SEL Center provides technical assistance to state educational agencies (SEAs) and local
educational agencies (LEAs) in the implementing evidence-based social and emotional learning educational agencies (LEAs) in the implementing evidence-based social and emotional learning
programs and practices. The SEL Center provides different levels of TA ranging from the general programs and practices. The SEL Center provides different levels of TA ranging from the general
TA availableTA available through its website to intensive TA provided over extended partnerships with states through its website to intensive TA provided over extended partnerships with states
and LEAs to help build their capacity to integrate social and emotional learning and school safety and LEAs to help build their capacity to integrate social and emotional learning and school safety
strategies into K-12 programming. strategies into K-12 programming.
 Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety  Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety
(https://selcenter.wested.org/) (https://selcenter.wested.org/)
National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE)
NCSSLE offers information and technical assistance to states, LEAs, and schools that receive NCSSLE offers information and technical assistance to states, LEAs, and schools that receive
Title IV-A Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants. NCSSLE also provides Title IV-A Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants. NCSSLE also provides
listings of grants received by each state, as listings of grants received by each state, as ~~wel~~ well as by LEAs within each state, from ED and other as by LEAs within each state, from ED and other
federal agencies to support safe and supportive school-based initiatives. federal agencies to support safe and supportive school-based initiatives.
 National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments  National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments
(https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/) (https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/)
 NCSSLE School Climate Survey Tool  NCSSLE School Climate Survey Tool
(https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/edscls) (https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/edscls)
Congressional Research Service 44 Federal Support for School Safety and Security Technical Assistance (TA) Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and
Supports (PBIS)
The PBIS TA Center provides technical assistance and evaluation tools to SEAs, LEAs, and The PBIS TA Center provides technical assistance and evaluation tools to SEAs, LEAs, and
schools to support their implementation of PBIS. schools to support their implementation of PBIS.
 Positive Behavioral  Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Technical Assistance Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Technical Assistance
Center (https://www.pbis.org/) Center (https://www.pbis.org/)
Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Technical Assistance
(REMS TA) Center
The REMS TA Center builds the “preparedness capacity” of schools, LEAs, institutions of higher The REMS TA Center builds the “preparedness capacity” of schools, LEAs, institutions of higher
education (IHEs), and their community partners and provides information, resources, and services education (IHEs), and their community partners and provides information, resources, and services
in the field of K-12 and higher education emergency operations planning. in the field of K-12 and higher education emergency operations planning.
 REMS TA Center (https://rems.ed.gov)  REMS TA Center (https://rems.ed.gov)
~~Congressional Research Service~~

42

~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

Websites
In addition to grant programs to support school safety and security initiatives, the U.S. In addition to grant programs to support school safety and security initiatives, the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), ED, DOJ, and HHS have compiled resources that Department of Homeland Security (DHS), ED, DOJ, and HHS have compiled resources that
could be helpful to policymakers who want to understand more about these issues, or families, could be helpful to policymakers who want to understand more about these issues, or families,
teachers, school administrators, and law enforcement professionals who want to explore ways to teachers, school administrators, and law enforcement professionals who want to explore ways to
enhance the safety and security of their local schools. enhance the safety and security of their local schools.
 SchoolSafety.gov is a central location for school safety and security materials  SchoolSafety.gov is a central location for school safety and security materials
from DHS, ED, DOJ, and HHS to provide schools and school districts with from DHS, ED, DOJ, and HHS to provide schools and school districts with
actionable recommendations and school safety resources to help them create safe actionable recommendations and school safety resources to help them create safe
and supportive learning environments. SchoolSafety.gov’s resources are and supportive learning environments. SchoolSafety.gov’s resources are
presented in a preparedness continuum, beginning with prevention and presented in a preparedness continuum, beginning with prevention and
progressing through protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. Topics progressing through protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. Topics
covered include bullying/cyberbullying, mental health, school climate, physical covered include bullying/cyberbullying, mental health, school climate, physical
security, school security personnel, emergency planning, threat assessment and security, school security personnel, emergency planning, threat assessment and
reporting, recovery, and training exercises and reporting, recovery, and training exercises and ~~dril s~~drills. .
(https://schoolsafety.gov) (https://schoolsafety.gov)
 The Federal Commission on School Safety provides information on its final  The Federal Commission on School Safety provides information on its final
report and links to federal and state reports on incidents of school violence. report and links to federal and state reports on incidents of school violence.
(https://www.ed.gov/school-safety) (https://www.ed.gov/school-safety)
 The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office  The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Office ~~webpage~~web page provides provides
background information on School Resource Officers (SROs), and important background information on School Resource Officers (SROs), and important
considerations when assigning SROs. (https://cops.usdoj.gov/considerations when assigning SROs. (https://cops.usdoj.gov/
supportingsafeschools) supportingsafeschools)
  Comprehensive Technical Package for the Prevention of Youth Violence and Associated Risk Behaviors (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv-technicalpackage.pdf) (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv-technicalpackage-spanish.pdf)  DOJ’s crimesolutions.gov website provides information on evaluations of school DOJ’s crimesolutions.gov website provides information on evaluations of school
safety programs and practices. Evaluations can be sorted by those DOJ has rated safety programs and practices. Evaluations can be sorted by those DOJ has rated
Congressional Research Service 45 Federal Support for School Safety and Security as effective, those that are “promising,” and those that are ineffective. as effective, those that are “promising,” and those that are ineffective.
(https://crimesolutions.gov) (https://crimesolutions.gov)
 K-12 School Security Guide (2nd Edition) and School Security Survey  K-12 School Security Guide (2nd Edition) and School Security Survey
(https://www.dhs.gov/publication/k-12-school-security-guide) (https://www.dhs.gov/publication/k-12-school-security-guide)
 The National Criminal Justice Reference Service provides a directory of  The National Criminal Justice Reference Service provides a directory of
resources related to school safety, including Q&As on school safety topics, links resources related to school safety, including Q&As on school safety topics, links
to DOJ publications on school safety, and links to other school safety resources. to DOJ publications on school safety, and links to other school safety resources.
(https://www.ncjrs.gov/schoolsafety/additional.html) (https://www.ncjrs.gov/schoolsafety/additional.html)
 National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ’s) Comprehensive School Safety Initiative  National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ’s) Comprehensive School Safety Initiative
(CSSI; NIJ/DOJ) (CSSI; NIJ/DOJ)
(https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/nijs-comprehensive-school-safety-initiative) (https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/nijs-comprehensive-school-safety-initiative)
 What Do Data Reveal About Violence  What Do Data Reveal About Violence in Schools? (NIJ/DOJ) in Schools? (NIJ/DOJ)
(https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/what-do-data-reveal-about-violence-schools) (https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/what-do-data-reveal-about-violence-schools)
 School Safety and Security (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security  School Safety and Security (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security
Agency/DHS) Agency/DHS)
(https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/school-safety-and-security) (https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/school-safety-and-security)
  ~~Safe Youth, Safe Schools (CDC/HHS)~~
StopBullying.gov (https://www. (https://www.~~cdc.gov/features/safeschools/index.html)~~
~~ StopBullying.gov~~
~~(https://www.stopbullying.gov/)~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

43

~~Federal Support for School Safety and Security~~

~~ Suicide Prevention Resource Center: Youth~~
~~(https://www.sprc.org/populations/youth~~stopbullying.gov/)  Suicide Prevention Resource Center: Youth (https://www.sprc.org/populations/youth)  Violence Education Tools Online (VetoViolence) (https://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/main/home) )
 Violence Prevention at Youth.gov  Violence Prevention at Youth.gov
(https://youth.gov/youth-topics/violence-prevention) (https://youth.gov/youth-topics/violence-prevention)

Author Information

Kyrie E. Dragoo, Coordinator Kyrie E. Dragoo, Coordinator
Shawn Reese Shawn Reese
Analyst in Education Policy Analyst in Education Policy
Analyst in Emergency Management and Homeland Analyst in Emergency Management and Homeland

Security Policy Security Policy

Nathan James Nathan James
Alexandra Hegji Alexandra Hegji
Analyst in Crime Policy Analyst in Crime Policy
Analyst in Social Policy Analyst in Social Policy

Johnathan H. Duff Johnathan H. Duff

Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy

Congressional Research Service 46 Federal Support for School Safety and Security

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should ~~n ot~~not be relied upon for purposes other be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
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Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
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