Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

Changes from August 5, 2021 to December 8, 2021

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Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical ~~August 5~~December 8, 2021 , 2021
Information
Carla Y. Davis-Castro
This report provides statistical information on Indigenous peoples in Latin America. Data and This report provides statistical information on Indigenous peoples in Latin America. Data and
Research Librarian Research Librarian
findings vary, sometimes greatly, on all topics covered in this report, including populations and findings vary, sometimes greatly, on all topics covered in this report, including populations and

languages, socioeconomic data, land and natural resources, human rights languages, socioeconomic data, land and natural resources, human rights, and international legal and international legal
conventions. For example the figure below shows four estimates for the Indigenous population of conventions. For example the figure below shows four estimates for the Indigenous population of

Latin America ranging from 41.8 million Latin America ranging from 41.8 million to 53.4 million.to 53.4 million. The statistics vary depending on the The statistics vary depending on the
source methodology, changes in national censuses, the number of countries covered, and the years examined. source methodology, changes in national censuses, the number of countries covered, and the years examined.
Indigenous Population and Percentage of General Population of Latin America Indigenous Population and Percentage of General Population of Latin America

Sources: Graphic created by CRS using the WorldGraphic created by CRS using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July 2021; ECLAC and Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July 2021; ECLAC and
FILAC’sFILAC’s 2020 2020 Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el ~~Desarrollo~~ Desarrol o Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde
una perspectiva territorial;; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentthe International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Worldand World Bank’s (WB) 2015 Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin
America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; and ECLAC’s; and ECLAC’s 2014 2014 Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin America: Progress in
the past decade and remaining ~~challenges~~chal enges. .
Notes: The World The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage covers 14 Latin AmericanBank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage covers 14 Latin American countries. ECLAC and FILAC’scountries. ECLAC and FILAC’s report uses national report uses national
censuses from 17 countries, The Worldcensuses from 17 countries, The World Bank report uses national censuses from 16Bank report uses national censuses from 16 countries to estimatecountries to estimate the population and notes the population and notes
“for countries without census data available for the end of the decade, the Indigenous population was estimated by applying the “for countries without census data available for the end of the decade, the Indigenous population was estimated by applying the
percentage of the last census to the 2010 projection of the national population.” The ECLAC report includes a table titled “Latin percentage of the last census to the 2010 projection of the national population.” The ECLAC report includes a table titled “Latin
AmericaAmerica (17 countries): population of Indigenous peoples according to censuses and estimates,(17 countries): population of Indigenous peoples according to censuses and estimates, around 2010.” The population around 2010.” The population
percentage is based on the total population calculated in each source. percentage is based on the total population calculated in each source.
Definitions of Indigenous peoples also vary. The United Nations and many countries rely on self-identification of Indigenous Definitions of Indigenous peoples also vary. The United Nations and many countries rely on self-identification of Indigenous
peoples. In counting distinct groups, this report uses the term “Indigenous groups” rather than “tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic peoples. In counting distinct groups, this report uses the term “Indigenous groups” rather than “tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic
minority,” or “sociolinguistic group.” minority,” or “sociolinguistic group.”
A compilation of selected informational resources, covering languages; socioeconomics; land, natural resources, and climate A compilation of selected informational resources, covering languages; socioeconomics; land, natural resources, and climate
change; international organizations; and human rights, is available in the appendix as well as a list of national agencies that change; international organizations; and human rights, is available in the appendix as well as a list of national agencies that
oversee Indigenous affairs in each Central American or South American country. oversee Indigenous affairs in each Central American or South American country.

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Introduction
Congress has long been interested in the status of Indigenous peoples abroad. In 1992, the 102nd Congress has long been interested in the status of Indigenous peoples abroad. In 1992, the 102nd
Congress enacted H.R. 5368 (P.L. 102-391) requiring the State Department’s annual human rights Congress enacted H.R. 5368 (P.L. 102-391) requiring the State Department’s annual human rights
report to “describe the extent to which Indigenous people are able to participate in decisions report to “describe the extent to which Indigenous people are able to participate in decisions
affecting their lands, cultures, traditions and the affecting their lands, cultures, traditions and the ~~allocation~~al ocation of natural resources, and assess the of natural resources, and assess the
extent of protection of their civil and political rights.” Issues relating to Indigenous peoples extent of protection of their civil and political rights.” Issues relating to Indigenous peoples
abroad abroad ~~periodically~~periodical y have been considered in hearings focused on such topics as environmental have been considered in hearings focused on such topics as environmental
protection, energy opportunities, and human rights.1protection, energy opportunities, and human rights.1
This report provides statistical information on Indigenous peoples in Latin America, including This report provides statistical information on Indigenous peoples in Latin America, including
populations and languages, socioeconomic data, land and natural resources, human rights, and populations and languages, socioeconomic data, land and natural resources, human rights, and
international legal conventions. A compilation of informational resources on languages; international legal conventions. A compilation of informational resources on languages;
socioeconomics; land and resources; international organizations; and human rights are available socioeconomics; land and resources; international organizations; and human rights are available
iin Appendix A. NationalNational agencies that oversee Indigenous affairs in each country are listed in agencies that oversee Indigenous affairs in each country are listed in
Table B-1.
Terms
Definitions of Indigenous peoples vary. The United Nations (U.N.) has not adopted an official Definitions of Indigenous peoples vary. The United Nations (U.N.) has not adopted an official
definition, but instead relies on self-identification to categorize Indigenous populations around the definition, but instead relies on self-identification to categorize Indigenous populations around the
world; many countries do the same. However, the U.N. web page dedicated to Indigenous peoples world; many countries do the same. However, the U.N. web page dedicated to Indigenous peoples
does state “Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of does state “Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of
relating to people and the environment. They have retained social, cultural, economic and relating to people and the environment. They have retained social, cultural, economic and
political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live.”2 political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live.”2
The annex of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states “Indigenous The annex of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states “Indigenous
peoples have suffered from historic injustices as a result of, peoples have suffered from historic injustices as a result of, inter alia, their colonization and , their colonization and
dispossession of their lands, territories and resources.” dispossession of their lands, territories and resources.”
The Organization of American States’ (OAS) American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous The Organization of American States’ (OAS) American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples repeats the U.N. Declaration language and adds “Indigenous peoples are original, diverse Peoples repeats the U.N. Declaration language and adds “Indigenous peoples are original, diverse
societies with their own identities that constitute an integral part of the Americas.” According to societies with their own identities that constitute an integral part of the Americas.” According to
OAS estimates, more than 50 OAS estimates, more than 50 ~~million~~mil ion people of Indigenous descent live in the Western people of Indigenous descent live in the Western
hemisphere. This report examines those living in Latin America. hemisphere. This report examines those living in Latin America.
According to the According to the Manual for National Human Rights Institutions that accompanied the U.N. that accompanied the U.N.
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, “Indigenous peoples have argued against the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, “Indigenous peoples have argued against the
adoption of a formal definition at the international level, stressing the need for flexibility and for adoption of a formal definition at the international level, stressing the need for flexibility and for
respecting the desire and the right of each Indigenous people to define themselves.… As a respecting the desire and the right of each Indigenous people to define themselves.… As a

1 For example: U.S.1 For example: U.S. Congress,Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace
Corps, Narcotics and Corps, Narcotics and ~~Terrorism,~~ ~~Environmental~~T errorism, Environm ental Protection in an Era of ~~Dramatic Economic~~Dram atic Econom ic Growth in Latin ~~America~~Am erica , ,
106th Cong., 2nd sess.,106th Cong., 2nd sess., July 25, 2000 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2000); U.S. Congress,July 25, 2000 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2000); U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign House Committee on Foreign
Affairs, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Affairs, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Energy Opportunities in South ~~America~~Am erica, 115th Cong., 1st sess.,115th Cong., 1st sess., May May
17, 2017 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2017); U.S. Congress, 17, 2017 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2017); U.S. Congress, ~~Tom~~T om Lantos Commission on Human Rights, Lantos Commission on Human Rights, The Rights of
Indigenous Peoples in the ~~Americas~~Am ericas, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 20, 2020 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2020)., 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 20, 2020 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2020).
2 U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Indigenous Peoples at the UN,” at 2 U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Indigenous Peoples at the UN,” at
https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/abouthttps://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/about -us.html. -us.html.
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consequence, no formal definition has been adopted in international law. A strict definition is seen consequence, no formal definition has been adopted in international law. A strict definition is seen
as unnecessary and undesirable.”3 as unnecessary and undesirable.”3
In counting distinct groups, this CRS report uses the term “Indigenous groups” rather than In counting distinct groups, this CRS report uses the term “Indigenous groups” rather than
“tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic minority,” or “sociolinguistic group.” “tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic minority,” or “sociolinguistic group.”
A 2019 United Nations report notes “the persistent invisibility of Indigenous peoples” and “the A 2019 United Nations report notes “the persistent invisibility of Indigenous peoples” and “the
need for disaggregated data” to address data limitations regarding Indigenous people around the need for disaggregated data” to address data limitations regarding Indigenous people around the
globe. However, the report notes progress in Latin America:globe. However, the report notes progress in Latin America: “only two censuses included self-“only two censuses included self-
identification criteria in the 1990 round, but by the 2010 round such criteria were present in 21 of identification criteria in the 1990 round, but by the 2010 round such criteria were present in 21 of
them.”4them.”4
Despite some advances in data collection, the sources cited in this report contain data limitations, Despite some advances in data collection, the sources cited in this report contain data limitations,
which are discussed iwhich are discussed in Appendix A. The countries listed in each table or graph of this report may The countries listed in each table or graph of this report may
differ from others in this report based on the information available in the sources. differ from others in this report based on the information available in the sources.
Population Data
There are various sources and methodologies for estimating the population of Indigenous peoples There are various sources and methodologies for estimating the population of Indigenous peoples
in Latin America, including official sources based on national censuses and household surveys, in Latin America, including official sources based on national censuses and household surveys,
and other kinds of estimates such as population projections or data from non-governmental and other kinds of estimates such as population projections or data from non-governmental
sources. Latin America is home to an estimated 41sources. Latin America is home to an estimated 41 ~~million to 53 million~~ .8 mil ion to 53.4 mil ion Indigenous people Indigenous people
according to several resources published in the last seven years.5 A 2015 World Bank report according to several resources published in the last seven years.5 A 2015 World Bank report
acknowledges the gap that may exist between official and unofficial data:acknowledges the gap that may exist between official and unofficial data: “official data on “official data on
Indigenous people are not conclusive, as many technical and sociological difficulties persist in Indigenous people are not conclusive, as many technical and sociological difficulties persist in
census data collection. Other sources based on estimates and unofficial data refer to 50 census data collection. Other sources based on estimates and unofficial data refer to 50 ~~million~~mil ion
Indigenous inhabitants in Latin America (about 10 percent of the total population). For this Indigenous inhabitants in Latin America (about 10 percent of the total population). For this World Bank report, report,
however, we however, we ~~will~~ wil refer to the official—albeit imperfect—numbers provided by the refer to the official—albeit imperfect—numbers provided by the national national
censuses [41.81 censuses [41.81 ~~million~~mil ion].”].”6
Census projections forecast Indigenous population increases in many countries in part due to Census projections forecast Indigenous population increases in many countries in part due to
populations that are younger on average than non-Indigenous populations and in part due to an populations that are younger on average than non-Indigenous populations and in part due to an
increase in self-identification.7 When the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin increase in self-identification.7 When the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) published a report with the Development Fund for the America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) published a report with the Development Fund for the

3 United Nations, 3 United Nations, ~~The~~T he United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human for National Human
Rights Institutions, HR/PUB/13/2, 2013, at Rights Institutions, HR/PUB/13/2, 2013, at
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdfhttps://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf . For more information about the . For more information about the
United Nations, the International Labor Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization, see CRS United Nations, the International Labor Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization, see CRS
Report R43614, Membership in the United Nations and Its SpecializedReport R43614, Membership in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies, by LuisaAgencies, by Luisa Blanchfield and Marjorie Blanchfield and Marjorie
Ann Browne. Ann Browne.
4 United Nations, 4 United Nations, The state of the world´s Indigenous people: Implementing the United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 4th ~~volume~~volum e, ST, ST /ESA/371, 2019, at https://social.un.org/unpfii/sowip-vol4-web.pdf. /ESA/371, 2019, at https://social.un.org/unpfii/sowip-vol4-web.pdf.
5 In this report, Latin America includes Mexico, the land mass of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, 5 In this report, Latin America includes Mexico, the land mass of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua,Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama), and the land mass of South America (Colombia, Venezuela,Costa Rica and Panama), and the land mass of South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Guyana,
Suriname,Suriname, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay).and Uruguay). ~~The~~ T he exception is French Guiana, exception is French Guiana,
which iswhich is an overseas department of France and is not includedan overseas department of France and is not included in this report.in this report.
6 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 6 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First
Century: the First Decade, 2015, at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/02/, 2015, at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/02/~~24863854~~2 4863854/Indigenous-latin-/Indigenous-latin-
america-twenty-first-century-first-decade, p. 24. Hereinafter: World Bank, 2015. america-twenty-first-century-first-decade, p. 24. Hereinafter: World Bank, 2015.
7 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 7 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin
~~America~~Am erica: Progress in the past decade and ~~remaining~~rem aining challenges, November 2014, p. 40, at , November 2014, p. 40, at
https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37051/4/S1420782_en.pdfhttps://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37051/4/S1420782_en.pdf . Hereinafter: ECLAC, 2014. . Hereinafter: ECLAC, 2014.
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Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish acronym FILAC) in 2020, the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish acronym FILAC) in 2020, the
censuses reported over 53 censuses reported over 53 ~~million~~mil ion Indigenous people or 9.8% of the region’s total.8 Indigenous people or 9.8% of the region’s total.8
Figure 1 ~~illustrates~~il ustrates the total number of Indigenous people and their share of the total population the total number of Indigenous people and their share of the total population
according to four sources: a 2014 ECLAC report (with population data from 2010), a 2015 World according to four sources: a 2014 ECLAC report (with population data from 2010), a 2015 World
Bank Report (with population data from 2010), a 2020 ECLAC and FILAC report using census Bank Report (with population data from 2010), a 2020 ECLAC and FILAC report using census
data from 2005-2018, and the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with data last updated in 2021 also data from 2005-2018, and the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with data last updated in 2021 also
using census data from 2005-2018. using census data from 2005-2018.
Figure 1. Indigenous Population and Percentage of General Population of Latin
America

Sources: Graphic created by CRS using the WorldGraphic created by CRS using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July
2021; ECLAC and FILAC’s2021; ECLAC and FILAC’s 2020 2020 Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el
~~Desarrollo~~ el Desarrol o Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial; the International Bank for Reconstruction the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Developmentand Development and World Bank’s (WB) 2015 and World Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade;
and ECLAC’sand ECLAC’s 2014 2014 Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin America: Progress in the past decade and remaining
~~challenges~~chal enges. .
Notes: The World The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage covered 14 Latin AmericanBank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage covered 14 Latin American countries. ECLAC and FILAC’s countries. ECLAC and FILAC’s
report used national censuses from 17 countries, The Worldreport used national censuses from 17 countries, The World Bank report used national censuses from 16 Bank report used national censuses from 16
countries to estimatecountries to estimate the population and notes “for countries without census data available for the end of the the population and notes “for countries without census data available for the end of the
decade, the Indigenous population was estimated by applying the percentage of the last census to the 2010 decade, the Indigenous population was estimated by applying the percentage of the last census to the 2010
projection of the national population. The ECLAC report included a table titled “Latin Americaprojection of the national population. The ECLAC report included a table titled “Latin America (17 countries): (17 countries):
population of Indigenous peoplespopulation of Indigenous peoples according to censuses and estimates,according to censuses and estimates, around 2010.” The population percentage around 2010.” The population percentage
is based on the total population calculated in each source. is based on the total population calculated in each source.
Table 1 shows a breakdown by country of Indigenous populations and their share of the shows a breakdown by country of Indigenous populations and their share of the ~~overall~~
overal population. CRS created the following tables from several sources; publication dates and population. CRS created the following tables from several sources; publication dates and
methodologies differed. The countries listed in each table may differ from other tables in this methodologies differed. The countries listed in each table may differ from other tables in this
report, based on the information available in the sources. report, based on the information available in the sources.

8 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean8 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Development Fund for the Indigenous Peoples and the Development Fund for the Indigenous Peoples
of Latin America and the Caribbeanof Latin America and the Caribbean (Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas(Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y el de América Latina y el
Caribe), Caribe), Los pueblos indígenas de ~~América~~Am érica Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible:
tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial,, 2020, at2020, at https://www.filac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Los-https://www.filac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Los-
Pueblos-Indigenas-de-America-lLatina-y-la-Agenda-2030-para-el-Desarrollo-SostenibleAutosaved.pdf. Hereinafter Pueblos-Indigenas-de-America-lLatina-y-la-Agenda-2030-para-el-Desarrollo-SostenibleAutosaved.pdf. Hereinafter
ECLACECLAC and FILAC, 2020. and FILAC, 2020.
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Table 1. Indigenous Populations and Percentages of General Population in Latin
America by Country
ECLAC &
FILAC LAC Equity
~~FILAC 2020:~~
~~Lab 2021:~~Lab
ECLAC 2014:
WB 2015:
2020: Indigenous
2021: Indigenous
~~Country~~Indigenous
Indigenous
~~Indigenous~~Population with
Population with Country
~~Population~~
Population
Population with 2005-2018 data 2005-2018 data around 2010 (% 2010 estimate
~~with 2005-~~
~~with 2005-~~
~~around 2010~~
~~with 2010~~
~~2018 data (%~~
~~2018 data~~ (%
(% of general
~~estimate (% of~~
of (% of general
of general
~~pop.~~pop.)a
of general pop.)b
pop..)c
pop..)d
955,032 955,032
955,032 955,032
955,032 955,032
926,003 926,003
Argentina
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.3%) (2.3%)
6,216,026 6,216,026
4,115,226 4,115,226
4,176,647 4,176,647
N/A N/A
Bolivia
(62.2%) (62.2%)
(41%) (41%)
(41.5%) (41.5%)
896,917 896,917
817,963 817,963
896,917 896,917
821,629 821,629
Brazil
(0.5%) (0.5%)
(0.5%) (0.5%)
(0.5%) (0.5%)
(0.4%) (0.4%)
1,805,243 1,805,243
788,935 788,935
2,175,873 2,175,873
N/A N/A
Chile
(11%) (11%)
(4.6%) (4.6%)
(12.4%) (12.4%)
1,559,852 1,559,852
1,532,678 1,532,678
1,905,617 1,905,617
1,905,617 1,905,617
Colombia
(3.4%) (3.4%)
(3.3%) (3.3%)
(4.4%) (4.4%)
(4.3%) (4.3%)
104,143 104,143
104,143 104,143
104,143 104,143
101,870 101,870
Costa Rica
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
1,018,176 1,018,176
1,018,176 1,018,176
1,018,176 1,018,176
1,020,330 1,020,330
Ecuador
(7%) (7%)
(7%) (7%)
(7%) (7%)
(7%) (7%)
14,408 14,408
14,865 14,865
13,310 13,310
13,730 13,730
El Salvador
(0.2%) (0.2%)
(0.2%) (0.2%)
(0.2%) (0.2%)
(0.2%) (0.2%)
5,881,009 5,881,009
5,880,046 5,880,046
6,491,199 6,491,199
6,481,762 6,481,762
Guatemala
(41%) (41%)
(41%) (41%)
(43.6%) (43.6%)
(43.6%) (43.6%)
536,541 536,541
548,727 548,727
646,244 646,244
601,823 601,823
Honduras
(7%) (7%)
(7.2%) (7.2%)
(7.8%) (7.8%)
(7.2%) (7.2%)
16,933,283 16,933,283
16,836,877 16,836,877
25,694,928 25,694,928
27,526,158 27,526,158
Mexico
(15.1%) (15.1%)
(15%) (15%)
(21.5%) (21.5%)
(23%) (23%)
518,104 518,104
349,333 349,333
321,753 321,753
187,840 187,840
Nicaragua
(8.9%) (8.9%)
(6%) (6%)
(6.3%) (6.3%)
(3.6%) (3.6%)
417,559 417,559
417,559 417,559
417,559 417,559
416,080 416,080
Panama
(12.3%) (12.3%)
(12.2%) (12.2%)
(12.3%) (12.3%)
(12.2%) (12.2%)
112,848 112,848
112,848 112,848
117,150 117,150
N/A N/A
Paraguay
(1.8%) (1.8%)
(1.7%) (1.7%)
(1.8%) (1.8%)
7,021,271 7,021,271
7,596,039 7,596,039
7,628,308 7,628,308
6,383,284 6,383,284
Peru
(24%) (24%)
(26%) (26%)
(26%) (26%)
(24.8%) (24.8%)
76,452 76,452
76,452 76,452
158,560 158,560
Uruguay
N/A N/A
(2.4%) (2.4%)
(2.4%) (2.4%)
~~(4.8%)~~
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~~ECLAC &~~
~~LAC Equity~~
~~FILAC 2020:~~
~~Lab 2021:~~
~~ECLAC 2014:~~
~~WB 2015:~~
~~Indigenous~~
~~Indigenous~~
~~Country~~
~~Indigenous~~
~~Indigenous~~
~~Population~~
~~Population~~
~~Population~~
~~Population~~
~~with 2005-~~
~~with 2005-~~
~~around 2010~~
~~with 2010~~
~~2018 data (%~~
~~2018 data (%~~
~~(% of general~~
~~estimate (% of~~
~~of general~~
~~of general~~
~~pop.)a~~
~~general pop.)b~~
~~pop.)c~~
~~pop.)d~~
(4.8%) 724,592724,592
724,592 724,592
724,592 724,592
724,592 724,592
Venezuela
(2.7%) (2.7%)
(2.8%) (2.8%)
(2.7%) (2.7%)
(2.7%) (2.7%)
~~44,791,456~~
TOTAL e 44,791,456 (8.3%) 41,813,039
(7.8%) 53,363,900 (9.8%)
47,269,278
TOTALe
~~(8.3%)~~
~~(7.8%)~~
~~(9.8%)~~
~~(9.2%)~~
~~Sources:~~ ~~Compiled~~ (9.2%) Congressional Research Service 4 link to page 9 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Sources: Compiled by CRS using the fol owing sources:by CRS using the fol owing sources: ECLAC’sECLAC’s 2014 2014 Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in
Latin America: Progress in the past decade and remaining ~~challenges~~ chal enges; the World; the World Bank Group’s (WB) 2015 Bank Group’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous
Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; ECLAC and FILAC’s; ECLAC and FILAC’s 2020 2020 Los pueblos indígenas de América
Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para ~~el Desarrollo~~ el Desarrol o Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial;
andand the Worldthe World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July 2021Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July 2021. .
Notes:
a. ECLAC’s 2014 report covered 17 countries in Latin Americaa. ECLAC’s 2014 report covered 17 countries in Latin America with population figures “according to censuses with population figures “according to censuses
and estimates, and estimates, around 2010.” around 2010.”
b. The World b. The World Bank’s 2015 report covered 16 countries in Latin AmericaBank’s 2015 report covered 16 countries in Latin America and the estimated population figures and the estimated population figures
vary by country from 2001 to 2012 with some vary by country from 2001 to 2012 with some ~~projections~~ projections for 2010. for 2010.
c. The World c. The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage provided data on 14 countries in Latin AmericaBank’s LAC Equity Lab webpage provided data on 14 countries in Latin America with the latest with the latest
population figures reported by each country varying from 2005-2018. population figures reported by each country varying from 2005-2018.
d. ECLAC and FILAC’s d. ECLAC and FILAC’s 2020 report covered 17 countries in Latin American with “the population2020 report covered 17 countries in Latin American with “the population of self-of self-
identified Indigenous population according to the most recent census,” which varies identified Indigenous population according to the most recent census,” which varies by country fromby country from 2005 ~~2005~~--
2018. 2018.
e. The population percentage is based on the total population calculated in each source. e. The population percentage is based on the total population calculated in each source.
Figure 2 ~~illustrates~~il ustrates the range of estimates regarding the Indigenous population as a percentage of the range of estimates regarding the Indigenous population as a percentage of
the general population in each country. Bolivia’s steep decrease in the Indigenous population the general population in each country. Bolivia’s steep decrease in the Indigenous population
reflects “reasons that probably have more to do with discrepancies in how the data were collected reflects “reasons that probably have more to do with discrepancies in how the data were collected
between the last two censuses than with a real trend to negative growth,” according to the World between the last two censuses than with a real trend to negative growth,” according to the World
Bank.9 More Bank.9 More ~~generally~~general y, differences in data collection between censuses and across countries make , differences in data collection between censuses and across countries make
it difficult to estimate population changes. it difficult to estimate population changes.

~~9 World Bank, 2015, p. 10.~~
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~~Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information~~

Figure 2. Indigenous Population in Latin America as Percentage of General
Population by Country

Sources: Graphic created by CRS using the WorldGraphic created by CRS using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July
2021, ECLAC and FILAC’s2021, ECLAC and FILAC’s 2020 2020 Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el
~~Desarrollo~~ 9 World Bank, 2015, p. 10. Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 26 link to page 11 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Desarrol o Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial; the International Bank for Reconstruction the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Developmentand Development and World Bank’s (WB) 2015 and World Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade;
and ECLAC’sand ECLAC’s 2014 2014 Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin America: Progress in the past decade and remaining
~~challenges~~chal enges.
Note: The sources note that figures are based on national censuses. The sources note that figures are based on national censuses. For moreFor more details seedetails see Appendix A.
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A.
Indigenous Groups and Languages
Following the International Year of Indigenous Languages in 2019, the United Nations declared Following the International Year of Indigenous Languages in 2019, the United Nations declared
2022-2032 the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.10 Experts 2022-2032 the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.10 Experts ~~found~~observed that that 4four in 10 in 10
Indigenous languages around the world are in danger of disappearing yet figures on Indigenous Indigenous languages around the world are in danger of disappearing yet figures on Indigenous
groups and languages vary among sources.11 groups and languages vary among sources.11
Data on Indigenous ethnic groups
“As for the number and distribution of ethnic groups, the issue “As for the number and distribution of ethnic groups, the issue is even moreis even more problematic and the regional problematic and the regional
censuses might not be the best source,censuses might not be the best source, because ethnic frontiersbecause ethnic frontiers rarely match national borders and no country rarely match national borders and no country
keeps track of cross-borderkeeps track of cross-border populations. Also,populations. Also, different ethnic groups sometimesdifferent ethnic groups sometimes receive…receive… names given to names given to
severalseveral unconnected peoples….unconnected peoples…. On the other hand, a singleOn the other hand, a single group or linguistic familygroup or linguistic family might receivemight receive different different
names in different countries....” names in different countries....”
-- World-- World Bank’s Bank’s Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade12
Figure 3 shows the total number of Indigenous groups in Latin America as identified by three shows the total number of Indigenous groups in Latin America as identified by three
sources. A 2009 UNICEF report identified a total of 655 Indigenous groups in 20 countries in sources. A 2009 UNICEF report identified a total of 655 Indigenous groups in 20 countries in
Latin America.13 The 2014 ECLAC report cites 826 Indigenous groups in Latin America although Latin America.13 The 2014 ECLAC report cites 826 Indigenous groups in Latin America although
it does not provide a country breakdown.14 Of these 826, about 200 Indigenous groups live in it does not provide a country breakdown.14 Of these 826, about 200 Indigenous groups live in
voluntary isolation, which is defined by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights as voluntary isolation, which is defined by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights as
groups that “do not maintain sustained contacts with the majority non-Indigenous population.”15 groups that “do not maintain sustained contacts with the majority non-Indigenous population.”15
The World Bank’s 2015 report identifies 774 Indigenous groups in 20 countries Latin America.16 The World Bank’s 2015 report identifies 774 Indigenous groups in 20 countries Latin America.16
The report adds “the total number of Indigenous peoples is not conclusive or fixed; rather, it The report adds “the total number of Indigenous peoples is not conclusive or fixed; rather, it
needs to be understood as a variable figure that is needs to be understood as a variable figure that is ~~continually~~continual y changing as a result of new forms changing as a result of new forms
of indigenization, ethno-genesis, and legal recognition.”17 of indigenization, ethno-genesis, and legal recognition.”17

10 United Nations, “General Assembly10 United Nations, “General Assembly Adopts 60 Adopts 60 ~~Third~~T hird Committee Resolutions, Proclaims International Decade of Committee Resolutions, Proclaims International Decade of
IndigenousIndigenous Languages,Languages, Covering Broad Covering Broad ~~Themes~~T hemes of Social of Social Equality,” press release GA/12231, December 18, 2019, at Equality,” press release GA/12231, December 18, 2019, at
https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12231.doc.htmhttps://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12231.doc.htm
11 United Nations News, 11 United Nations News, “ “Four in 10 IndigenousFour in 10 Indigenous ~~languages~~ languages at risk of disappearing, warnat risk of disappearing, warn UN human rights experts,” UN human rights experts,”
AugustAugust 7, 2019, at https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/10438717, 2019, at https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1043871
12 IBRD12 IBRD and World Bank, 2015, p. 24. and World Bank, 2015, p. 24.
13 UNICEF and FUNPROEIB13 UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes, Andes, Atlas Sociolingüístico de Pueblos Indígenas en América Latina Vol. I, 2009, p. , 2009, p.
68, at https://www.unicef.org/honduras/tomo_1_atlas.pdf. Hereinafter, UNICEF, 2009. 68, at https://www.unicef.org/honduras/tomo_1_atlas.pdf. Hereinafter, UNICEF, 2009. ~~This~~T his figures excludes figures excludes 10 10
IndigenousIndigenous groups from Antigua and Barbuda,groups from Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, French Guiana,Dominica, French Guiana, Saint Lucia and Saint Lucia and ~~Trinidad and Tobago~~T rinidad and T obago, which , which
are not otherwise includedare not otherwise included in the report. in the report.
14 ECLAC, 2014, pp. 38-39. 14 ECLAC, 2014, pp. 38-39.
15 Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous15 Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Peoples, Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in
the ~~Americas: Recommendations~~Am ericas: Recom m endations for the full respect of their ~~human~~hum an rights, Inter-American Commission on Human , Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.Rights, OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.47/13, 2013, p. 4, at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/Indigenous/docs/pdf/reportDoc.47/13, 2013, p. 4, at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/Indigenous/docs/pdf/report -Indigenous--Indigenous-
peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf. peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf.
16 IBRD 16 IBRD and World Bank, 2015, p. 26. and World Bank, 2015, p. 26. ~~This~~T his figure excludes figure excludes six Indigenoussix Indigenous ~~groups~~ groups from French Guiana. from French Guiana.
17 Ibid., p. 24. 17 Ibid., p. 24.
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Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

Figure 3. Number of Indigenous Groups in Latin America

Sources: Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Atlas Sociolingüístico
de Pueblos Indígenas en América Latina; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World and World
Bank’s (WB) 2015 Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; and ECLAC’s 2014 and ECLAC’s 2014
Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin America: Progress in the past decade and remaining ~~challenges~~ chal enges.
Note: These figures exclude French Guiana and Caribbean island nations. These figures exclude French Guiana and Caribbean island nations.
According to several sources, Indigenous languages number fewer than the number of Indigenous According to several sources, Indigenous languages number fewer than the number of Indigenous
groups across the region as some languages are spoken by more than one group and some groups groups across the region as some languages are spoken by more than one group and some groups
no longer speak an Indigenous language (seno longer speak an Indigenous language (see Figure 4). A 2009 UNICEF report found 551 . A 2009 UNICEF report found 551
Indigenous languages spoken across 20 countries of Latin America while a 2015 World Bank Indigenous languages spoken across 20 countries of Latin America while a 2015 World Bank
report found 558 and a 2021 publication by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL report found 558 and a 2021 publication by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL
International) reported 881 Indigenous languages spoken across the same 20 Latin American International) reported 881 Indigenous languages spoken across the same 20 Latin American
countries.18 Speakers of Nahuatl, K’iche,’ and Aymara number over countries.18 Speakers of Nahuatl, K’iche,’ and Aymara number over ~~a million~~one mil ion each and over each and over 5
~~million~~ five mil ion people speak Quechua and Guarani.19 However, 13 Latin American countries have people speak Quechua and Guarani.19 However, 13 Latin American countries have 50% 50%
or more of their Indigenous languages categorized as endangered.20 or more of their Indigenous languages categorized as endangered.20
Figure 4. Number of Indigenous Languages in Latin America

Sources: Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Atlas Sociolingüístico
de Pueblos Indígenas en América Latina; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World and World
Bank’s (WB) 2015 Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; and SIL International’s 2021 and SIL International’s 2021
Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Twenty-fourth ed.).
Note: Numbers indicate the number of living Indigenous languages. Not included are countries, primarily Numbers indicate the number of living Indigenous languages. Not included are countries, primarily in the in the
Caribbean, whose only Indigenous languages are sign languages and CreoleCaribbean, whose only Indigenous languages are sign languages and Creole languages based on European and languages based on European and
African languages. African languages.

18 UNICEF, 2009, p. 81. 18 UNICEF, 2009, p. 81. ~~This~~T his figure includes figure includes six languagessix languages in French Guiana.in French Guiana. IBRD and World Bank, 2015, p. 26. IBRD and World Bank, 2015, p. 26. ~~This~~
~~figure excludes~~ T his figure excludes six languagessix languages from French Guiana. Garyfrom French Guiana. Gary F. Simons (F. Simons (~~editor~~edit or), ), Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Twenty- edition, SIL, SIL International, 2021, at https://www.ethnologue.com/. International, 2021, at https://www.ethnologue.com/.
19 David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (editors), 19 David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (editors), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, twenty-
fourth edition, SIL, SIL International, 2021, at https://www.ethnologue.com/. International, 2021, at https://www.ethnologue.com/.
20 Ethnologue, “20 Ethnologue, “ How many languagesHow many languages are endangered?”are endangered?” ~~accessed July~~ accessed July 7, 2021, at 7, 2021, at
https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages-endangered. https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages-endangered.
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Table 2 shows a breakdown of Latin America’s Indigenous groups and languages by country shows a breakdown of Latin America’s Indigenous groups and languages by country
according to three sources; the sources each have differentaccording to three sources; the sources each have different
publication dates and methodologies. The countries listed in each table may differ from others in publication dates and methodologies. The countries listed in each table may differ from others in
this report based on the information this report based on the information ~~available~~ available in the sources. in the sources.
Table 2. Indigenous Groups and Languages of Latin America by Country
UNICEF 2009

Indigenous Groups
WB 2015 Indigenous
SIL International 2021
Country
(~~language~~slanguages)a
Groups (~~language~~slanguages)b
(languages only)
30 30
30 30
-- --
Argentina
(15) (15)
(15) (15)
(15) (15)
4 4
4 4
-- --
Belize
(4) (4)
(4) (4)
(5) (5)
36 36
114 114
-- --
Bolivia
(33) (33)
(33) (33)
(39) (39)
241 241
241 241
-- --
Brazil
(186) (186)
(186) (186)
(201) (201)
9 9
9 9
-- --
Chile
(6) (6)
(6) (6)
(8) (8)
83 83
83 83
-- --
Colombia
(65) (65)
(65) (65)
(81) (81)
8 8
8 8
-- --
Costa Rica
(7) (7)
(7) (7)
(6) (6)
12 12
32 32
-- --
Ecuador
(12) (12)
(13) (13)
(21) (21)
3 3
3 3
-- --
El Salvador
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(2) (2)
24 24
24 24
-- --
Guatemala
(24) (24)
(24) (24)
(25) (25)
9 9
9 9
-- --
Guyana
(9) (9)
(9) (9)
(11) (11)
7 7
7 7
-- --
Honduras
(6) (6)
(6) (6)
(8) (8)
67 67
67 67
-- --
Mexico
(64) (64)
(67) (67)
(282) (282)
9 9
9 9
-- --
Nicaragua
(6) (6)
(6) (6)
(9) (9)
8 8
7 7
-- --
Panama
(8) (8)
(7) (7)
(8) (8)
20 20
20 20
-- --
Paraguay
(20) (20)
(20) (20)
(19) (19)
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UNICEF 2009

Indigenous Groups
WB 2015 Indigenous
SIL International 2021
Country
(~~language~~slanguages)a
Groups (~~language~~slanguages)b
(languages only)
43 43
52 52
-- --
Peru
(43) (43)
(47) (47)
(91) (91)
5 5
5 5
-- --
Suriname
(5) (5)
(5) (5)
(12) (12)
0 0
0 0
-- --
Uruguay
(0) (0)
(0) (0)
(1) (1)
37 37
50 50
-- --
Venezuela
(37) (37)
(37) (37)
(37) (37)
655
774
--
TOTAL
(551)
(558)
(881)
Sources: Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Graphic created by CRS using UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ (UNICEF) 2009 Atlas Sociolingüístico
de Pueblos Indígenas en América Latina; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World and World
Bank’s (WB) 2015 Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; and SIL International’s 2021 and SIL International’s 2021
Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Twenty-fourth ed.).
Notes: This report uses “peoples” rather than “tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic minority,”This report uses “peoples” rather than “tribe,” “nation,” “ethnic minority,” or “sociolinguisticor “sociolinguistic group.” group.”
a. Whilea. While UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes’ 2009 Atlas covered 25 countries in Latin America2009 Atlas covered 25 countries in Latin America and the and the
Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, French Guiana, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are not French Guiana, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are not
otherwiseotherwise included. included.
b. While b. While the World Bank’s 2015 report covered 16 countries in Latin America,the World Bank’s 2015 report covered 16 countries in Latin America, French Guiana is not included French Guiana is not included
in this report. in this report.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, almost 20,000 Indigenous language speakers from Latin According to the U.S. Census Bureau, almost 20,000 Indigenous language speakers from Latin
America reside in the United States.21 America reside in the United States.21
Indigenous languages also relate to issues such as biodiversity. A 2020 study states that “most of Indigenous languages also relate to issues such as biodiversity. A 2020 study states that “most of
the places with the highest concentration of biological diversity coincide with spaces inhabited by the places with the highest concentration of biological diversity coincide with spaces inhabited by
Indigenous peoples whose members continue to speak the language of their ancestors” and Indigenous peoples whose members continue to speak the language of their ancestors” and
highlights Mexico and Brazil.22 A 2012 study explored “the co-occurrence of linguistic and highlights Mexico and Brazil.22 A 2012 study explored “the co-occurrence of linguistic and
biological diversity in regions containing many of the Earth’s remaining species…Results biological diversity in regions containing many of the Earth’s remaining species…Results
indicate that these regions often contain considerable linguistic diversity, accounting for 70% of indicate that these regions often contain considerable linguistic diversity, accounting for 70% of
~~all~~ al languages on Earth.”23 The study languages on Earth.”23 The study ~~specifically~~specifical y notes Mesoamerica as a biodiverse hotspot with notes Mesoamerica as a biodiverse hotspot with
more than 250 Indigenous languages. Additionalmore than 250 Indigenous languages. Additional resources about Indigenous groups and resources about Indigenous groups and
languages can be found ilanguages can be found in Table A-1.

~~21 Languages~~ 21 Languages counted by the U.S. Censuscounted by the U.S. Census ~~Bureau~~ Bureau are categorized as Aztecan, Sonoran, Misumalpan, Mayan languages, are categorized as Aztecan, Sonoran, Misumalpan, Mayan languages,
~~Tarascan~~T arascan, Mapuche, Oto-Manguen, Quechua, Aymara, Arawakian, Chibchan, and , Mapuche, Oto-Manguen, Quechua, Aymara, Arawakian, Chibchan, and ~~Tupi~~T upi-guarani. See-guarani. See the U.S. Census the U.S. Census
Bureau,Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey, “2009-2013 American Community Survey, “ Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English
for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013,” October 2015, last revised October 6, 2020 at for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013,” October 2015, last revised October 6, 2020 at
https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009 -2013-lang-tables.html. -2013-lang-tables.html.
22 Claudia 22 Claudia Gafner-Rojas, “Gafner-Rojas, “ Indigenous languagesIndigenous languages as as contributors to the preservation of biodiversity and their presence in contributors to the preservation of biodiversity and their presence in
international environmental law,” international environmental law,” Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, (June, (June 12, 2020). 12, 2020).
23 L. J. Gorenflo, Suzanne Romaine, Russell 23 L. J. Gorenflo, Suzanne Romaine, Russell A. Mittermeier, Kristen Walker-Painemilla, “A. Mittermeier, Kristen Walker-Painemilla, “ Co-occurring linguistic and Co-occurring linguistic and
biologicalbiological diversity,” proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,diversity,” proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.Vol. 109, no. 2 (May 2012), pp. 8032109, no. 2 (May 2012), pp. 8032 -8037. -8037.
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Socioeconomic Data
In a 2020 publication, the International Labor Organization (ILO) found that 45.5% of Indigenous In a 2020 publication, the International Labor Organization (ILO) found that 45.5% of Indigenous
people in Latin America are poor (living on less than $5.50 a day in 2011 purchasing power parity people in Latin America are poor (living on less than $5.50 a day in 2011 purchasing power parity
prices or PPP), and 7.1% are extremely poor (living on less than $1.90 a day in 2011 PPP prices), prices or PPP), and 7.1% are extremely poor (living on less than $1.90 a day in 2011 PPP prices),
more than twice the rates for non-Indigenous people.24more than twice the rates for non-Indigenous people.24
Using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab, Using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab, Figure 5 compares rates of Indigenous peoples living compares rates of Indigenous peoples living
on less than $5.50 a day to the general population in select countries of Central and South on less than $5.50 a day to the general population in select countries of Central and South
America. America.
Figure 5. Rates of Indigenous People Living on Less than $5.50 a Day in Select Latin
American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’sBank’s LAC Equity Lab web page “Ethnicity – LAC Equity Lab web page “Ethnicity –
Poverty.” Poverty.”
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are
based on a regional data harmonization effort comprisedbased on a regional data harmonization effort comprised of the Worldof the World Bank and the Center for Distributive, Bank and the Center for Distributive,
Labor and Social Studies, which may differ fromLabor and Social Studies, which may differ from official statistics. Monetary values are reportedofficial statistics. Monetary values are reported in USD 2011 in USD 2011
purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Last updated May 2021. Last updated May 2021.
Access to Services
A 2020 ILO report describes that “an important transformation is underway whereby many A 2020 ILO report describes that “an important transformation is underway whereby many
Indigenous peoples have migrated from their traditional territories to urban areas” due to factors Indigenous peoples have migrated from their traditional territories to urban areas” due to factors
such as “changing aspirations, employment opportunities in agriculture becoming scarce, poor such as “changing aspirations, employment opportunities in agriculture becoming scarce, poor
income generation opportunities, a lack of adequate infrastructure, as income generation opportunities, a lack of adequate infrastructure, as ~~well~~ wel as an increasing as an increasing
resource scarcity related to climate change.”25 The resource scarcity related to climate change.”25 The ILO report finds that 52.2% of Latin report finds that 52.2% of Latin America’s America’s
Indigenous peoples are urban Indigenous peoples are urban ~~dwellers.26~~

dwel ers.26 24 International Labor Organization, 24 International Labor Organization, Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169
Towards an Inclusive, Sustainable and Just Future, February 3, 2020, at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---, February 3, 2020, at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---
dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents//wcms_735607.pdf, p.96. Hereinafter, ILO, 2020. dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents//wcms_735607.pdf, p.96. Hereinafter, ILO, 2020.
25 ILO, 2020, p. 74. 25 ILO, 2020, p. 74.
26 Ibid., p. 57. 26 Ibid., p. 57.
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Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

The World Bank provides statistics on Indigenous peoples’ access to various services in select The World Bank provides statistics on Indigenous peoples’ access to various services in select
countries of Central and South America, last updated incountries of Central and South America, last updated in July 2021. The following graphs compare July 2021. The following graphs compare
Indigenous rates of access to the general population by Indigenous rates of access to the general population by ~~country~~country (Figure 6, e~~lectricity;~~electricity; Figure 7,
internet;internet; Figure 8, ~~home ownership; Figure 9, sewage; an~~d home ownershi p; Figure 9, sewage; and Figure 10, water). Figure 10, w~~ater).~~
Figure 6. Electricity Access Rates in Select Latin American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity -
AccessAccess to Services."to Services."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are
based on a variety of sources,based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
Figure 7. Internet Access Rates in Select Latin American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity -
AccessAccess to Services." to Services."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are
based on a variety of sources,based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
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Figure 8. Ownership of Dwelling Rates in Select Latin American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity -
AccessAccess to Services." to Services."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are
based on a variety of sources,based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
Figure 9. Sewage Access Rates in Select Latin American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity -
AccessAccess to Services." to Services."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented are
based on a variety of sources,based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
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Figure 10. Water Access Rates in Select Latin American Countries

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity -
AccessAccess to Services." to Services."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here
are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
Access to Education and Work
A 2020 ILO report found that Latin America and the Caribbean has the largest wage gap between A 2020 ILO report found that Latin America and the Caribbean has the largest wage gap between
Indigenous earnings and non-Indigenous earnings at 31.2%.27 Similarly, the region has the largest Indigenous earnings and non-Indigenous earnings at 31.2%.27 Similarly, the region has the largest
informal labor gap of any region in the world, a sector that employs 82.6% of Indigenous peoples informal labor gap of any region in the world, a sector that employs 82.6% of Indigenous peoples
and 51.1% of non-Indigenous peoples.28 Among the employed Indigenous population, 31.7% and 51.1% of non-Indigenous peoples.28 Among the employed Indigenous population, 31.7%
have no education, 39.3% have a basic education, 18.7% have an intermediate education, and have no education, 39.3% have a basic education, 18.7% have an intermediate education, and
10.3% have an advanced education.29 10.3% have an advanced education.29
The World Bank provides labor and education statistics for Indigenous peoples in select countries The World Bank provides labor and education statistics for Indigenous peoples in select countries
of Central and South America, last updated in July 2021. The following graphs compare of Central and South America, last updated in July 2021. The following graphs compare
Indigenous rates with general population by Indigenous rates with general population by ~~country~~country (Figure 11, l~~iteracy;~~literacy; Figure 12, sc~~hool~~
~~attendance;~~school attendance; Figure 13, u~~nemployment;~~ ~~and~~unemployment; and Figure 14, low- low-~~skill~~ skil and high-and high-~~skill~~ skil employment). ~~employment).~~

27 Ibid., p.18. 27 Ibid., p.18.
28 Ibid., p.16. 28 Ibid., p.16.
29 Ibid., p. 81. 29 Ibid., p. 81.
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Figure 11. Literacy Rates ages 18-65 in Select Latin American Countries (2021)

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-
demographics." demographics."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here
are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
Figure 12. School Attendance Rates ages 6-25 in Select Latin American Countries
(2021)

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-
demographics." demographics."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here
are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
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Figure 13. Unemployment Rates ages 18-65 in Select Latin American Countries
(2021)

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-
demographics." demographics."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here
are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
Figure 14. High-Skill & Low-Skill Occupation Rates ages 18-65 in Select Latin
American Countries (2021)

Source: Graphic created by CRS using data from the WorldGraphic created by CRS using data from the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-Bank’s LAC Equity Lab web page "Ethnicity - Socio-
demographics." demographics."
Note: The World The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported data. The numbers presented here
are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national are based on a variety of sources, which may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national
statistical offices. Last updated July 2021. statistical offices. Last updated July 2021.
The socioeconomic The socioeconomic ~~challenges~~chal enges faced by Indigenous peoples also impact their health. In light of faced by Indigenous peoples also impact their health. In light of
the Coronavirus Coronavirus ~~Diesease~~Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the United Nations highlights that , the United Nations highlights that ~~“Indigenous peoples~~
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“Indigenous peoples face limited access to quality and face limited access to quality and ~~culturally~~cultural y accessible health services, which already affect their accessible health services, which already affect their
health outcomes, such as high maternal mortality rates and lower life expectancy.”30 A joint report health outcomes, such as high maternal mortality rates and lower life expectancy.”30 A joint report
from the United Nations and the Pan-American Health Organization also highlights that the from the United Nations and the Pan-American Health Organization also highlights that the
“deficiencies in access to services and in living conditions, which prevent an optimal response to “deficiencies in access to services and in living conditions, which prevent an optimal response to
the pandemic, intersect with and reinforce the various axes of the social inequality matrix, placing the pandemic, intersect with and reinforce the various axes of the social inequality matrix, placing
at a particular disadvantage the Indigenous population.”31 A at a particular disadvantage the Indigenous population.”31 A May 2021 2021 publication lists statistics from publication lists statistics from
six Latin American countries that reported 137,315 Indigenous six Latin American countries that reported 137,315 Indigenous people infected with COVID-19 people infected with COVID-19
and 5,482 deaths caused by COVID-19.32and 5,482 deaths caused by COVID-19.32
In the In the ~~appendi~~x,appendix, Table A-2 lists resources relating to the socioeconomic standing of Indigenous lists resources relating to the socioeconomic standing of Indigenous
peoples in Latin America. peoples in Latin America.
Land and Natural Resources
A 2017 World Resources Institute A 2017 World Resources Institute ~~(WRI)~~ article stated “the precise amount of communal land is article stated “the precise amount of communal land is
not known, but many experts argue that at least half of the world’s land is held by Indigenous not known, but many experts argue that at least half of the world’s land is held by Indigenous
Peoples and other communities. Some estimates are as high as 65 percent or more of the global Peoples and other communities. Some estimates are as high as 65 percent or more of the global
land land area.”33 A 2015 report by the Rights and Resources Initiative found that legal y recognized land rights are far less: at the global level, 18% of land is owned by or designated for Indigenous peoples and local communities while in Latin America it is over 23% of the land.34 ~~area.” Legally recognized land ownership is far less: the WRI article specified that “globally,~~
~~Indigenous Peoples and local communities have formal legal ownership of 10 percent of the land,~~
~~and have some degree of government-recognized management rights over an additional 8~~
~~percent.”33~~ An evaluation of nine Latin American countries by the An evaluation of nine Latin American countries by the ~~Resources and Rights~~Rights and Resources Initiative Initiative
found that the forest area owned by Indigenous peoples and local communities increased between found that the forest area owned by Indigenous peoples and local communities increased between
2002 (171 2002 (171 ~~million~~ mil ion hectares or 21% of the total forested area) and 2017 (236 hectares or 21% of the total forested area) and 2017 (236 ~~million~~mil ion hectares or hectares or
29.9% 29.9% percent of the total forested area).35 In 2021, several countries, including the United States, together with numerous foundations, have committed to providing $1.7 bil ion to help Indigenous peoples secure tenure rights over the land in recognition of “the critical guardianship provided by...protecting tropical forests and preserving vital ecosystem services, and the global contribution they make to climate change mitigation, biodiversity preservation, and inclusive and sustainable development.”36 The United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean’s (ECLAC) 2014 report states that “over the past decade, booming international demand for primary goods (minerals, hydrocarbons, soybeans and other agricultural commodities) has boosted economic 30 UN Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues, “Indigenous Peoples and COVID-19 A Guidance Note for the UN System prepared by the UN Inter- Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues,” April 23, 2020, at https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/wp ~~percent of the total forested area).34~~
~~The United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean’s (ECLAC)~~
~~2014 report states that “over the past decade, booming international demand for primary goods~~
~~(minerals, hydrocarbons, soybeans and other agricultural commodities) has boosted economic~~
~~growth in the countries of Latin America but has had its cost in the form of a growing number of~~
~~environmental, social and ethnic conflicts involving extractive industries located in or near~~
~~Indigenous territories.”35~~
~~In its 2015 report, the IACHR wrote that “through the implementation of its monitoring~~
~~mechanisms, the Commission has consistently received information evidencing the human,~~
~~social, health, cultural and environmental impacts of [extraction, exploitation, and development~~

~~30 UN Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues, “Indigenous Peoples and COVID-19 A Guidance Note for~~
~~the UN System prepared by the UN Inter- Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues,” April 23, 2020, at~~
~~https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/wp~~-content/uploads/sites/19/2020/04/Indigenous-peoples--content/uploads/sites/19/2020/04/Indigenous-peoples-
and-COVID_IASG_23.04.2020-EN.pdf and-COVID_IASG_23.04.2020-EN.pdf
31 United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean 31 United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pan American Health and the Pan American Health
Organization, Organization, Social ~~Panorama~~Panoram a of Latin ~~America 2020~~Am erica 2020 , 2021, p. 18. , 2021, p. 18.
32 Fund32 Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbeanfor the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean and, the Indigenous Forum and, the Indigenous Forum
Abya Yala, Abya Yala, Pueblos Indígenas y vacunación contra COVID-19: cuarto ~~informe~~inform e regional, May 2021, at May 2021, at
https://www.filac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/informe-acceso-a-vacunasTP.pdf. https://www.filac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/informe-acceso-a-vacunasTP.pdf.
33 Peter Veit and Katie Reytar, “By the Numbers: Indigenous 33 Peter Veit and Katie Reytar, “By the Numbers: Indigenous and Community Land Rights,” World Resourcesand Community Land Rights,” World Resources Institute, Institute,
March 20, 2017, at https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/03/numbers-Indigenous-and-community-land-rights. March 20, 2017, at https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/03/numbers-Indigenous-and-community-land-rights.
34 Rights and Resources34 Rights and Resources Initiative, Who Owns the World’s Land? A global baseline of formally recognized indigenous and com m unity land rights, September 2015. 35 Rights and Resources Initiative, Initiative, At a Crossroads: Consequential Trends in Recognition of Community-Based Forest
Tenure from 2002-2017, September 2018. 36 United Nations Climate Change Conference, United Kingdom 2021, “COP26 IPLC Forest T enure Joint Donor Statement,” November 2, 2021, at https://ukcop26.org/cop26-iplc-forest-tenure-joint-donor-statement/~~2002-2017, September 2018, at https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/At-A-~~
~~Crossroads_RRI_Nov-2018.pdf.~~
~~35 ECLAC, 2014, p. 50~~. .
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growth in the countries of Latin America but has had its cost in the form of a growing number of environmental, social and ethnic conflicts involving extractive industries located in or near Indigenous territories.”37 In its 2015 report, the IACHR wrote that “through the implementation of its monitoring mechanisms, the Commission has consistently received information evidencing the human, social, health, cultural and environmental impacts of [extraction, exploitation, and development activities concerning natural resources] on Indigenous peoples and Afrodescendent communities. activities concerning natural resources] on Indigenous peoples and Afrodescendent communities.
Many extractive and development activities in the hemisphere are implemented in lands and Many extractive and development activities in the hemisphere are implemented in lands and
territories territories ~~historically~~historical y occupied by Indigenous and Afro-descendent communities, which often occupied by Indigenous and Afro-descendent communities, which often
coincide with areas hosting a great wealth of natural resources.”coincide with areas hosting a great wealth of natural resources.”3638 For example, a 2020 report For example, a 2020 report
found that “industrial mining concessions and found that “industrial mining concessions and ~~illegal small~~il egal smal -scale mining occur on more than 20 -scale mining occur on more than 20
percent of Indigenous lands in the Amazon.”percent of Indigenous lands in the Amazon.”3739
Climate Change
Indigenous peoples are particularly affected by climate change; they are also adapting to it and Indigenous peoples are particularly affected by climate change; they are also adapting to it and
participating in high-level policy discussions regarding climate change responses. According to participating in high-level policy discussions regarding climate change responses. According to
the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC) established in 2008 as the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC) established in 2008 as
the caucus for Indigenous participants in the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change the caucus for Indigenous participants in the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change
processes, Indigenous peoples “are processes, Indigenous peoples “are ~~especially~~especial y vulnerable to, and disproportionately impacted by, vulnerable to, and disproportionately impacted by,
climate change” and “play a critical role in climate change mitigation and adaptation through climate change” and “play a critical role in climate change mitigation and adaptation through
their historic and effective role as stewards of much of the world's remaining forests.”their historic and effective role as stewards of much of the world's remaining forests.”3840 In the In the
2015 U.N. Paris Agreement, 2015 U.N. Paris Agreement, ~~article~~ Article 7 establishes the “global goal on adaptation of enhancing 7 establishes the “global goal on adaptation of enhancing
adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change,” which adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change,” which
“should be based on and guided by the best available“should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional science and, as appropriate, traditional
knowledge, knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems.”knowledge, knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems.”3941
Global organizations are also consulting Indigenous peoples about managing the climate change Global organizations are also consulting Indigenous peoples about managing the climate change
impact on biodiversity. The Convention on Biologicalimpact on biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity published the first draft of the Diversity published the first draft of the
Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework in July 2021, which includes the target to “ensure that Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework in July 2021, which includes the target to “ensure that
relevant knowledge, including the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of Indigenous relevant knowledge, including the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of Indigenous
peoples and local communities with their free, prior, and informed consent, guides decision-peoples and local communities with their free, prior, and informed consent, guides decision-
making for the effective management of biodiversity.”making for the effective management of biodiversity.”4042 Such targets are Such targets are ~~generally~~general y seen as critical seen as critical
given that 80% of the world’s biodiversity can be found within Indigenous territories.given that 80% of the world’s biodiversity can be found within Indigenous territories.4143 Some of Some of
the key messages from the 2019 Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services the key messages from the 2019 Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
include “nature is include “nature is ~~generally~~general y declining less rapidly in Indigenous peoples’ land than in other lands, declining less rapidly in Indigenous peoples’ land than in other lands,
~~but is nevertheless declining, as is the knowledge of how to manage it.”42 The same is said of the~~
~~decline in biodiversity.43 The report stresses that the “Indigenous and local knowledge systems are~~
~~locally based, but regionally manifested and thus globally relevant.”44~~

36 37 ECLAC, 2014, p. 50. 38 Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, Indigenous Peoples, Communities of African Descent, Extractive
Industries, OEA/Ser.L/V/II,, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc. 47/15, December 31, 2015, at Doc. 47/15, December 31, 2015, at
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ExtractiveIndustries2016.pdfhttp://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ExtractiveIndustries2016.pdf , p. 9. , p. 9.
3739 World Resources World Resources Institute, Institute, Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon, October 2020, at , October 2020, at
https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/Report_Indigenous_Lands_and_Mining_in_the_Amazon_web_1.pdfhttps://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/Report_Indigenous_Lands_and_Mining_in_the_Amazon_web_1.pdf . .
3840 International Indigenous Peoples' Forum on Climate Change, "About the International Indigenous Peoples' Forum on International Indigenous Peoples' Forum on Climate Change, "About the International Indigenous Peoples' Forum on
Climate Change," accessedClimate Change," accessed on Julyon July 26, 2021, at https://iipfcc.squarespace.com/who-are-we-1. 26, 2021, at https://iipfcc.squarespace.com/who-are-we-1.
3941 United Nations, “Paris Agreement,” 2015, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. United Nations, “Paris Agreement,” 2015, at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf.
4042 Convention on Biological Diversity, “First Draft of the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework,” July 5, 2021, at Convention on Biological Diversity, “First Draft of the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework,” July 5, 2021, at
https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/abb5/591f/2e46096d3f0330b08ce87a45/wg2020 -03-03-en.pdf. -03-03-en.pdf.
4143 Linda Etchart, “ Linda Etchart, “ The role of Indigenous peoples in combating climate change,” Palgrave Communications, 3, article The role of Indigenous peoples in combating climate change,” Palgrave Communications, 3, article
no. 17085, (August 22, 2017). no. 17085, (August 22, 2017).
~~42 IPBES, 2019, p. 14.~~
~~43 IPBES, 2019, p. 31.~~
~~44 IPBES, 2019, p. 32.~~
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but is nevertheless declining, as is the knowledge of how to manage it.”44 The same is said of the decline in biodiversity.45 The report stresses that the “Indigenous and local knowledge systems are local y based, but regional y manifested and thus global y relevant.”46 Table A-3 lists resources about Indigenous peoples’ lands, natural resources, and climate change lists resources about Indigenous peoples’ lands, natural resources, and climate change
in Latin America. While the titles may not exclusively focus on Indigenous peoples, the in Latin America. While the titles may not exclusively focus on Indigenous peoples, the
industries’ impact on Indigenous people is a part of the analysis of each resource. industries’ impact on Indigenous people is a part of the analysis of each resource.
Human Rights and Multilateral Instruments
Various international human rights mechanisms are designed to protect the rights of Indigenous Various international human rights mechanisms are designed to protect the rights of Indigenous
peoples of Latin America and the peoples of Latin America and the ~~Caribbean.~~Caribbean. Table 3 identifies those countries that have ratified identifies those countries that have ratified
or voted in favor of the following three multilateralor voted in favor of the following three multilateral instruments on Indigenous peoples’ rights:instruments on Indigenous peoples’ rights:
International Labor Organization’s Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
Convention, 1989 (No. 169).4547 The convention includes sections on land; The convention includes sections on land;
recruitment and conditions of employment; vocational training, handicrafts and recruitment and conditions of employment; vocational training, handicrafts and
rural industries; and social security and health; education and means of rural industries; and social security and health; education and means of
communication. communication.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP).4648 The 2007 declaration covers such topics as self-determination or The 2007 declaration covers such topics as self-determination or
autonomy; land and environment; employment; religion; language and media; autonomy; land and environment; employment; religion; language and media;
education; discrimination and violence; and health. education; discrimination and violence; and health.
American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (ADRIP).4749 The The
2016 declaration approved by the Organization of American States includes 2016 declaration approved by the Organization of American States includes
sections on human and collective rights; cultural identity; organizational and sections on human and collective rights; cultural identity; organizational and
political rights; and social, economic and property rights. political rights; and social, economic and property rights.
Table 3. Latin America and Multilateral Instruments on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
Voted in favor of
Voted in favor of
Country
Ratified ILO No. 169a
adopting UNDRIP
adopting ADRIP
Argentina Argentina
X X
X X
X X
Belize Belize
-- --
X X
X X
Bolivia Bolivia
X X
X X
X X
Brazil Brazil
X X
X X
X X
Chile Chile
X X
X X
X X
~~Colombia~~
X
Xb
Xc
~~Costa Rica~~
X
X
X
~~Ecuador~~
X
X
X
~~El Salvador~~
--
X
X
~~Guatemala~~
X
X
X

45 44 IPBES, 2019, p. 14. 45 IPBES, 2019, p. 31. 46 IPBES, 2019, p. 32. 47 International Labor Organization, “Indigenous and International Labor Organization, “Indigenous and ~~Tribal~~T ribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169),” 1989, at Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169),” 1989, at
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169 . 48.
46 United Nations, “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” September 13, 2007, at United Nations, “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” September 13, 2007, at
https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdfhttps://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf . .
4749 Organization of American States, “American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” June 15, 2016, at Organization of American States, “American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” June 15, 2016, at
https://www.oas.org/en/sare/documents/DecAmIND.pdf. For more information on the Organization of American https://www.oas.org/en/sare/documents/DecAmIND.pdf. For more information on the Organization of American
States, seeStates, see ~~CRS~~ CRS Report R42639, Report R42639, Organization of ~~American~~Am erican States: Background and Issues for Congress, by Peter J. , by Peter J.
Meyer. Meyer.
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Voted in favor of
Voted in favor of
Country
Ratified ILO No. 169a
adopting UNDRIP
adopting ADRIP Colombia X Xb Xc Costa Rica X X X Ecuador X X X El Salvador -- X X Guatemala X X X ~~ADRIP~~
Guyana Guyana
-- --
X X
X X
Honduras Honduras
X X
X X
X X
Jamaica Jamaica
-- --
X X
X X
Mexico Mexico
X X
X X
X X
Nicaragua Nicaragua
X X
X X
X X
Panama Panama
-- --
X X
X X
Paraguay Paraguay
X X
X X
X X
Peru Peru
X X
X X
X X
Suriname Suriname
-- --
X X
X X
Uruguay Uruguay
-- --
X X
X X
Venezuela Venezuela
X X
X X
X X
Sources: CompiledCompiled by CRS using the fol owing sources:by CRS using the fol owing sources: ILO’sILO’s web page “Ratifications of C169 - Indigenous and web page “Ratifications of C169 - Indigenous and
Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169);” the U.N. web page “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169);” the U.N. web page “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous People;” and the OAS’Indigenous People;” and the OAS’ official publication of ADRIP. official publication of ADRIP.
Notes:
a. International Labor Organization, “Ratifications of C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 a. International Labor Organization, “Ratifications of C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
(No. 169),” at (No. 169),” at
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0: NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0: NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314 . .
b. From b. From the region, only Colombia abstained from the vote. See U.N, Department of Economic and Social the region, only Colombia abstained from the vote. See U.N, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Affairs, “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People,” September“United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People,” September 13, 2007, at 13, 2007, at
https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-Indigenous-https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-Indigenous-
peoples.html. peoples.html.
c. In the footnotes, Colombia c. In the footnotes, Colombia “breaks with consensus” on paragraphs within Articles“breaks with consensus” on paragraphs within Articles XXIII, XXIX, XXIII, XXIX, ~~and~~a nd XXX. XXX.
See Organization of American See Organization of American States, “AmericanStates, “American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” June 15, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” June 15,
2016, at https://www.oas.org/en/sare/documents/DecAmIND.pdf. 2016, at https://www.oas.org/en/sare/documents/DecAmIND.pdf.
The United Nations has a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and in 2001 created the Special The United Nations has a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and in 2001 created the Special
Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which promote the rights of Indigenous Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which promote the rights of Indigenous
peoples across the globe.peoples across the globe.4850 In 1990, the Organization of American States created the In 1990, the Organization of American States created the
Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to promote the rights of Indigenous peoples Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to promote the rights of Indigenous peoples
throughout the Western Hemisphere.throughout the Western Hemisphere.4951 Table A-4 provides additional resources about the work of provides additional resources about the work of
international organizations with Indigenous peoples. 50 U.N. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, “ Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples,” at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/SRIndigenousPeoples/Pages/SRIPeoplesIndex.aspx . 51 Organization of American States, “ Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/Indigenous/. Congressional Research Service 19 link to page 24 link to page 24 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information ~~international organizations with Indigenous peoples.~~
In a 2000 report, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) wrote “concern for In a 2000 report, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) wrote “concern for
the human rights of Indigenous peoples and their members has been a constant feature in the the human rights of Indigenous peoples and their members has been a constant feature in the
work of the Commission.”work of the Commission.”5052 The IACHR has tracked its work involving Indigenous peoples. It The IACHR has tracked its work involving Indigenous peoples. It
hosts multiple sessions per year to hold hearings regarding human rights issues affecting a hosts multiple sessions per year to hold hearings regarding human rights issues affecting a
particular country or subregion of the Western Hemisphere. One of the categories for hearings is particular country or subregion of the Western Hemisphere. One of the categories for hearings is
the rights of Indigenous peoplesthe rights of Indigenous peoples. Table 4 shows the number of IACHR events by country shows the number of IACHR events by country

~~48 U.N. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, “Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples,”~~
~~at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/SRIndigenousPeoples/Pages/SRIPeoplesIndex.aspx.~~
~~49 Organization of American States, “Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” at~~
~~http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/Indigenous/.~~
~~50 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,~~ ~~The Human Rights Situation of the Indigenous People in the~~
~~Americas,~~ ~~OEA/Ser.L/V/II.108, Doc. 62, October 20, 2000, at http://www.cidh.org/Indigenas/TOC.htm.~~
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~~involving~~ involving Indigenous peoples’ rights. It also shows the number legal cases brought by Indigenous Indigenous peoples’ rights. It also shows the number legal cases brought by Indigenous
peoples against countries in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. peoples against countries in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Table 4. Human Rights Events and Legal Cases about the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples in the Inter-American System 1996-2020
~~Country~~
Events on the Rights
Legal Cases brought Country
of Indigenous Peoples
by Indigenous Peoples
Colombia Colombia
27 27
2 2
Peru Peru
22 22
0 0
Guatemala Guatemala
18 18
2 2
Ecuador Ecuador
14 14
2 2
Mexico Mexico
13 13
1 1
Brazil Brazil
12 12
2 2
Nicaragua Nicaragua
9 9
2 2
Chile Chile
9 9
2 2
Argentina Argentina
8 8
2 2
Panama Panama
8 8
1 1
Bolivia Bolivia
8 8
0 0
Honduras Honduras
7 7
2 2
Venezuela Venezuela
5 5
1 1
Costa Rica Costa Rica
4 4
0 0
Paraguay Paraguay
3 3
2 2
Belize Belize
2 2
1 1
Suriname Suriname
1 1
2 2
Guyana Guyana
1 1
0 0
Region Regionala
34 34
N/A N/A
Source: Table created by CRS using available data from the IACHR from sessionsTable created by CRS using available data from the IACHR from sessions 91-178 (February 1996-91-178 (February 1996-
DecemberDecember 2020). The first column data comes2020). The first column data comes from the webpage “Hearings by Topic: Rights of Indigenous from the webpage “Hearings by Topic: Rights of Indigenous
Peoples” and the second column data comesPeoples” and the second column data comes from the webpage “Hearings by Topic: Petitions and Cases.”from the webpage “Hearings by Topic: Petitions and Cases.”
Notes: IACHR events include topical hearings, petitions, and precautionary measures,IACHR events include topical hearings, petitions, and precautionary measures, which may or may not be which may or may not be
related to a legal case. Legal cases receiverelated to a legal case. Legal cases receive an identification number and are counted only once no matter how an identification number and are counted only once no matter how
many events are associated with it. Information is not available for many events are associated with it. Information is not available for ~~all~~ al sessions,sessions, particularly before 1996. particularly before 1996.
a. The IACHR uses the regional category for hearings that span multiple countries. Wherea. The IACHR uses the regional category for hearings that span multiple countries. Where countries were countries were
named along with the tag “regional,” the hearing was counted for named along with the tag “regional,” the hearing was counted for ~~all~~ al entities tagged. 52 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, The Human Rights Situation of the Indigenous People in the Am ericas, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.108, Doc. 62, October 20, 2000, at http://www.cidh.org/Indigenas/T OC.htm. Congressional Research Service 20 link to page 30 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information In the appendix,~~entities tagged.~~
~~In the appendi~~x, Table A-5 lists publications that document various human rights issues lists publications that document various human rights issues
confronting Indigenous peoples. CRS also publishes a number of reports with country-specific confronting Indigenous peoples. CRS also publishes a number of reports with country-specific
information on Indigenous peoples’ human rights issues.information on Indigenous peoples’ human rights issues.51

~~51 See CRS In Focus~~ 53 53 See CRS In Focus IF11325, IF11325, Bolivia: An Overview, by Clare Ribando, by Clare Ribando Seelke;Seelke; ~~CRS~~ CRS Report R43813, Report R43813, Colombia:
Background and U.S. Relations, by June S., by June S. Beittel;CRSBeittel;CRS In Focus IF11218, In Focus IF11218, Ecuador: An Overview, by June, by June S. S. Beittel; Beittel;
CRSCRS Report R42580, Report R42580, ~~Guatemala~~Guatem ala: Political and ~~Socioeconomic~~Socioeconom ic Conditions and U.S . Relations, by Maureen , by Maureen ~~Taft~~T aft --
Morales; CRSMorales; CRS Report RL34027, Report RL34027, Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations, by Peter J. Meyer; CRS, by Peter J. Meyer; CRS Report R42917, Report R42917,
Mexico: Background and U.S. Relations, by Clare Ribando, by Clare Ribando Seelke;Seelke; and CRSand CRS Report R44841, Report R44841, Venezuela: Background
and U.S. Relations, coordinated by Clare Ribando, coordinated by Clare Ribando Seelke. Seelke.
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Appendix A. Data Sources and Resources Lists
Below are notes on the data sources most consulted for this report followed by resource lists Below are notes on the data sources most consulted for this report followed by resource lists
regarding Indigenous languages; socioeconomics; land, natural resources and climate change; regarding Indigenous languages; socioeconomics; land, natural resources and climate change;
international organizations; and human rights. international organizations; and human rights.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Fundación para la Educación en Contextos
de Multilingüismo y Pluriculturalidad (the Foundation for Education in Multilingual (the Foundation for Education in Multilingual and and
Multicultural Contexts or FUNPROEIB) gathered data in 21 Latin American and Caribbean Multicultural Contexts or FUNPROEIB) gathered data in 21 Latin American and Caribbean
countries in 2009 for its report in two volumes titled countries in 2009 for its report in two volumes titled Atlas Sociolingüístico de Pueblos Indígenas
en América Latina. The report notes the limitations of using national censuses.. The report notes the limitations of using national censuses.52
54 In 2014, the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean In 2014, the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC)(ECLAC) collected population data from 17 Latin American countries using national censuses for collected population data from 17 Latin American countries using national censuses for
Guaranteeing Indigenous People’s Rights in Latin America: Progress in the Past Decade and
Remaining Challenges. The report notes that most countries ask people to self-identify as . The report notes that most countries ask people to self-identify as
Indigenous with the exception of Peru, which asks people if they speak an Indigenous language.Indigenous with the exception of Peru, which asks people if they speak an Indigenous language.53
55 In 2015, the World Bank published data from 16 countries using national censuses and household In 2015, the World Bank published data from 16 countries using national censuses and household
surveys in surveys in Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century: the First Decade..5456 The report The report
noted that the definition of Indigenous has become increasingly controversial and “underscores noted that the definition of Indigenous has become increasingly controversial and “underscores
the complexity of identifying Indigenous people across the region and argues that the conditions the complexity of identifying Indigenous people across the region and argues that the conditions
of indigeneity vary over time and are, in some cases, context- and country-specific.”of indigeneity vary over time and are, in some cases, context- and country-specific.”5557
In 2020, ECLAC and the Development Fund for the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the In 2020, ECLAC and the Development Fund for the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the
Caribbean (Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y el Caribe) Caribbean (Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y el Caribe)
published published Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el
Desarrollo Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial. The report’s focus . The report’s focus
on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals notes the advances in including on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals notes the advances in including
Indigenous peoples’ in official statistics and lists data from 17 national censuses. Indigenous peoples’ in official statistics and lists data from 17 national censuses.
The 2021 edition of The 2021 edition of Ethnologue counted languages for each country and divided them into counted languages for each country and divided them into
Indigenous and non-Indigenous categories. Indigenous languages figures were used iIndigenous and non-Indigenous categories. Indigenous languages figures were used in Table 2 as as
non-Indigenous is defined as “a language that did not originate in the country, but which is now non-Indigenous is defined as “a language that did not originate in the country, but which is now
established there either as a result of its longstanding presence or because of established there either as a result of its longstanding presence or because of ~~institutionally~~institutional y
supported use and recognition.”supported use and recognition.”5658 Only living languages were included in the count, not Only living languages were included in the count, not
languages classified as extinct. languages classified as extinct. Ethnologue’s “about” section provides details on the “about” section provides details on the
methodology, language names, and status of usage. methodology, language names, and status of usage.
In 2020, the International Labor Organization’s In 2020, the International Labor Organization’s Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal
Peoples Convention No. 169 Towards an Inclusive, Sustainable and Just Future presented multi-presented multi-
faceted statistics on the working conditions of Indigenous peoples with a special emphasis on faceted statistics on the working conditions of Indigenous peoples with a special emphasis on

52 54 UNICEF, 2009. pp. vii-ix. UNICEF, 2009. pp. vii-ix.
5355 ECLAC, 2014, pp. 34-36. ECLAC, 2014, pp. 34-36.
5456 IBRD IBRD and World Bank, 2015, pp. 6, 9. and World Bank, 2015, pp. 6, 9.
5557 Ibid. Ibid.
56 58 Gary F. Simons Gary F. Simons (editor), “Language Information,” (editor), “Language Information,” Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-third edition, SIL , SIL
International, 2020, at https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-info. International, 2020, at https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-info.
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gendered dimensions of labor. The report noted the “continued ‘invisibility’ of Indigenous and gendered dimensions of labor. The report noted the “continued ‘invisibility’ of Indigenous and
tribal peoples in official data and statistics.”tribal peoples in official data and statistics.”5759 The data provided is global and regional only. The data provided is global and regional only.
The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab provides national data on poverty, access to services, The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab provides national data on poverty, access to services,
education and labor (last updated in July 2021). Some subnational data is also availableeducation and labor (last updated in July 2021). Some subnational data is also available although although
not covered in this report. The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported not covered in this report. The World Bank notes that ethnic identity is based on self-reported
data. Statistics may vary from official statistics reported by governments as the World Bank uses data. Statistics may vary from official statistics reported by governments as the World Bank uses
SEDLAC, “a regional data harmonization effort that increases cross-country comparability.”SEDLAC, “a regional data harmonization effort that increases cross-country comparability.”58
60 The web page of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights “Sessions by Topic: Rights of The web page of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights “Sessions by Topic: Rights of
Indigenous Peoples” provides detailed information on hearings and court cases related to Indigenous Peoples” provides detailed information on hearings and court cases related to
Indigenous peoples’ rights.Indigenous peoples’ rights.5961
For each table below, sources are listed in reverse chronological order with the year in For each table below, sources are listed in reverse chronological order with the year in
parentheses following the title. Multipleparentheses following the title. Multiple sources from the same year are listed sources from the same year are listed ~~alphabetically~~alphabetical y as as
are sources without a publication date, such as websites. Some sources are global, with a section are sources without a publication date, such as websites. Some sources are global, with a section
dedicated to Latin America. dedicated to Latin America.
Table A-1. Resources on Indigenous Languages in Latin America
Title (publication year)
Author
Resource Type
~~URL~~
Languages of the World, Languages of the World,
Twenty- David M. Eberhard, Gary David M. Eberhard, Gary
F. Simons, World World language encyclopedia with fourth edition (2021) and Charles D. Fennig (editors), maps ~~language~~
~~http://www.ethnologue.co~~
~~Twenty-fourth edition~~
~~F. Simons, and Charles D.~~
~~encyclopedia with maps~~
m
~~(2021)~~
~~Fennig (editors),~~
Ethnologue Ethnologue
Celebrating Indigenous Celebrating Indigenous
Languages Google Google Earth Earth
Interactive global website Interactive global website
~~https://earth.google.com/~~
~~Languages (2019)~~
~~web/data=CiQSIhIgYTY1~~
~~Y2U1NTk3MzE4MTFlOT~~
~~kzN2RjN2JkNTNhNDc1~~
~~ZGI~~(2019)
International Year of International Year of
Indigenous United Nations United Nations
Website Website with global map, summary Languages (2019) report and ~~with global map,~~
~~https://en.iyil2019.org/~~
~~Indigenous Languages~~
~~summary report and~~
~~(2019)~~
more more
Atlas Sociolingüístico Atlas Sociolingüístico de
de Pueblos UNICEF and FUNPROEIB UNICEF and FUNPROEIB Andes Regional report in Spanish only Indígenas en América Latina, Volúmen I and Volúmen II (2009) Source: Compiled by CRS. Table A-2. Resources on Indigenous Socioeconomics Title (publication year) Author Resource Type Linking Indigenous Communities Organization for Economic ~~Regional report in Spanish http://www.funproeibande~~
~~Pueblos Indígenas en~~
~~Andes~~
~~only~~
~~s.org/wp-~~
~~América Latina,~~
~~content/uploads/2018/12/~~
~~Volúmenes I and II (2009)~~
~~Atlas-tomo_1.pdf;~~
~~http://www.funproeibande~~
~~s.org/wp-~~
~~content/uploads/2018/12/~~
~~Atlas-tomo_2.pdf~~
Source: Compiled by CRS.

~~57 ILO, 2020, p. 44.~~
~~58 World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab, “Overview,” accessed July 27, 2021, at~~
~~https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/lac-equity-lab1~~
~~59 Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, “Sessions by Topic: Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” accessed July 27,~~
~~2021, at https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=en&Topic=17~~
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~~Table A-2. Resources on Indigenous Socioeconomics~~
~~Title~~
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
~~Linking Indigenous~~
~~Organization for~~
~~Report on OECD~~
~~https://www.oecd-~~
~~Communities with~~
~~Economic Cooperation~~
~~member countries~~
~~ilibrary.org/urban-rural-~~
~~Regional Development~~
~~and Development~~
~~including Chile and~~
~~and-regional-~~
~~(2019)~~
~~Mexico with some~~
~~development/linking-~~
~~information on non-~~
~~Indigenous-communities-~~
~~member countries~~
~~with-regional-~~
~~development_97353723-~~
en
~~State of the world`s~~ Report on OECD member with Regional Development (2019) Cooperation and Development countries including Chile and Mexico with some information on non-member countries State of the world’s Indigenous United Nations Global report with a chapter on peoples: Education, 3rd volume Latin America and the Caribbean (2017) Indigenous Latin America in the
~~United Nations~~
~~Global report with a~~
~~http://www.un.org/develo~~
~~Indigenous peoples:~~
~~chapter on Latin America~~
~~pment/desa/Indigenouspe~~
~~Education, 3rd volume~~
~~and the Caribbean~~
~~oples/wp-~~
~~(2017)~~
~~content/uploads/sites/19/2~~
~~017/12/State-of-Worlds-~~
~~Indigenous-~~
~~Peoples_III_WEB2018.pdf~~
~~Indigenous Latin America~~
International Bank for International Bank for
Regional report covers Regional report covers
~~http://documents.worldba~~
~~in the twenty-~~statistical twenty-first century: the first first
Reconstruction and Reconstruction and
~~statistical numbers,~~
~~nk.org/curated/en/2016/0~~
~~century: the first decade~~
~~Development and the~~
~~migration, development,~~
~~2/24863854/Indigenous-~~
~~(2015)~~
~~World Bank~~
~~poverty, and education~~
~~latin-america-twenty-first-~~
~~century-first-decade~~
~~The state of the world´s~~
~~United Nations~~
~~Global report with a~~
~~https://www.un.org/esa/so~~
~~Indigenous people:~~
~~chapter on Latin America~~
~~cdev/unpfi /documents/20~~
~~Indigenous people´s~~
~~and the Caribbean~~
~~16/Docs-~~
~~access to health services,~~
~~updates/SOWIP_Health.p~~
Development numbers, migration, development, decade (2015) and the World Bank poverty, and education 59 ILO, 2020, p. 44. 60 World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab, “Overview,” accessed July 27, 2021, at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/lac-equity-lab1 61 Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, “Sessions by T opic: Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” accessed July 27, 2021, at https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/T opicsList.aspx?Lang=en&T opic=17 Congressional Research Service 23 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Title (publication year) Author Resource Type State of the world´s Indigenous United Nations Global report with a chapter on people: Indigenous people´s access Latin America and the Caribbean to health services, 2nd volume (2015) 2nd volume (2015)
df
Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples
U.S. Agency for U.S. Agency for
International Website Website with policy, blog, with policy, blog,
~~https://www.usaid.gov/Indi~~
~~International~~
~~and more~~
~~genous-peoples~~
~~Development~~and Development more
LAC Equity Lab: A LAC Equity Lab: A
Platform for World World Bank Bank
Regional economic data Regional economic data
~~http://www.worldbank.or~~
~~Platform for Poverty and~~
~~and maps~~
~~g/en/topic/poverty/lac-~~
~~Inequality Analysis~~
~~equity-lab1~~
and maps Poverty and Inequality Analysis Source: CompiledCompiled by CRS. by CRS.
Table A-3. Resources on Indigenous Land, Natural Resources, and Climate Change in
Latin America
Title (publication year) Author Resource Type Amazon Assessment Report 2021 Science Panel for the Amazon Global report (2021) Forest governance by indigenous United Nations Food and Regional report and tribal peoples. An opportunity Agriculture Organization and the for climate action in Latin America Fund for the Development of the and the Caribbean (2021) Indigenous Peoples of Latina America and the Caribbean State of the World´s Indigenous United Nations Global report Peoples: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources, 5th volume (2021) Environmental Governance Inter-American Development Bank Regional report Indicators for Latin America and the and World Justice Project Caribbean (2020) Undermining Rights: Indigenous World Resources Institute Regional report Lands and Mining in the Amazon (2020) Authorized to Steal: Organized
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
~~The State of the World´s~~
~~United Nations~~
~~Global report~~
~~https://www.un.org/devel~~
~~Indigenous Peoples: Rights~~
~~opment/desa/Indigenousp~~
~~to Lands, Territories, and~~
~~eoples/wp-~~
~~Resources, 5th volume~~
~~content/uploads/sites/19/2~~
~~(2021)~~
~~021/03/State-of-Worlds-~~
~~Indigenous-Peoples-Vol-~~
~~V-Final.pdf~~
~~Forest Governance by~~
~~United Nations Food and~~
~~Regional report~~
~~http://www.fao.org/3/cb29~~
~~Indigenous and Tribal~~
~~Agriculture Organization~~
~~53en/cb2953en.pdf~~
~~People. An Opportunity~~
~~and the Fund for the~~
~~for Climate Action in~~
~~Development of the~~
~~Latin America and the~~
~~Indigenous Peoples of~~
~~Caribbean (2021)~~
~~Latina America and the~~
~~Caribbean~~
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~~Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information~~

~~Title~~
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
~~Environmental~~
~~Inter-American~~
~~Regional report~~
~~https://worldjusticeprojec~~
~~Governance Indicators in~~
~~Development Bank and~~
~~t.org/our-work/research-~~
~~Latin America and the~~
~~World Justice Project~~
~~and-data/environmental-~~
~~Caribbean (2020)~~
~~governance-indicators-~~
~~latin-america-and-~~
~~caribbean~~
~~Undermining Rights:~~
~~World Resources Insitute~~
~~Regional report~~
~~https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs~~
~~Indigenous Lands and~~
-
~~Mining in the Amazon~~
~~public/Report_Indigenous~~
~~(2020)~~
~~_Lands_and_Mining_in_th~~
~~e_Amazon_web_1.pdf~~
~~Authorized to Steal:~~
~~Center for International~~
~~Regional report covers~~
~~https://www.ciel.org/wp-~~
~~Organized Crime~~
~~Environmental Law~~
~~government oversight,~~
~~content/uploads/2019/07/~~
~~Networks Launder Il egal~~
~~laundering, supply chains~~
~~Authorized-to-Steal-July-~~
~~Timber from the Peruvian~~
~~and recommendations~~
~~2019.pdf~~
~~Amazon (2019)~~
~~Blood Gold in the~~
~~Jon Lee Anderson, The~~
~~Regional long article~~
~~https://www.newyorker.c~~
~~Brazilian Rain Forest~~
~~New Yorker~~
~~om/magazine/2019/11/11/~~
~~(2019)~~
~~blood-gold-in-the-~~
~~brazilian-rain-forest~~
~~Global assessment report~~
~~Intergovernmental~~
~~Global report with~~
~~https://ipbes.net/global-~~
~~on biodiversity and~~
~~Science-Policy Platform~~
~~discussion of Indigenous~~
~~assessment-report-~~
~~ecosystem services (2019) on Biodiversity and~~
~~peoples integrated~~
~~biodiversity-ecosystem-~~
~~Ecosystem Services~~
~~throughout~~
~~services~~
~~Global Report on the~~
~~Joji Carino, Loreto~~ Center for International Regional report covers government Crime Networks Launder Il egal Environmental Law oversight, laundering, supply chains Timber from the Peruvian Amazon and recommendations (2019) Blood Gold in the Brazilian Rain Jon Lee Anderson, The New Regional long article Forest (2019) Yorker Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Global report Special Report on climate change, Change desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (2019) Global Assessment Report on Intergovernmental Science-Policy Global report with discussion of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Platform on Biodiversity and Indigenous peoples integrated (2019) Ecosystem Services throughout Global Report on the Situation of Joji Carino, Loreto Tamayo, Global report with a section on Lands, Territories and Resources of Indigenous Peoples Major Group Latin America and the Caribbean Indigenous Peoples (2019) for Sustainable Development Congressional Research Service 24 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Title (publication year) Author Resource Type Rainforest Mafias: How Violence Human Rights Watch Report on Brazilian public and and Impunity Fuel Deforestation in private actors, climate change and Brazil’s Amazon (2019) public policy Situation of Human Rights of the Inter-American Commission on Regional report examines threats to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of Human Rights Indigenous peoples, chal enges to the Pan-
~~Global report with a~~
~~https://www.iwgia.org/ima~~
~~Situation of Lands,~~
~~Tamayo, Indigenous~~
~~section on Latin America~~
~~ges/documents/briefings/I~~
~~Territories and Resources Peoples Major Group for~~
~~and the Caribbean~~
~~PMG%20Global%20Repor~~
~~of Indigenous Peoples~~
~~Sustainable Development~~
~~t%20FINAL.pdf~~
~~(2019)~~
~~Rainforest Mafias: How~~
~~Human Rights Watch~~
~~Report on Brazilian public~~
~~https://www.hrw.org/repo~~
~~Violence and Impunity~~
~~and private actors, climate rt/2019/09/17/rainforest-~~
~~Fuel Deforestation in~~
~~change and public policy~~
~~mafias/how-violence-and-~~
~~Brazil’s Amazon (2019)~~
~~impunity-fuel-~~
~~deforestation-brazils-~~
~~amazon~~
~~Situation of Human Rights Inter-American~~
~~Regional report examines~~
~~http://www.oas.org/en/iac~~
~~of the Indigenous and~~
~~Commission on Human~~
~~threats to Indigenous~~
~~hr/reports/pdfs/Panamazo~~
~~Tribal Peoples of the Pan-~~
~~Rights~~
~~peoples, challenges to~~
~~nia2019-en.pdf~~
Amazon Region (2019) Amazon Region (2019)
their rights and their rights and
recommendations recommendations
At a Crossroads: At a Crossroads: Consequential
Rights and Resources Rights and Resources Initiative Global report Trends in Recognition of Community-Based Forest Tenure from 2002-2017 (2018)
~~Global report~~
~~https://rightsandresources~~
~~Consequential Trends in~~
~~Initiative~~
~~.org/wp-~~
~~Recognition of~~
~~content/uploads/2019/03/~~
~~Community-Based Forest~~
~~At-A-~~
~~Tenure from 2002-2017~~
~~Crossroads_RRI_Nov-~~
~~(2018)~~
~~2018.pdf~~
Cornered by Protected Cornered by Protected
Victoria Tauli-Corpuz Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, Janis Alcorn, ,
Website Website with global with global
~~https://www.corneredbyp~~
resources Areas Areas ~~(2018)~~
~~Janis Alcorn, and Augusta~~
~~resources including~~
~~as.com/~~
~~Molnar~~
(2018) and Augusta Molnar including report with case studies report with case studies
of of Panama and Peru Looted Amazon (2018) Infoamazonia and Amazon Regional report covering mercury, Georeferenced Socio- protected areas, Indigenous Environmental Information territories and conflicts Network Who Owns the World’s Land? A Rights and Resources Initiative Global report with regional and global baseline of formal y country statistics recognized indigenous and community land rights (2015) Amazonía Socioambiental Amazon Geo-Referenced Socio- Website ~~Panama and Peru~~
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~~Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information~~

~~Title~~
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
~~Looted Amazon (2018)~~
~~Infoamazonia and Amazon Regional report covering~~
~~https://il egalmining.amazo~~
~~Georeferenced Socio-~~
~~mercury, protected areas,~~
~~niasocioambiental.org/?lan~~
~~Environmental~~
~~Indigenous territories and~~
~~g=en~~
~~Information Network~~
~~conflicts~~
~~Amazonía Socioambiental~~
~~Amazon Geo-Referenced~~
~~Website with maps about~~
~~https://www.amazoniasoci~~
~~Socio-Environmental~~
~~the~~ with maps about the Environmental Information Amazon’s protected Amazon’s protected
~~oambiental.org/en/maps/~~
~~Information~~ areas, Network,Network, a
~~areas, Indigenous~~
a consortium of civil consortium of civil ~~society~~ Indigenous territories,territories, deforestation deforestation
~~organizations from several and more~~ society organizations from several and more (English, (English,
Spanish, countries countries
~~Spanish,~~ Portuguese) Portuguese)
EcoCrime EcoCrime ~~Data~~
Data Igarapé Institute and Igarapé Institute and InSight Crime Mapping tool for environmental crime in
~~Mapping tool for~~
~~https://ecocrime.igarape.o~~
~~InSight Crime~~
~~environmental crime in~~
~~rg.br/~~
the Amazon including the Amazon including
deforestation,deforestation, il egal il egal
mining,mining, and cattle, soy, and cattle, soy,
and oil activity and oil activity
Environmental Justice Environmental Justice
Atlas Autonomous University Autonomous University
of Global map with Global map with
~~https://ejatlas.org/~~
~~Atlas~~
of information about Barcelona’sBarcelona’s Institute of level of ~~Institute of~~
~~information about level of~~
~~Environmental Science~~
conflict, communities, conflict, communities,
~~and Technology~~Environmental Science and
commodities, commodities, companies,companies,
~~and~~ and Technology governmental governmental
agencies involved, agencies involved, and reference ~~and~~
~~reference~~ links links
Indigenous peoples and Indigenous peoples and
food FAO Regional Office for FAO Regional Office for
Latin Website Website links to additional regional security in Latin America and the America ~~links to~~
~~http://www.fao.org/americ~~
~~food security in Latin~~
~~Latin America and the~~
~~additional regional~~
~~as/priorities/pueblos-~~
~~America and the~~
and the Caribbean Caribbean
documents documents
~~indigenas/en/~~
~~Caribbean~~
Caribbean International Indigenous International Indigenous
Peoples’ United Nations United Nations
Website Website for global caucus for global caucus
~~https://iipfcc.squarespace.c~~
~~Peoples Forum on~~
of of Forum on Climate Change Indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples
~~om/home~~
~~Climate Change~~
participating in United participating in United
Nations Framework Nations Framework
Convention on ClimateConvention on Climate
Change Change
Landmark Map Landmark Map
World World Resources Resources
Institute, Global maps, data, country profiles International ~~Global maps, data,~~
~~https://www.landmarkmap~~
~~Institute, International~~
~~country profiles~~
~~.org/~~
Land Coalition and others Land Coalition and others
Source: CompiledCompiled ~~by CRS.~~
by CRS. Congressional Research Service 25 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Table A-4. Resources on International Organizations and Indigenous Peoples in Latin
America
Title (publication year)
Author
Resource Type
~~URL~~
Implementing the ILO Implementing the ILO Indigenous
International Labor International Labor Organization Global report on income and and Tribal Peoples Convention No. employment with regional statistics 169 Towards an inclusive, and a
~~Global report on income~~
~~https://www.ilo.org/wcms~~
~~Indigenous and Tribal~~
~~Organization~~
~~and employment with~~
~~p5/groups/public/---~~
~~Peoples Convention No.~~
~~regional statistics and a~~
~~dgreports/---dcomm/---~~
~~169 Towards an Inclusive,~~
~~focus on gender~~
~~publ/documents/publicatio~~
~~Sustainable and Just~~
~~differences~~
~~n/wcms_735607.pdf~~
~~Future (2020)~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

30

~~Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information~~

~~Title~~
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
~~The state of the world´s~~
focus on gender differences sustainable and just future (2020) State of the world´s Indigenous United Nations United Nations
Global report covers Global report covers
~~https://social.un.org/unpfi /~~
~~Indigenous peoples:~~
~~Declaration~~
~~sowip-vol4-web.pdf~~
Declaration peoples: Implementing the United Implementing the United
implementation, implementation, ~~official~~ official statistics,
Nations Declaration Nations Declaration on the Rights chal enges and priorities of Indigenous Peoples, on
~~statistics, challenges and~~
~~the Rights of Indigenous~~
~~priorities~~
~~Peoples,~~ 4th volume 4th volume
(2019) (2019)
Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Peoples and
Local World Intel ectual Property ~~World Intellectual~~
Website Website provides access provides access
~~https://www.wipo.int/tk/e~~
~~Local Communities Portal~~
~~Property Organization~~
~~to global publications and~~
~~n/Indigenous/~~
to global Communities Portal Organization publications and events events
Indigenous Peoples Indigenous Peoples~~—OAS~~ Organization of AmericanOrganization of American States
Website Website provides access provides access
~~http://www.oas.org/en/top~~
~~States~~
to the Rapporteurship on to the Rapporteurship on
~~ics/Indigenous_peoples.as~~
the Rights of Indigenous the Rights of Indigenous
p
Peoples of the Inter-Peoples of the Inter-
AmericanAmerican ~~Commission on~~
Commission on Human Rights, SummitsHuman Rights, Summits of of
the Americas, special the Americas, special
regional projectsregional projects and and
more more
Indigenous and tribal Indigenous and tribal
peoples International Labor International Labor Organization
Website Website provides access provides access
~~https://www.ilo.org/global/~~
~~peoples~~
~~Organization~~
to global to global projects, publications and supervision of conventions Indigenous Peoples United Nations’ Department of Website ~~projects,~~
~~topics/Indigenous-~~
~~publications and~~
~~tribal/lang--en/index.htm~~
~~supervision of~~
~~conventions~~
~~United Nations for~~
~~United Nations’~~
~~Website provides access~~
~~https://www.un.org/devel~~
~~Indigenous Peoples~~
~~Department of Economic~~
~~to the global Permanent~~
~~opment/desa/Indigenousp~~
provides access to the Economic and Social Affairs and Social Affairs
global Permanent Forum on Indigenous Forum on Indigenous
~~eoples/~~
Issues, the World Issues, the World
Conference on Indigenous Conference on Indigenous
Peoples, expert group Peoples, expert group
meetings,meetings, the Special the Special
Rapporteur on the rights Rapporteur on the rights
of Indigenous peoples and of Indigenous peoples and
more more
Source: CompiledCompiled by CRS. by CRS.
Table A-5. Resources on Indigenous Peoples’ Human Rights in Latin America
Title (publication year)
Author
Resource Type
~~URL~~
~~Front Line Defenders~~Front Line Defenders Global
Front Line Front Line Defenders Global report about physical, digital, Analysis 2020 (2021) legal and social attacks against human rights defenders Annual Report 2020/21: The State ~~Defenders~~
~~Global report about~~
~~https://www.frontlinedefe~~
~~Global Analysis 2020~~
~~physical, digital, legal and~~
~~nders.org/sites/default/file~~
~~(2021)~~
~~social attacks against~~
~~s/fld_global_analysis_2020~~
~~human rights defenders~~
~~.pdf~~
~~Annual Report 2020/21:~~
~~Amnesty International~~
~~Global report, see~~
~~https://www.amnesty.org/~~
~~The State of the World’s~~
~~“Americas Regional~~
~~download/Documents/PO~~
~~Human Rights~~
~~Overview”~~
~~L1032022021ENGLISH.P~~
DF
~~Human Rights in the~~
Amnesty International Global report, see “Americas of the World’s Human Rights Regional Overview” Human Rights in the Americas Amnesty International Amnesty International
Regional report with Regional report with
~~https://www.amnesty.org/~~
~~Americas Annual Report~~
~~subsection on Indigenous~~
~~en/documents/amr01/135~~
subsection on Annual Report 2019 (2020) 2019 (2020)
Indigenous peoples for each peoples for each country The ~~country~~
~~3/2020/en/~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

31

~~Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information~~

~~Title~~
~~Author~~
~~Resource Type~~
~~URL~~
Indigenous World 2021 Indigenous World 2021
International Work International Work Group for Annual global reports since 1986 Indigenous Affairs about developments affecting
~~Annual global reports~~
~~https://www.iwgia.org/en/~~
~~Group for Indigenous~~
~~since 1986 about~~
~~resources/Indigenous-~~
~~Affairs~~
~~developments affecting~~
~~world.html~~
Indigenous peoples, Indigenous peoples,
organized by country organized by country
Indigenous Women and Indigenous Women and
Their Inter-American Inter-American Commission on Regional report with hearings, Human Rights in the Americas Human Rights cases, thematic and country reports (2017) that
~~Regional report with~~
~~http://www.oas.org/en/iac~~
~~Their Human Rights in~~
~~Commission on Human~~
~~hearings, cases, thematic~~
~~hr/reports/pdfs/Indigenou~~
~~the Americas (2017)~~
~~Rights~~
~~and country reports that~~
~~sWomen.pdf~~
document violations of document violations of
the human rights of the human rights of
~~Indigenous women~~
~~Guaranteeing Indigenous~~
~~United Nations Economic~~
~~Regional report covers~~
~~https://repositorio.cepal.o~~
~~people’s rights in Latin~~
~~Commission for Latin~~
~~sociopolitical context,~~
~~rg/bitstream/handle/11362~~
~~America: Progress in the~~
~~America and the~~
~~territorial rights, and~~
~~/37051/4/S1420782_en.pd~~
~~past decade and remaining Caribbean~~
~~rights to well-being and~~
f
~~challenges (2014)~~
~~information~~
~~Business, Civic Freedoms~~
~~Business & Human Rights~~
~~Global database of attacks https://www.business-~~
~~& Human Rights~~
~~Resource Centre~~
on Indigenous women Congressional Research Service 26 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Title (publication year) Author Resource Type Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s United Nations Economic Regional report covers rights in Latin America: Progress in Commission for Latin America and sociopolitical context, territorial the past decade and remaining the Caribbean rights, and rights to wel -being and chal enges (2014) information Business, Civic Freedoms & Human Business & Human Rights Resource Global database of attacks on Rights Defenders Portal Centre human rights ~~human rights~~
~~humanrights.org/search-~~
~~Defenders Portal~~
defenders from 2015 defenders from 2015 to to
~~human-rights-defenders~~
present, which specifies present, which specifies
Indigenous victims Indigenous victims
Country Reports on Country Reports on
Human Rights U.S. State Department U.S. State Department
Annual global reports Annual global reports
~~https://www.state.gov/rep~~
~~Human Rights Practices~~

~~cover each country with a orts-bureau-of-~~
cover each Practices country with a section section “Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons” that ~~“Discrimination,~~
~~democracy-human-rights-~~
~~Societal Abuses, and~~
~~and-labor/country-~~
~~Trafficking in Persons”~~
~~reports-on-human-rights-~~
~~that includes Indigenous~~
~~practices/~~
includes Indigenous peoples peoples
Indigenous Navigator Indigenous Navigator
Community-generated data, website Website and global database supported ~~Community-generated~~
~~Website and global~~
~~http://nav.Indigenousnavig~~
~~data, website supported~~
~~database~~
~~ator.com/~~
by the European Union by the European Union
Source: CompiledCompiled by CRS. by CRS.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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link to page 34 link to page 34 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

Appendix B. National Agencies of Indigenous
Affairs
Table B-1. Principal National Agencies Overseeing Indigenous Affairs
Country
~~Agency (parent agency, office)~~
~~Website~~
~~Argentina~~
~~Secretaría de Derechos Humanos,~~
~~https://www.argentina.gob.ar/derec~~
~~Instituto Nacional de Asuntos~~
~~hoshumanos/inai~~
~~Indígenas~~
~~Bolivia~~
~~Ministerio de Culturas,~~
~~https://www.minculturas.gob.bo/~~
~~Descolonización y~~
~~Despatriarcalización~~
~~Brazil~~
~~Fundação Nacional do Índio;~~
~~http://www.funai.gov.br/~~
~~Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária~~

~~e Abastecimento~~
~~http://www.agricultura.gov.br/~~
~~Chile~~
~~Ministerio de Desarrol o Social y~~
~~http://www.conadi.gob.cl/~~
~~Familia, Corporación Nacional de~~
~~Desarrol o Indígena~~
~~Colombia~~
~~Ministerio del Interior, Dirección~~
~~https://www.mininterior.gov.co/misi~~
Parent Agency Indigenous Affairs Agency Argentina Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Humanos, Secretaría de Derechos Indígenas Humanos Bolivia Ministerio de Culturas, Descolonización y Despatriarcalización Brazil Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Fundação Nacional do Índio Pública Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento Chile Ministerio de Desarrol o Social y Corporación Nacional de Familia Desarrol o Indígena Colombia Ministerio del Interior Dirección de Asuntos Indígenas, de Asuntos Indígenas, ROM y Minorías Costa Rica Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas Ecuador ~~ROM y~~
~~on/direccion-de-asuntos-indigenas-~~
~~Minorías~~
~~rom-y-minorias~~
~~Costa Rica~~
~~Comisión Nacional de Asuntos~~
~~http://www.conai.go.cr/~~
~~Indígenas~~
~~Ecuador~~
~~Consejo Nacional para la Igualdad~~
~~http://www.pueblosynacionalidades.~~
~~de Pueblos y Nacionalidades~~
~~gob.ec/~~
Consejo Nacional para la Igualdad de Pueblos y Nacionalidades El Salvador El Salvador
Ministerio Ministerio de Culturaa Dirección General de Multiculturalidad Guatemala Ministerio Público Secretaría de Pueblos IndígenasError! Reference source not found. Guyana Ministry of Amerindian Affairs Honduras Secretaría de Desarrol o e Inclusión Dirección de Pueblos Indígenas y Social Afrohondureños Mexico Secretaría de Cultura Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas Nicaragua Asamblea Nacional Comisión de ~~de Culturaa~~
~~https://www.cultura.gob.sv/marco-~~
~~institucional/~~
~~Guatemala~~
~~Ministerio Público, Secretaría de~~
~~https://www.mp.gob.gt/nosotros/~~
~~Pueblos Indígenas~~
~~Guyana~~
~~Ministry of Amerindian Affairs~~
~~https://moipa.gov.gy/~~
~~Honduras~~
~~Secretaría de Desarrol o e Inclusión http://dinafroh.sedis.gob.hn/direccio~~
~~Social, Dirección de Pueblos~~
~~n-de-pueblos-indigenas-y-~~
~~Indígenas y Afrohondureños~~
~~afrohondurenos-dinafroh~~
~~Mexico~~
~~Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos~~
~~https://www.gob.mx/inpi~~
~~Indígenas; Secretaría de Cultura,~~
~~Instituto Nacional de Lenguas~~
~~Indígenas;~~
~~Nicaragua~~
~~Asamblea Nacional, Comisión de~~
~~http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Ta~~
Asuntos de los Asuntos de los Pueblos Originarios, Afrodescendientes y Regímenes Autonómicos Comisión Nacional ~~Pueblos Originarios,~~
~~blas%20Generales.nsf/InfoComision.~~
~~Afrodescendientes y Regímenes~~
~~xsp?documentId=70FB74CCEB9CB~~
~~Autonómicos; Comisión Nacional~~
~~64E0625838C004FC379&action=op~~
de Demarcación y Titulaciónde Demarcación y Titulación
~~enDocument~~
Panama Panama
Ministerio Ministerio de Gobiernode Gobierno y Justiciay Justicia,
~~http://www.mingob.gob.pa/viceminis~~
~~Viceministerio de Asuntos~~
~~terio-asuntos-indigenas/~~
~~Indígenas; Ministerio de Salud,~~
~~http://www.minsa.gob.pa/direccion/~~
~~Dirección de Asuntos Sanitarios~~
~~direccion-de-asuntos-sanitarios-~~
~~Indígenas~~
~~indigenas~~
Viceministerio de Asuntos Indígenas Ministerio de Salud Dirección de Asuntos Sanitarios Indígenas Paraguay Presidencia de la República Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information

~~Paraguay~~
~~Presidencia de la República,~~
~~http://www.indi.gov.py/~~
~~Instituto Paraguayo del Indígena~~Country Parent Agency Indigenous Affairs Agency
Peru Peru
Ministerio Ministerio de Salud Dirección de Pueblos Indígenas u Ministerio de Cultura Originarios Base de ~~de Salud, Dirección de~~
~~https://www.gob.pe/7662-~~
~~Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios;~~
~~ministerio-de-salud-organizacion-~~
~~Ministerio de Cultura, Base de~~
~~de-ministerio-de-salud~~
datos de Pueblos Indígenas datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios Congressional Research Service 29 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information u
~~https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/index.php~~
~~Originarios~~
/
Uruguay Uruguay
Ministerio Ministerio del Interiordel Interior, Área Étnico Racial (“Salir de la invisibilidad”) Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para ~~Área Étnico~~
~~https://www.minterior.gub.uy/index.~~
~~Racial~~
~~php?option=com_content&view=ar~~
~~ticle&id=3447~~
~~Venezuela~~
~~Ministerio del Poder Popular para~~
~~http://www.minpi.gob.ve/~~
los Pueblos Indígenas los Pueblos Indígenas
Source: CompiledCompiled by CRS. by CRS.
a. The Ministry of Culture mentionsa. The Ministry of Culture mentions Indigenous peoples only in its list of responsibilitiesIndigenous peoples only in its list of responsibilities “Ejercer la rectoría de “Ejercer la rectoría de
los procesos los procesos relacionados con el desarrol orelacionados con el desarrol o socio cultural de los pueblos indígenas.”socio cultural de los pueblos indígenas.”
b. Found under the tab “Administrativo” towards the bottom of the webpage.
Author Information

Carla Y. Davis-Castro Carla Y. Davis-Castro

Research Librarian Research Librarian

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