Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures

Changes from June 3, 2021 to August 26, 2022

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Rules Governing Senate Committee and
~~June 3, 2021~~August 26, 2022
Subcommittee Assignment Procedures
Michael Greene
Each Congress, the Senate appoints its members to committees. In order to make these Each Congress, the Senate appoints its members to committees. In order to make these
Analyst on Congress and Analyst on Congress and
assignments, each party conference typically holds an organizational meeting following an assignments, each party conference typically holds an organizational meeting following an
the Legislative Process the Legislative Process
election and prior to the start of the next Congress. At these meetings, a party’s committee election and prior to the start of the next Congress. At these meetings, a party’s committee

assignments are first proposed and approved at the party level. These assignments are then assignments are first proposed and approved at the party level. These assignments are then
formally approved in the Senate through the adoption of simple resolutions submitted on behalf formally approved in the Senate through the adoption of simple resolutions submitted on behalf

of each party’s conference. By long-standing practice, resolutions appointing Senators to of each party’s conference. By long-standing practice, resolutions appointing Senators to
committees have been adopted by unanimous consent.committees have been adopted by unanimous consent.
Senate rules and party conference rules categorize committee types in two ways. First, committees are deemed to be standing Senate rules and party conference rules categorize committee types in two ways. First, committees are deemed to be standing
or non-standing. “Standing committees” are permanently established under Senate Rule XXV, whereas “non-standing” or non-standing. “Standing committees” are permanently established under Senate Rule XXV, whereas “non-standing”
committees (e.g., special, select, or joint committees) are typically created by resolution or law and are often temporary in committees (e.g., special, select, or joint committees) are typically created by resolution or law and are often temporary in
nature. Second, Senate Rule XXV categorizes committees into three groups that are more popularly referred to as “A,” “B,” nature. Second, Senate Rule XXV categorizes committees into three groups that are more popularly referred to as “A,” “B,”
or “C” committees. In general, Senators “shall” serve on two “A” committees, may serve on one “B” committee, and are not or “C” committees. In general, Senators “shall” serve on two “A” committees, may serve on one “B” committee, and are not
limited in serving on “C” committees. Both the Democratic and Republican Conferences also further distinguish certain “A” limited in serving on “C” committees. Both the Democratic and Republican Conferences also further distinguish certain “A”
committees as “Super A” committees, typically limiting Senators to serving on one such committee at a time. However, committees as “Super A” committees, typically limiting Senators to serving on one such committee at a time. However,
committee assignments that violate these rules are sometimes proposed by the parties and adopted by the Senate. committee assignments that violate these rules are sometimes proposed by the parties and adopted by the Senate.
In addition to Senate rules, committee assignments are also shaped by party conference rules. The Republican Conference In addition to Senate rules, committee assignments are also shaped by party conference rules. The Republican Conference
makes its rules publicly available; the Democratic Conference does not. Within the Republican Conference, a Committee on makes its rules publicly available; the Democratic Conference does not. Within the Republican Conference, a Committee on
Committees is appointed to recommend two “A” assignments for each of its members. Republican Senators are also Committees is appointed to recommend two “A” assignments for each of its members. Republican Senators are also
guaranteed the opportunity to retain one “B” committee assignment from the previous Congress. The party floor leader fills guaranteed the opportunity to retain one “B” committee assignment from the previous Congress. The party floor leader fills
any remaining vacancies on “A” committees and makes all other assignments to “B” and “C” committees. These proposed any remaining vacancies on “A” committees and makes all other assignments to “B” and “C” committees. These proposed
assignments are then subject to approval by majority vote of the full Republican Conference. Once Republican committee assignments are then subject to approval by majority vote of the full Republican Conference. Once Republican committee
rosters have been approved, Republican committee members elect their own chairs or ranking minority members, which must rosters have been approved, Republican committee members elect their own chairs or ranking minority members, which must
also be approved by majority vote of the conference. also be approved by majority vote of the conference.
A number of further limitations apply to a Senator serving as a committee chair or ranking minority member. In general, a A number of further limitations apply to a Senator serving as a committee chair or ranking minority member. In general, a
Senator may serve as chair for no more than one committee at a time and for no more than one subcommittee per committee Senator may serve as chair for no more than one committee at a time and for no more than one subcommittee per committee
to which he or she is assigned. Republican Conference rules do not allow Republican chairs of “A” committees to chair any to which he or she is assigned. Republican Conference rules do not allow Republican chairs of “A” committees to chair any
subcommittees. Under those rules, Republican chairs of “B” committees may chair one subcommittee each, and a Republican subcommittees. Under those rules, Republican chairs of “B” committees may chair one subcommittee each, and a Republican
chair or vice chair of the Committee on Ethics may chair two chair or vice chair of the Committee on Ethics may chair two ~~su bcommittees~~subcommittees. All other Republican Senators are limited to . All other Republican Senators are limited to
serving as chair or ranking member for not more than two subcommittees. In addition, the Republican Conference limits serving as chair or ranking member for not more than two subcommittees. In addition, the Republican Conference limits
service as the chair or ranking minority member of a committee to three terms (or six years). service as the chair or ranking minority member of a committee to three terms (or six years).
While the Senate formally appoints Senators to committees, committees are responsible for appointing their members to While the Senate formally appoints Senators to committees, committees are responsible for appointing their members to
subcommittees. While Senate rules establish some limitations on subcommittee service, they are silent on how these subcommittees. While Senate rules establish some limitations on subcommittee service, they are silent on how these
appointments should be made. However, a number of committees have adopted rules that provide for subcommittee appointments should be made. However, a number of committees have adopted rules that provide for subcommittee
assignments to be made either by the committee’s chair or by a bidding process operating in order of seniority. In addition, assignments to be made either by the committee’s chair or by a bidding process operating in order of seniority. In addition,
Republican Conference rules direct that subcommittee leadership for Republican Senators shall be determined by seniority on Republican Conference rules direct that subcommittee leadership for Republican Senators shall be determined by seniority on
either the committee or the subcommittee. either the committee or the subcommittee.
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Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures

Introduction
The Senate appoints committees at the start of each two-year Congress in order to delegate its The Senate appoints committees at the start of each two-year Congress in order to delegate its
workload and develop expertise among its members. By serving on committees, Senators have workload and develop expertise among its members. By serving on committees, Senators have
the opportunity to work with colleagues on specific policy areas, develop and consider the opportunity to work with colleagues on specific policy areas, develop and consider
legislation, and conduct oversight of matters of national interest. Senators are legislation, and conduct oversight of matters of national interest. Senators are ~~formal y~~formally assigned assigned
to committees by the Senate, but these assignment decisions are primarily driven by the parties to committees by the Senate, but these assignment decisions are primarily driven by the parties
themselves. themselves.
Following an election and prior to the start of a new Congress, both the Republican and Following an election and prior to the start of a new Congress, both the Republican and
Democratic Conferences Democratic Conferences ~~typical y~~typically hold organizational meetings to adopt committee assignments hold organizational meetings to adopt committee assignments
along with other party agenda items. The Republican Conference appoints a Committee on along with other party agenda items. The Republican Conference appoints a Committee on
Committees to determine a portion of assignments for Republican Senators, while the party floor Committees to determine a portion of assignments for Republican Senators, while the party floor
leader is responsible for the rest. The Democratic Conference appoints a Steering Committee to leader is responsible for the rest. The Democratic Conference appoints a Steering Committee to
recommend committee assignments for its members. After the parties have approved committee recommend committee assignments for its members. After the parties have approved committee
assignments, simple resolutions reflecting these decisions are submitted and adopted in the assignments, simple resolutions reflecting these decisions are submitted and adopted in the
Senate.Senate.
This report provides an examination of Senate and party rules governing the committee This report provides an examination of Senate and party rules governing the committee
assignment process for both standing and non-standing committees as assignment process for both standing and non-standing committees as ~~wel~~ well as their as their
subcommittees. The term subcommittees. The term standing committees ~~general y~~generally refers to committees permanently refers to committees permanently
established under Senate Rule XXV that have legislativeestablished under Senate Rule XXV that have legislative and oversight jurisdiction over a number and oversight jurisdiction over a number
of stated subject areas. Non-standing committees (e.g., select, special, or joint committees) are of stated subject areas. Non-standing committees (e.g., select, special, or joint committees) are
created by resolution or law, typically to investigate certain issues or events, and may or may not created by resolution or law, typically to investigate certain issues or events, and may or may not
have legislativehave legislative jurisdiction.1 jurisdiction.1
Scope of the Report
A number of limitations regarding the public availabilityA number of limitations regarding the public availability of information affects the discussion of information affects the discussion
presented here. This report primarily limits its discussion to Senate rules and Republican presented here. This report primarily limits its discussion to Senate rules and Republican
Conference rules.2 While the Democratic Conference has adopted written rules governing its Conference rules.2 While the Democratic Conference has adopted written rules governing its
committee assignment procedures, these rules are not publicly availablecommittee assignment procedures, these rules are not publicly available and, consequently, and, consequently,
cannot be discussed in this report.cannot be discussed in this report.
In addition to the limited availability In addition to the limited availability of party conference rules, both parties also observe long-of party conference rules, both parties also observe long-
standing, but unwritten, practices that further shape the committee assignment process. These standing, but unwritten, practices that further shape the committee assignment process. These
practices, exercised in party meetings not open to the public, can neither authoritatively nor practices, exercised in party meetings not open to the public, can neither authoritatively nor
comprehensively be accounted for in this report. Despite the limitations discussed here, this comprehensively be accounted for in this report. Despite the limitations discussed here, this
report offers an examination of the rights of report offers an examination of the rights of al all Senators under Senate rules and Senators under Senate rules and ~~specifical y~~specifically to to
Republican Senators under recent Republican Conference rules, either of which might be relied Republican Senators under recent Republican Conference rules, either of which might be relied
upon in complicated or contentious situations. upon in complicated or contentious situations.

1 More discussion1 More discussion on the types of committees in the Senate (and House) can beon the types of committees in the Senate (and House) can be found in CRSfound in CRS Report 98-241, Report 98-241,
~~Com m ittee~~Committee Types and Roles, by Valerie, by Valerie Heitshusen. Heitshusen.
2 Republican 2 Republican Conference rules for the 117h Congress (2020-2021) can be found at https://www.republican.senate.gov/Conference rules for the 117h Congress (2020-2021) can be found at https://www.republican.senate.gov/
public/_cache/files/112f6afb-a1f0-4c3f-8e78-788ac85c344e/4AD00AC45F860D42FAD37C556CB6A01F.-117th-public/_cache/files/112f6afb-a1f0-4c3f-8e78-788ac85c344e/4AD00AC45F860D42FAD37C556CB6A01F.-117th-
congresss-rules-and-precedents.pdf. congresss-rules-and-precedents.pdf.
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Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures

Senate Rules and Practices Relating to Standing
Committee Assignments
At the start of every two-year Congress, and throughout as vacancies may arise, Senators are At the start of every two-year Congress, and throughout as vacancies may arise, Senators are
~~formal y~~formally appointed to serve on committees through the adoption of simple resolutions.3 appointed to serve on committees through the adoption of simple resolutions.3 ~~Typical y,~~
Typically, the floor leaders submit resolutions on behalf of each party to elect Senators as members and the floor leaders submit resolutions on behalf of each party to elect Senators as members and
chairs (or ranking minority members) with names arranged in order of seniority for each chairs (or ranking minority members) with names arranged in order of seniority for each
committee to which appointments are being made.4 While committee to which appointments are being made.4 While ~~technical y~~technically debatable and amendable, debatable and amendable,
these resolutions have these resolutions have ~~typical y~~typically been agreed to by unanimous consent, reflecting the long- been agreed to by unanimous consent, reflecting the long-
standing practice of each party determining its own membership to committees. Senate Rule standing practice of each party determining its own membership to committees. Senate Rule
XXIV also provides that a Senator can demand a separate vote on any individual appointment,5 XXIV also provides that a Senator can demand a separate vote on any individual appointment,5
and one-fifth of Senators present (assuming a quorum) can demand that votes on an appointment and one-fifth of Senators present (assuming a quorum) can demand that votes on an appointment
resolution be taken by resolution be taken by ~~bal ot~~ballot—though neither rule has been exercised in decades.6—though neither rule has been exercised in decades.6
Once Senators have been assigned to committees, they continue to serve from Congress to Once Senators have been assigned to committees, they continue to serve from Congress to
Congress until they are replaced (when new assignments are adopted by the Senate).7 As Congress until they are replaced (when new assignments are adopted by the Senate).7 As
previously discussed, it is the usual practice that committee assignments are adopted shortly after previously discussed, it is the usual practice that committee assignments are adopted shortly after
the start of a new Congress. However, if there is a delay in making new assignments for any the start of a new Congress. However, if there is a delay in making new assignments for any
reason, committees remain constituted and can continue to conduct business as they may deem reason, committees remain constituted and can continue to conduct business as they may deem
~~necessary.8~~

necessary.8 3 Practice varies from Congress to Congress, but not all committee assignments for a party’s members are necessarily 3 Practice varies from Congress to Congress, but not all committee assignments for a party’s members are necessarily
submitted in a single resolution. Committee assignments may be determined piecemeal, meaning multiple resolutions submitted in a single resolution. Committee assignments may be determined piecemeal, meaning multiple resolutions
couldcould be submitted and adopted in the Senate. Furthermore, as changes in membership to the Senate occur over the be submitted and adopted in the Senate. Furthermore, as changes in membership to the Senate occur over the
course of a Congress—whether the result of a retirement, special election, death, or other circumstancecourse of a Congress—whether the result of a retirement, special election, death, or other circumstance —additional —additional
resolutions appointing individualresolutions appointing individual Senators to committees may be considered andSenators to committees may be considered and adopted as well. adopted as well.
4 For example, in the 117th Congress (2021-2022), S.Res. 28 appointed Senators from the majority party to committees, 4 For example, in the 117th Congress (2021-2022), S.Res. 28 appointed Senators from the majority party to committees,
and S.Res.and S.Res. 32 appointed Senators from the minority party. Occasionally, as is the case with32 appointed Senators from the minority party. Occasionally, as is the case with S.Res.S.Res. 28, resolutions 28, resolutions
appointing majority party committee assignments will specify in the text which Senator is designatedappointing majority party committee assignments will specify in the text which Senator is designated as chair (e.g., Ms. as chair (e.g., Ms.
Smith [Chair]). However, asSmith [Chair]). However, as already mentioned, even in the absence of this designatingalready mentioned, even in the absence of this designating text, committee assignment text, committee assignment
resolutions alwaysresolutions always list a list a ~~committ ee~~committee’s chair (for the majority party) or ranking member (for the minority party) first. All ’s chair (for the majority party) or ranking member (for the minority party) first. All
other Senators are listed in order of their seniority on the committee. other Senators are listed in order of their seniority on the committee.
5 According to 5 According to Riddick’s Senate Procedure, the Senate most recently considered a motion to divide the question on a , the Senate most recently considered a motion to divide the question on a
resolution appointing committee members and chairs duringresolution appointing committee members and chairs during ~~the 92 nd~~ the 92nd Congress (1971-1972); see U.S. Congress, Senate, Congress (1971-1972); see U.S. Congress, Senate,
Riddick’s Senate Procedure, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., Doc. 101-28, p. 396, and , 101st Cong., 2nd sess., Doc. 101-28, p. 396, and Congressional Record, vol. 117 (January , vol. 117 (January
28, 1971), pp. 866-868. 28, 1971), pp. 866-868.
6 6 ~~T he~~The last time the Senate considered committee assignments by ballot was last time the Senate considered committee assignments by ballot was ~~during the 83 rd~~ during the 83rd Congress (1953-1954). In Congress (1953-1954). In
that instance, neither party had proposed assignments for thenthat instance, neither party had proposed assignments for then -independent Senator Wayne Morse, who was-independent Senator Wayne Morse, who was not not
caucusingcaucusing with Republicanswith Republicans or Democrats at the time. Upon demand of one-fifth of Senators present, appointments to or Democrats at the time. Upon demand of one-fifth of Senators present, appointments to
the Committee on Armed Services werethe Committee on Armed Services were determined bydetermined by ballot. After some debate on how to proceed, ballots were ballot. After some debate on how to proceed, ballots were
distributeddistributed to all Senators containing assignments to the Committee on Armed Services proposed by the Republican to all Senators containing assignments to the Committee on Armed Services proposed by the Republican
and Democratic parties. Senators could then either accept the parties’ proposed assignments or write in Senator and Democratic parties. Senators could then either accept the parties’ proposed assignments or write in Senator
Morse’s name and strike another name off the ballot list. Morse’s name and strike another name off the ballot list. ~~T he~~The ballot vote resulted in adoption of the parties’ proposed ballot vote resulted in adoption of the parties’ proposed
assignments, and Senator Morse wasassignments, and Senator Morse was not assigned to the Committee on Armed Services for the 83rd Congress. Seenot assigned to the Committee on Armed Services for the 83rd Congress. See U.S. U.S.
Congress, Senate, Congress, Senate, Riddick’s Senate Procedure, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., Doc. 101-28, p. 395, and , 101st Cong., 2nd sess., Doc. 101-28, p. 395, and Congressional Record, ,
vol. 99 (January 13, 1953), pp. 327-352. vol. 99 (January 13, 1953), pp. 327-352.
7 Senate Rule 7 Senate Rule XXV,XXV, paragraph 1, states that “standing committees shall be appointed at the commencement of each paragraph 1, states that “standing committees shall be appointed at the commencement of each
Congress, andCongress, and shall continue and have the power to act until their successors are appointed, with leave to report by bill shall continue and have the power to act until their successors are appointed, with leave to report by bill
or otherwise on matters within their respective jurisdictions.” or otherwise on matters within their respective jurisdictions.”
8 For example, due8 For example, due to runoff elections that would determine the majority party in the Senate for the to runoff elections that would determine the majority party in the Senate for the ~~117 th~~117th Congress Congress
(2021-2022), committee assignments were not adopted until one month into the session. During the interim, Senate (2021-2022), committee assignments were not adopted until one month into the session. During the interim, Senate
committees—reflecting membership assignments from the 116th Congress (2019-2020)—acted in several casescommittees—reflecting membership assignments from the 116th Congress (2019-2020)—acted in several cases to to
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Size and Ratios of Committees
Although the size of committees is provided for in Senate Rule XXV, in practice the Senate does Although the size of committees is provided for in Senate Rule XXV, in practice the Senate does
not adhere to these restrictions. Instead, the size and ratio of majority to minority party members not adhere to these restrictions. Instead, the size and ratio of majority to minority party members
on each committee are negotiated by party leaders following an election and prior to the start of a on each committee are negotiated by party leaders following an election and prior to the start of a
new Congress.9 Committee ratios typically reflect the makeup of majority party to minority party new Congress.9 Committee ratios typically reflect the makeup of majority party to minority party
Senators in the chamber.10 The size and ratio of Senators on each standing committee are reflected Senators in the chamber.10 The size and ratio of Senators on each standing committee are reflected
in the contents of the appointing resolutions adopted by the Senate.11in the contents of the appointing resolutions adopted by the Senate.11
Certain non-standing committees are subject to additional composition requirements set forth in Certain non-standing committees are subject to additional composition requirements set forth in
resolutions that establish them. An equal number of Republicans and Democrats are always resolutions that establish them. An equal number of Republicans and Democrats are always
appointed to the Select Committee on Ethics, though the committee’s total size varies from appointed to the Select Committee on Ethics, though the committee’s total size varies from
Congress to Congress. The composition of the Select Committee on Congress to Congress. The composition of the Select Committee on ~~Intel igence is partial y~~Intelligence is partially
composed of an equal number of Democratic and Republican Senators serving on other composed of an equal number of Democratic and Republican Senators serving on other
committees, as follows: committees, as follows:
 One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Appropriations,  One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Appropriations,
 One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Armed Services,  One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Armed Services,
 One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Foreign Relations,  One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
 One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on the Judiciary.  One Democrat and one Republican from the Committee on the Judiciary.
In addition, the committee may also have up to seven additional In addition, the committee may also have up to seven additional members appointed from the members appointed from the
Senate at large.12 Joint committees also have particular compositional requirements that can be Senate at large.12 Joint committees also have particular compositional requirements that can be
found ifound in Appendix B.
Limitations
Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4, limits the number of committees that Senators may serve on at a Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4, limits the number of committees that Senators may serve on at a
time. These committees are more commonly referred to as “A,” “B,” and “C” committees, with time. These committees are more commonly referred to as “A,” “B,” and “C” committees, with
each category representing a different aspect of the rule. Senators “each category representing a different aspect of the rule. Senators “~~shal~~ shall” serve on two “A” ” serve on two “A”
committees, may serve on one “B” committee, and may serve on one or more “C” committees. committees, may serve on one “B” committee, and may serve on one or more “C” committees.
Under the rule, appointment to the Joint Economic Committee does not count as a Senator’s one Under the rule, appointment to the Joint Economic Committee does not count as a Senator’s one
“B” committee assignment, meaning that Senators on that committee may also be assigned to “B” committee assignment, meaning that Senators on that committee may also be assigned to
serve on a second “B” committee.13 In addition, Senators serving on the Committee on Rules and serve on a second “B” committee.13 In addition, Senators serving on the Committee on Rules and

consider and report nominations submitted by the new Bidenconsider and report nominations submitted by the new Biden Administration. For more information on the Senate at the Administration. For more information on the Senate at the
outset of the 117th Congress and the chamber’s eventual powersharing agreement, see CRSoutset of the 117th Congress and the chamber’s eventual powersharing agreement, see CRS Report R46769, Report R46769, The Senate
Powersharing ~~Agreem ent~~Agreement of the 117th Congress (S.Res. 27) , by Elizabeth Rybicki. , by Elizabeth Rybicki.
9 See9 See ~~CRS~~ CRS Report RS20722, Report RS20722, The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the Senate Floor, by , by
ValerieValerie Heitshusen. Heitshusen.
10 10 ~~T he~~The Select Committee on Ethics is always Select Committee on Ethics is always comprised of an equalcomprised of an equal number of Republicannumber of Republican ~~and~~ and Democratic members, Democratic members,
pursuant to S.Res.pursuant to S.Res. 338 (88th Congress), regardless338 (88th Congress), regardless of the party ratios in the Senate. of the party ratios in the Senate.
11 See 11 See ~~CRS~~ CRS Report RL34752, Report RL34752, Senate Committee Party Ratios: 98th-117th Congresses, by Sarah J. Eckman. , by Sarah J. Eckman.
12 Pursuant to the committee’s establishing resolution, the President pro tempore is the one authorized to make 12 Pursuant to the committee’s establishing resolution, the President pro tempore is the one authorized to make
appointments, as recommended by the floor leaders, to the eight Intelligence Committee seats composed of members appointments, as recommended by the floor leaders, to the eight Intelligence Committee seats composed of members
from the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, Foreign Relations, from the Committees on Appropriations, Armed Services, Foreign Relations, ~~a nd~~and the Judiciary. In practice, the floor the Judiciary. In practice, the floor
leadersleaders name all members to the Select Committee on Intelligence for their respective parties in simple resolutions name all members to the Select Committee on Intelligence for their respective parties in simple resolutions
submitted to and approved by the Senate. U.S.submitted to and approved by the Senate. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and ~~Administratio n~~Administration, , Senate
Manual, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., 116-1 (Washington: GPO, 2020), Section 82.1, p. 125. , 116th Cong., 2nd sess., 116-1 (Washington: GPO, 2020), Section 82.1, p. 125.
13 Senate Rule 13 Senate Rule XXV,XXV, paragraph 4(d). paragraph 4(d).
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Administration may not serve on the Joint Committee on Taxation or Joint Economic Administration may not serve on the Joint Committee on Taxation or Joint Economic
Committee.14 Committee.14
Both the Republican and Democratic parties also consider a subset of “A” committees to be Both the Republican and Democratic parties also consider a subset of “A” committees to be
exclusive or “Super A” committees. Senators may exclusive or “Super A” committees. Senators may ~~general y~~generally serve on one “Super A” committee, serve on one “Super A” committee,
though either party conference could approve assignments for its members that would otherwise though either party conference could approve assignments for its members that would otherwise
violate these party rules. Limitations under Senate and party rules are listed iviolate these party rules. Limitations under Senate and party rules are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Senate Committee Categories
“A” Committees
“B” Committees
“C” Committees
Senators shall serve on two and no more
Senators may serve on only one
No limit on service
Agriculture, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Nutrition, and Forestry
Budget Budget
Ethics (Special) Ethics (Special)
Appropriations
Rules and Administration Rules and Administration
Indian Affairs Indian Affairs
Armed Services
Veterans’ Affairs Veterans’ Affairs
Joint Committee Joint Committee on Taxation on Taxation
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
~~Smal~~ Small Business Business
Joint Committee Joint Committee on the Libraron the Librarya
Commerce, Commerce, Science,Science, and Transportation and Transportation
Aging (Special) Aging (Special)
Joint Committee Joint Committee on Printinon Printinga
Energy and Natural Resources Energy and Natural Resources
Joint Economic Joint Economic ~~Committe~~ebCommitteeb

Environment and Public Works Environment and Public Works

Finance

Foreign Relations

Homeland Security and Governmental Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Affairs

Judiciary Judiciary

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

~~Intel igenc~~ecIntelligencec (Select) (Select)

Source: CRS examination of Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4; Republican Conference rules; and Senate CRS examination of Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4; Republican Conference rules; and Senate
Conference practices. Conference practices.
Notes: “A” committees“A” committees appearing in italics are considered as “Super A” committeesappearing in italics are considered as “Super A” committees under Republican under Republican
Conference rules.Conference rules. “A” committees“A” committees appearing in bold are considered as “Super A” committeesappearing in bold are considered as “Super A” committees under Democratic under Democratic
Conference practices. Both parties designate the CommitteesConference practices. Both parties designate the Committees on Appropriations,on Appropriations, ~~Armed~~ Armed Services,Services, and Finance and Finance
as “Super A” committees.as “Super A” committees. The Republican Conference also designates the CommitteeThe Republican Conference also designates the Committee on Foreignon Foreign Relations as a Relations as a
“Super A” committee.“Super A” committee. Senators are Senators are ~~general y~~generally not assigned to more not assigned to more than one “Super A” committeethan one “Super A” committee by their by their
respectiverespective party conference. party conference.
a. The committeea. The committee does not appear in Senate rules and is therefore treated as a “C” committee,does not appear in Senate rules and is therefore treated as a “C” committee, which has no which has no
limitations limitations for assignment purposes. for assignment purposes.
b. Service b. Service on the Joint Economic Committeeon the Joint Economic Committee does not count towards the one “B” committeedoes not count towards the one “B” committee limit,limit, per Senate per Senate
Rule XXV, paragraph 4(d). In other words, Rule XXV, paragraph 4(d). In other words, Senators may Senators may ~~potential y~~potentially serve on a second “B” committee serve on a second “B” committee
when assigned to the Joint Economic Committee.when assigned to the Joint Economic Committee.
c. The Select Committee c. The Select Committee ~~on Intel igence~~ on Intelligence is considered as an “A” committeeis considered as an “A” committee pursuant to Section 301(b) of pursuant to Section 301(b) of
S.Res. S.Res. 445, 108th Congress (2003-2004).445, 108th Congress (2003-2004).

~~14 Senate Rule XXV,~~ 14 Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(f). paragraph 4(f).
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Republican Conference Rules
Within the Republican Conference, a Committee on Committees is responsible for recommending Within the Republican Conference, a Committee on Committees is responsible for recommending
assignments to “A” committees and to the Committee on Rules and Administration (seassignments to “A” committees and to the Committee on Rules and Administration (see Table
1).15 The party leader recommends .15 The party leader recommends al all other Republican committee assignments. other Republican committee assignments.
Recommendations made by the Committee on Committees and the party leader are subject to Recommendations made by the Committee on Committees and the party leader are subject to
majority approval vote by the fullmajority approval vote by the full conference. conference.
At the start of a Congress, the Committee on Committees sends a letter to At the start of a Congress, the Committee on Committees sends a letter to al all Republican Senators Republican Senators
asking them to submit their preferences for assignments. Senators are directed to rank their top asking them to submit their preferences for assignments. Senators are directed to rank their top
three preferred “A” committee assignments, with the understanding they may not be assigned to three preferred “A” committee assignments, with the understanding they may not be assigned to
their third requested assignments.16 According to conference precedents, the Committee on their third requested assignments.16 According to conference precedents, the Committee on
Committees then uses the following guidelines, in order, when composing its recommended Committees then uses the following guidelines, in order, when composing its recommended
assignments: assignments:
1. Seniority of service on committees. 1. Seniority of service on committees.
2. Seniority of service in the Senate. 2. Seniority of service in the Senate.
3. Attention to geographical distribution and balance. 3. Attention to geographical distribution and balance.
4. No Senator to be assigned to serve on Finance and Appropriations at the same 4. No Senator to be assigned to serve on Finance and Appropriations at the same
time. time.
5. No two Republican Senators from the same state to be on the same committee. 5. No two Republican Senators from the same state to be on the same committee.
6. Ties determined by draw. 6. Ties determined by draw.
Once assignments for returning Senators have been made, incoming freshmen are assigned to Once assignments for returning Senators have been made, incoming freshmen are assigned to
remaining vacancies. Freshmen Senators are each guaranteed an initial assignment before any remaining vacancies. Freshmen Senators are each guaranteed an initial assignment before any
other freshman receives a second assignment. Seniority among the freshman class, for purposes other freshman receives a second assignment. Seniority among the freshman class, for purposes
of selecting a committee assignment, is first determined by prior service in the Senate, prior of selecting a committee assignment, is first determined by prior service in the Senate, prior
service in the House, and then prior service as a state governor. For service in the House, and then prior service as a state governor. For al all other newly elected other newly elected
Senators, order of committee selection is determined by draw.17 The party leader then proposes Senators, order of committee selection is determined by draw.17 The party leader then proposes
assignments to any remaining vacancies on “A” committees. assignments to any remaining vacancies on “A” committees.
Republican Senators may keep one “B” committee assignment on which they served in the Republican Senators may keep one “B” committee assignment on which they served in the
previous Congress. As with remaining “A” vacancies, the party leader proposes remaining “B” previous Congress. As with remaining “A” vacancies, the party leader proposes remaining “B”
and “C” assignments. and “C” assignments. Al All committee assignments are then subject to the approval of the full committee assignments are then subject to the approval of the full
conference, votes on which may be taken by secret written conference, votes on which may be taken by secret written ~~bal ot~~ballot if contested. if contested.
Limitations
The Republican Conference has adopted a number of rules and precedents that further limit The Republican Conference has adopted a number of rules and precedents that further limit
Senators’ service on committees beyond those found in Senate rules. As identified earlier, in Senators’ service on committees beyond those found in Senate rules. As identified earlier, in

~~15 T he~~ 15 The Republican Committee on Committees is appointed by the chair of the Republican Republican Committee on Committees is appointed by the chair of the Republican ~~Confer ence~~Conference and then and then
confirmed by the full membership of the conference itself. confirmed by the full membership of the conference itself. ~~T he~~The conference chair is elected by the Republican conference chair is elected by the Republican
Conference at the beginning of a new CongressConference at the beginning of a new Congress along with other conference party leaders. In practice, however, the along with other conference party leaders. In practice, however, the
party floor leader (majority or minority leader) selects the conference chair (see, for example, Senator Mike Crapo’s party floor leader (majority or minority leader) selects the conference chair (see, for example, Senator Mike Crapo’s
press release announcing his selection as conference chair for the press release announcing his selection as conference chair for the ~~117 th~~117th Congress at https://www.crapo.senate.gov/ Congress at https://www.crapo.senate.gov/
media/newsreleases/-crapo-chairs-committee-on-committees-announces-committee-assignments-for-117th-congress). media/newsreleases/-crapo-chairs-committee-on-committees-announces-committee-assignments-for-117th-congress).
16 According to a precedent adopted by the Republican 16 According to a precedent adopted by the Republican Conference in 1992. SeeConference in 1992. See “Committee Selection Process,” “Committee Selection Process,”
History, Rules and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, 116th Congress, p. 9, , 116th Congress, p. 9,
https://www.republican.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/8b17dea9-21b7-4087-af04-c52864a56adc/https://www.republican.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/8b17dea9-21b7-4087-af04-c52864a56adc/
0FFC93AFF6BDC98E9310D283EE616A4F.updated-6.10.19-conferencerules.pdf (hereinafter 0FFC93AFF6BDC98E9310D283EE616A4F.updated-6.10.19-conferencerules.pdf (hereinafter Rules and Precedents of
the Senate Republican Conference).).
17 17 Rules and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, Section H, p. 5. , Section H, p. 5.
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Table 1, ~~the~~ the Republican Conference designates certain “A” committees as exclusive assignments Republican Conference designates certain “A” committees as exclusive assignments
(which are commonly referred to as “Super A” committees). Conference Rule V, Section G, states (which are commonly referred to as “Super A” committees). Conference Rule V, Section G, states
that Republican Senators may serve on not more than one of the following “Super A” committees that Republican Senators may serve on not more than one of the following “Super A” committees
at a time: at a time:
 Appropriations,  Appropriations,
 Armed Services,  Armed Services,
 Finance, and  Finance, and
 Foreign Relations.  Foreign Relations.
Republican Conference precedents also reflect limitations taken into consideration by the Republican Conference precedents also reflect limitations taken into consideration by the
Committee on Committees when recommending two “A” committee assignments for each Committee on Committees when recommending two “A” committee assignments for each
Republican Senator. First, these precedents emphasize that the committee should not assign one Republican Senator. First, these precedents emphasize that the committee should not assign one
Senator to both the Finance and Appropriations Committees at the same time, reinforcing the Senator to both the Finance and Appropriations Committees at the same time, reinforcing the
intended exclusivity of “Super A” committees. The committee has also established that intended exclusivity of “Super A” committees. The committee has also established that
Republican Senators from the same state should not be assigned to the same committee.18 Republican Senators from the same state should not be assigned to the same committee.18
However, Senators may receive assignments that might otherwise violate these rules if approved However, Senators may receive assignments that might otherwise violate these rules if approved
by a majority of the full conference (and subsequent adoption by the Senate of an appointing by a majority of the full conference (and subsequent adoption by the Senate of an appointing
resolution). resolution).
Senate Committee Chair Appointments
Senate rules place a number of limits on committee chairs serving concurrently on other Senate rules place a number of limits on committee chairs serving concurrently on other
committees and subcommittees. In general, Senators may not serve as chair for more than one committees and subcommittees. In general, Senators may not serve as chair for more than one
committee. The one exception to that rule provides that a committee chair may also chair a joint committee. The one exception to that rule provides that a committee chair may also chair a joint
committee if the two committees in question share related jurisdiction.19committee if the two committees in question share related jurisdiction.19
Republican Conference Rules
In the Republican Conference, committee chairs (and ranking minority members) are subject to a In the Republican Conference, committee chairs (and ranking minority members) are subject to a
multi-step approval process, first by Republican committee members, then the full conference, multi-step approval process, first by Republican committee members, then the full conference,
~~and final y~~ and finally by formal approval of the committee membership appointment resolution (which by formal approval of the committee membership appointment resolution (which
implicitlyimplicitly or explicitly identifies the chair and ranking minority member) on the Senate floor. or explicitly identifies the chair and ranking minority member) on the Senate floor.
Because chairs are nominated from within a committee’s membership, the party’s committee Because chairs are nominated from within a committee’s membership, the party’s committee
assignments must first be approved by the conference. Republican committee members then assignments must first be approved by the conference. Republican committee members then
nominate a candidate, by majority vote, to serve as chair (or ranking minority member, as nominate a candidate, by majority vote, to serve as chair (or ranking minority member, as
applicable). Conference Rule V states that Senators are not bound by committee seniority when applicable). Conference Rule V states that Senators are not bound by committee seniority when
selecting a chair. If there are multiple candidates for the position, the vote is by secret written selecting a chair. If there are multiple candidates for the position, the vote is by secret written
~~bal ot~~ballot, pursuant to Conference Rule I. , pursuant to Conference Rule I.
Once a chair has been nominated by Republican committee members, he or she must then be Once a chair has been nominated by Republican committee members, he or she must then be
approved by a majority of the full Republican Conference, which votes by secret written approved by a majority of the full Republican Conference, which votes by secret written ~~bal ot~~ballot. If . If
a candidate does not receive majority support from the conference, the committee is directed to a candidate does not receive majority support from the conference, the committee is directed to
submit a new nominee for consideration. submit a new nominee for consideration.

18 18 Rules and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, “Service re: , “Service re: ~~T wo~~Two Republican Republican Senators from the Same Senators from the Same
State ServingState Serving on the Sameon the Same Committee,” p. 6, and “Precedents in Selection from Minutes of the Republican Committee,” p. 6, and “Precedents in Selection from Minutes of the Republican
Conference,” p. 8. Conference,” p. 8.
19 For example, the chair of the Senate Committee on Finance could also 19 For example, the chair of the Senate Committee on Finance could also ~~concurren tly~~concurrently serve as the chair of the Joint serve as the chair of the Joint
Committee on Committee on ~~T axation~~Taxation. .
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Limitations
Republican committee chairs are subject to a number of limitations under Republican Conference Republican committee chairs are subject to a number of limitations under Republican Conference
rules in addition to those found in Senate rules. Service as a committee chair is limited to not rules in addition to those found in Senate rules. Service as a committee chair is limited to not
more than six cumulative years. After six years total as chair, a Senator may not continue to serve more than six cumulative years. After six years total as chair, a Senator may not continue to serve
as the ranking minority member of that committee when the party is in the minority in the as the ranking minority member of that committee when the party is in the minority in the
Senate.20 Service as a ranking minority member is also limited to not more than six cumulative Senate.20 Service as a ranking minority member is also limited to not more than six cumulative
years of service. However, a Senator serving as a ranking minority member may then also serve years of service. However, a Senator serving as a ranking minority member may then also serve
an additionalan additional six years as committee chair. Under Republican Conference precedents, service as six years as committee chair. Under Republican Conference precedents, service as
chair or ranking member for a term of one year or less does not count towards the six-year limit chair or ranking member for a term of one year or less does not count towards the six-year limit
on either position.21 on either position.21
While Senate rules While Senate rules ~~general y~~generally limit Senators to serving as chair of only one committee at a time, limit Senators to serving as chair of only one committee at a time,
Republican Conference rules extend that limit to ranking minority members as Republican Conference rules extend that limit to ranking minority members as ~~wel~~ well. In other . In other
words, Republican Senators may serve as chair or ranking minority member of one committee. words, Republican Senators may serve as chair or ranking minority member of one committee.
However, there are two exceptions to this rule that apply in relation to joint committees: First, the However, there are two exceptions to this rule that apply in relation to joint committees: First, the
chair of the Committee on Finance may concurrently serve as the chair of the Joint Committee on chair of the Committee on Finance may concurrently serve as the chair of the Joint Committee on
Taxation, and second, the chair of the Committee on Rules may also serve as chair of the Joint Taxation, and second, the chair of the Committee on Rules may also serve as chair of the Joint
Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Library.22 Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Library.22
Republican Conference rules prohibit the party floor leader and assistant party floor leader from Republican Conference rules prohibit the party floor leader and assistant party floor leader from
serving as chair or ranking member on any standing committees, the Joint Committee on serving as chair or ranking member on any standing committees, the Joint Committee on
Taxation, or the Joint Economic Committee.23 Under these limitations, they may Taxation, or the Joint Economic Committee.23 Under these limitations, they may ~~stil~~ still serve as serve as
chair or ranking minority member of non-standing committees or as ranking minority member on chair or ranking minority member of non-standing committees or as ranking minority member on
the Joint Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Library. the Joint Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Library.
Senate Subcommittee Assignments
Senate rules do not provide appointment procedures for subcommittees, and Republican Senate rules do not provide appointment procedures for subcommittees, and Republican
Conference rules address only how subcommittee chairs (or ranking minority members) are Conference rules address only how subcommittee chairs (or ranking minority members) are
determined. Unlikedetermined. Unlike committee assignments, which are approved by the Senate through formal committee assignments, which are approved by the Senate through formal
action on the floor, subcommittee assignments are the responsibility of the committees action on the floor, subcommittee assignments are the responsibility of the committees
themselves. Some committee rules address appointment to subcommittees while others do not. themselves. Some committee rules address appointment to subcommittees while others do not.
For those committees that do have rules on the subject, they appear to either use a bidding process For those committees that do have rules on the subject, they appear to either use a bidding process

~~20 Republican Conference Rule~~ 20 Republican Conference Rule V, Section B(2), specifies that “time served as ranking member shall not be counted as V, Section B(2), specifies that “time served as ranking member shall not be counted as
time served as chairman.” time served as chairman.” ~~T his~~This means that, in the event of changes in party means that, in the event of changes in party ~~contr ol~~control of the Senate, a Senator could serve of the Senate, a Senator could serve
as chair andas chair and then ranking member for up to 12 cumulative years. For example, Senator John Doe couldthen ranking member for up to 12 cumulative years. For example, Senator John Doe could serve as serve as
committee chair for four years before the Republicancommittee chair for four years before the Republican Party then becomes the minority party in the Senate Party then becomes the minority party in the Senate ~~fo r~~for the next the next
six years. Duringsix years. During those six years, Senator John Doe could serve as ranking minority member on the committeethose six years, Senator John Doe could serve as ranking minority member on the committee —none —none
of which counts against his two remaining eligibleof which counts against his two remaining eligible years to be chair. After these six years as ranking member, the years to be chair. After these six years as ranking member, the
RepublicanRepublican Party could gainParty could gain majority control of the Senate and Senator John Doe is eligiblemajority control of the Senate and Senator John Doe is eligible to serve two more years as to serve two more years as
committee chair before he is ineligiblecommittee chair before he is ineligible for further service as chair or ranking minority member.for further service as chair or ranking minority member.
21 21 Rules and Precedents of the Senate Republican Conference, “, “~~T erm~~Term Limits for Leadership and Committee Chairs,” p. Limits for Leadership and Committee Chairs,” p.
9. 9.
22 Both of these exceptions adhere to and are a further interpretation of Senate Rule XXV, 22 Both of these exceptions adhere to and are a further interpretation of Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(e)(1), which paragraph 4(e)(1), which
limits Senators to serving aslimits Senators to serving as chair of not more than one committee except for chair of not more than one committee except for ~~con current~~concurrent service as chair to a joint service as chair to a joint
committee in cases wherecommittee in cases where both committees share directly related jurisdictional subject matter.both committees share directly related jurisdictional subject matter.
23 Conference Rule 23 Conference Rule V, Section A, specifically prohibits floor leaders from serving as chair or ranking member on joint V, Section A, specifically prohibits floor leaders from serving as chair or ranking member on joint
~~committ ees~~committees for which the membership “ for which the membership “ is not determined by ranking position on a standing committee.” is not determined by ranking position on a standing committee.” ~~T he~~The rule does rule does
not apply to the Joint Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Librarynot apply to the Joint Committee on Printing or the Joint Committee on the Library , as their membership is determined, , as their membership is determined,
in part, by ranking position on a standing committee. (Specifically, the chair of the Committee on Rules and in part, by ranking position on a standing committee. (Specifically, the chair of the Committee on Rules and
Administration is statutorily required to be a member of both Joint Committees.) Administration is statutorily required to be a member of both Joint Committees.)
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based on committee seniority or empower the committee’s chair to directly make subcommittee based on committee seniority or empower the committee’s chair to directly make subcommittee
assignmentsassignments.. Table 2, ~~below~~ below, provides a summary overview of subcommittee assignment , provides a summary overview of subcommittee assignment
methods adopted in committee rules. The full text of those specific committee rules can be found methods adopted in committee rules. The full text of those specific committee rules can be found
iin Appendix A.
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Table 2. Subcommittee Assignment Process
As defined under rules adopted by Senate committees As defined under rules adopted by Senate committees
Committee
Appointed by Chair
Bidding by Seniority
Othera
No Rule
Agriculture, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Nutrition, and Forestry

Rule 7 Rule 7

Appropriations Appropriations

X X
Armed Armed Services Services

X X
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Rule 3 Rule 3

Budget Budget

X X
Commerce, Commerce, Science,Science, and Transportation and Transportation

Rule 7 Rule 7

Energy and Natural Resources Energy and Natural Resources
Rule 8 Rule 8

Environment and Public Works Environment and Public Works
Rule 6 Rule 6

Finance Finance
Rule 17 Rule 17

Foreign Relations Foreign Relations

Rule 2 Rule 2

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

X X
Homeland Security and Governmental Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Affairs
Rule 7 Rule 7

~~Intel igence~~Intelligence
Rule Rule 3b

Judiciary Judiciary

Rule 7 Rule 7

Rules and Administration Rules and Administration

X X
~~Smal~~ Small Business and Entrepreneurship Business and Entrepreneurship

c

Veterans’ Affairs Veterans’ Affairs

X X
Source: CRS analysis of Senate committeeCRS analysis of Senate committee rules as published in the rules as published in the Congressional Record. .
Notes: The ful text of committeeThe ful text of committee ~~rules~~ rules listed in this table can be found listed in this table can be found inin Appendix A.
a. Committeea. Committee ~~rules~~ rules referenced in this column include language that discussesreferenced in this column include language that discusses ~~some~~ some aspect of the composition of subcommitteesaspect of the composition of subcommittees ~~but~~ but does not otherwisedoes not otherwise specify an specify an
appointment process to those bodies. appointment process to those bodies.
b. Committee b. Committee Rule 3 Rule 3 ~~specifical y~~specifically provides provides that the chair and vice chair of each subcommitteethat the chair and vice chair of each subcommittee is selectedis selected by the chair and vice chair of the ful committee,by the chair and vice chair of the ful committee, respectively. respectively.
The rule is silent on the appointment of other committee The rule is silent on the appointment of other committee ~~members~~ members to serveto serve on subcommittees.on subcommittees.
c. The Committee c. The Committee ~~on Smal Business~~ on Small Business and Entrepreneurship’s committeeand Entrepreneurship’s committee rules preclude it from having any standing subcommittees.rules preclude it from having any standing subcommittees.
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Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures

Limitations
Service on subcommittees is limited in a number of ways under Senate rules. In particular, Service on subcommittees is limited in a number of ways under Senate rules. In particular,
Senators may not serve on more than three subcommittees of each “A” committee, with the Senators may not serve on more than three subcommittees of each “A” committee, with the
exception of the Committee on Appropriations, to which this limit does not apply. Furthermore, exception of the Committee on Appropriations, to which this limit does not apply. Furthermore,
Senators may not serve on more than two subcommittees of each “B” committee. No “C” Senators may not serve on more than two subcommittees of each “B” committee. No “C”
committees currently have any subcommittees. A committee’s chair and ranking minority committees currently have any subcommittees. A committee’s chair and ranking minority
member may serve on member may serve on al all of their committee’s subcommittees in an of their committee’s subcommittees in an ex officio capacity. Both the capacity. Both the
rules of the Senate and those adopted by the Republican Conference set additional limitations on rules of the Senate and those adopted by the Republican Conference set additional limitations on
serving as a subcommittee chair and are discussed in greater detail in the next section. serving as a subcommittee chair and are discussed in greater detail in the next section.
Senate Subcommittee Chair Appointments
Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(e), provides several limitations on service as a subcommittee chair Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(e), provides several limitations on service as a subcommittee chair
or ranking minority member. A Senator may serve as chair of no more than one subcommittee on or ranking minority member. A Senator may serve as chair of no more than one subcommittee on
each committee of which he or she is a member. More specific limitations apply to chairs of “A” each committee of which he or she is a member. More specific limitations apply to chairs of “A”
and “B” committees. and “B” committees.
An “A” committee chair may serve as the chair of one “A” subcommittee in total and one “B” An “A” committee chair may serve as the chair of one “A” subcommittee in total and one “B”
subcommittee per “B” committee assignment. Assuming a Senator is assigned to committees in subcommittee per “B” committee assignment. Assuming a Senator is assigned to committees in
compliance with Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(a)—that is, two “A” committees and one “B” compliance with Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(a)—that is, two “A” committees and one “B”
committee—an “A” committee chair could hold a maximum of two subcommittee chairs: one committee—an “A” committee chair could hold a maximum of two subcommittee chairs: one
“A” subcommittee and one “B” subcommittee. “A” subcommittee and one “B” subcommittee.
A “B” committee chair may serve as a subcommittee chair for one subcommittee on each “A” A “B” committee chair may serve as a subcommittee chair for one subcommittee on each “A”
committee to which he or she is assigned and on no “B” subcommittees. Again, assuming a committee to which he or she is assigned and on no “B” subcommittees. Again, assuming a
Senator is assigned to committees in compliance with Senate rules, a “B” committee chair could Senator is assigned to committees in compliance with Senate rules, a “B” committee chair could
also hold a maximum of two subcommittee chairs: two “A” subcommittees and zero “B” also hold a maximum of two subcommittee chairs: two “A” subcommittees and zero “B”
subcommittees. subcommittees.
Subcommittee Chair Limits on “A” and “B” Committees
 
An “A” committee An “A” committee chair may serve as chair of one “A” subcommitteechair may serve as chair of one “A” subcommittee and one “B” subcommittee. and one “B” subcommittee.
 
A “B” committee A “B” committee chair may servechair may serve as chair of two “A” subcommitteesas chair of two “A” subcommittees and zero “B” subcommittees. and zero “B” subcommittees.
 
Any other Senator may chair one subcommittee on each committee Any other Senator may chair one subcommittee on each committee on which he or she serveson which he or she serves (up to three (up to three
total under the rule—two “A” subcommitteestotal under the rule—two “A” subcommittees and one “B” subcommittee”). and one “B” subcommittee”).
These limitations These limitations assume that each Senator is assigned to only two “A” committeesassume that each Senator is assigned to only two “A” committees and one “B” committee,and one “B” committee, as as
described in Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(a). Senate rules place no limitsdescribed in Senate Rule XXV, paragraph 4(a). Senate rules place no limits on serving as a chair to “C” on serving as a chair to “C”
subcommittees,subcommittees, though no “C” committeesthough no “C” committees currently have any subcommittees. currently have any subcommittees.
Republican Conference rules place stricter limitations on committee chairs serving as Republican Conference rules place stricter limitations on committee chairs serving as
subcommittee chairs than those found in Senate rules. Democratic Conference rules are not subcommittee chairs than those found in Senate rules. Democratic Conference rules are not
public. public.
Republican Conference Rules
Within the Republican Conference, subcommittee chairs or ranking minority members are Within the Republican Conference, subcommittee chairs or ranking minority members are
determined by their seniority on either the subcommittee or the full committee. Conference Rule determined by their seniority on either the subcommittee or the full committee. Conference Rule
V, Section J, V, Section J, ~~al ows~~allows Senators to seek waivers, in order of seniority, to serve as subcommittee Senators to seek waivers, in order of seniority, to serve as subcommittee
chairs or ranking members that would otherwise be prohibited under the party’s rules. However, chairs or ranking members that would otherwise be prohibited under the party’s rules. However,
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such waivers may be granted only after Republican Senators not needing waivers have declined such waivers may be granted only after Republican Senators not needing waivers have declined
the position. Waivers must be approved by a majority of the full Republican Conference. the position. Waivers must be approved by a majority of the full Republican Conference.
Limitations
Republican chairs and ranking minority members of full committees are subject to limitations in Republican chairs and ranking minority members of full committees are subject to limitations in
serving as subcommittee chairs or ranking minority members. “A” committee chairs/ranking serving as subcommittee chairs or ranking minority members. “A” committee chairs/ranking
members may not serve as chairs or ranking members of any subcommittee, with certain members may not serve as chairs or ranking members of any subcommittee, with certain
exceptions on the Appropriations committee.24 (This applies to “Super A” chairs/ranking exceptions on the Appropriations committee.24 (This applies to “Super A” chairs/ranking
members as members as ~~wel~~ well.) A committee chair or ranking member on any other committee, except the .) A committee chair or ranking member on any other committee, except the
Committee on Ethics, may serve as chair/ranking member for one subcommittee. The chair or Committee on Ethics, may serve as chair/ranking member for one subcommittee. The chair or
vice chair of the Committee on Ethics may serve as chair/ranking member of not more than two vice chair of the Committee on Ethics may serve as chair/ranking member of not more than two
subcommittees. subcommittees. Al All other Republican Senators are also limited to serving as chair or ranking other Republican Senators are also limited to serving as chair or ranking
member for not more than two subcommittees. The six-year term limit on Republican committee member for not more than two subcommittees. The six-year term limit on Republican committee
leadership positions does not appear to apply to subcommittee chairs or ranking members.25 leadership positions does not appear to apply to subcommittee chairs or ranking members.25

~~24 T his~~ 24 This rule does not apply to Senators who served on the Committee on Appropriations prior to rule does not apply to Senators who served on the Committee on Appropriations prior to ~~t he~~the 113th Congress 113th Congress
(2013-2014), who may still serve as(2013-2014), who may still serve as chair or ranking member on that committee’s subcommittees (Republican chair or ranking member on that committee’s subcommittees (Republican
Conference RuleConference Rule V, Section C(1)(B)). V, Section C(1)(B)).
25 25 ~~T erm~~Term limits for service are limited to standing committee chairs and ranking members in Conference Rule V, limits for service are limited to standing committee chairs and ranking members in Conference Rule V, Section Section
B. Conference RuleB. Conference Rule I also states, “A Senator shall serve no more than three terms in any elected party leadership I also states, “A Senator shall serve no more than three terms in any elected party leadership
position other than Floor Leader or President Pro position other than Floor Leader or President Pro ~~T empore~~Tempore;” however, Republican subcommittee chairs and ranking ;” however, Republican subcommittee chairs and ranking
members appear to be determined by seniority and not election (according to Conference Rule V,members appear to be determined by seniority and not election (according to Conference Rule V, Section G, meaning Section G, meaning
those positions wouldthose positions would not fall under the scope of that limitation. not fall under the scope of that limitation.
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Appendix A. Committee Rules Pertaining to
Subcommittee Assignments
The information in this appendix represents annotated Senate committee rules, as reprinted in the The information in this appendix represents annotated Senate committee rules, as reprinted in the
Congressional Record, that directly reference composition of subcommittees, that directly reference composition of subcommittees.. Table 2 further further
categorizes these rules according to any subcommittee assignment process identified therein. categorizes these rules according to any subcommittee assignment process identified therein.
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
Committee Rule 7.1: Committee Rule 7.1:
To To assure theassure the ~~equitable assignment of~~ equitable assignment of members tomembers to subcommittees,subcommittees, no no member of the member of the
committee willcommittee will receive assignment to a second subcommittee until, in order of seniority, receive assignment to a second subcommittee until, in order of seniority,
all membersall members ~~of the committee have chosen~~ of the committee have chosen assignments to oneassignments to one subcommittee,subcommittee, ~~and~~ and no no
member shall receive assignment to a third subcommittee until, in order of seniority, member shall receive assignment to a third subcommittee until, in order of seniority, al
all members have chosen assignments to two subcommittees. members have chosen assignments to two subcommittees.
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Committee Rule 3: Committee Rule 3:
[a] Authorization for. A Subcommittee of the Committee may be authorized only by the [a] Authorization for. A Subcommittee of the Committee may be authorized only by the
action of a majority of the Committee.action of a majority of the Committee.
[b] Membership. No member may be a member of more than three Subcommittees and no [b] Membership. No member may be a member of more than three Subcommittees and no
member may chair more than one Subcommittee. No member will receive assignment to a member may chair more than one Subcommittee. No member will receive assignment to a
secondsecond ~~Subcommittee until, in order~~ Subcommittee until, in order of seniority,of seniority, all membersall members ~~of the Committee~~ of the Committee have have
chosen assignments to one Subcommittee, and no member shall receive assignment to a chosen assignments to one Subcommittee, and no member shall receive assignment to a
third Subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all members have chosen assignments to third Subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all members have chosen assignments to
two Subcommittees. two Subcommittees.
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Committee Rule VII: Committee Rule VII:
2. CHANGE OF CHAIRMANSHIP.—Subcommittees 2. CHANGE OF CHAIRMANSHIP.—Subcommittees shall be consideredshall be considered de novo de novo
whenever there is a change in the chairmanship, andwhenever there is a change in the chairmanship, and seniority on the particular seniority on the particular
subcommittee shall not necessarily apply. subcommittee shall not necessarily apply.
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Committee Rule 8: Committee Rule 8:
(a) The (a) The ~~number of Members assigned to each Subcommittee and the division~~ number of Members assigned to each Subcommittee and the division between between
Majority and Minority Members shall be fixed by the Chairman in consultation with the Majority and Minority Members shall be fixed by the Chairman in consultation with the
Ranking Minority Member. Ranking Minority Member.
(b) Assignment of (b) Assignment of ~~Members to Subcommittees shall, insofar as possible,~~ Members to Subcommittees shall, insofar as possible, reflect the reflect the
preferences of the Members. No Member will receive assignment to a second preferences of the Members. No Member will receive assignment to a second
SubcommitteeSubcommittee until,until, in orderin order of of seniority,seniority, all Membersall Members ~~of the~~ of the Committee haveCommittee have chosen chosen
assignmentsassignments ~~to one Subcommittee, and no Member shall receive assignment to a~~ to one Subcommittee, and no Member shall receive assignment to a third third
Subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all Members have chosen assignmentsSubcommittee until, in order of seniority, all Members have chosen assignments to two to two
Subcommittees. Subcommittees.
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Committee on Environment and Public Works
Committee Rule 6: Committee Rule 6:
(a) REGULARLY ESTABLISHED SUBCOMMITTEES: The committee has four (a) REGULARLY ESTABLISHED SUBCOMMITTEES: The committee has four
subcommittees: Transportation and Infrastructure; Cleansubcommittees: Transportation and Infrastructure; Clean Air and Nuclear Safety; Air and Nuclear Safety;
Superfund,Superfund, ~~Waste Management, and Regulatory Oversight; and Fisheries, Water,~~ Waste Management, and Regulatory Oversight; and Fisheries, Water, and and
Wildlife. Wildlife.
(b) MEMBERSHIP: The (b) MEMBERSHIP: The ~~committee~~ committee chair, after consultingchair, after consulting ~~with the ranking~~ with the ranking minority minority
member, shall select members of the subcommittees. member, shall select members of the subcommittees.
Committee on Finance
Committee Rule 17:Committee Rule 17:
(a) The (a) The chairman, subjectchairman, subject ~~to the approval of the~~ to the approval of the committee, shallcommittee, shall appoint legislative appoint legislative
subcommittees. The ranking minority member shall recommend to the chairman subcommittees. The ranking minority member shall recommend to the chairman
appointment of minority members to the subcommittees. All legislationappointment of minority members to the subcommittees. All legislation shall be kept on shall be kept on
the full committee calendar unless a majority of the members present and voting agree to the full committee calendar unless a majority of the members present and voting agree to
refer specific legislation to an appropriate subcommittee. refer specific legislation to an appropriate subcommittee.
Committee on Foreign Relations
Committee Rule 2: Committee Rule 2:
(a) (a) Creation.—UnlessCreation.—Unless ~~otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution,~~ otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution, subcommittees subcommittees
shall be created by majority vote of the committee and shall deal with such legislation and shall be created by majority vote of the committee and shall deal with such legislation and
oversight of programs and policies as the committee directs. Legislative measures or other oversight of programs and policies as the committee directs. Legislative measures or other
mattersmatters ~~may be referred to~~ may be referred to a subcommitteea subcommittee for consideration infor consideration in ~~the~~ the discretion ofdiscretion of the the
chairman or by vote of achairman or by vote of a majority ofmajority of the committee. If the principal subjectthe committee. If the principal subject matter of a matter of a
measure or matter to be referred falls within the jurisdiction of more than one measure or matter to be referred falls within the jurisdiction of more than one
subcommittee,subcommittee, ~~the chairman or the~~ the chairman or the committee may refer thecommittee may refer the matter to two or more matter to two or more
subcommittees for joint consideration. subcommittees for joint consideration.
(b) Assignments.—Assignments of (b) Assignments.—Assignments of members to subcommittees shall be made in an members to subcommittees shall be made in an
equitableequitable fashion.fashion. No No member of themember of the ~~committee may receive assignment to~~ committee may receive assignment to a second a second
subcommitteesubcommittee until,until, in orderin order of seniority,of seniority, all membersall members ~~of the committee have chosen~~
~~assignments to one subcommittee, and no member shall receive assignments to a third~~
~~subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all members have chosen assignments to~~ of the committee have chosen assignments to one subcommittee, and no member shall receive assignments to a third subcommittee until, in order of seniority, all members have chosen assignments to two two
subcommittees. No member of the committee may serve on more than four subcommittees subcommittees. No member of the committee may serve on more than four subcommittees
at any one time. at any one time.
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Committee Rule 7: Committee Rule 7:
A. Regularly established A. Regularly established Subcommittees.Subcommittees. The Committee shall haveThe Committee shall have three regularly three regularly
established Subcommittees. The Subcommittees are as follows: established Subcommittees. The Subcommittees are as follows:
PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS
SUBCOMMITTEE ON FEDERAL SPENDING OVERSIGHT AND EMERGENCY SUBCOMMITTEE ON FEDERAL SPENDING OVERSIGHT AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY AFFAIRS AND FEDERAL MANAGEMENT AFFAIRS AND FEDERAL MANAGEMENT
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~~B. Ad hoc Subcommittees. Following consultation with the Ranking Minority Member,~~
~~the Chairman shall, from time to time, establish such ad hoc Subcommittees as~~ B. Ad hoc Subcommittees. Following consultation with the Ranking Minority Member, the Chairman shall, from time to time, establish such ad hoc Subcommittees as he/she he/she
deems necessary to expedite Committee business. deems necessary to expedite Committee business.
C. Subcommittee C. Subcommittee ~~membership. Following consultation with the Majority Members,~~ membership. Following consultation with the Majority Members, and and
the Ranking Minority Member of the Committee, the Chairman shall announce selections the Ranking Minority Member of the Committee, the Chairman shall announce selections
for membership on the Subcommittees referred to in paragraphs A and B, above. for membership on the Subcommittees referred to in paragraphs A and B, above.
Select Committee on Intelligence
Committee Rule 3: Committee Rule 3:
Creation Creation ~~of subcommittees shall be by majority vote of the Committee.~~ of subcommittees shall be by majority vote of the Committee. Subcommittees Subcommittees
shall deal with such legislation and oversight of programs and policies as the Committee shall deal with such legislation and oversight of programs and policies as the Committee
may direct. The subcommittees shall be governed by the Rules of the Committee and by may direct. The subcommittees shall be governed by the Rules of the Committee and by
suchsuch ~~other rules they may adopt which are consistent with the Rules of the~~ other rules they may adopt which are consistent with the Rules of the Committee. Committee.
Each subcommittee created shall have a chairman and a vice chairman who are selected by Each subcommittee created shall have a chairman and a vice chairman who are selected by
the Chairman and Vice Chairman, respectively. the Chairman and Vice Chairman, respectively.
Committee on the Judiciary
Committee Rule VII: Committee Rule VII:
2. Subcommittees 2. Subcommittees shall be consideredshall be considered de novode novo ~~whenever~~ whenever there isthere is a changea change in the in the
SubcommitteeSubcommittee ~~chairmanship~~ chairmanship and seniorityand seniority on the particular Subcommitteeon the particular Subcommittee shall not shall not
necessarily apply. necessarily apply.
Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
“SUBCOMMITTEES” (no rule number): “SUBCOMMITTEES” (no rule number):
The Committee shall not have standing subcommittees. The Committee shall not have standing subcommittees.
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Appendix B. Composition of Joint Committees
Joint committees are established by law and are composed of an equal number of members from Joint committees are established by law and are composed of an equal number of members from
the House and the Senate. At present, there are four joint committees in operation. The full the House and the Senate. At present, there are four joint committees in operation. The full
composition of these joint committees is listed, below.composition of these joint committees is listed, below.
Table B-1. Joint Committee on Taxation
26 U.S.C. §8002 26 U.S.C. §8002
Five Members from the Senate Committee on
Five Members from the House Committee on
Finance
Ways and Means
Three Majority Members Three Majority Members and Two Minority Members and Two Minority Members
Three Majority Members Three Majority Members and Two Minority Members and Two Minority Members
Table B-2. Joint Committee on Printing
44 U.S.C. §101 44 U.S.C. §101
Five Members from the Senate Committee on
Five Members from the House Committee on
Rules and Administration
House Administration
Four Members and the Chair of the Committee Four Members and the Chair of the Committee
Four Members and the Chair of the Committee Four Members and the Chair of the Committee
Table B-3. Joint Committee on the Library
2 U.S.C. §132b 2 U.S.C. §132b
Five Members from the Senate Committee on
Five Members from the House Committee on
Rules and Administration
House Administration
Four Members and the Chair of the Committee Four Members and the Chair of the Committee
Four Members and the Chair of the Committee Four Members and the Chair of the Committee
Table B-4. Joint Economic Committee
15 U.S.C. §1024 15 U.S.C. §1024
10 Members of the Senate
10 Members of the House
Six Majority Members Six Majority Members and Four Minority Members and Four Minority Members
Six Majority Members Six Majority Members and Four Minority Members and Four Minority Members

Author Information

Michael Greene Michael Greene

Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process

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